An American National Standard

Designation: E119 – 12a

Standard Test Methods for

Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E119; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

INTRODUCTION

The performance of walls, columns, floors, and other building members under fire-exposure
conditions is an item of major importance in securing constructions that are safe, and that are not a
menace to neighboring structures or to the public. Recognition of this is registered in the codes of
many authorities, municipal and other. It is important to secure balance of the many units in a single
building, and of buildings of like character and use in a community; and also to promote uniformity
in requirements of various authorities throughout the country. To do this it is necessary that the
fire-resistive properties of materials and assemblies be measured and specified according to a common
standard expressed in terms that are applicable alike to a wide variety of materials, situations, and
conditions of exposure.
Such a standard is found in the test methods that follow. They prescribe a standard exposing fire of
controlled extent and severity. Performance is defined as the period of resistance to standard exposure
elapsing before the first critical point in behavior is observed. Results are reported in units in which
field exposures can be judged and expressed.
The test methods may be cited as the “Standard Fire Tests,” and the performance or exposure shall
be expressed as “2-h,” “6-h,” “1⁄2-h,” etc.
When a factor of safety exceeding that inherent in the test conditions is desired, a proportional
increase should be made in the specified time-classification period.

1. Scope 1.2 It is the intent that classifications shall register compara-

1.1 The test methods described in this fire-test-response tive performance to specific fire-test conditions during the
standard are applicable to assemblies of masonry units and to period of exposure and shall not be construed as having
composite assemblies of structural materials for buildings, determined suitability under other conditions or for use after
including loadbearing and other walls and partitions, columns, fire exposure.
girders, beams, slabs, and composite slab and beam assemblies 1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe the
for floors and roofs. They are also applicable to other assem- response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and
blies and structural units that constitute permanent integral flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself
parts of a finished building. incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk
assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under
actual fire conditions.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire 1.4 These test methods prescribe a standard fire exposure
Standards and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.11 on Fire
Resistance.
for comparing the test results of building construction assem-
Current edition approved July 15, 2012. Published September 2012. Originally blies. The results of these tests are one factor in assessing
approved in 1917. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as E119 – 12. DOI: predicted fire performance of building construction and assem-
10.1520/E0119-12A. blies. Application of these test results to predict the perfor-
These test methods, of which the present standard represents a revision, were
prepared by Sectional Committee on Fire Tests of Materials and Construction, under mance of actual building construction requires the evaluation
the joint sponsorship of the National Bureau of Standards, the ANSI Fire Protection of test conditions.
Group, and ASTM, functioning under the procedure of the American National
Standards Institute..

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 E119 – 12a
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded the fire-test-response. For these reasons, evaluation of the
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical variation is required for application to construction in the field.
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only 4.3 The test standard provides for the following:
and are not considered standard. 4.3.1 For walls, partitions, and floor or roof test specimens:
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the 4.3.1.1 Measurement of the transmission of heat.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 4.3.1.2 Measurement of the transmission of hot gases
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- through the test specimen.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 4.3.1.3 For loadbearing elements, measurement of the load
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. carrying ability of the test specimen during the test exposure.
1.7 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes 4.3.2 For individual loadbearing members such as beams
which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes and columns:
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered 4.3.2.1 Measurement of the load carrying ability under the
as requirements of the standard. test exposure with consideration for the end support conditions
(that is, restrained or not restrained).
2. Referenced Documents 4.4 The test standard does not provide the following:
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 4.4.1 Information as to performance of test specimens
C569 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Preformed constructed with components or lengths other than those tested.
Thermal Insulations3 4.4.2 Evaluation of the degree by which the test specimen
D6513 Practice for Calculating the Superimposed Load on contributes to the fire hazard by generation of smoke, toxic
Wood-frame Walls for Standard Fire-Resistance Tests gases, or other products of combustion.
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards 4.4.3 Measurement of the degree of control or limitation of
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in the passage of smoke or products of combustion through the

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ASTM Test Methods test specimen.
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to 4.4.4 Simulation of the fire behavior of joints between
Determine the Precision of a Test Method building elements such as floor-wall or wall-wall, etc., connec-
E814 Test Method for Fire Tests of Penetration Firestop tions.
Systems 4.4.5 Measurement of flame spread over the surface of test
E2226 Practice for Application of Hose Stream specimens.
4.4.6 The effect on fire-resistance of conventional openings
3. Terminology in the test specimen, that is, electrical receptacle outlets,
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms found in this test plumbing pipe, etc., unless specifically provided for in the
method, refer to Terminology E176. construction tested. Also see Test Method E814 for testing of
fire stops.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 These test methods are intended to evaluate the duration 5. Test Specimen
for which the types of building elements noted in 1.1 contain a 5.1 The test specimen shall be representative of the con-
fire, retain their structural integrity, or exhibit both properties struction that the test is intended to assess, as to materials,
during a predetermined test exposure. workmanship, and details such as dimensions of parts, and
4.2 The test exposes a test specimen to a standard fire shall be built under conditions representative of those applied
controlled to achieve specified temperatures throughout a in building construction and operation. The physical properties
specified time period. When required, the fire exposure is of the materials and ingredients used in the test specimen shall
followed by the application of a specified standard fire hose be determined and recorded.
stream applied in accordance with Practice E2226. The test 5.2 The size and dimensions of the test specimen specified
provides a relative measure of the fire-test-response of compa- herein shall apply for classifying constructions of dimensions
rable building elements under these fire exposure conditions. within the range employed in buildings. When the conditions
The exposure is not representative of all fire conditions because of use limit the construction to smaller dimensions, the
conditions vary with changes in the amount, nature and dimensions of the test specimen shall be reduced proportion-
distribution of fire loading, ventilation, compartment size and ately for a test qualifying them for such restricted use.
configuration, and heat sink characteristics of the compartment. 5.3 Test specimens designed with a built-up roof shall be
Variation from the test conditions or test specimen construc- tested with a roof covering of 3-ply, 15-lb (6.8-kg) type felt,
tion, such as size, materials, method of assembly, also affects with not more than 120 lb (54 kg) per square (100 ft2 (9 m2) of
hot mopping asphalt without gravel surfacing. Tests with this
covering do not preclude the field use of other coverings with
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or a larger number of plys of felt, with a greater amount of asphalt
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM or with gravel surfacing.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
5.4 Roofing systems designed for other than the use of
3
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced built-up roof coverings shall be tested using materials and
on www.astm.org. details of construction representative of field application.

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 E119 – 12a
6. Protection and Conditioning of Test Specimen to determine the relative humidity within test specimens made with other
materials.
6.1 Protect the test specimen during and after fabrication to
With wood constructions, the moisture meter based on the electrical
ensure its quality and condition at the time of test. The test
resistance method can be used, when appropriate, as an alternative to the
specimen shall not be tested until its required strength has been relative humidity method to indicate when wood has attained the proper
attained, and, until an air-dry condition has been achieved in moisture content. Electrical methods are described on page 12-2 of the
accordance with the requirements given in 6.2-6.4. Protect the 1999 edition of the Wood Handbook of the Forest Products Laboratory,
testing equipment and test specimen undergoing the fire- U.S. Department of Agriculture. The relationships between relative
resistance test from any condition of wind or weather that is humidity and moisture content are given in Table 3-4 on p. 3-7. This
capable of affecting results. The ambient air temperature at the indicates that wood has a moisture content of 13 % at a relative humidity
beginning of the test shall be within the range of 50 to 90°F (10 of 70 % for a temperature of 70 to 80°F (21 to 27°C).
to 32°C). The velocity of air across the unexposed surface of NOTE 2—An example where alternative conditioning may be employed
the test specimen, measured just before the test begins, shall is where concrete specimens are conditioned at elevated temperatures in a
not exceed 4.4 ft (1.3 m/s), as determined by an anemometer “heated building” to more rapidly obtain the conditions described in 6.2.
placed at right angles to the unexposed surface. When me- In such cases, temperatures other than 73°F are used to reach a maximum
chanical ventilation is employed during the test, an air stream 50 % relative humidity.
shall not be directed across the surface of the test specimen. NOTE 3—If the moisture condition of the test specimen is likely to
change drastically from the 72-h sampling time prior to test, the sampling
6.2 Prior to the fire-resistance test, condition test specimens
should be made not later than 24 h prior to the test.
with the objective of providing moisture condition within the
test specimen representative of that in similar construction in 7. Control
buildings. For purposes of standardization, this condition is
established at equilibrium resulting from conditioning in an 7.1 Fire-Resistance Test:
ambient atmosphere of 50 % relative humidity at 73°F (Note 7.1.1 Time-Temperature Curve:
1). 7.1.1.1 The furnace temperatures shall be controlled to
6.2.1 With some constructions it is difficult or impossible to follow the standard time-temperature curve shown in Fig. 1.
achieve such uniformity. Where this is the case, test specimens The points on the curve that determine its character are:
are tested when the dampest portion of the test specimen, or the 1000°F (538°C) at 5 min
portion at 6-in. (152-mm) depth below the surface of massive 1300°F (704°C) at 10 min
constructions, has achieved a moisture content corresponding 1550°F (843°C) at 30 min
1700°F (927°C) at 1h
to conditioning to equilibrium with air in the range of 50 to 1850°F (1010°C) at 2h
75 % relative humidity at 73 6 5°F (23 6 3°C). 2000°F (1093°C) at 4h
6.2.2 When evidence is shown that test specimens condi- 2300°F (1260°C) at 8 h or over
tioned in a heated building will fail to meet the requirements of 7.1.1.2 For a more detailed definition of the time-
6.2 after a 12-month conditioning period, or in the event that temperature curve, see Appendix X1.
the nature of the construction is such that it is evident that
conditioning of the test specimen interior is prevented by NOTE 4—Recommendations for Recording Fuel Flow to Furnace

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hermetic sealing, the moisture condition requirements of 6.2 Burners—The following provides guidance on the desired characteristics
are permitted to be waived, and either 6.2.2.1 or 6.2.2.2 shall of instrumentation for recording the flow of fuel to the furnace burners.
apply. Fuel flow data may be useful for a furnace heat balance analysis, for
6.2.2.1 Alternative conditioning methods are permitted to
be used to achieve test specimen equilibrium prescribed in 6.2
(Note 2), or
6.2.2.2 The specimen tested when its strength is at least
equal to its design strength after a minimum 28 day condition-
ing period.
6.3 Avoid conditioning procedures that will alter the struc-
tural or fire-resistance characteristics of the test specimen from
those produced as the result of conditiong in accordance with
procedures given in 6.2.
6.4 Information on the actual moisture content and distri-
bution within the test specimen shall be obtained within 72 h
prior to the fire. Include this information in the test report (Note
3).
NOTE 1—A recommended method for determining the relative humid-
ity within a hardened concrete test specimen with electric sensing
elements is described in Appendix I of the paper by Menzel, C. A., “A
Method for Determining the Moisture Condition of Hardened Concrete in
Terms of Relative Humidity,” Proceedings, ASTM, Vol 55, 1955, p. 1085.
A similar procedure with electric sensing elements is permitted to be used FIG. 1 Time-Temperature Curve

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 E119 – 12a
measuring the effect of furnace or control changes, and for comparing the specimens, the furnace thermocouples shall be placed 12 in.
performance of test specimens of different properties in the fire-resistance (305 mm) from the exposed face of the test specimen at the
test.4 beginning of the test. During the test, furnace thermocouples
Record the integrated (cumulative) flow of gas (or other fuel) to the
furnace burners at 10 min, 20 min, 30 min, and every 30 min thereafter or
shall not touch the test specimen in the event of the test
more frequently. Total gas consumed during the total test period is also to specimen’s deflection.
be determined. A recording flow meter has advantages over periodic 7.2.2 The furnace temperatures shall be read at intervals not
readings on an instantaneous or totalizing flow meter. Select a measuring exceeding 5 min during the first 2 h, and thereafter the intervals
and recording system to provide flow rate readings accurate to within shall not exceed 10 min.
65 %.
Report the type of fuel, its higher (gross) heating value, and the fuel 7.2.3 The accuracy of the furnace control shall be such that
flow (corrected to standard conditions of 60°F (16°C) and 30.0 in. Hg) as the area under the time-temperature curve, obtained by aver-
a function of time. aging the results from the pyrometer readings, is within 10 %
7.2 Furnace Temperatures: of the corresponding area under the standard time-temperature
7.2.1 The temperature fixed by the curve shall be the curve shown in Fig. 1 for fire-resistance tests of 1 h or less
average temperature from not fewer than nine thermocouples duration, within 7.5 % for those over 1 h and not more than 2
for a floor, roof, wall, or partition and not fewer than eight h, and within 5 % for tests exceeding 2 h in duration.
thermocouples for a structural column. Furnace thermocouples 7.3 Test Specimen Temperatures:

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shall be symmetrically disposed and distributed to show the 7.3.1 Temperatures Measurement of the Unexposed Sur-
temperature near all parts of the sample. The exposed length of faces of Floors, Roofs, Walls, and Partitions:
the pyrometer tube and thermocouple in the furnace chamber 7.3.1.1 Temperatures of unexposed test specimen surfaces
shall be not less than 12 in. (305 mm). shall be measured with thermocouples placed under dry, felted
7.2.1.1 The thermocouple shall be fabricated from Chromel- pads meeting the requirements listed in Annex A1. The wire
Alumel thermocouple wire. The wire shall be 14 AWG (0.0642 leads of the thermocouple shall be positioned under the pad and
in. diameter, 1.628 mm diameter) or 16 AWG (0.0508 in. be in contact with the unexposed test specimen surface for not
diameter1.450 mm diameter) or 18 AWG (0.0403 in. diameter, less than 31⁄2 in. (89 mm). The hot junction of the thermocouple
1.024 mm diameter). The thermocouple junction shall be shall be placed approximately under the center of the pad. The
formed by fusion-welding the wire ends to form a bead. pad shall be held firmly against the surface, and shall cover the
Each thermocouple wire lead shall be placed into one of the thermocouple. The wires for the thermocouple in the length
two holes of the ceramic insulators. The ceramic insulators covered by the pad shall be not heavier than No. 18 B&S gage
shall have an outside diameter of 0.40 in. (10 mm) with two (0.04 in.) (1.02 mm) and shall be electrically insulated with
holes each having an outside diameter of 0.08 in. (2 mm). The heat-resistant or moisture-resistant coatings, or both.
thermocouple wire and ceramic insulators shall be inserted into
a standard weight nominal 0.50 in. (12.7 mm) Inconelt 600 NOTE 5—For the purpose of testing roof assemblies, the unexposed
pipe (Schedule 40). The thermocouple bead shall be located surface shall be defined as the surface exposed to ambient air.
0.25 6 0.04 in. (6.35 6 1 mm) from the end of ceramic 7.3.1.2 Temperatures shall be recorded at not fewer than
insulators and 0.50 6 0.04 in. (12.7 6 1 mm) from the pipe nine points on the surface. Five of these shall be symmetrically
end. The thermocouple assembly is shown in Fig. 2. disposed, one to be approximately at the center of the test
7.2.1.2 For walls and partitions, the furnace thermocouples specimen, and four at approximately the center of its quarter
shall be placed 6 in. (152 mm) away from the exposed face of sections. The other four shall be located to obtain representa-
the test specimen at the beginning of the test. For all other test tive information on the performance of the test specimen. The
thermocouples shall not be located closer to the edges of the
test specimen than one and one-half times the thickness of the
4
Harmathy, T. Z., “Design of Fire Test Furnaces,” Fire Technology, Vol. 5, No. test specimen, or 12 in. (305 mm). Exception: those cases in
2, May 1969, pp. 146–150; Seigel, L. G., “Effects of Furnace Design on Fire which there is an element of the construction that is not
Endurance Test Results,” Fire Test Performance, ASTM STP 464, ASTM, 1970, pp. otherwise represented in the remainder of the test specimen.
57–67; and Williamson, R. B., and Buchanan, A. H., “A Heat Balance Analysis of
The thermocouples shall not be located opposite or on top of
the Standard Fire Endurance Test.”

