Designation: E1781/E1781M − 13

Standard Practice for

Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1781/E1781M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* E1106 Test Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic

1.1 This practice covers requirements for the secondary Emission Sensors
calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The secondary E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
calibration yields the frequency response of a sensor to waves
3. Terminology
of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work.
The source producing the signal used for the calibration is 3.1 Definitions—Refer to Terminology E1316, Section B,
mounted on the same surface of the test block as the sensor for terms used in this practice.
under testing (SUT). Rayleigh waves are dominant under these 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
conditions; the calibration results represent primarily the sen- 3.2.1 reference sensor (RS)—a sensor that has had its
sor’s sensitivity to Rayleigh waves. The sensitivity of the response established by primary calibration (also called sec-
sensor is determined for excitation within the range of 100 kHz ondary standard transducer) (see Method E1106).
to 1 MHz. Sensitivity values are usually determined at frequen- 3.2.2 secondary calibration—a procedure for measuring the
cies approximately 10 kHz apart. The units of the calibration frequency or transient response of an AE sensor by comparison
are volts per unit of mechanical input (displacement, velocity, with an RS.
or acceleration). 3.2.3 test block—a block of homogeneous, isotropic, elastic
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch- material on which a source, an RS, and a SUT are placed for
pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in conducting secondary calibration.
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining 4. Significance and Use
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance 4.1 The purpose of this practice is to enable the transfer of
with the standards. calibration from sensors that have been calibrated by primary
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the calibration to other sensors.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 5. General Requirements
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 5.1 Units for Calibration—Secondary calibration produces
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. the same type of information regarding a sensor as does
primary calibration (Method E1106). An AE sensor responds to
2. Referenced Documents motion at its front face. The actual stress and strain at the front
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 face of a mounted sensor depends on the interaction between

--```,`,,````,`,``,,,``,,,,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
E114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam the mechanical impedance of the sensor (load) and that of the
Contact Testing mounting block (driver); neither the stress nor the strain is
E494 Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materi- amenable to direct measurement at this location. However, the
als free displacement that would occur at the surface of the block
in the absence of the sensor can be inferred from measurements
made elsewhere on the surface. Since AE sensors are used to
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde- monitor motion at a free surface of a structure and interactive
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on effects between the sensor and the structure are generally of no
Acoustic Emission Method. interest, the free motion is the appropriate input variable. It is
Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originally
therefore required that the units of calibration shall be volts per
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E1781 - 08. DOI:
10.1520/E1781_E1781M-13. unit of free displacement or free velocity, that is, volts per unit
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or or volt seconds per unit.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 5.2 The calibration results may be expressed, in the fre-
the ASTM website. quency domain, as the steady-state magnitude and phase