FIG. 2 Thermocouple Assembly

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 E119 – 12a
beams, girders, pilasters, or other structural members if tem-
peratures at such points will be lower than at more represen-
tative locations. The thermocouples shall not be located over
fasteners such as screws, nails, or staples that will be higher or
lower in temperature than at a more representative location if
the aggregate area of any part of such fasteners on the
unexposed surface is less than 1 % of the area within any 6-in.
(152-mm) diameter circle, unless the fasteners extend through
the assembly.
7.3.1.3 Temperatures shall be measured and recorded at
intervals not greater than 30 s.
7.3.1.4 Where the conditions of acceptance place a limita-
tion on the rise of temperature of the unexposed surface, the
temperature end point of the fire-resistance period shall be
determined by the average of the measurements taken at
individual points; except that if a temperature rise 30 % in
excess of the specified limit occurs at any one of these points,
the remainder shall be ignored and the fire-resistance period
judged as ended. FIG. 3 Typical Location of Thermocouples
7.3.2 Temperature Measurement of Non-loaded Structural
Steel Columns (Alternative Test of Steel Columns): more than four members shall be so instrumented. Place the
7.3.2.1 Measure the temperature of the steel with not fewer thermocouples at locations, such as at mid-span, over joints in
than three thermocouples at each of four levels. The upper and the ceiling, and over light fixtures. It shall not be required that
lower levels shall be 2 ft (0.6 m) from the ends of the steel all four thermocouples be located at the same section.
column, and the two intermediate levels shall be equally 7.3.3.4 For steel structural members, locate thermocouples
spaced. For situations in which the protection material thick- as shown in Fig. 4: two on the bottom of the bottom flange or
ness is not uniform along the test specimen length, at least one chord, one on the web at the center, and one on the top flange
of the levels at which temperatures are measured shall include or chord.
the point of minimum cover. Place the thermocouples at each 7.3.3.5 For reinforced or pre-stressed concrete structural
level to measure temperatures of the component elements of members, locate thermocouples on each of the tension rein-
the steel section. forcing elements, unless there are more than eight such
7.3.3 Temperature Measurement of the Components of elements, in which case place thermocouples on eight elements
Floors and Roofs: selected in such a manner as to obtain representative tempera-
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7.3.3.1 For steel floor or roof units, locate four thermo- tures of all the elements.
couples on each section (a section to comprise the width of one 7.3.4 Temperature Measurement of Loaded Restrained
unit), one on the bottom plane of the unit at an edge joint, one Beams:
on the bottom plane of the unit remote from the edge, one on 7.3.4.1 Measure the temperature of the steel structural
a side wall of the unit, and one on the top plane of the unit, The members with four thermocouples at each of three or more
thermocouples shall be applied, where practicable, to the sections equally spaced along the length of the members. For
surface of the units remote from fire and spaced across the
width of the unit. No more than four or fewer than two sections
need be so instrumented in each representative span. Locate the
groups of four thermocouples in representative locations
spaced across the width of the unit. Typical thermocouple
locations for a unit section are shown in Fig. 3.
7.3.3.2 For test specimens employing structural members
(beams, open-web steel joists, etc.) spaced at more than 4 ft
(1.2 m) on centers, measure the temperature of the steel in
these members with four thermocouples at each of three or
more sections equally spaced along the length of the members.
For situations in which the protection material thickness is not
uniform along the test specimen length, at least one of the
sections at which temperatures are measured shall include the
point of minimum cover.
7.3.3.3 For test specimens employing structural members
(beams, open-web steel joists, etc.) spaced at 4 ft (1.2 m) on
center or less, measure the temperature of the steel in these
members with four thermocouples placed on each member. No FIG. 4 Typical Location of Thermocouple

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 E119 – 12a
situations in which the protection material thickness is not corresponding reduced load is applied (Note 6). A double wall
uniform along the test specimen length, at least one of the assembly shall be loaded during the test to simulate field-use
sections at which temperatures are measured shall include the conditions, with either side loaded separately or both sides
point of minimum cover. together (Note 7). The method used shall be reported.
7.3.4.2 For steel structural members, locate the thermo- NOTE 6—Examples of calculating the superimposed load for bearing
couples as shown in Fig. 4: two on the bottom of the bottom lightweight wood-frame walls using the allowable stress design method
flange or chord, one on the web at the center, and one on the and load and resistance factor design method are provided in X7.5. Also,
bottom of the top flange or chord. an example for calculating the superimposed load for bearing lightweight
7.3.4.3 For reinforced or pre-stressed concrete structural cold-formed steel walls using the load and resistance factor design method
members, locate thermocouples on each of the tension rein- is provided in X7.6.
forcing elements unless there are more than eight such ele- NOTE 7—The choice depends on the intended use, and whether the load
on the exposed side, after it has failed, will be transferred to the unexposed
ments, in which case place thermocouples on eight elements
side. If, in the intended use, the load from the structure above is supported
selected in such a manner as to obtain representative tempera- by both walls as a unit and would be or is transferred to the unexposed side
tures of all the elements. in case of collapse of the exposed side, both walls should be loaded in the
7.3.5 Temperature Measurement of Non-loaded Structural test by a single unit. If, in the intended use the load from the structure
Steel Beams and Girders: above each wall is supported by each wall separately, the walls should be
7.3.5.1 Measure the temperature of the steel with not fewer loaded separately in the test by separate load sources. If the intended use
of the construction system being tested involved situations of both loading
than four thermocouples at each of four sections equally spaced conditions described above, the walls should be loaded separately in the
along the length of the member no nearer than 2 ft (0.6 m) from test by separate load sources. In tests conducted with the walls loaded
the inside face of the furnace. For situations in which the separately, the condition of acceptance requiring the walls to maintain the
protection material thickness is not uniform along the test applied load shall be based on the time at which the first of either of the
specimen length, at least one of the sections at which tempera- walls fails to sustain the load.
tures are measured shall include the point of minimum cover. 7.4.2 Loading of Columns:
Place the thermocouples at each section to measure tempera- 7.4.2.1 Throughout the fire-resistance test, apply a superim-
tures of the component elements of the steel section. posed load to the test specimen to simulate a maximum-load
7.3.6 Temperature Measurement of Protective Membranes: condition. This load shall be the maximum-load condition
7.3.6.1 The temperature of protective membranes shall be allowed under nationally recognized structural design criteria
measured with thermocouples, the measuring junctions of unless limited design criteria are specified and a corresponding
which are in intimate contact with the exposed surface of the reduced load is applied (Note 8). Make provision for transmit-
elements being protected. The diameter of the wires used to ting the load to the exposed portion of the column without
form the thermo-junction shall not be greater than the thickness increasing the effective column length.
of sheet metal framing or panel members to which they are
attached and in no case greater than No. 18 B&S gage (0.040 NOTE 8—An example for calculating the superimposed load for con-
crete columns using the load and resistance factor design method is
in.) (1.02 mm). The lead shall be electrically insulated with
provided in X7.4.
heat-resistant and moisture-resistant coatings.
7.3.6.2 For each class of elements being protected, tempera- 7.4.2.2 As an optional procedure, subject the column to 1-3⁄4
ture readings shall be taken at not fewer than five representa- times its designed working load before undertaking the fire-
tive points. Thermocouples shall be located not less than 12 in. resistance test. The fact that such a test has been made shall not
(305 mm) from the edges of the test specimen. An exception is be construed as having had a deleterious effect on the fire-
made in those cases in which there is an element or feature of resistance test performance.
the construction that is not otherwise represented in the test 7.4.3 Loading of Floors and Roofs:
specimen. None of the thermocouples shall be located oppo- 7.4.3.1 Throughout the fire-resistance test, apply a superim-
site, on top of, or adjacent to fasteners such as screws, nails, or posed load to the test specimen to simulate a maximum-load
staples when such locations are excluded for thermocouple condition. This load shall be the maximum-load condition
placement on the unexposed surface of the test specimen in allowed under nationally recognized structural design criteria
7.3.1.2. unless limited design criteria are specified and a corresponding
7.3.6.3 Thermocouples shall be located to obtain informa- reduced load is applied (Note 9).
tion on the temperature at the interface between the exposed NOTE 9—Examples for calculating the superimposed load for light-
membrane and the substrate or element being protected. weight wood-frame floors using the allowable stress design method and
7.3.6.4 Temperature readings shall be taken at intervals not load and resistance factor design method are provided in X7.5. Also, an
exceeding 5 min. example for calculating the superimposed load for lightweight cold-
7.4 Loading: formed steel floors using the load and resistance factor design method is
provided in X7.6.
7.4.1 Loading of Loadbearing Walls and Partitions:
7.4.1.1 Throughout the fire-resistance and hose-stream tests, 7.4.4 Loading of Beams:
apply a superimposed load to the test specimen to simulate a 7.4.4.1 Throughout the fire-resistance test, apply a superim-
maximum-load condition. This load shall be the maximum- posed load to the test specimen to simulate a maximum-load
load condition allowed under nationally recognized structural condition. This load shall be the maximum load condition
design criteria unless limited design criteria are specified and a allowed under nationally recognized structural design criteria
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unless limited design criteria are specified and a corresponding 7.5.3.3 The cotton pad shall weigh 0.12 6 0.02 oz (3.5 6
reduced load is applied. 0.5 g).
7.5 Cotton Pad Test: 7.5.4 The cotton pad shall be conditioned prior to the test by
7.5.1 Where required by the conditions of acceptance in drying in an oven at 212 6 9°F (100 6 5°C) for a period of not
other sections of this standard to determine that the test less than 30 min. Immediately upon removal from the drying
specimen has not allowed the passage of gases hot enough to oven, the cotton pad shall be stored in a desiccator for a period
ignite a cotton pad, the cotton pad test shall be conducted in of not less than 24 h prior to the fire-resistance test.
accordance with 7.5.7 during the fire-resistance test whenever 7.5.5 The frame used to hold the cotton pad for the purpose
a crack, hole, opened joint, or other similar void or defect of the cotton waste test shall be constructed using No. 16 AWG
through which hot gases are capable of passing is observed in (0.05 in.) (1.3 mm) steel wire which has been fastened to a
the unexposed surface of the test specimen. handle that has a length that reaches all points on the
7.5.2 The cotton pad test shall be conducted using a cotton unexposed surface of the test specimen. See Fig. 5.
pad as described in 7.5.3 and 7.5.4 in a wire frame provided 7.5.6 Ignition of the cotton pad shall be defined as glowing,
with a handle as described in 7.5.5. flaming or smoldering of the cotton pad. Charring of the cotton
7.5.3 The cotton pad shall comply with the physical char- pad shall not be an indication of ignition.
acteristics described in 7.5.3.1 through 7.5.3.3. 7.5.7 Ingition Test Procedure:
7.5.3.1 The cotton pad shall be nominally 4 by 4 in. (100 by 7.5.7.1 Conduct the cotton pad test using an unused cotton
100 mm) by 0.75 in. (19 mm) thick. pad.
7.5.3.2 The cotton pad shall consist of new, undyed, soft 7.5.7.2 Position the cotton pad directly over the observed
cotton fibers, without any admixture of artificial fibers. crack, hole, opened joint, or other similar void or defect in the
--``,``,,,```,,`,,,,``,``,`,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

FIG. 5 Typical Cotton Waste Pad Holder

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 E119 – 12a
unexposed surface of the test specimen, approximately 1 6 1⁄8 8.2.4.1 The test specimen shall have sustained the applied
in. (25 6 3 mm) from the surface, for a period of 30 6 1 s or load during the fire-resistance test without passage of flame or
utnil ignition of the cotton pad, whichever occurs first. gases hot enough to ignite cotton waste, for a period equal to
7.5.7.3 All test locations previously tested in accordance that for which classification is desired.
with 7.5.7.2 shall be retested as close as practical to the end of 8.2.4.2 The test specimen shall have sustained the applied
the desired fire-resistance period. An unused cotton pad shall load during the fire and hose stream test as specified in 7.6,
be positioned over each previously tested location on the without passage of flame, of gases hot enough to ignite cotton
unexposed surface of the test specimen. waste, or with the passage of water of from the hose stream.
7.5.7.4 If ignition of the cotton pad occurs, record the time The test specimen shall be considered to have failed the hose
at which ignition occurs and report the description of the crack, stream test if an opening develops that permits a projection of
hole, opened joint, or other similar void or defect and the water from the stream beyond the unexposed surface during the
location where it occurs. time of the hose stream test.
7.6 Hose Stream: 8.2.4.3 Transmission of heat through the wall or partition
7.6.1 Where required by the conditions of acceptance, a test during the fire-resistance test shall not raise the temperature on
shall be conducted to subject the test specimen described in its unexposed surface more than 250°F (139°C) above its
7.6.2 or 7.6.3 to the impact, erosion, and cooling effects of a initial temperature.
hose stream. The hose stream shall be applied in accordance 8.3 Tests of Non-Loadbearing Walls and Partitions:
with Practice E2226. The water pressure and duration of 8.3.1 Size of Test Specimen—The area exposed to fire shall
application shall be as prescribed in Table 1 of Practice E2226. be not less than 100 ft2 (9 m2), with neither dimension less than
7.6.1.1 Exemption—The hose-stream test shall not be re- 9 ft (2.7 m). Restrain the test specimen on all four edges.
quired in the case of test specimens having a resistance period, 8.3.2 Temperatures—Determine temperatures in accordance
indicated in the fire-resistance test, of less than 1 h. with 7.3.1.
7.6.2 The hose stream test shall be conducted on a duplicate 8.3.3 Loading—There is no requirement for loading.
test specimen. 8.3.4 Conditions of Acceptance—Regard the test as success-
7.6.2.1 The duplicate test specimen shall be exposed to the ful if the following conditions are met:
effects of the hose stream immediately after being subjected to 8.3.4.1 The test specimen has withstood the fire-resistance
a fire-resistance test for a time period of one-half the fire- test without passage of flame or gases hot enough to ignite
resistance classification period determined from the fire- cotton waste, for a period equal to that for which classification
resistance test on the initial test specimen. is desired.
7.6.2.2 The length of time that the duplicate test specimen is 8.3.4.2 The test specimen has withstood the fire and hose
subjected to the fire- resistance test shall not exceed 1 h. stream test as specified in 7.6, without passage of flame, of
7.6.3 Optional Program—As an alternative procedure, con- gases hot enough to ignite cotton waste, or of passage of water
duct the hose stream test on the initially tested test specimen from the hose stream. The test specimen shall be considered to
immediately following its fire-resistance test. have failed the hose stream test if an opening develops that
permits a projection of water from the stream beyond the
8. Procedure unexposed surface during the time of the hose stream test.
8.3.4.3 Transmission of heat through the wall or partition
8.1 General: during the fire-resistance test shall not raise the temperature on
8.1.1 Continue the fire-resistance test on the test specimen its unexposed surface more than 250°F (139°C) above its
with its applied load, if any, until failure occurs, or until the test initial temperature.
specimen has withstood the test conditions for a period equal to 8.4 Tests of Loaded Columns:
that herein specified in the conditions of acceptance for the 8.4.1 Size of Test Specimen—The length of the column
given type of building element. exposed to fire shall be not less than 9 ft (2.7 m). Apply the
8.1.2 Continue the test beyond the time fire-resistance contemplated details of connections and their protection, if any,
classification is determined, when the purpose in doing so is to according to the methods of field practice. The column shall be
obtain additional information. vertical during the fire exposure.
8.2 Tests of Loadbearing Walls and Partitions: 8.4.2 Temperatures—There is no requirement for tempera-
8.2.1 Size of Test Specimen —The area exposed to fire shall ture measurements.
be not less than 100 ft2 (9 m2), with neither dimension less than 8.4.3 Loading—Load the test specimen in accordance with
9 ft (2.7 m). The test specimen shall not be restrained on its 7.4.2.
vertical edges. 8.4.4 Condition of Acceptance—Regard the test as success-
8.2.2 Temperatures—Determine temperatures in accordance ful if the column sustains the applied load during the fire-
with 7.3.1. resistance test for a period equal to that for which classification
8.2.3 Loading—Load the test specimen in accordance with is desired.
7.4.1. 8.5 Alternative Test of Non-loaded Steel Columns:
8.2.4 Conditions of Acceptance—Regard the test as success- 8.5.1 Application—This alternative test procedure is used to
ful if the following conditions are met: evaluate the protection of steel columns without application of
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 E119 – 12a
design load, provided that the protection material is not 8.6.2.1 The area exposed to fire shall be not less than 180
required by design to function structurally in resisting loads. ft2 (16 m2) with neither dimension less than 12 ft (3.7 m).
8.5.2 Size and Characteristics of Test Specimen: Structural members, if a part of the test specimen, shall be
8.5.2.1 The length of the protected column shall be at least positioned within the combustion chamber and have a side
8 ft (2.4 m). The column shall be vertical during the fire clearance of not less than 8 in. (203 mm) from the chamber
exposure. walls.
8.5.2.2 Restrain the applied protection material against lon- 8.6.2.2 Test specimens for which a restrained rating is
gitudinal temperature expansion greater than that of the steel desired shall be so restrained during the test exposure.
column with rigid steel plates or reinforced concrete attached 8.6.3 Temperatures—Determine temperatures in accordance
to the ends of the steel column before the protection is applied. with 7.3.1 and 7.3.3.
The size of the plates or amount of concrete shall provide direct 8.6.4 Loading—Load the test specimen in accordance with
bearing for the entire transverse area of the protection material. 7.4.3.
8.5.2.3 Provide the ends of the test specimen, including the 8.6.5 Conditions of Acceptance—Restrained Assembly
means for restraint, with thermal insulation to limit direct heat Classification—In obtaining a restrained assembly classifica-
transfer from the furnace. tion, the following conditions shall be met:
8.5.2.4 Throughout the fire-resistance test, expose the test 8.6.5.1 The test specimen shall have sustained the applied
specimen to fire on all sides for its full length. load during its classification period without developing unex-
8.5.3 Temperatures—Determine temperatures in accordance posed surface conditions which will ignite cotton waste.
with 7.3.2. 8.6.5.2 Transmission of heat through the test specimen
8.5.4 Loading—There is no requirement for loading. during its classification period shall not raise the average
8.5.5 Conditions of Acceptance—Regard the test as success- temperature on its unexposed surface more than 250°F (139°C)
ful if the transmission of heat through the protection during the above its initial temperature.
period of fire exposure for which classification is desired does 8.6.5.3 For test specimens employing steel structural mem-
not raise the average (arithmetical) temperature of the steel at bers (beams, open-web steel joists, etc.) spaced more than 4 ft
any one of the four levels above 1000°F (538°C), or does not (1.2 m) on centers, the test specimen shall achieve a restrained
raise the temperature above 1200°F (649°C) at any one of the assembly classification on the basis of the temperature of the
measured points. steel structural members not having exceeded 1300°F (704°C)
8.6 Tests of Floors and Roofs: at any location and not having the average temperature
8.6.1 Application—This procedure is applicable to floor and recorded by four thermocouples at any section exceed 1100°F
roof assemblies with or without attached, furred, or suspended (593°C) during the first hour. For restrained assembly classi-
ceilings and requires the application of the fire exposure to the fications greater than 1 h, these temperature criteria shall apply
underside of the test specimen. for a period of one half the classification period of the floor or
8.6.1.1 Two fire-resistance classifications shall be deter- roof construction or 1 h, whichever is the greater.
mined for test specimens restrained against thermal expansion: 8.6.5.4 For test specimens employing steel structural mem-
a restrained assembly classification based upon the conditions bers (beams, open-web steel joists, etc.) spaced 4 ft (1.2 m) or
of acceptance specified in 8.6.5 and an unrestrained assembly less on centers, the test specimen shall achieve a restrained
classification based upon the conditions of acceptance specified assembly classification on the basis of the average temperature
in 8.6.6. of the steel structural members, as recorded by all thermo-
NOTE 10—See Appendix X3, which is intended as a guide for assisting couples, not having exceeded 1100°F (593°C) during the first
the user of this test method in determining the conditions of thermal hour. For restrained assembly classifications greater than 1 h,
restraint applicable to floor and roof constructions and individual beams in this temperature shall apply for a period of one half the
actual building construction. classification period of the floor or roof construction or 1 h,
8.6.1.2 An unrestrained assembly classification shall be whichever is the greater.
determined for test specimens not restrained against thermal 8.6.5.5 For test specimens employing conventionally de-
expansion based upon the conditions of acceptance specified in signed concrete beams spaced more than 4 ft (1.2 m) on
8.6.6.1 and 8.6.6.2. centers, the test specimen shall achieve a restrained assembly
8.6.1.3 As an alternative classification procedure for loaded classification on the basis of the average temperature of the
restrained beams specified in 8.7, an individual unrestrained tension steel at any section of the concrete beam not having
beam classification shall be permitted for beams from re- exceeded 800°F (427°C) for cold-drawn prestressing steel or
strained or unrestrained floor or roof specimens, based on the 1100°F (593°C) for reinforcing steel during the first hour. For
conditions of acceptance specified in 8.7.6. The unrestrained restrained assembly classifications greater than 1 h, these
beam classification so derived shall be applicable to beams temperature criteria shall apply for a period of one half the
used with a floor or roof construction that has comparable or classification period of the floor or roof construction or 1 h,
greater capacity for heat dissipation than that with which it was whichever is the greater.
tested. The fire-resistance classification developed by this test 8.6.5.6 The fire resistance classification of a restrained
method shall not be applicable to sizes of beams smaller than assembly shall be reported as that developed by applying the
those tested. conditions of acceptance specified in 8.6.5.1 and 8.6.5.2, and
8.6.2 Size and Characteristics of Test Specimen: where applicable, to the conditions in 8.6.5.3 through 8.6.5.5.
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8.6.6 Conditions of Acceptance—Unrestrained Assembly tested. The fire-resistance classification developed by this test
Classification—In obtaining an unrestrained assembly classi- method shall not be applicable to sizes of beams smaller than
fication, the following conditions shall be met: those tested.
8.6.6.1 The test specimen shall have sustained the applied 8.7.2 Size and Characteristics of Test Specimen:
load during its classification period without developing unex- 8.7.2.1 The test specimen shall be tested in a horizontal
posed surface conditions which will ignite cotton waste. position and its length exposed to the fire shall be not less than
8.6.6.2 Transmission of heat through the test specimen 12 ft (3.7 m).
during its classification period shall not raise the average 8.7.2.2 For test specimens tested with a representative
temperature on its unexposed surface more than 250°F (139°C) section of a floor or roof assembly, such sections shall not be
above its initial temperature. wider than 7 ft (2.1 m) and shall be symmetrically located with
reference to the beam.
8.6.6.3 For test specimens employing steel structural mem-
8.7.2.3 Restrain the beam and those portions of the floor or
bers (beams, open-web steel joists, etc.), spaced more than 4 ft
roof assembly that are integral to the structural design of the
(1.2 m) on centers, the temperature of the steel structural
beam, against the potential effects from thermally induced
members shall not have exceeded 1300°F (704°C) at any
longitudinal expansion. The restraint shall replicate the re-
location during the classification period nor shall the average
straint expected to occur in building construction. Do not
temperature recorded by four thermocouples at any section
support or restrain portions of the perimeter of the floor or roof
have exceeded 1100°F (593°C) during the classification period.
assembly that are not integral to the structural beam design.
8.6.6.4 For test specimens employing steel structural mem-
bers (beams, open-web steel joists, etc.), spaced 4 ft (1.2 m) or NOTE 11—Composite steel construction and concrete construction that
less on center, the average temperature recorded by all joist or incorporate beams as an integral part of the structural design are examples
where portions of the floor or roof assembly that are attached to the beam
beam thermocouples shall not have exceeded 1100°F (593°C) should be restrained against thermal expansion. Restraining the portion of
during the classification period. the concrete slab that is integral to the structural design of the beam serves
8.6.6.5 For test specimens employing conventionally de- the intent of providing restraint against thermal rotation of the test
signed concrete structural members (excluding cast-in-place specimen. It is not permitted to restrain portions of the perimeter of the
concrete roof or floor slabs having spans equal to or less than test specimen other than that part that is integral to the structural design of
the beam.
those tested), the average temperature of the tension steel at
any section shall not have exceeded 800°F (427°C) for 8.7.3 Temperatures—Determine temperatures in accordance
cold-drawn prestressing steel or 1100°F (593°C) for reinforc- with 7.3.4.
ing steel during the classification period. 8.7.4 Loading—Load the test specimen in accordance with
8.6.6.6 For test specimens employing steel floor or roof 7.4.4.
units intended for use in spans greater than those tested, the 8.7.5 Conditions of Acceptance—Restrained Beam
average temperature recorded by all thermocouples located on Classification—In obtaining a restrained beam classification,
any one span of the floor or roof units shall not have exceeded the following conditions shall be met:
1100°F (593°C) during the classification period. 8.7.5.1 The test specimen shall have sustained the applied
8.6.6.7 The fire-resistance classification of an unrestrained load during its classification period.
assembly shall be reported as that developed by applying the 8.7.5.2 For steel beams: during the first hour or during the
conditions of acceptance specified in 8.6.6.1 and 8.6.6.2 and, first half of its classification period, whichever is the greater,
where applicable, to the conditions in 8.6.6.3 through 8.6.6.6. the temperature of the steel shall not have exceeded 1300°F
(704°C) at any location nor shall the average temperature
8.7 Tests of Loaded Restrained Beams:
recorded by four thermocouples at any section have exceeded

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8.7.1 Application: 1100°F (593°C).
8.7.1.1 An individual restrained beam classification shall be 8.7.6 Alternative Conditions of Acceptance—Unrestrained
determined from tests by this procedure for loaded restrained Beam Classification—In obtaining an unrestrained beam clas-
beams based upon the conditions of acceptance specified in sification, the following conditions shall be met:
8.7.5. The restrained beam classification so derived shall be 8.7.6.1 The test specimen shall have sustained the applied
applicable to beams used with a floor or roof construction that load during its classification period.
has comparable or greater capacity for heat dissipation than 8.7.6.2 For steel beams, the temperature of the steel shall
that with which it was tested. The fire-resistance classification not have exceeded 1300°F (704°C) at any location nor shall the
developed by this method shall not be applicable to sizes of average temperature recorded by four thermocouples at any
beams smaller than those tested. section have exceeded 1100°F (593°C) during its classification
8.7.1.2 As an alternative classification procedure for loaded period.
restrained beams specified in 8.7.1.1, an individual unre- 8.7.6.3 For conventionally designed concrete beams, the
strained beam classification shall be determined from tests by average temperature of the tension steel at any section shall not
this procedure for loaded restrained beams, based upon the have exceeded 800°F (427°C) for cold-drawn prestressing steel
conditions of acceptance specified in 8.7.6. The unrestrained or have exceeded 1100°F (593°C) for reinforcing steel during
beam classification so derived shall be applicable to beams its classification period.
used with a floor or roof construction that has comparable or 8.8 Tests of Loaded Unrestrained Beams Supporting Floors
greater capacity for heat dissipation than that with which it was and Roofs:

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8.8.1 Application: 8.9 Alternative Tests of Protection for Unloaded Solid
8.8.1.1 An individual unrestrained beam fire resistance rat- Structural Steel Beams and Girders:
ing is obtained by this procedure for loaded unrestrained beams 8.9.1 Application—This alternative test procedure is used to
based upon the conditions of acceptance specified in 8.8.4. The evaluate the protection of solid steel beams and girders without
fire resistance rating so derived shall be applicable to the beam the application of a design load, provided that the protection
when used with a floor or roof construction which has a material is not required by design to function structurally in
comparable or greater capacity for heat dissipation from the resisting applied loads. The classification so derived shall be
beam than the floor or roof with which it was tested. applicable to solid steel structural members when used with a
8.8.2 Size and Characteristics of Specimen: floor or roof construction that has a comparable or greater
8.8.2.1 The clear span (Lc) of beam exposed to the fire shall capacity for heat dissipation than that with which it was tested.
be not less than 12 ft (3.7 m) and the member shall be tested in The classification shall not be applicable to sizes of beams
a horizontal position. smaller than those tested.
8.8.2.2 For specimens tested with a representative section of 8.9.2 Size and Characteristics of Test Specimen:
a floor or roof assembly, such sections shall be not more than 8.9.2.1 The test specimen shall be tested in a horizontal
7 ft (2.1 m) wide and symmetrically located with reference to position and the length of the beam or girder exposed to the fire
the beam. shall be not less than 12 ft (3.7 m). A section of a representative
8.8.2.3 The beam and the representative section of the floor floor or roof construction not less than 5 ft (1.5 m) wide, shall
or roof assembly shall not be restrained prior to the start of the be symmetrically located with reference to the beam or girder
test or restrained against the potential effects from thermally and extending the full length of the test specimen and shall be
induced longitudinal movement at any time during the test. included in the test specimen.
8.8.2.4 Provide bearing support for the beam and the ends of 8.9.2.2 Restrain the applied protection material against lon-
the representative section of the floor or roof assembly along its gitudinal temperature expansion greater than that of the steel
edges perpendicular to the beam. The representative section of beam or girder with rigid steel plates or reinforced concrete
the floor or roof assembly shall not be supported along its attached to the ends of the steel beams before the protection
edges parallel to the beam. material is applied. Provide the ends of the test specimen,
8.8.2.5 The total length of the specimen shall not exceed its including the means for restraint, with thermal insulation to
clear span (Lc) and the total bearing length. limit direct heat transfer from the furnace.
NOTE 12—It is recommended the test specimen include thermocouples 8.9.3 Temperatures—Determine temperatures in accordance
placed at locations as described in the Section on Tests of Loaded with 7.3.5.
Restrained Beams for future fire protection engineering applications. 8.9.4 Loading—There is no requirement for loading.
8.8.3 Loading: 8.9.5 Conditions of Acceptance:
8.8.3.1 Throughout the fire resistance test, apply a superim- 8.9.5.1 Regard the test as successful if the transmission of
posed load to the specimen to simulate a maximum load heat through the protection material during the period of fire
condition. This load shall be the maximum load condition exposure for which classification is desired does not raise the
allowed under nationally recognized structural design criteria average (arithmetical) temperature of the steel at any one of the
unless limited design criteria are specified and a corresponding four sections above 1000°F (538°C), or does not raise the
reduced load is applied. temperature above 1200°F (649°C) at any one of the measured
8.8.4 Conditions of Acceptance: points.
8.8.4.1 To obtain an unrestrained beam fire resistance rating 8.10 Tests of Protective Membranes in Walls, Partition,
the specimen shall have sustained the applied load during the Floor, or Roof Assemblies:
rating period. The specimen shall be deemed as not sustaining 8.10.1 Application—To determine the thermal protection
the applied load when both of the following conditions are afforded by membrane elements in wall, partition, floor, or roof
exceeded: A maximum total deflection of: assemblies, the nonstructural performance of protective mem-
branes shall be obtained by the procedure given in 8.10. The
~Lc2! / ~400 d!
performance of protective membranes is supplementary infor-
and after the maximum total deflection has been exceeded, a mation only and is not a substitute for the fire-resistance
maximum deflection rate per minute as determined over 1 min classification determined elsewhere in this fire-test-response
intervals of: standard.
~Lc2! / ~9000 d! 8.10.2 Size of Test Specimen—The size of the test specimen
shall conform with 8.2.1 for loadbearing walls and partitions,
where: with 8.3.1 for non-loadbearing walls and partitions, and with
8.6.2.1 for floors and roofs.
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Lc = the clear span of the beam, and 8.10.3 Temperatures—Determine temperatures in accor-
d = the distance between the extreme fiber of the beam in dance with 7.3.6.
the compression zone and the extreme fiber of the 8.10.4 Loading—There is no requirement for loading.
beam in the tensile zone. 8.10.5 Conditions of Acceptance—Unless otherwise speci-
8.8.4.2 The deflection, Lc and d must be expressed in the fied, the performance of protective membranes shall be deter-
same units such as inches or millimeters. mined as the time at which the following conditions occur:

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8.10.5.1 The average temperature rise of any set of thermo- NOTE 13—The correction can be expressed by the following equation:
couples for each class of element being protected is more than C 5 2I~A – As!/3~As 1 L!
250°F (139°C) above the initial temperature, or
8.10.5.2 The temperature rise of any one thermocouple of where:
C = correction in the same units as I,
the set for each class of element being protected is more than I = indicated fire-resistance period,
325°F (181°C) above the initial temperature. A = area under the curve of indicated average furnace temperature
8.10.6 Report of Results: for the first three fourths of the indicated period,
8.10.6.1 The protective membrane performance, for each As = area under the standard furnace curve for the same part of the
class of element being protected, shall be reported to the indicated period, and
L = lag correction in the same units as A and As (54°F·h or 30°C·h
nearest integral minute.
(3240°F·min or 1800°C·min)).
8.10.6.2 The test report shall identify each class of elements
being protected and shall show the location of each thermo- 9.5 Unsymmetrical wall constructions are tested with either
couple. side exposed to the fire, and the report shall indicate the side so
8.10.6.3 The test report shall show the time-temperature exposed. When test specimens have been tested with each side
data recorded for each thermocouple and the average tempera- separately exposed to the fire, the report then shall indicate the
ture for the set of thermocouples on each element being fire-resistance classification determined as a result of each side
protected. having been exposed to the fire.