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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 E1781/E1781M − 13
sensors are recorded simultaneously by digital waveform
recorders (E) and processed by a computer.
6.1.1 Actual dynamic displacements of the surface of the
test block at the locations of the RS and SUT may be different
because the RS and SUT may present different load imped-
ances to the test block. However, consistent with the definitions
used for primary and secondary calibration, the loading effects
of both sensors are considered to be characteristics of the
sensors themselves, and calibration results are stated in terms
of the free displacement of the block surface.
6.2 Qualification of The Test Block—The prototype second-
FIG. 1 Schematic of the Prototype Secondary Calibration Appa-
ratus: A = a Capillary-Break Source, B = a 41 by 41 by 19-cm [16
ary calibration apparatus was designed for sensors intended for
by 16 by 7.5 in.] Steel Block, C = the RS, D = the SUT, and E = the use on steel. The test block is therefore made of steel (hot
Two-Channel Waveform Recorder System rolled steel A36 material). For a steel block, it is recommended
that specification to the metal supplier require that the block be
stress relieved at 566°C [1050°F] or greater and that the stress
response of the sensor to steady-state sinusoidal excitation or, relief be conducted subsequent to any flame cutting.
in the time domain, as the transient response of the sensor to a 6.2.1 For a steel test block, there must be two parallel faces
delta function of displacement. with a thickness, measured between the faces, of at least 18 cm
5.3 Importance of the Test Block Material—The specific [7 in.]. The volume of the block must contain a cylinder that is
acoustical impedance (ρc) of the test block is an important 40 cm [16 in.] in diameter by 18-cm [7 in.] long, and the two
parameter that affects calibration results. Calibrations per- faces must be flat and parallel to within 0.12 mm [0.005 in.]
formed on blocks of different materials yield sensor sensitivi- overall (60.06 mm [0.0025 in.]).
ties that are very different. For example, a sensor that has been 6.2.2 For a steel test block, the top surface of the block (the
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calibrated on a steel block, if calibrated on a glass or aluminum working face) must have a RMS roughness value no greater
block, may have an average sensitivity that is 50 % of the value than 1 µm [40 µin.], as determined by at least three profilometer
obtained on steel and, if calibrated on a polymethyl methacry- traces taken in the central region of the block. The bottom
late block, may have an average sensitivity that is 3 % of the surface of the block must have a RMS roughness value no
value obtained on steel.3 greater than 4 µm [160 µin.]. The reason for having a
5.3.1 For a sensor having a circular aperture (mounting specification on the bottom surface is to ensure reasonable
face) with uniform sensitivity over the face, there are frequen- ability to perform time-of-flight measurements of the speed of
cies at which nulls in the frequency response occur. These nulls sound in the block.
occur at the zeroes of the first order Bessel function, J1 (ka), 6.2.3 For blocks of materials other than steel, minimum
where k = 2πf/c, f = frequency, c = the Rayleigh speed in the dimensional requirements, dimensional accuracies, and the
test block, and a = the radius of the sensor face.3 Therefore, roughness limitation must be scaled in proportion to the
calibration results depend on the Rayleigh wave speed in the longitudinal sound speed in the block material relative to that
material of the test block. in steel.
5.3.2 For the reasons outlined in 5.3 and 5.3.1, all secondary 6.2.4 The top face of the block shall be the working face on
calibration results are specific to a particular material; a which the source, RS, and SUT are located. These locations
secondary calibration procedure must specify the material of shall be chosen near the center so as to maximize the distances
the block.4 of source and receivers to the nearest edge of the face. For a
test block of any material, the distance from the source to the
6. Requirements of the Secondary Calibration Apparatus
RS and the distance from the source to the SUT must each be
6.1 Basic Scheme—A prototype apparatus for secondary 100 6 2 mm [4 6 0.1 in.] (the same as that specified for
calibration is shown in Fig. 1. A glass-capillary-break device or primary calibration).
other suitable source device (A) is deployed on the upper face 6.2.5 The block must undergo longitudinal ultrasonic ex-
of the steel test block (B). The RS (C) and the SUT (D) are amination for indications at some frequency between 2 and 5
placed at equal distances from the source and in opposite MHz. The guidelines of Practice E114 should be followed. The
directions from it. Because of the symmetry of the sensor block must contain no indications that give a reflection greater
placement, the free surface displacements at the locations of than 12 % of the first back wall reflection.
the RS and SUT are the same. Voltage transients from the two 6.2.6 The material of the block must be highly uniform, as
determined by pulse-echo, time-of-flight measurements of both
3
Breckenridge, F. R., Proctor, T. M., Hsu, N. N., and Eitzen, D. G.,“ Some longitudinal and shear waves. These measurements must be
Notions Concerning the Behavior of Transducers,” Progress in Acoustic Emission made through the block at a minimum of seven locations
III, Japanese Society of Nondestructive Inspection, 1986, pp. 675–684.
4
spaced regularly over the surface. The recommended method
Although this practice addresses secondary calibrations on test blocks of
of measurement is pulse-echo overlap using precisely con-
different materials, the only existing primary calibrations are performed on steel test
blocks. To establish a secondary calibration on another material would also require trolled delays between sweeps. See Practice E494. It is
the establishment of a primary calibration for the same material. recommended that the pulse-echo sensors have their main