10. Precision and Bias 5

9. Report of Results
10.1 The precision and bias statement for this test method is
9.1 Results shall be reported in accordance with the perfor- based on two interlaboratory studies of E119, Standard Test
mance in the tests prescribed in these test methods. They shall Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials.
be expressed in time periods of resistance, to the nearest Two different gypsum wall constructions were examined, one
integral minute. Reports shall include observations of details of for each study. With the exception of one laboratory, the
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the behavior of the material or construction during the test and precision statements were determined through statistical ex-
after the furnace fire is extinguished, including information on amination of a single result from each of the participating
deformation, spalling, cracking, burning of the test specimen or laboratories.
its component parts, continuance of flaming, and production of 10.1.1 The first interlaboratory study, ILS #591, was con-
smoke. ducted during the period 1988 to 1991. The test assembly was
9.2 Reports of tests in which restraint is provided for the test a non-loadbearing gypsum partition with two layers of 1⁄2 in.
specimen shall describe the method used to provide the (12.7 mm) gypsum board on each side of a steel stud frame.
restraint. Eight laboratories participated in this study. Each laboratory
9.2.1 Describe the physical details of the restraint system reported a single fire resistance test result for the test assembly.
and provide information to define the longitudinal and rota- Every “test result” reported represents an individual determi-
tional resistance of the test specimen by the restraint system. nation. Except for the testing of replicates, Practice E691 was
9.2.2 Describe the restraint conditions with regard to the followed for the design and analysis of the data; the details are
free movement of the test specimen prior to encountering given in ASTM Research Report RR:E05-1013.6
resistance to expansion, contraction or rotation. 10.1.2 The second interlaboratory study, ILS #602, was
9.3 Reports of tests in which other than maximum load conducted during the period 2006 to 2007. The test assembly
conditions are imposed shall fully define the conditions of was a non-loadbearing gypsum partition with one layer of 5⁄8
loading used in the test and shall be designated in the title of in. (15.9 mm) gypsum board on each side of a steel stud frame.
the report of the test as a restricted load condition. Sixteen laboratories participated in this study. While 15 of the
9.4 When the indicated resistance period is 1⁄2 h or over, 16 laboratories reported a single fire resistance test result for
determined by the average or maximum temperature rise on the the test assembly, one laboratory reported triplicate test results.
unexposed surface or within the test specimen, or by failure Every “test result” reported represents an individual determi-
under load, a correction shall be applied for variation of the nation. Except for the minimal reporting of replicates, Practice
furnace exposure from that prescribed, where it will affect the E691 was followed for the design and analysis of the data; the
classification, by multiplying the indicated period by two thirds details are given in ASTM Research Report RR:E05-1014.7
of the difference in area between the curve of average furnace 10.2 Repeatability limit (r)—Two test results obtained
temperature and the standard curve for the first three fourths of within one laboratory shall be judged not equivalent if they
the period and dividing the product by the area between the differ by more than the “r” value for that material; “r” is the
standard curve and a base line of 68°F (20°C) for the same part interval representing the critical difference between two test
of the indicated period, the latter area increased by 54°F·h or
30°C·h (3240°F·min or 1800°C·min) to compensate for the
thermal lag of the furnace thermocouples during the first part of 5
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
the test. For fire exposure in the test higher than standard, the be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:E05-1003.
6
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
indicated resistance period shall be increased by the amount of be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:E05-1013.
the correction and be similarly decreased for fire exposure 7
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
below standard. be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:E05-1014.

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 E119 – 12a
results for the same material, obtained by the same operator 10.4 The above terms (repeatability limit and reproducibil-
using the same equipment on the same day in the same ity limit) are used as specified in Practice E177.
laboratory. 10.5 Any judgment in accordance with statements 10.2 and
10.2.1 Without replicate data, repeatability limits cannot be 10.3 would normally have an approximate 95 % probability of
estimated for the ILS #591 interlaboratory study. being correct, however the precision statistics obtained in these
10.2.2 Single laboratory repeatability limits for the ILS two interlaboratory studies must not be treated as exact
#602 interlaboratory study are listed in Table 1. mathematical quantities which are applicable to all circum-
10.3 Reproducibility limit (R)—Two test results shall be stances and uses. The limited number of materials tested and
judged not equivalent if they differ by more than the “R” value laboratories reporting results guarantees that there will be times
for that material; “R” is the interval representing the critical when differences greater than predicted by the ILS results will
difference between two test results for the same material, arise, sometimes with considerably greater or smaller fre-
obtained by different operators using different equipment in quency than the 95 % probability limit would imply. The
different laboratories. repeatability limit and the reproducibility limit should be
10.3.1 Reproducibility limits are listed in Table 1. considered as general guides, and the associated probability of
95 % as only a rough indicator of what can be expected.
10.6 Bias—There are no accepted reference materials suit-
TABLE 1 Fire Resistance Rating, (minutes)
able for determining the bias for this test method. Therefore, no
--``,``,,,```,,`,,,,``,``,`,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

statement on bias is being made.

Repeatability Reproducibility
Average, Standard Standard
Repeatability Reproducibility 10.7 The precision statement was determined through sta-
LimitA Limit
x DeviationA Deviation
r R
tistical examination of a total of twenty-six results: eight results
Sr SR as reported by eight laboratories on one type of gypsum wall
Non- 115.9 NA 11.1 NA 31.2
loadbearing construction (ILS #591); and eighteen results as reported by
steel stud sixteen laboratories on a second type of gypsum wall construc-
gypsum
wall, ILS
tion (ILS #602).
#591
Non- 65.7 0.6 2.4 1.6 6.7
11. Keywords
loadbearing 11.1 beams; building construction; building materials; ceil-
steel stud
gypsum
ing assemblies; columns; fire; fire endurance; fire resistance;
wall, ILS fire-resistance rating; fire-test-response standard; floor assem-
#602 bly; floors; restrained rating; restraint; roofs; roof assembly;
A
Based on triplicate test results from a single laboratory. truss; unrestrained rating; walls

ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. REQUIREMENTS FOR THERMOCOUPLE PADS

A1.1 Thermocouple Pads—Thermocouple pads used in A1.1.3 Dry weight, 0.147 6 0.053 lb (67 6 24 g).
measurement of temperature of unexposed surfaces of test A1.1.4 Thermal conductivity (at 150°F (66°C)), 0.37 6
specimens shall be of a refractory fiber material placed with the 0.03 Btu·in./h·ft2·°F (0.053 6 0.004 W/m·K).
softer surfaces in contact with the thermocouple. The pads shall
A1.1.5 Density, 18.7 6 0.2 lb/ft3(300 6 3.0 kg/m3).
not be used on surfaces subject to sharp distortions or discon-
tinuities during the test unless the pads have been previously A1.1.6 The pads shall be shaped by wetting, forming, and
wetted, formed, and dried in accordance with A1.1.6. Proper- then drying to constant weight to provide complete contact on
ties of thermocouple pads shall be as follows: sharply contoured surfaces.
A1.1.1 Length and width, 6 6 1⁄8 in. (152 6 3 mm).
A1.1.2 Thickness, 0.375 6 0.063 in. (9.5 6 1.6 mm). The
thickness measurement shall be made using a 1⁄2 in. (13-mm)
diameter, anvil head micrometer, without compression of the
pad.

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 E119 – 12a

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. STANDARD TIME-TEMPERATURE CURVE FOR CONTROL OF FIRE-RESISTANCE TESTS

TABLE X1.1 Standard Time-Temperature Curve for Control of Fire-Resistance Tests

Time Area Above 68°F Base Area Above 20°C Base

Temperature, °F Temperature, °C
h:min °F-min °F-h °C-min °C-h

0:00 68 00 0 20 00 0
0:05 1 000 2 330 39 538 1 290 22
0:10 1 300 7 740 129 704 4 300 72
0:15 1 399 14 150 236 760 7 860 131
0:20 1 462 20 970 350 795 11 650 194
0:25 1 510 28 050 468 821 15 590 260
0:30 1 550 35 360 589 843 19 650 328
0:35 1 584 42 860 714 862 23 810 397
0:40 1 613 50 510 842 878 28 060 468
0:45 1 638 58 300 971 892 32 390 540
0:50 1 661 66 200 1 103 905 36 780 613
0:55 1 681 74 220 1 237 916 41 230 687
1:00 1 700 82 330 1 372 927 45 740 762

1:05 1 718 90 540 1 509 937 50 300 838

1:10 1 735 98 830 1 647 946 54 910 915
1:15 1 750 107 200 1 787 955 59 560 993
1:20 1 765 115 650 1 928 963 64 250 1 071
1:25 1 779 124 180 2 070 971 68 990 1 150
1:30 1 792 132 760 2 213 978 73 760 1 229
1:35 1 804 141 420 2 357 985 78 560 1 309
1:40 1 815 150 120 2 502 991 83 400 1 390
1:45 1 826 158 890 2 648 996 88 280 1 471
1:50 1 835 167 700 2 795 1 001 93 170 1 553
1:55 1 843 176 550 2 942 1 006 98 080 1 635
2:00 1 850 185 440 3 091 1 010 103 020 1 717

2:10 1 862 203 330 3 389 1 017 112 960 1 882

2:20 1 875 221 330 3 689 1 024 122 960 2 049
2:30 1 888 239 470 3 991 1 031 133 040 2 217
2:40 1 900 257 720 4 295 1 038 143 180 2 386
2:50 1 912 276 110 4 602 1 045 153 390 2 556
3:00 1 925 294 610 4 910 1 052 163 670 2 728

3:10 1 938 313 250 5 221 1 059 174 030 2 900

3:20 1 950 332 000 5 533 1 066 184 450 3 074
3:30 1 962 350 890 5 848 1 072 194 940 3 249
3:40 1 975 369 890 6 165 1 079 205 500 3 425
3:50 1 988 389 030 6 484 1 086 216 130 3 602
4:00 2 000 408 280 6 805 1 093 226 820 3 780

4:10 2 012 427 670 7 128 1 100 237 590 3 960

4:20 2 025 447 180 7 453 1 107 248 430 4 140
4:30 2 038 466 810 7 780 1 114 259 340 4 322
4:40 2 050 486 560 8 110 1 121 270 310 4 505
4:50 2 062 506 450 8 441 1 128 281 360 4 689
5:00 2 075 526 450 8 774 1 135 292 470 4 874

5:10 2 088 546 580 9 110 1 142 303 660 5 061

5:20 2 100 566 840 9 447 1 149 314 910 5 248
5:30 2 112 587 220 79 787 1 156 326 240 5 437
5:40 2 125 607 730 10 129 1 163 337 630 5 627
5:50 2 138 628 360 10 473 1 170 349 909 5 818
6:00 2 150 649 120 10 819 1 177 360 620 6 010

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 E119 – 12a

TABLE X1.1 Continued

Time Area Above 68°F Base Area Above 20°C Base
Temperature, °F Temperature, °C
h:min °F-min °F-h °C-min °C-h

6:10 2 162 670 000 11 167 1 184 372 230 6 204

6:20 2 175 691 010 11 517 1 191 383 900 6 398
6:30 2 188 712 140 11 869 1 198 395 640 6 594
6:40 2 200 733 400 12 223 1 204 407 450 6 791
6:50 2 212 754 780 12 580 1 211 419 330 6 989
7:00 2 225 776 290 12 938 1 218 431 270 7 188

7:10 2 238 797 920 13 299 1 225 443 290 7 388

7:20 2 250 819 680 13 661 1 232 455 380 7 590
7:30 2 262 841 560 14 026 1 239 467 540 7 792
7:40 2 275 863 570 14 393 1 246 479 760 7 996
7:50 2 288 885 700 14 762 1 253 492 060 8 201
8:00 2 300 907 960 15 133 1 260 504 420 8 407

X2. SUGGESTED REPORT FORM

ASTM E119

TITLE PAGE

(Preferably Cover)

Laboratory
Project Number

ASTM E119 (Year)

STANDARD FIRE-RESISTANCE TEST

Fire Resistance Time

Construction
Date Tested
Sponsor
Material
Maximum Load Conditions, or Restricted Load Conditions (as the conditions of the test dictate)

(Identify if test is part of a research program)

(Add—Table of Contents)

X2.1 Description of Laboratory Test Facility—Furnace, whether materials meet ASTM standards by markings, or by
restraining frame, details of end conditions, including wedges, statement of sponsor, or by physical or chemical test by the
bearing, etc. testing laboratory.
X2.1.1 If the test specimen is to be tested under load,
X2.3 Description of Test Specimen:
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indicate how the load is applied and controlled. (Give loading

diagram.) Indicate whether the load is a maximum-load con- X2.3.1 Give size of test specimen.
dition or a restricted-load condition and, for either condition, X2.3.2 Give details of structural design, including safety
report the specific loads and the basis for limitation, such as factors of all structural members.
bending stress, shear, etc. A restricted-load condition shall be X2.3.3 Include plan, elevation, principal cross section, plus
reported as a percentage of the maximum-load condition. other sections as needed for clarity.
X2.1.2 If the test specimen is to be tested as non- X2.3.4 Give details of attachment of test specimen in frame.
loadbearing, indicate whether frame is rigid or moves in test or X2.3.5 Location of thermocouples, deflection points, and
whether test is of temperature rise only. other items for test.
X2.3.6 Describe general ambient conditions at:
X2.2 Description of all Materials—Type, size, class, X2.3.6.1 Time of construction,
strength, densities, trade name, and any additional data neces- X2.3.6.2 During curing (time from construction to test), and
sary to define materials. The testing laboratory should indicate X2.3.6.3 Time of test.

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 E119 – 12a
X2.4 Description of Test: tion does not represent typical field construction, then the
X2.4.1 Report temperature at beginning and every 5 min. If deviations shall be noted.
charts are included in report, clearly indicate time and tem- X2.5.2 If the test specimen is unsymmetrical (has different
perature: details on each face) be sure to indicate the face exposed to fire
X2.4.1.1 In furnace space, with comments on fire resistance from the opposite side.
X2.4.1.2 On unexposed surface, and X2.5.3 Fire-resistance test.
X2.4.1.3 On protected framing members as stipulated in
X2.6 Summarize Results, include:
standard.
X2.6.1 Fire Resistance time,
NOTE X2.1—It is recommended that temperature observations not X2.6.2 Nature of failure, and
required by the standard, but useful, be reported in the Appendix to the
X2.6.3 Hose stream test results.
report. These include temperatures on the face of framing members in
back of protection and others that may be required by various Building
X2.7 List Offıcial Observers—Signatures of responsible
Codes.
persons.
X2.4.2 Report deflections every 5 min for the first 15 min of
test and the last hour; in between, every 10 min. X2.8 Appendix—Include all data not specifically required
X2.4.3 Report appearance of exposed face: by test standard, but useful to better understanding of test
X2.4.3.1 Every 15 min, results. Special observations for Building Code approvals
X2.4.3.2 At any noticeable development, give details and should be in appendix.
time, that is, cracks, buckling, flaming, smoke, loss of material,
etc., and X2.9 Pictures—All taken to show what cannot be covered
X2.4.3.3 At end of the test include the amount of drop out, in the report or to clarify.
condition of fasteners, sag, etc. X2.9.1 Test specimen construction.
X2.4.4 Report appearance of unexposed face: X2.9.2 Exposed face prior to fire-resistance test.
X2.4.4.1 Every 15 min, X2.9.3 Unexposed face at start of fire-resistance test; in-
X2.4.4.2 At any noticeable development including crack- clude recording equipment when possible.
ing, smoking, buckling, give details and time, and X2.9.4 Unexposed face at end of fire-resistance test.
X2.4.4.3 At the end of test. X2.9.5 Exposed face at end of fire-resistance test.
X2.4.5 Report time of failure by: X2.9.6 Unexposed face at end of fire exposure before hose
X2.4.5.1 Temperature rise, test.
X2.4.5.2 Failure to carry load, and X2.9.7 Exposed face at end of fire exposure before hose
X2.4.5.3 Passage of flame-heat-smoke. test.
X2.4.6 If a hose stream test is required repeat necessary X2.9.8 Exposed face after hose stream test.
parts of X2.1 and X2.3. If failure occurs in hose stream X2.9.9 Unexposed face after hose stream test.
test—describe!
X2.10 It is essential to have the following:
X2.5 Offıcial Comments on: X2.10.1 Detailed drawing of test specimen.
X2.5.1 Included shall be a statement to the effect that the X2.10.2 Pictures (X2.9.1, X2.9.4, X2.9.8, and X2.9.9) for
construction truly represents field construction. If the construc- every test report.