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 E1781/E1781M − 13
resonances in the range between 2 and 5 MHz. For the seven
(or more) longitudinal measurements, the maximum difference
between the individual values of the measurements must be no
more than 0.3 % of the average value. The shear measurements
must satisfy the same criterion.
6.3 Source—The source used in the prototype secondary
calibration system is a breaking glass capillary. Capillaries are
prepared by drawing down 6-mm Pyrex tubing to a diameter of
0.1 to 0.25 mm. Source events are generated by squeezing the
capillary tubing against the test block using pressure from the
side of a 4-mm diameter glass rod held in the hand. Since the
capillary is a line source, its length must be oriented at 90
degrees to the direction of propagation to the sensosrs.5
6.3.1 In general, a secondary calibration source may be any
small aperture (less than 3 mm [0.12 in.]) device that can
provide sufficient energy to make the calibration measurements
conveniently at all frequencies within the range of 100 kHz to
1 MHz. Depending on the technique of the calibration, the NOTE 1—The nulls in the response curves are predicted by the aperture
source could be a transient device such as a glass-capillary- effect described in 5.3.1. The worst case error is approximately 3.6 dB and
break apparatus, a spark apparatus, a pulse-driven transducer occurs at the first aperture null (0.3 MHz). Most of the data agree within
1 dB.
(with pulse rise time less than one (1) micro-second), or a FIG. 2 Comparison of Primary and Secondary Calibration Results
continuous wave device such as a National Institute for for a SUT Having a Nominal Diameter of 12.7 mm ([0.5 in.)]
Standards and Technology (NIST) Conical Transducer driven
by a tone burst generator. If the RS and SUT are to be tested on
the block sequentially instead of simultaneously, then it must
be established that the source is repeatable within 2 %.
6.4 Reference Sensor—The RS in the prototype secondary
calibration system is an NIST Conical Transducer.
6.4.1 In general, the RS must have a frequency response, as
determined by primary calibration, that is flat over the fre-
quency range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz within a total overall
variation of 20 dB either as a velocity transducer or a
displacement transducer. For a valid calibration the RS must
have been calibrated on the same material as the material that
the SUT is to be used on. It is preferred that the RS be of a type
that has a small aperture and that its frequency response be as
smooth as possible. See 5.3.1 and Figs. 2 and 3 concerning the
aperture effect.
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6.5 Sensor Under Testing—The SUT must be tested under

conditions that are the same as those intended for the SUT
when in use. The couplant, the electrical load applied to the FIG. 3 Comparison of Primary and Secondary Calibration Re-
SUT terminals, and the hold-down force must all be the same sults for another SUT Having a Nominal Diameter of 12.7 mm [0.5
in.]; Worst Case Errors are 3 dB, While Most of the Data Agree
as those that will be applied to the SUT when in use. The Within 1 dB
preferred couplant is low-viscosity machine oil, and the pre-
ferred hold-down force is 9.8 N [2.2 lbf]. These conditions are
all the same as for primary calibration. data for a time record of at least 55 µs. The data are transferred
to the computer for processing and also stored on a permanent
6.6 Data Recording and Processing Equipment—For meth- device, for example, floppy disc, as a permanent record.
ods using transient sources, the instrumentation would include
a computer and two synchronized transient recorders, one for 7. Calibration Data Processing
the RS channel and one for the SUT channel. The transient
7.1 Raw Data—In the prototype secondary calibration
recorders must be capable of at least ten-bit accuracy and a
system, the triggering event is the Rayleigh spike of the
sampling rate of 20 MHz, or at least twelve-bit accuracy and a
reference channel. By means of pre-triggering, the data se-
sampling rate of 10 MHz. They must each be capable of storing
quence in both channels is made to begin 25 µs before the
trigger event. The raw captured waveform record of one of the
5
two channels comprises 2048 ten-bit data with a sampling
Burks, Brian. “Re-examination of NIST Acoustic Emission Sensor Calibration:
Part I – Modeling the loading from glass capillary fracture” Journal of Acoustic interval t = 0.05 µs. Therefore, the total record has a length of
Emission Vol. 29 pp. 167–174 T = 102.4 µs. Reflections from the bottom of the block appear

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 E1781/E1781M − 13

FIG. 4 Waveform of the RS from a Calibration Performed on the FIG. 5 Waveform of the SUT from Calibration of Fig. 2
Prototype Secondary Calibration System