X3. GUIDE FOR DETERMINING CONDITIONS OF RESTRAINT FOR FLOOR AND ROOF ASSEMBLIES AND FOR
INDIVIDUAL BEAMS

X3.1 The purpose of this appendix is to provide guidance in of a load carrying test specimen resulting from the effects of
--``,``,,,```,,`,,,,``,``,`,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

applying fire-resistance test results to floor and roof assemblies the fire are resisted by forces external to the test specimen
and individual beams of buildings. exposed to fire. An unrestrained condition is one in which the
load carrying test specimen exposed to fire is free to expand
X3.2 The revisions to Test Methods E119 adopted in 1970 and rotate at its supports.
introduced the concept of fire endurance classifications, now
known as fire resistance ratings, for floor and roof assemblies X3.4 This guide is based on knowledge currently available
and individual beams based on two conditions of restraint. As and recommends that all constructions be classified as either
a result, such specimens can be fire tested in a restrained restrained or unrestrained. While it has been generally shown
condition to develop two ratings (restrained and unrestrained). that certain conditions of restraint will improve fire resistance,
Alternatively, the standard allows some specimens to be tested methodologies for establishing the presence of sufficient re-
in an unrestrained condition to develop a single rating (unre- straint in actual constructions have not been standardized.
strained).
X3.5 For the purpose of this appendix, restraint in buildings
X3.3 As used in Test Methods E119, a restrained condition is described as follows: “Floor and roof assemblies and
is one in which expansion and rotation at the ends and supports individual beams in buildings are considered restrained when

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 E119 – 12a
the surrounding or supporting structure is capable of resisting restraint. The test of loaded restraint beams is the older test
substantial thermal expansion and rotation throughout the method, while the test of loaded unrestrained beams was
range of anticipated elevated temperatures caused by a fire. introduced to Test Methods E119 more recently in 2011. In the
Constructions not complying with this description are assumed loaded restrained beam test, the two ends of the beam specimen
to be free to rotate and expand and therefore are considered as (including the two ends of a slab integral to the beam) are
unrestrained.” placed tightly against the test frame that supports the beam
specimen. In addition to the restrained beam rating, and based
X3.6 The description provided in X3.5 requires the exercise on specific temperature criteria for concrete reinforcement or
of engineering judgment to determine what constitutes restraint steel beams, as specified in the standard, an alternative unre-
to “substantial thermal expansion and rotation.” strained beam rating can also be determined from the same test.
For restrained steel beam ratings over 1 h, these temperature
X3.7 In actual building structures, restraint capable of
criteria are allowed to be exceeded for a limited duration of
improving fire resistance may be provided by the stiffness of
time (as specified in 8.7.5.2), provided the beam maintains its
the contiguous construction. In order to develop sufficient
ability to sustain the applied load. For restrained concrete beam
restraint, thermally-induced forces must be adequately trans-
ratings, the temperature criteria do not apply. Alternative
ferred through connections or by direct bearing on contiguous
unrestrained beam ratings can also be determined, based on the
structural members. The rigidity of connections and contiguous
same specific beam temperature criteria, from floor and roof
structural members should be considered in assessing the
tests described in X3.9. In the unrestrained loaded beam test,
capability of the fire exposed construction to resist thermal
the two ends of the beam specimen (including the two ends of
expansion and rotation. Continuity, such as that occurring in
a slab tested with the beam) are supported in such a way that
beams acting continuously over more than two supports, will
a continuous horizontal gap is left between the test frame and
induce rotational restraint which will usually add to the fire
the specimen to allow for the free (unrestrained) thermal
resistance of structural members.
expansion of the specimen during the fire test. The unrestrained
X3.8 For the purpose of providing guidance, common beam ratings developed from tests of loaded unrestrained
constructions and their restraint conditions are listed in Table beams are not subject to the temperature criteria for concrete
X3.1. These examples and the information provided in X3.1 reinforcement or steel beams.
through X3.8 should provide the user with guidance for
evaluating the application of restrained and unrestrained fire X3.11 The beam, floor and roof restraint conditions de-
resistance ratings to specific building conditions. scribed in X3.9 and X3.10 do not create the condition of
rotational restraint, or rotational fixity, for beam ends or for
X3.9 Test Methods E119 provide for two distinct tests of floor and roof perimeters under normal room temperatures
loaded floors and roofs, depending on the specimen’s condition because the test frame offers vertical (gravity) support only.
of restraint. In the restrained test, the floor or roof specimen However, the described conditions generate horizontal reac-
(including any beams) is placed tightly against the test frame tions of the test frame in response to the thermal expansion of
and vertically supported over the entire perimeter of the fire-exposed specimens. Because the resultants of these hori-
specimen. In addition to the restrained floor or roof assembly zontal frame reactions do not necessarily coincide with the
rating, and based on specific temperature criteria for concrete specimen sections’ centroids (that is, frame reactions apply
reinforcement, steel beams or steel deck, as specified in the eccentrically to the specimen for extended periods during the
standard, an unrestrained floor or roof assembly rating can also test), rotational restraints are also generated. This partially
be determined from the same test. For restrained assembly replicates similar conditions found in building floors and roofs
ratings over 1 h, these temperature criteria are allowed to be in terms of multi-directional resistance to expansion (restraint)
exceeded for a limited duration of time (as specified in that occurs under real fire conditions. However, this similarity
8.6.5.3-8.6.5.5), provided the assembly maintains its ability to is not complete as, for instance, the test frame does not
sustain the applied load without developing unexposed surface replicate structural continuity, it does not offer anchorage to
conditions, which will ignite cotton waste (as specified in specimens sagging in the tensile membrane action mode (that
8.6.5.1), and maintains the average temperature of its unex- is, the test frame does not resist the horizontal contraction of
posed surface within the prescribed limit (as specified in the specimen), and the stiffness of restraints in real construc-
8.6.5.2). In the unrestrained test, the floor or roof specimen tion does not necessarily match the test conditions.
(including any beams) is supported along its entire perimeter in
such a way that a continuous horizontal gap is left between the X3.12 Thermal expansion of materials is three-
test frame and the specimen to allow for the free (unrestrained) dimensional. In beam specimens, and floor and roof assembly
thermal expansion of the specimen during the fire test. The specimens, the thermal expansion usually manifests itself in
unrestrained floor and roof assembly ratings developed from terms of horizontal multi-directional elongations plus vertical
unrestrained floor and roof tests are not subject to the tempera- deflections and rotations (around horizontal axes) generated by
ture criteria for concrete reinforcement, steel beams or steel non-uniform temperature distributions (thermal gradients)
deck. along the vertical dimension of the specimens due to the
one-sided (from below) fire exposure. Depending on the
X3.10 Test Methods E119 provide for two distinct tests of configuration of specimen components, thermal gradients, and
loaded beams, depending on the specimen’s condition of the associated deflections and rotations (the so-called thermal
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 E119 – 12a
bowing) can occur in other directions as well. In addition, in the floor specimens. On the other hand, in comparative tests
non-uniform thermal expansions within the specimen may of a loaded unrestrained steel beam and two similar loaded
cause internal mechanical stresses and strains, associated with restrained steel beams (42), the unrestrained beam test was
the so-called phenomenon of self-restraint, where the cooler found to be more conservative (beam failed at an earlier time)
parts of the specimen resist the expansion of the hotter parts. compared to the restrained steel beam tests (90 min versus 106
Resistance to thermal expansion, whether generated internally and 107 min, respectively). In this comparison, the failure of
within the specimen or externally by the testing frame, may the beam specimens was based only on their ability to sustain
have either positive or negative effects on the fire performance the applied load, and no temperature criteria were used.
of construction assemblies – generally positive unless the
restraint is large enough to cause compressive failure of the X3.14 Temperature-based unrestrained beam ratings and
restrained components. temperature-based unrestrained floor or roof assembly ratings,
derived from restrained tests as described in X3.9 and X3.10,
X3.13 Comparative testing of restrained versus unre- could be associated with reduced structural deflections when
strained floor assembly specimens (34,35,41), and comparative compared to similar restrained ratings. If the degree of struc-
testing of restrained versus unrestrained loaded beam speci- tural deflection is of concern to the licensed design professional
mens (42), have been too limited to be conclusive. The results responsible for the design of the fire resistive protection, some
of these comparisons should not be extrapolated without due experience suggests that the design professional may find an
consideration of all the relevant aspects involved. The avail- unrestrained rating to be of benefit to the structural perfor-
able reports comparing the performance of restrained versus mance.
unrestrained concrete floor assembly specimens (34,35), and
comparing the performance of restrained versus unrestrained X3.15 Thermal restraint by the test frame is believed to
steel framed floor assembly specimens (41), indicated that have no beneficial or detrimental effect for wood construction,
restrained floor tests were more conservative (specimens failed because wood contracts at temperatures over 212°F (100°C).
at earlier times) compared to unrestrained floor tests, because Wood-framed floor and roof specimens are usually tested in the
the restraint led to earlier compressive failure of concrete slabs unrestrained condition.

TABLE X3.1 Guide for Determination of Restrained and Unrestrained Conditions of Construction
I.Wall bearing:
Single span and simply supported end spans of multiple bays:A
(1) Open-web steel joists or steel beams, supporting concrete slab, precast units, or metal decking unrestrained
(2) Concrete slabs, precast units, or metal decking unrestrained
Interior spans of multiple bays:
(1) Open-web steel joists, steel beams or metal decking, supporting continuous concrete slabB restrained
(2) Open-web steel joists or steel beams, supporting precast units or metal decking unrestrained
(3) Cast-in-place concrete slab constructionB restrained
(4) Precast concrete constructionB,C restrained
II.Steel framing:B
--``,``,,,```,,`,,,,``,``,`,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(1) Steel beams welded, riveted, or bolted to the framing members restrained
(2) All types of cast-in-place floor and roof construction (such as beam-and-slabs, flat slabs, pan joists, and waffle slabs) where the floor restrained
or roof construction is secured to the framing members
(3) All types of prefabricated floor or roof construction where the structural members are secured to the framing membersC restrained
III.Concrete framing:B
(1) Beams fastened to the framing members restrained
(2) All types of concrete cast-in-place floor or roof construction (such as beam-and-slabs, flat slabs, pan joists, and waffle slabs) where restrained
the floor or roof construction is cast with the framing members
(3) Interior and exterior spans of precast construction with cast-in-place joints resulting in restraint equivalent to that which would exist in restrained
condition III (1)
(4) All types of prefabricated floor or roof construction where the structural members are secured to such constructionC restrained
IV.Wood construction:
All types unrestrained
A
Floor and roof construction may be considered restrained where they are tied (with or without tie beams) into walls designed and detailed to resist thermally induced
forces from the floor or roof construction exposed to fire.
B
To provide sufficient restraint, the framing members or contiguous floor or roof construction should be capable of resisting the potential thermal expansion resulting
from a fire exposure as described in X3.5 and X3.6.
C
Resistance to potential thermal expansion resulting from fire exposure may be achieved when one of the following is provided:
(1) Continuous structural concrete topping is used,
(2) The space between the ends of precast units or between the ends of units and the vertical face of supports is filled with concrete or mortar, or
(3) The space between the ends of precast units and the vertical faces of supports, or between the ends of solid or hollow core slab units does not exceed 0.25 %
of the length for normal weight concrete members or 0.1 % of the length for structural lightweight concrete members.

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X4. METHOD OF CORRECTING FIRE RESISTANCE FOR CONCRETE SLABS DETERMINED BY UNEXPOSED SURFACE
TEMPERATURE RISE FOR NONSTANDARD MOISTURE CONTENT

X4.1 Scope TABLE X4.2 Factor Characterizing Permeability of Test Specimen

Material b
X4.1.1 The standard fire resistance is the time determined
Normal weight and gun-applied concrete (dry unit weight greater 5.5
by unexposed surface temperature rise of a test specimen at a than 135 lb/ft3 (2162 kg/m3))
standard moisture level. Lightweight concrete (dry unit weight between 85 and 115 lb/ft3 8.0
X4.1.2 This appendix gives a procedure to correct the fire (1361 and 1841 kg/m3))
Lightweight insulating concrete (dry unit weight less than 50 lb/ft3 10.0
resistance of unprotected vertical or horizontal slabs (solid or (801 kg/m3))
hollow), made from essentially inorganic building materials;
and conditioned on both sides, when moisture content at the
time of test is other than at a standard moisture level. TABLE X4.3 Factor Characterizing Drying Conditions
X4.1.3 From among the common inorganic building mate- Factor A for
Portland Cement
rials, only the hydrated portland cement products can hold Mid-depth RH of
Conditioning Environment Normal Light-
(after due conditioning in accordance with Section 6) sufficient Test Specimen, %
Weight Weight
amount of moisture to affect noticeably the result of the Concrete Concrete
fire-resistance test. Consequently, correcting the experimental 60 to 80°F (15.6 to 26.7°C) any 1.0 1.0
fire resistance of constructions containing less than 5 vol- atmospheric conditions
ume % of portland cement paste is not necessary. 120 to 160°F (48.9 to 70 to 75 0.7 0.7
71.1°C) 20 to 35 % RH
190 to 200°F (87.8 to 70 to 75 0.45 0
X4.2 Symbols 93.3°C) 0 to 5 % RH
120 to 200°F (48.9 to less than 70 0 0
X4.2.1 The symbols used in this Appendix are defined as 93.3°C) 5 to 35 % RH
follows:

A = factor characterizing the drying conditions (see X4.3 Calculation of Moisture Content
Table X4.1), X4.3.1 The average moisture content, ma, is the volume
b = factor characterizing the permeability of the speci- fraction of moisture (ft3/ft3 (or cm3/cm3)) in the material
men (see Table X4.2), relative to its dry condition; where dry condition is defined as
FR = fire resistance of the test specimen, h, that resulting when the material is heated in an oven at 221 6
RH = relative humidity, 1°F (105 6 0.5°C) until no further weight loss occurs.
m = moisture content, volume fraction ft3/ft3 or cm 3/cm3, X4.3.2 The average moisture content of the cement paste
ma = average moisture content of test specimen, can be estimated from the known value of RH at mid-depth
mc = average moisture content of cement paste, (assuming the material has never been subject to rewetting) by
me = nominal equilibrium moisture content of cement calculating first the moisture content in the cement paste as
paste for a given RH (see Table X4.3). follows:
mes = equilibrium moisture content of cement paste at the
standard RH level (see Table X4.3). mc 5 A·me
ms = average moisture content of a standard conditioned X4.3.3 The average moisture content of the test specimen is

--``,``,,,```,,`,,,,``,``,`,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
concrete test specimen of same concrete and cement then calculated as follows:
paste volume as the test specimen, and ma 5 v·mc
v = volume fraction of cement paste, ft3/ft3 or cm3/cm3.
X4.3.4 Calculate the average moisture content of a standard
conditioned test specimen as follows:
ms 5 v·mes
TABLE X4.1 Equilibrium Moisture Content (Desorption) of where mes is the value of me in Table X4.1 pertaining to the
Cement Paste at Given Relative Humidity
standard RH level.
RH at mid-depth, % me
90 0.30 X4.4 Correction Procedure
85 0.275
80 0.255 X4.4.1 The correction procedure starts with the selection of
75 0.24 an empirical factor to reflect the permeability of the material as
70 0.225 suggested in Table X4.2. With known values of ma and ms
65 0.21
60 0.195 calculate the products bma and bms. On the nomogram (Fig.
55 0.185 X4.1) draw lines from point R to values of bma and bms on the
50 0.175 right-hand scale. From the point representing the actual fire
45 0.16
40 0.15 resistance time (FR) on the left-hand scale draw a line parallel
to R-bma to intersect the curve. From this point on the curve

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FIG. X4.1 Nomogram for Correcting Fire Resistance for Nonstandard Moisture Content

draw a line parallel to R-bms and find the corrected fire A 5 0.45

--``,``,,,```,,`,,,,``,``,`,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
resistance on the FR scale. (see Table X4.3)
X4.5 Illustrative Example ..mc 5 0.45 3 0.225 5 0.101

X4.5.1 A wall made from normal weight concrete having (see X4.3.1)
23.2 volume % of paste, was conditioned at 200°F (93°C) and For v = 0.232
5 % RH until the RH at its mid-depth was reduced to 70 %. It
ma 5 0.232 3 0.101 5 0.0234
had a 2.90-h fire resistance. Determine the adjusted fire
resistance. (see X4.3.3)
X4.5.1.1 Step 1—Calculate ma as follows:
that is, the concrete contains 2.34 volume % moisture at time
For 70 % RH,
of test.
me 5 0.225 X4.5.1.2 Step 2—Calculate ms as follows:
(see Table X4.1) As an example, if the standard moisture level is assumed to
For 200°F (93°C) and 5 % RH conditioning, for normal correspond to a mid-depth RH of 75 %, then me = 0.24
weight concrete ms 5 0.232 3 0.24 5 0.0557

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 E119 – 12a
(see X4.3.4) X4.5.1.5 Step 5—Draw a line from the FR ordinate, 2.90,
that is, the standard moisture level is 5.57 volume %. parallel to line R-bma to intersect the curve.
X4.5.1.3 Step 3—Calculate bm as follows: X4.5.1.6 Step 6—Draw a line parallel to R-bms from a point
on the curve, to intersect the FR ordinate scale. The value of
FR = 3.19 is the adjusted fire resistance; that is, the fire
b = 5.5 (see Table X4.2).
resistance that would have resulted if the specimen had been
bma = 5.5 3 0.0234 = 0.129
bms = 5.5 3 0.0557 = 0.306 tested at the standard moisture level, here assumed to corre-
X4.5.1.4 Step 4—Draw lines on the nomogram from point R spond to 75 % RH at mid-depth.
to bma and bms (see Fig. X4.1).

X5. COMMENTARY

X5.1 Introduction developed by NBS in the 1920s and reported in the 1928 NFPA
X5.1.1 This commentary has been prepared to provide the Quarterly by Ingberg. The concept incorporates the premise
user of Test Methods E119 with background information on the that the duration of a fire is proportional to the fire loading, that
development of the standard and its application in the fire is, the mass of combustible materials per unit floor area. The
protection of buildings. It also provides guidance in the relationship between the mass of combustible materials and fire
planning and performance of fire-resistance tests and in the duration was established on the basis of burnout tests in
reporting of results. No attempt has been made to incorporate structures incorporating materials having calorific or potential
all the available information on fire-resistance testing in this heat values equivalent to wood and paper, that is, 7000 to 8000
commentary. The serious student of fire-resistance testing is BTU/lb (16.3 to 18.6 MJ/kg). The fire-load of noncellulosic
strongly urged to peruse the referenced documents for a better materials such as oils, waxes, and flammable liquids were
appreciation of the history of fire-resistant design (1, 2)8 and interpreted on the basis of their equivalent calorific content (5,
the intricate problems associated with testing and with inter- 13-15 ). In the simplest terms, the above premise states that 10
pretation of test results. lb of combustible materials per square foot (50 kg/m2) of floor
X5.1.2 Floors and walls designed as fire separations have area will produce a fire of 1 h duration.
been recognized for many years as efficient tools in restricting X5.3.2 Increasing sophistication in the knowledge of mate-
fires to the area of origin, or limiting their spread (3-11 ). Prior rials and the fire process has resulted from numerous research
to 1900, relative fire safety was achieved by mandating specific activities (9, 11, 13-27 ). It is now generally conceded that fire
materials. By the year 1900, the appearance of a multitude of severity as well as the temperature-time relationship of a fire
new materials and innovative designs and constructions accel- depends on several factors, including:
erated the demand for performance standards. The British Fire 1. Fire load—Amount and type.
Prevention Committee, established in 1894, was the first to 2. Distribution of this fire load.
produce tables listing fire resisting floors, ceilings, doors and 3. Specific surface characteristics of the fire load (5, 27).
partitions (5). Test furnaces in the United States were con- 4. Ventilation, as determined by the size and shape of
structed shortly after 1900 at the Underwriters Laboratories openings (17-19, 21, 27-29 ).
Inc., Columbia University, and the National Bureau of Stan- 5. Geometry of the fire compartment—Size and shape.
dards (NBS) (1, 12). These early furnaces eventually led to the 6. Thermal characteristics of the enclosure boundaries.
development of Test Methods E119. 7. Relative humidity of the atmosphere.
For the purposes of this commentary, fire severity is defined
X5.2 Historical Aspects
as a measure of the fire intensity (temperature) and fire
X5.2.1 Test Methods E119 was first published by ASTM as duration. It is expressed in terms of minutes or hours of fire
C19 in 1918. A number of refinements have been made in the exposure and in Test Methods E119 is assumed to be equiva-
standard since that time, such as the classification of beams and lent to that defined by the standard temperature-time (T-t)
--``,``,,,```,,`,,,,``,``,`,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

of floor and roof constructions based on conditions of support. Curve, that is, the area under the T-t curve (27).
Several provisions, including the temperature-time curve and
the major apparatus, remain essentially unchanged. The roots X5.4 Scope and Significance
of fire-resistance testing as we define it today can be traced
back to about 1800. A comprehensive review of early fire- X5.4.1 Test Methods E119 is intended to evaluate in terms
resistance testing has been published (1). of resistance time, the ability of a test specimen to contain a
fire, or to retain its structural integrity, or both during the test
X5.3 Fire-Load Concept conditions imposed by the standard. It also contains standard
X5.3.1 Specifications for fire resistance in regulatory docu- conditions for measuring heat transfer through membrane
ments continue to be based largely on the fire-load concept elements protecting combustible framing or surfaces.
X5.4.2 The end-point criteria by which the test result is
8
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of assessed are related to:
this test method. 1. Transmission of heat through the test specimen.

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 E119 – 12a
2. Ability of the test specimen to withstand the transmission X5.7 Test Specimen
of flames or gases hot enough to ignite combustible material. X5.7.1 The test specimen is required to represent as closely
3. Ability of the test specimen to carry the load and as possible the actual construction in the field, subject to the
withstand restraining forces during the fire-resistance test limits imposed by the test facilities.
period. X5.7.2 All test specimens are required to be conditioned so
4. Temperatures of the steel under some conditions. as to attain prior to testing a moisture content comparable to
X5.4.3 It is the intent that classifications shall register that in the field. For uniformity, the standard moisture content
comparative performance to specific fire-test conditions during is defined as that in equilibrium with an atmosphere of 50 %
the period of exposure and shall not be construed as having relative humidity at 73°F (23°C). Massive concrete units which
determined suitability under other conditions or for use after may require unusually long drying periods may be fire-
the exposure. resistance tested after a 12-month conditioning period. Appen-
X5.4.4 The standard, although being specific about the dix X4 describes how the test result should be corrected to
element of construction to be tested, enables the testing account for any variation from the standard moisture condition
laboratory to determine whether the test specimen is “truly (33).
representative” of the construction intended for evaluation. X5.7.3 With few exceptions, only the interior face of
This is necessary because of the wide variation in construction exterior wall test specimens and the ceiling portion or under-
details. For instance, wall test specimens generally do not side of floor or roof test specimens are exposed to the standard
contain electric switches and outlets, that in some designs may fire (24, 25). This practice is rationalized on the assumption
affect test results. Floor test specimens may or may not contain that the outside face of exterior walls is not usually subjected
electrical raceways and outlets or pull boxes for power and to the same fire as the interior face and that the fire exposure of
communication wiring. Cover plates over trench headers are the upper side of a floor or roof is seldom as intense as that of
also present in some designs. The testing laboratory is in the the underside.
best position to judge the effects of such items. X5.7.4 Although the standard does not contain specific
criteria for judging the impact of through joints nor “poke-
X5.5 Test Furnaces through” devices, such as electrical or telephone outlets, it
should be recognized that these components should be evalu-
X5.5.1 Test Methods E119 does not provide specific con- ated with respect to structural-performance and temperature-
struction details of the furnace. Readers are urged to consult rise criteria if they constitute a significant part of the tested
reference documents for a more comprehensive review of construction.
furnace design and performance (25). X5.7.5 For obvious reasons, symmetrical walls and parti-
tions are tested only on one side. Asymmetrical walls and
X5.6 Temperature-Time Curve partitions may be required to be tested with either or both sides
X5.6.1 A specific temperature-time relationship for the test individually exposed to the fire. If both sides are exposed, the

--``,``,,,```,,`,,,,``,``,`,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
fire is defined in the standard and in Appendix X1. The actual report should indicate the fire-resistance classification for each
recorded temperature in the furnace is required to be within case.
specified percentages of those of the standard curve. Accuracy
in measuring temperature is generally easier to achieve after 1 X5.8 Loading
h due to stabilizing of the furnace and the slope of the T-t curve. X5.8.1 Floors and roofs are required to be loaded during test
The number and type of temperature-measuring devices are to provide a maximum load condition determined by the
outlined in the standard. Specific standard practices for loca- applicable nationally recognized design criteria. This practice
tion and use of these temperature-measuring devices are also allows for more confidence in extrapolating testing results. For
outlined in the standard. However, no uniformity of the instance, the maximum length of a floor test specimen in most
temperatures within the fire chamber is specified. test facilities is 16 ft (4.9 m). It is, therefore, necessary to
X5.6.2 The standard T-t curve used in Test Methods E119 is extrapolate developed fire-resistance ratings to much longer
considered to represent a severe building fire (5). The curve spans.
was adopted in 1918 as a result of several conferences by X5.8.2 When a floor or roof is designed for a specific use,
eleven technical organizations, including testing laboratories, such as used in prefabricated housing units, the test specimen
insurance underwriters, fire protection associations, and tech- may be tested with a restricted load condition. The loading
nical societies (1, 16, 30). The T-t relationship of these test condition used for such tests shall be defined in the test report.
methods represents only one fire situation. Data are available to The standard does not require specific loading devices. Some
evaluate the performance of test specimens under fire exposure laboratories use large containers of water; others use a system
conditions that may be more representative of particular fire of hydraulic rams for floor and roof test specimens. When a
situations, that is, using different T-t relationships to simulate uniformly distributed load is simulated by point-loading (sev-
specific fire conditions (9, 11, 16, 19, 22, 23, 27, 29, 31, 32). eral, small-area loads), it is recommended that the load at any
X5.6.3 Furnace pressure is not specified and is generally such area not exceed 25 % of the total load and that the
slightly negative. The pressure may have an effect on the test individual point-loading have a width at least equal to the depth
results, and the test conditions should always be carefully of the floor. Wall furnaces are generally equipped with hydrau-
controlled. lic rams.

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X5.8.3 The standard requires that loadbearing walls and however, shall not be construed as having had a deleterious
partitions sustain the applied test load during the fire resistance effect on the fire-resistance test performance. Instead of load-
and hose-stream tests. A former requirement that loadbearing ing, steel columns, whose protective covering does not carry
walls and partitions also sustain twice the specified superim- load, may be assigned a fire-resistance classification on the
posed test load after cooling but within 72 h of the test period basis of the temperature of the steel only. With such columns,
has been deleted from these test methods as being unrealistic. the protective cover shall be restrained against longitudinal
Non-loadbearing walls and partitions are not loaded during the expansion. Wood columns are tested for load-carrying ability
test but are restrained on all sides. This restraint may impose only.
more stress than a load on top. Committee E05 has several X5.10.3 From test results, it has been established that
times reviewed the loading procedures for framed walls and variations of restraint conditions can considerably influence the
partitions. It was the committee’s unanimous decision that such time of fire resistance for a structure or a structural element.
a wall be tested either with calculated maximum design load or Restraints are generally beneficial to fire resistance; however,
with a load expected to occur in practice. The method used to there are conditions where restraint can have a detrimental
compute the design loads must be reported. effect on the performance of a test specimen during a fire-
X5.8.4 Some important stresses, such as those caused by resistance test (34, 35). The users of test results are advised to
creep and shrinkage in the wall itself and its supporting frame study the reference documents as well as Appendix X3 and
must be present, and designers should recognize these stresses Table X3.1.
in his their analysis. Committee E05 has investigated the X5.10.4 An unrestrained classification for a steel beam or
possibility of openings occurring at a joint at corners of for a reinforced concrete beam tested in a restrained condition
non-loadbearing enclosures due to differential movement. can be assessed from the steel temperature records (see 7.3.4
While the possibility exists that this will occur, the committee and 8.7). It is also possible to evaluate the protective cover of
has not found it feasible to amend the test based on data non-loaded steel beams by measuring the steel temperatures
available. (see 7.3.5 and 8.9).
X5.8.5 Double walls pose a unique problem as to load X5.10.5 The classification is only applicable to beams used
application. Which wall should be loaded? Or should both be with a floor or roof construction that has a comparable or
loaded simultaneously? Committee E05 has devoted consider- greater capacity for heat dissipation from the beam than the
able time to debating this problem, and recommends the floor or roof with which it is tested.
decision be made by the user after an analysis of the loading
conditions anticipated in service both before and after a fire. X5.11 Other Observations
Such loading conditions are to be reported. X5.11.1 No limitation is imposed on the deformation of the
test specimen during or after the test period. It is assumed that
X5.9 Integrity the deflection or deformation of a test specimen is limited only
--``,``,,,```,,`,,,,``,``,`,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

X5.9.1 All walls and partitions that qualify for a fire- by its ability to stay in place (under load where specified)
resistance classification of 1 h or more are required to be during the test period.
subjected to the cooling impact and erosion effects of a stream X5.11.2 A complete record of deformation during the fire-
of water applied as described in Practice E2226 under specified resistance test may be helpful in the application of test results,
pressures. In this hose stream test, the ability of the test and shall be reported.
specimen to resist disintegration under adverse conditions is X5.11.3 Other observations, such as the evolution of un-
examined. The requirement for a hose stream test was earlier usual quantities of visible smoke, vapors, or gases that may
removed from the test procedure for columns and floor or roof affect the proper decision regarding use of the test results,
test specimens because of impracticality and the possibility of should be reported.
excessive damage to the furnace.
X5.12 Protective Membranes
X5.10 Conditions of Tests X5.12.1 The standard provides criteria for evaluating the
X5.10.1 Columns are generally tested with all four sides protection that membrane elements can offer to combustible
exposed to the test fire. However, it is possible to test a column framing and paneling, for example, joists, wall studs, and
with fewer sides exposed. The standard requires that test paneling or boards on the unexposed side of a test specimen,
specimens be tested under conditions contemplated in the and other combustible materials. The results of these tests are
design. The former general practice of testing columns with pin reported as protective membrane ratings.
connection at top and bottom to simulate the most critical
condition is no longer a criterion. X5.13 Future
X5.10.2 Columns are required to sustain successfully the X5.13.1 ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards through
design load during the test period. The standard also permits Subcommittee E05.11 is continually striving to update Test
columns to be loaded up to 1-3⁄4 times the design load prior to Methods E119. Users of these test methods are encouraged to
the fire-resistance test if desired by the submitter. Such loading, contact the committee for further information.

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X6. ASBESTOS PADS

X6.1 History of Asbestos Pads X6.2.1.2 Thickness, 0.40 6 0.05 in. (10.2 6 1.3 mm). The
X6.1.1 Asbestos pads were used in the U.S. and other thickness measurements were made under the light load of a
1⁄2-in. (13-mm) diameter pad of a dial micrometer gage.
countries for many years. The health concerns with the use of
any asbestos products have led the industry away from asbestos X6.2.1.3 Dry weight, 0.260 6 0.026 lb (0.12 6 0.01 kg).
pads usage. X6.2.1.4 Thermal conductivity (at 150°F (66°C), 0.38 6
X6.1.2 The change from asbestos pads to the thermocouple 0.027 Btu·in./h·ft2·°F (0.055 6 0.003 W/m·K).
pads described in Annex A1 did not require the requalification X6.2.1.5 Hardness indentations were 0.157 6 0.07 in. (4.0
of any fire-resistance test results that had been evaluated by the 6 1.8 mm) or 10–25 (modified Brinell). Indentations were
use of asbestos pads. determined in accordance with Test Method C569. Modified
Brinell values of hardness were obtained by the relationship:
X6.2 Previous Requirements for Asbestos Pads 2.24
Hardness 5 y
X6.2.1 Asbestos Pads—Asbestos pads used in the measure-
ments of unexposed surfaces of specimens were felted amosite where y = the measured indentation in inches.