?
r m 5 D ~ f m ! ?, (4)
approximately 60 µs after the beginning of the record in both I @ D ~ f m! #
channels. These reflections are shown in the signals in Figs. 4 θ m 5 Arctan (5)
R @ D ~ f m! #
and 5 for a calibration by use of a prototype secondary
calibration system. It is undesirable to have the reflections where I[z] and R[z], respectively, denote the imaginary and
present in the captured waveforms because the reflected rays real parts of a complex argument, z. Calibration magnitude
arrive at the sensors from directions that are different from data, wm, are usually expressed in decibels as follows:
those intended for the calibration. The record is truncated and w m 5 20 3 log10 ~ r m ! (6)
padded as follows: data corresponding to times greater than 55
The values of wm and θm are plotted versus frequency as
µs are replaced by values, all equal to the average of the last ten
shown in Figs. 6 and 7 for the data in Figs. 4 and 5.
values in the record prior to the 55 µs cutoff.
7.4 Special Considerations—The FFT treats the function as
7.2 Complex Valued Spectra—Using a fast Fourier trans-
though it were periodic, with the period equal to the length of
form (FFT), complex valued spectra S (fm) and U(fm) derived
the time recorded. If initial and final values are unequal, a step
from the RS and SUT, respectively, are calculated:
exists between the last and first data point. The FFT produces
n21
data that are contaminated by the spectrum of this step.
S ~ f m! 5 ( s exp~ i2πmj/n ! ,
j50
j (1)
7.4.1 The fix that is applied in the prototype system is to add
n21 a linear function to the data as follows:
U ~ f m! 5 ( u exp~ i2πmj/n !
j50
j (2)
s' j 5 s j 1 ~ j/n !~ s o 2 s n21 ! , (7)
where: u' j 5 u j 1 ~ j/n !~ u o 2 u n21 ! , (8)
n = 2048, The modified functions, s'j and u'j, have no steps between the
j = 0, 1, 2, ..., n − 1, last and first data points. It has been shown analytically6 that
sj = jth sample value in the RS channel, this procedure and two other commonly used techniques for
uj = jth sample value in the SUT channel, dealing with step-like functions are all equivalent except at
--```,`,,````,`,``,,,``,,,,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
m = 0, 1, 2, ..., n/2 − 1, and zero frequency. This linear“ ramp” function is applied to the
fm = m/T, the mth frequency in MHz.
data after the padding operation.
The frequency separation is 1/T = 9.76 kHz. It is assumed 7.4.2 The phase associated with a complex valued quantity
that sj and uj have been converted to volts by taking account of is not uniquely determined. In the prototype system, first a
the gains of the waveform recorders and any preamplifiers used four-quadrant arctangent routine chooses that value of θm
in the calibration. The (complex valued) response of the SUT which lies in the interval between −π and +π. Using this
is routine, jumps in θm occur whenever the value of θm crosses
U ~ f m! S o~ f m! one of its limits, −π or +π. To avoid these jumps, a routine of
D ~ f m! 5 (3) calculation in sequence of increasing frequency adds some
S ~ f m!
multiple of 2π to θm so that each value of θm is the nearest to
where So(fm) represents the (complex valued) response of the the preceding one. For most sensors, this routine produces
RS in volts per metre at the frequency fm. The values of So(fm)
are derived from primary calibration of the RS.
6
Waldmeyer, J., “Fast Fourier Transform for Step-Like Functions: The Synthesis
7.3 Magnitude and Phase—The magnitude, rm, and phase, of Three Apparently Different Methods,” IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and
θm, of D(fm) are calculated from D(fm) in the usual way: Measurement, Vol IM-29, No. 1, pp. 36–39.