--``,``,,,```,,`,,,,``,``,`,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
asbestos, free of organic additives, and exhibited the following X6.2.1.6 The pads were sufficiently soft so that, without
properties: breaking, they were able to be shaped to contact over the whole
X6.2.1.1 Length and width, 6 6 1⁄8 in. (152 6 3 mm). surface against which they were placed.

X7. LOADING FOR TEST SPECIMENS

X7.1 General P = total specified load on column specimen, kip (kN),

X7.1.1 This appendix is intended to provide guidance for L = span, ft (mm),
the design procedures to follow in developing a full-specified s = tributary width of beam, joist or slab, ft (mm),
load condition for a test specimen. A full specified load r = dead-to-live-load ratio,
condition is that level of loading for which no load restriction Mn = nominal moment strength, kip ft (kN.m),
is associated with the rating assigned to that specimen. The fMn = design moment strength, kip ft (kN.m),
Pn = nominal axial strength, kip (kN),
guidelines in this appendix are aimed at arriving at a level of
fPn = design axial strength, kip (kN),
loading based on a uniformity of approach with other similar f = strength reduction factor,
types of construction. a = load factor on total specified load,
X7.1.2 Fire resistance tests have been historically con- aL = live load factor, and
ducted using loads based on maximum allowable stresses to aD = dead load factor.
simulate a fully specified load condition. Tests conducted under Given that:
reduced loads, such as loads limited by serviceability criteria or
w 5 w D 1 wL
based on historical load calculations, should be considered a
restricted load use condition. and:
X7.1.3 This appendix provides examples that can be used as aw 5 aDwD 1 aLwL
guidance and is not meant to prohibit the use of other non-USA
also:
standards.
wD
X7.2 Superimposed Load Calculation r 5 w , substituting wD 5 rwL
L

X7.2.1 To calculate the superimposed load, ws, required for then:

test purposes: aDrwL 1 aLwL
a5 rwL 1 wL
Let:
w = total specified load, psf (kPa), therefore:
wL = specified live load, psf (kPa), raD 1 aL
wD = specified dead load, psf (kPa), a5 r11
ws = required superimposed load on test specimen, psf
(kPa), X7.2.1.1 For the ASCE 7-059 (to include Supplement No.
wd = dead load of test specimen or element, psf (kPa), 1), where, aL = 1.6 and aD = 1.2, this results in the values listed
Ws = required superimposed line load on test specimen, below for ratios of r = 0.25:1 through r = 3:1.
plf (kN/m),
Ps = required superimposed load on column specimen,
kip (kN), 9
Minimum Design Loads for Building and Other Structures, ASCE/SEI 7-05,
Pd = dead load on column or stud element, kip (kN), 1801 Alexander Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191.

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 E119 – 12a
r a X7.2.4 Clauses 15, 20, 29 and 36 of the standard specify
0.25:1 1.520 that the loading of the test specimen shall be the maximum load
1:1 1.400
1.5:1 1.360
condition allowed under nationally recognized structural de-
2:1 1.333 sign criteria unless limited design criteria are specified and a
2.5:1 1.314 corresponding reduced load applied.
3:1 1.300
X7.2.4.1 For timber, masonry, and steel structural members
X7.2.1.2 If bending strength governs: and specimens, the nationally recognized structural design
then: criteria include design methods in accordance with Allowable

fMn 5 F G
awsL2
8 or
1
F GF G
w 5 as ·
8fMn
L2
Stress Design (ASD) and Strength Design also referred to as
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). For reinforced
concrete members, including prestressed and post tensioned
but: concrete structures, the Strength Design method is the only
w 5 w d 1 ws nationally recognized design method.
thus: X7.2.4.2 For test specimens where the loading is required to
comply with the requirements of the Allowable Stress Design
F GF G
1
ws 5 as ·
8fMn
L2
– wd method, the load capacity is determined based on the section
properties of the test specimen. The required imposed load on
X7.2.1.3 If axial strength governs: the test specimen is the load determined per the Allowable
then: Stress Design method minus the self-load of the test specimen.
fPn X7.2.4.3 For test specimens where the loading is required to
fPn 5 aP or P 5 a
comply with the requirements of the Strength Design method,
but: the design strength of the member is determined based on the
P 5 P d 1 Ps
section properties of the test specimen. In the Strength Design
method the dead and live load are factored (multiplied) by 1.2
thus: and 1.6 respectively and combined to arrive at the factored
fPn load. The effects of the factored loads are required to be equal
P s 5 a – Pd
to the factored resistance. In the field the self-load load is not
X7.2.1.4 To calculate the superimposed load required for the only dead load, other imposed dead loads, for example,
testing: partition loads, equipment loads, and superimposed dead loads
(1) Establish the strength of the structural element to be from the floors above, etc. are also present. Since the loading
tested (for example, design moment strength, fMn, for beams, on the test specimen should be such as to produce the same
slabs or joists). initial load effects in the test specimen as would be induced in
(2) Calculate the required superimposed load, ws, if bend- the structural element under full specified load (that is, live and
ing strength governs: dead load), the ratio of dead to live load to which the specimen
will be subjected to in the field will depend upon the structural
F GF G
1
ws 5 as ·
8fMn
L2
– wd function of the specimen. In X7.2.1 the dead to live load ratio
to which the specimen will be subjected in the field that is
--``,``,,,```,,`,,,,``,``,`,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

and, if axial strength governs: representative of the in-service condition of the specimen
fPn should be used. Examples using either or both ASD and LRFD
P s 5 a – Pd design calculations methods are given for concrete and struc-
(3) The applied load calculated for a slab spanning between tural steel floor and roof specimens in X7.3, concrete columns
beams, may require a line load to be added. If such is the case, in X7.4, wall and floor wood specimens in X7.5 and cold
an additional line load necessary to load the structural member formed wall and floor steel specimens in X7.6.
in the full-specified load condition shall be calculated. A line
load is defined as the load per unit length along the structural X7.3 Concrete and Structural Steel Floor and Roof
member in question. Specimens
X7.2.2 It is important to consider the weight of the testing X7.3.1 For purposes of testing steel and concrete speci-
apparatus if it bears on the specimen and the way the load is mens, the selected ratio of dead load to live load should be such
transferred in the determination of the load to be applied, that the total test load represents the practical upper limit of the
including whether the testing apparatus loads from the top or anticipated service load. Since, in strength design, the design
bottom, and the length of the specimen versus loading appa- strength, fRn, of an entity is expressed as a function of the total
ratus. factored load, aw, it is apparent that for a given value of fRn,
X7.2.3 For a test specimen that is fire tested to meet the the load, w, will be greatest when the load factor, a, is least. In
maximum load condition in accordance with the Allowable any event, a, does not vary greatly for different ratios of dead
Stress Design and the Strength Design method, the load load to live load and hence, for floor and roof specimens, a
imposed on the test specimen during the fire test should be the dead-to-live-load ratio of unity may be assumed for test
more severe loading condition calculated in accordance with purposes. The strength of materials used in arriving at the
the two design methods. resistance of the specimen should be measured by coupon or

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 E119 – 12a
cylinder tests or determined by mill reports that may be
deemed to be representative of the strength of materials at the
1
F GF G
ws 5 as ·
8fMn
L2
– wd

time of test.
X7.3.2 Typical examples using the load and resistance
factor design method are illustrated as follows:
ws 5 F 1
1.4~10!
· GF
8 3 137.25~1000 lb/kip!
~17.417!2 G
– 58

5 201 psf ~9.62 kPa!

Example 1 (Load and Resistance Factor Design Method) (c) Superimposed load for floor slab:
(1) Structural Steel Specimen—See Fig. X7.1. ws 5 135 psf ~6.46 kPa!
(2) Construction:
(d) Required superimposed load on test specimen:
(a) Concrete slab—2.5 in. (65 mm) thick cover, 145 pcf
(2300 kg/m3), 3000 psi (21 MPa). ws 5 135 psf ~6.46 kPa!
(b) Steel deck—3 in. (76 mm) composite, 10 ft (3000 (e) Additional line load required for beam:
mm) span. Ws 5 ~201 – 135! ~10! – 34 5 626 plf ~9.2 kN/m!
(c) Beam—W10330, 17 ft-5 in. (5300 mm) span; Fy = 50
ksi. Example 2 (Load and Resistance Factor Design Method)
(d) Protection—Sprayed fire protection material. (1) Prestressed Concrete Specimen—See Fig. X7.2.
(3) Loadings: (2) Construction:
(a) Composite deck slab—Required superimposed load. (a) Concrete slab—8 in. (203 mm) thick, 17.4 ft (5300
(Calculated outside of example)—135 psf (6.46 kPa). mm) span.
(b) Due to dead load of slab, deck & protection—58 psf (b) Non structural topping—2 in. (50 mm) thick.
(2.78 kPa). (c) fc’ = 5000 psi (20 Mpa).
(c) Due to dead load of beam & protection—34 plf (0.49 (3) Loadings:
kN/m). (a) Due to dead load of slab—63 psf (1.96 kPa).
(d) aD = 1.2, aL = 1.6 and dead-to-live-load ratio r = 1.0, (b) Due to dead load of topping—25 psf (0.58 kPa).
thus a = 1.4. (See X7.2.) (c) aD = 1.2, aL = 1.6, r = 1.0, a = 1.4. (See X7.2.)
(4) Calculation for Test Loading: (4) Calculations for Test Loading:
(a) Design moment strength of beam, fMn, determined in (a) Design Moment Strength is determined in accordance
accordance with the AISC Specification for Structural Steel with ACI 31811 Building Code requirements for structural
Buildings (2005),10 for the conditions listed above: Concrete (2005).
fMn 5 fZFy 5 ~0.9!~36.6!~50!~ft/12 in.! 5 137.25 kip ft ~186.11 kN.m!

where: fMn = design moment strength

f = resistance factor, fMn = 13.29 k-ft/ft (8 in. thick slab with 11⁄2 in. strand
Z = plastic section modulus, in.3, and cover @ 63⁄8-in. F strands)
Fy = yield stress, ksi.
(b) Superimposed load for beam:
1
F GF G
ws 5 as ·
8fMn
L2
– wd

11
10
ANSI/AISC 360–05, Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, March 2005, ACI 318-05, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, American
American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc., Chicago, IL. Concrete Institute, PO Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094.

FIG. X7.1 Structural Steel Specimen

--``,``,,,```,,`,,,,``,``,`,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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 E119 – 12a

FIG. X7.2 Prestressed Concrete Specimen

5 F GF
1
1.4~1!
·
8 3 ~13.29!~1000 lb/kips!
~17.4!2 G
– ~63 1 25!
(a) Design axial strength, fPn, for tied columns, at zero
eccentricity determined in accordance with ACI 31811 and the
5 162.84 psf ~7.8 kPa! conditions listed above:
fPn 5 678.5 kips ~3018 kN!
X7.4 Concrete Columns (b) Required Superimposed Load on Test Specimen (Ps):
X7.4.1 Unlike floor and roof elements, concrete columns fPn 678.5
directly support the building frame as well as the superimposed Pservice 5 a 5 1.314 5 516.36 kips ~2297 kN!
dead and live loads. For this reason, concrete column loads are
(c) The required superimposed load on the test specimen
usually dead load dominant. The dead-to-live-load ratio for
equals:
concrete columns is taken as 2.5 as opposed to floor elements
where a dead-to-live-load ratio of 1.0 is more representative. Ps 5 Pservice – Wd 5 516.36 – 2.67 5 513.69 kips 5 ~2285 kN!

where:
Example 1 (Load and Resistance Factor Design Method) fPn = design axial strength, and
(1) Reinforced Concrete Column. Pservice = total unfactored axial load.
(2) Construction:
(a) Concrete column—16 3 16 in. (400 3 400 mm) (Tied X7.5 Wood Specimens
column). X7.5.1 Fire resistance tests of wood floor and roof speci-
(b) Length—120 in. (3048 mm) (assume short column mens are normally conducted using maximum allowable
behaviour, that is, slenderness ignored). stresses to simulate a full-specified load condition. Tests
(c) Longitudinal reinforcement—8 3 No. 8 bars (total conducted under serviceability criteria or other criteria would
As = 6.32 in.2) (4000 mm2). be considered a restricted load use condition.
(d) fc’—4000 psi (27.58 MPa). X7.5.2 One specific example of a restricted load use condi-
(e) fy—60 000 psi (413.69 MPa). tion is for certain load-bearing fire-rated wood stud wall
--``,``,,,```,,`,,,,``,``,`,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(3) Loadings: specimens that were tested at load levels based on historical
(a) Due to dead load of column: load calculations. In these wall specimens, the adjusted com-
pression stress parallel to grain (Fc’) is restricted to 78 % of
16~16!~120!~in.3!~150!
w2 5 5 2667 lb 5 2.67 kips ~11.85 kN! maximum Fc’ value for such members having a slenderness
123 ratio (le/d) of 33.
(b) aD = 1.2, aL = 1.6 and dead-to-live-load ratio r = 2.5 X7.5.3 Typical examples for wood construction using both
thus a = 1.314. (See X7.2.) the allowable stress design method and load and resistance
(4) Calculations for Test Loading: factor design method are illustrated as follows:

FIG. X7.3 Wood Wall and Floor Specimen

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 E119 – 12a
Example 1 (Allowable Stress Design Method) CP 5 0.807 – =~0.807!2 – 0.364 5 0.271
(1) Wood Wall Specimen—See Fig. X7.3.
(a) The strength related to compression parallel to grain where:
usually governs the design of wood stud wall specimens. The 0.822Emin’
FcE 5
maximum design load typically applied to the wall is the sum ~le/d!2
of the allowable design load for each of the studs in the tested ~0.822!~510 000 psi!
specimen. 5
~33!2
(2) Construction: 5 385 psi ~2.65 MPa!
(a) Studs—S-P-F No. 2, 2 in. 3 4 in. (nominal) @ 16 in. Emin’ = adjusted modulus of elasticity design value for
(400 mm) o.c., 115.5 in. (2933 mm) long. beam and column stability multiplied by all appli-
(b) Plates—S-P-F No. 2, 1.5 in. 3 3.5 in.—1 bottom plate cable adjustment factors
120 in. (3048 mm) long; 2 top plates 120 in. (3048 mm) long. = EminCMCtCiCT (Table 4.3.1, NDSt 2005)12
(c) Sheathing—1⁄2 in. (13 mm) Type X gypsum board = (510 000 psi)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0) = 510 000 psi
each side. (3516 MPa),
(d) Number of studs—9. Emin = reference modulus of elasticity design value for
(3) Calculation for Test Loading: beam and column stability
(a) Dead load of wall specimen per stud—0.03 kips/stud = 510 000 psi (3516 MPa),
(0.13 kN/stud). CT = buckling stiffness factor = 1.0,
(b) Compressive load of stud parallel to grain, Pa, le/d = slenderness ratio of compression member = 115.5
determined in accordance with the National Design Specifica- in. / 3.5 in. = 33,
tiont for Wood Construction (NDSt)12 and ASTM D6513-00 c = 0.8 for sawn lumber, and
using Allowable Stress Design (ASD) for the conditions listed Fc’ = adjusted compression design value parallel to
above: grain,
= Fc*CP = (1323)(0.271) = 359 psi (2.48 MPa).