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 E1781/E1781M − 13
special care must be taken to minimize variability due to the
following: lack of flatness of the mounting face of the
transducer, the presence of small burrs on the surface of the test
block, dirt in the couplant layer, excessive viscosity of the
couplant, and variability in the amount or point of application
of the hold-down force.
8.1.2 There is a truncation error arising from the fact that the
captured waveform is limited to 55 µs. The SUT is shock-
excited primarily by the Rayleigh pulse; the waveform termi-
nation is approximately 30 µs later. Electrical output from the
sensor is lost if it occurs after this interval. For a sensor that has
a ringdown time of less than 30 µs, negligible error will occur;
however, to the extent to which there is ringing in progress at
the end of the interval, the captured waveform will be an
erroneous representation of the true response of the sensor. The
assessment of truncation error is difficult. A larger test block
would allow longer waveform captures but is not considered
FIG. 6 Magnitude of the Frequency Response of the SUT Derived practical. For the accuracy statements of this standard to apply,
from the Data of Figs. 4 and 5
the transducer under test and the reference transducer must
both be well enough damped that, for each, the ringing
amplitude at the termination of the capture window is no more
than 2 % of the maximum peak signal amplitude. Other
transducers may be tested by the system but the results may be
expected to have reduced accuracy.
8.1.3 The Fourier transform yields discrete frequency com-
ponents separated by approximately 10 kHz. At frequencies
below 100 kHz, this scale becomes rather coarse. For sensors
that have smooth frequency responses, there is meaningful
information in the 10 to 100 kHz range, but it is difficult to
establish an expected uncertainty in this range.
8.1.4 Electronic noise and quantization noise become pro-
gressively worse at high frequencies. At frequencies above 1.0
MHz, these effects result in variability of several dB in
successive calibrations of the same sensor. Therefore, the
frequency band within which it is reasonable to establish error
limits is from 100 kHz to 1 MHz.
FIG. 7 Phase of the Frequency Response of the SUT Derived 8.2 Quantitative Assessment of Uncertainty—For the pur-
from the Data of Figs. 4 and 5 poses of this discussion, uncertainty is considered to be the
limits of the error band that has a 95 % confidence level.
smooth phase versus frequency curves except when D(fm) goes 8.2.1 Uncertainties of the frequency response magnitude
near zero. In this event, phase sometimes jumps by a multiple data may be classified as follows: (1) those that are propor-
of 2π. For a sensor with a relatively flat frequency response, the tional to signal amplitude from the SUT and (2) those that are
routine works well, but if the sensor phase response oscillates related to a certain fraction of the dynamic range of the
wildly, or if the sensor magnitude response goes near zero, transient capturing equipment.
there exists a phase ambiguity that is a multiple of 2π. 8.2.2 Uncertainties of the first type are attributed to such
variables as variations in sensor coupling, variations of ampli-
8. Expected Uncertainty fier gain, temperature and aging effects on the sensor, etc.
8.1 Sources of Uncertainty—There are several sources of These uncertainties define an error band that is proportional to
uncertainty that affect the accuracy and repeatability of the linear (not dB) signal magnitude and, therefore, may be
prototype secondary calibration method. Uncertainties in- expressed as a percentage uncertainty applicable to all magni-
volved in the (primary) calibration of the RS and variability in tude data. For the prototype secondary calibration system, the
the mounting of the SUT as well as uncertainties introduced in total uncertainty of the first type is estimated to be approxi-
the waveform recording and digital processing all contribute to mately 616 %.
uncertainty of the secondary calibration result. 8.2.3 Uncertainties of the second type are associated with
8.1.1 The repeatability between calibrations of a sensor with electrical noise, digital roundoff, aliasing errors, and any other
remounting is poorer than without remounting. Making a errors associated with the transient capture process. The
repeatable mechanical coupling of a sensor to a surface is magnitudes of these errors are fixed in relation to the maximum
known to be a problem. In a secondary calibration procedure, signal level accepted by the transient recorder. Assuming that
--```,`,,````,`,``,,,``,,,,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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 E1781/E1781M − 13
amplification and gain settings are chosen for optimal use of
the dynamic range of the recorder, then these errors are related
to the maximum signal swing from the sensor and related fairly
closely to the amplitude of the sensor at the frequency of
maximum output. Based on the repeatability of calibration
results from tests of a sensor without remounting the sensor
between tests, a reasonable allowance for the total uncertainty
of the second type is approximately 62 % of the magnitude of
the calibration result at the frequency of maximum output.
8.3 Expression of Uncertainty in Decibels—A16 % uncer-
tainty of the first type, if positive, would be 20 × log10
(1 + 0.16) = + 1.3 dB and, if negative, would be 20 × log10
(1 − 0.16) = −1.5 dB. For simplicity, the error band for the
uncertainty of the first type may be specified as 61.5 dB.
8.3.1 The total uncertainty of the second type varies from
frequency to frequency. This uncertainty is of constant magni-
tude and is, therefore, a greater fraction of the (linear) response
magnitude at frequencies at which the SUT has low output. An
FIG. 8 Estimated Uncertainty, U , of the Calibration Frequency
expression for this uncertainty in decibels is Response Data—Let M be the Largest Value of wm over the

--```,`,,````,`,``,,,``,,,,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
U m 5 20 3 log10 ~ 160.02 3 A m ! (9) Range 100 kHz to 1 MHz; Then, for any wm, B = M − wm, and the
Uncertainty of wm is 6 U
where:
Am = exp[(Bm/20) × ln(10)], and 9. Proof Testing of a Secondary Calibration System
Bm = M − wm. 9.1 It must be demonstrated by the calibration of at least
three sensors that the secondary calibration system produces
and where: repeatable results. For each of the three sensors, 95 % of the
M = maximum value of wm over the calibration frequency response data must fall within an error
range 100 kHz to 1 MHz, band defined by 6 U.
Am = ratio of the maximum (linear)
9.2 It must be demonstrated that, for at least one sensor, the
response magnitude to the (lin-
results of the secondary calibration are in agreement with those
ear) response magnitude rm at the
of a primary calibration. For this sensor, 95 % of the calibration
mth frequency, and
frequency response data must agree with the primary calibra-
Bm (a positive number) = decibel representation of Am.
tion data within an error band defined by 6(U + 1.5).
For the purpose of expressing the uncertainty band as a
10. Typical Calibration Results
function of B, the “m” subscripts are dropped from U, A, and
B. 10.1 As already introduced, Figs. 4 and 5 show typical
waveform captures from the RS and SUT, respectively, as
8.3.2 Treating the uncertainties of the first and second types
obtained on the prototype secondary calibration system—, and
as statistically independent, the resulting total uncertainty is the
Figs. 6 and 7 show calibration frequency domain results
root sum of squares of the two component uncertainties. The
obtained from this data. Fig. 2, Fig. 3, and Fig. 9 show a
total uncertainty is comparison of the results from primary calibration and from
U 5 20 3 log10 $ 16 @ ~ 0.16! 2 1 ~ 0.02 3 A ! 2 # 1/2 % (10) prototype secondary calibration conducted on three sensors.
Each of the two curves in each figure displays the results of a
In the calculation of U, the negative sign has been chosen single calibration.
because it represents the worse of the two possible cases. For
values of B greater than 30 dB, U is more than 9 dB, and the 11. Keywords
data are not reliable. Therefore, no accuracy claim is made for 11.1 acoustic emission; acoustic emission sensor calibra-
data that are more than 30 dB down from the peak amplitude. tion; acoustic emission sensor secondary calibration; sensor
Fig. 8 shows total uncertainty, U, as a function of B. calibration

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 E1781/E1781M − 13

NOTE 1—There is an absence of aperture nulls below 1 MHz, as

predicted. The worst case error is approximately 2.7 dB, while most of the
data agree within 1 dB.
FIG. 9 Comparison of Primary and Secondary Calibration Results
for an NIST Conical Transducer, Having an Aperture Diameter of
1.4 mm [0.055 in.]

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee E07 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E1781 -
08) that may impact the use of this standard. (June 1, 2013)
--```,`,,````,`,``,,,``,,,,,,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(1) Double callouts of footnotes, for example 11 changed to 1. (6) Figure at Fig. 2 moved to new Fig. 2 with the original
(2) 6.3 added statement about orientation of glass capillary and caption from Fig. 2
associated reference. (7) Added statement in 6.4.1 about material for a valid
(3) Figure 2 caption moved to new Fig. 2 calibration.
(4) Figure 2 fig to new Fig. 8, where the proper caption was (8) Miscellaneous edits—changed number of bits in 6.6,
already there. corrected misspelling of frequency and added a capital to
(5) Figure numbers 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 all reduced by 1, with Fourier.
appropriate changes in text numbers.

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