Fc* = reference compression design value multiplied by all Pa 5 F’cA

applicable adjustment factors except CP 5 ~359 psi!~5.25 in.2!
Fc* = FcCDCMCtCFCi (Table 4.3.1, NDSt 2005)12 5 1885 lb/stud
= (1150 psi)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.15)(1.0) = 1323 psi
= (9.12 MPa) 5 1.88 kips/stud ~8.36 kN/stud!

where: where:
Fc = reference compression design value parallel to grain A = area of cross-section = (3.5 in.)(1.5 in.) = 5.25
= 1150 psi (7.93 MPa), in.2 (3387 mm2).
CD = load duration factor = 1.0, (d) Buckling of compression member in plane is pre-
CM = wet service factor = 1.0, vented by the sheathing which normally provides support
Ct = temperature factor = 1.0, throughout its length, thus CP = 1. Load calculation will be
CF = size factor = 1.15 (nominal 2 in. 3 4 in. studs, No. 2 greater for this failure mode.
grade S-P-F), and (e) Compressive load of plate perpendicular to grain, Qa,
Ci = incising factor = 1.0. determined in accordance with the NDSt using ASD for the

--``,``,,,```,,`,,,,``,``,`,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(c) For buckling of compression member perpendicular to conditions listed above:
the plane of wall, CP, column stability factor:
(f) Adjusted compression design value perpendicular to
CP 5
1 1 ~FcE/Fc*!
2c – ŒF 1 1 ~FcE/Fc*!
2c G
2
–
FcE/Fc*
c
grain, Fc'’:
Fc'
’ 5 F
c'CMCtCiCb
1 1 ~385 psi/1323 psi!
5
~2!~0.8!
= (425 psi)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0) (Table 4.3.1, NDSt 2005)12
– ŒF 1 1 ~385 psi/1323 psi!
~2!~0.8! G2
–
385 psi/1323 psi
0.8 = 425 psi
= (2.93 MPa)
where:
12
National Design Specificationt for Wood Construction (NDSt) 2005 Edition, Fc'’ = reference compression design value perpendicular
ANSI/AF&PA NDS-2005, American Forest & Paper Association, Inc., Washington
to grain = 425 psi, and
D.C., 2005.

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 E119 – 12a

Cb = bearing area factor = 1.0. Fc = reference compression design value parallel to grain
Qa 5 Fc'’ A = 1150 psi (7.93 MPa),
5 425 psi ~5.25 in.2! CM = wet service factor = 1.0,
5 2231 lb/stud Ct = temperature factor = 1.0,
CF = size factor = 1.15 (nominal 2 in. 3 4 in. studs, No. 2
5 223 kips/stud ~992 kN/stud!
grade S-P-F),
Ci = incising factor = 1.0,
Qa . Pa KF = format conversion factor = 2.16/fc = 2.16/0.9 = 2.4,
(g) Therefore, compression perpendicular to grain does fc = resistance factor for compression = 0.9, and
not govern. Load per stud is based on buckling perpendicular l = time effect factor = 0.7.
to plane of wall or 1.88 kips/stud.
(b) For buckling of compression member perpendicular to
(4) Loadings:
the plane of wall, CP, column stability factor:
(a) Pd, dead load of wall/stud = 0.03 kips/stud (0.13
kN/stud).
(b) Superimposed load per stud, Ps: CP 5
1 1 ~FcE/Fc*!
2c – ŒF 1 1 ~FcE/Fc*!
2c G2
–
FcE/Fc*
c
Ps 5 P a – Pd 1 1 ~577 psi / 2000 psi!
5 1.88 kips/stud ~8.36 kN/stud! – 0.03 kips/stud ~0.13 kN/stud! 5
~2!~0.8!
5 1.85 kips/stud ~8.23 kN/stud!
(c) Required Superimposed Line Load for Test Specimen: – ŒF 1 1 ~577 psi / 2000 psi!
~2!~0.8! G 2
–
577 psi / 2000 psi
0.8
Ws 5 Ps 3 ~number of studs!/~wall length!
CP 5 0.805 – =~0.8052 – 0.361! 5 0.269
5 1.85 kips/stud ~9 studs!/[120 in. ~1 ft/12 in.!!
5 1.6 kips/ft ~23.34 kN/m! where:
’
Example 2 (Load and Resistance Factor Design Method) 0.822Emin
FcE 5
(1) Wood Wall Specimen—See Fig. X7.3. ~le/d!2
(a) The strength related to compression parallel to grain ~0.822!~765 000 psi!
5
usually governs the design of wood stud wall specimens. The ~33!2
maximum design load typically applied to the wall is the sum 5 577 psi ~3.98 MPa!
of the allowable design load for each of the studs in the tested Emin’ = adjusted modulus of elasticity design value for
specimen. beam and column stability multiplied by all appli-
(2) Construction: cable adjustment factors
(a) Studs—S-P-F No. 2, 2 in. 3 4 in. (nominal) @ 16 in. = EminCMCtCiCTKFfs (Table 4.3.1, NDSt 2005)12
(400 mm) o.c., 115.5 in. (2933 mm) long. = (510 000 psi)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(2.0)(0.75)
(b) Plates—S-P-F No. 2, 1.5 in. (38 mm) 3 3.5 in. (89 = 765 000 psi (5274 MPa),
mm), 1 bottom plate 120 in. (3048 mm) long, 2 top plates 120 Emin = reference modulus of elasticity design value for
in. (3048 mm) long. beam and column stability
(c) Sheathing—1⁄2 in. (13 mm) Type X gypsum board = (510 000 psi (3516 MPa),
each side. CT = buckling stiffness factor = 1.0,
(d) Number of studs—9. KF = format conversion factor = 1.5/fs = 1.5/0.75 = 2.0,
(3) Loadings: fs = resistance factor = 0.75,
le/d = slenderness ratio of compression member
(a) Dead load of wall specimen per stud: 0.03 kips/stud.
= 115.5 in. / 3.5 in. = 33,
(b) aD = 1.2, aL = 1.6 and dead-to-live-load r = 0.25 thus c = 0.8 for sawn lumber, and
a = 1.520. (See X7.2.) Fc’ = adjusted compression design value = Fc*CP =
(4) Calculation for Test Loading (2000)(0.269) = 538 psi (3.7 MPa).
(a) Compressive load of stud parallel to grain, Pa,
Pa 5 F’cA
determined in accordance with the National Design Specifica-
tiont for Wood Construction (NDSt)12 using Load and Resis- 5 ~538 psi!~5.25 in.2!
tance Factor Design (LRFD) for the conditions listed above: 5 2824 lb/stud
5 2.82 kips/stud ~12.54 kN/stud!

Fc* = reference compression design value multiplied by all where:

applicable adjustment factors except CP A = area of cross-section = (3.5 in.)(1.5 in.)
Fc* = FcCMCtCFCiKFfcl (Table 4.3.1, NDSt 2005)12 = 5.25 in.2 (3387 mm2).
= (1150 psi)(1.0)(1.0)(1.15)(1.0)(2.4)(0.9)(0.7) = 2000 (c) Buckling of compression member in plane is pre-
psi vented by the sheathing which normally provides support
throughout its length, thus CP = 1. Load calculation will be
where: greater for this failure mode.

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 E119 – 12a
(d) Compressive load of plate perpendicular to grain, Qa, for Wood Construction (NDSt) using Allowable Stress Design
determined in accordance with the NDSt using LRFD for the (ASD) for the conditions listed above:
conditions listed above:
(e) Adjusted compression design value perpendicular to
grain, Fc'’: Fb’ = reference compression design value multiplied by all
applicable adjustment factors
Fb’ = FbCDCMCtCLCFCfuCiCr (Table 4.3.1, NDSt 2005)12
Fc'’ = Fc'CMCtCbCiKFfcl (Table 4.3.1, NDSt 2005)12 = (875 psi)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.1)(1.0)(1.0)(1.15)
= (425 psi)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(2.08)(0.90)(0.7) = 1107 psi
= 557 psi = (7.63 MPa)
= (3.84 MPa)
where:
where: Fb = reference bending design value = 875 psi (6.03
Fc' = reference compression design value parallel to grain MPa),
= 425 psi (2.93 MPa), CD = load duration factor = 1.0,
Cb = bearing area factor = 1.0, CM = wet service factor = 1.0,
KF = format conversion factor = 1.875/ fc = 1.875/0.9 = Ct = temperature factor = 1.0,
2.08, CL = beam stability factor = 1.0,
fc = resistance factor = 0.90, and CF = size factor = 1.1,
l = time effect factor = 0.7. Cfu = flat use factor = 1.0,
Qa 5 Fc'’ A
Ci = incising factor = 1.0, and
Cr = repetitive member factor = 1.15.
5 557 psi ~5.25 in.2!
Ma 5 F’bS 5 ~1107 psi!~21.39 in.3! 5 23 679 in.2lb
5 2942 lb/stud
5 2.92 kips/stud ~12.99 kN/stud! where:
S = section modulus = 21.39 in.3.
Qa . Pa (c) Allowable linear joist loading based on Ma, WMa:
(f) Therefore, compression perpendicular to grain does
not govern. Load per stud is based on buckling perpendicular WMa 5 8Ma/L2 5 8~23 679 in.2lb!/~150 in. 3 ~1 ft/12 in.!!2 5 101 plf
to plane of wall or 2.82 kips/stud. where:
(g) Superimposed load per stud, Ps: L = span of member = 150 in. (3810 mm).
Pa (d) Allowable joist loading by area based on Ma, wMa:
Ps 5 a – P d
2.82 kips/stud wMa5 WMa/s 5 ~101 lb/ft!/~16 in. 3 ~1 ft/12 in.!! 5 75.8 psf ~3.63 kPa!
5 1.520 – 0.03 kips/stud ~0.13 kN/stud!
where:
5 1.82 kips/stud
s = spacing of joists = 16 in. (400 mm).
5 ~8.1 kN/stud!
(e) Allowable shear of member, Va, determined in accor-
where: dance with the NDSt12 using ASD for the conditions listed
Pd = dead load of wall specimen/stud = 0.033 kips/stud above:
(0.15 kN/stud).
(h) Required Superimposed Line Load on Test Specimen:
Fv’ = reference shear design value multiplied by all appli-
~number of studs!
Ws 5 Ps 3 cable adjustment factors
~wall length! Fv’ = FVCDCMCtCi (Table 4.3.1, NDSt 2005)12
~1.82 kips/stud!~9 studs!
5 = (135 psi)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0) = 135 psi
~120in. 3 ~1 ft/12 in.!! = (0.93 MPa)
5 1.6 kips/ft ~23.34 kN/m!
where:
Example 3 (Allowable Stress Design Method) Fv = reference shear design value = 135 psi (0.93 MPa).
(1) Wood Floor Specimen—See Fig. X7.3. Va 5 ~2/3! F’v A
(2) Construction: 5 ~2/3!~135!~13.88!
(a) Joists—S-P-F No. 2, 2 in. 3 10 in. (nominal) @ 16 in. 5 1249 lb ~5.56 kN!
(400 mm) o.c., 150 in. (3810 mm) span.
where:
(b) Subfloor—1⁄2 in. (13 mm) plywood.
A = area of cross-section = 13.88 in.2 (8955 mm2).
(c) Ceiling—5⁄8 in. (16 mm) Type X gypsum board—2
(f) Allowable linear joist loading based on Va, WVa:
layers, direct applied.
(3) Calculation for Test Loading: WVa 5 2V/L
5 2~1249 lb!/~150 in. 3 ~1 ft/12 in.!!
(a) Dead load of floor specimen: 10.4 psf (0.5 kPa).
5 199.8 plf ~2.94 kN/m2!
(b) Allowable bending moment of member, Ma, deter-
mined in accordance with the National Design Specificationt (g) Allowable joist loading by area based on Va, wVa:
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 E119 – 12a
wVa5 WVa /s 5 ~199.8 lb/ft!/~16 in. 3 ~1 ft/12 in.!! 5 150 psf ~7.18 kPa! Fb = reference bending design value = 875 psi (6.03
wVa . wMa MPa),
(h) Therefore, shear does not govern. Load is based on CM = wet service factor = 1.0,
allowable moment or 75.8 psf (3.63 kPa). Ct = temperature factor = 1.0,
CL = beam stability factor = 1.0,
(4) Loadings: CF = size factor = 1.1,
(a) wd, dead load of specimen = 10.4 psf (0.50 kPa). Cfu = flat use factor = 1.0,
(b) Required Superimposed Load for Test Specimen: Ci = incising factor = 1.0,
ws 5 wMa – wd 5 75.8 psf – 10.4 psf 5 65.4 psf ~3.13 kPa! Cr = repetitive member factor = 1.15,
KF = format conversion factor = 2.16/fc = 2.16/0.85 =
(c) Check Live Load Deflection:
2.54,
F G
5wsL4
Dlive 5 384EI
fb
l
= resistance factor for bending = 0.85, and
= time effect factor = 0.7.

5 FS S DD
1 ft 2
5 65.4 psf ~16 in.! 12 in. ~150 in.!4

384~138.5 3 106 lb·in.2!

5 0.346 in. or P/434
G Ma 5 F’bS
5 ~1673 psi!~21.39 in.3!
5 35 785 in.2lb
5 2982 ft2lb
where:
EI = bending stiffness = (1 400 000)(98.93) = 138.5 3 106 where:
lb-in.2, S = section modulus = 21.39 in.3.
E = modulus of elasticity = 1 400 000 lb/in.2, and (b) Required Superimposed Load on Test Specimen:
I = moment of inertia = 98.93 in.4.
(d) Check Total Load Deflection: ws 5 FS DS DG
1
as
8Ma
L2
– wd

Dtotal 5 F 5wMaL4
384EI G 5
FS S
1
1 ft
S DD DS S S DD D G
8~2982 ft·lb!
1 ft 2 – 10.4 psf

FS G
1.520 16 in. 12 in. 150 in. 12 in.

5
S DD
1 ft 2
5 75.8 psf ~16 in.! 12 in. ~150 in.!4
5 65 psf ~3.11 kPa!
384~138.5 3 106 lb·in.2!
5 0.400 in. or P/375 where:
s = spacing of members = 16 in. (400 mm),
Example 4 (Load and Resistance Factor Design Method) L = span of members = 150 in. (3810 mm), and
(1) Wood Floor Specimen—See Fig. X7.3. wd = dead load of specimen = 10.4 psf (0.5 kPa).
(2) Construction:
X7.6 Cold Formed Steel Specimens
(a) Joists—S-P-F No. 2, 2 in. 3 10 in. (nominal) @ 16 in.
(400 mm) o.c., 150 in. (3810 mm) span. X7.6.1 Anticipated service loading on cold formed steel
(b) Subfloor—1⁄2 in. (13 mm) plywood. specimens differs frequently from that determined by the
(c) Ceiling—5⁄8 in. (16 mm) Type X gypsum board—2 formula in X7.3. This is due partly to the fact that the
layers, direct applied. dead-to-live-load ratio is normally much less than unity (1:4 is
(3) Loadings: more typical), but also to the serviceability limit state of
(a) Dead load of floor specimen: 10.4 psf (0.48 KPa). deflection, which often governs the design of these specimens.
(b) aD = 1.2, aL = 1.6 and dead-to-live-load r = 0.25 thus The two following formulas apply if a given condition gov-
a = 1.520. (See X7.2.) erned by bending strength or deflection is to be used:
(4) Calculation for Test Loading: (1) Governed by bending stress (strength limit state):
(a) Allowable bending moment of member, Ma, deter-
mined in accordance with the National Design Specificationt
1
F GF G
ws 5 as ·
8fMn
L2
– wd

for Wood Construction (NDSt)412 using Load and Resistance (2) Governed by deflection (serviceability limit state):
Factor Design (LRFD) for the conditions listed above:
~ws!s5L4
D 5 384EI
d
Fb’ = reference shear design value multiplied by all appli- 384EIdD
cable adjustment factors ws 5
s5L4
Fb’ = F b C M C t C L C F C fu C i C r K F f b l (Table 4.3.1, NDSt
2005)12 where:
= (875 psi) (1.0)(1.0)(1.0)(1.1)(1.0)(1.0)(1.15)(2.54) E = modulus of elasticity of element (ksi),
--``,``,,,```,,`,,,,``,``,`,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

(0.85)(0.7) Id = moment of inertia of section based on deflection

= 1673 psi determination (in.4), and
= (11.53 MPa) D = deflection of element (in.).
X7.6.2 Fire resistance tests of floor and roof specimens are
where:
normally conducted using strength limit state criteria (formula

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 E119 – 12a
1) to simulate a full specified load condition. Tests conducted
under serviceability limit state criteria (formula 2) would be
ws 5 FS D S DG
1
as
8fMn
L2
– wd

considered a “restricted” load use condition. Care should be

taken to report the criteria used so that these criteria can be
related to design assumptions for building specimens.
5
FS S S DD D S
1
1 ft
1.520 16 in. 12 in.
8~4.354~1000 lb/kip!!
~14!2 DG – 10.44 psf

X7.6.3 Typical examples for cold-formed steel construction 5 77.25 psf ~3.70 kPa!
are illustrated as follows:
(2) Governed by deflection (D = L/360) (restricted load
use condition):
Example 1 (Load and Resistance Factor Design Method)
384EIdD
(1) Cold Formed Steel Floor Specimen—See Fig. X7.4. ws 5
s5L4
(2) Construction:
384~29 500!~5.886!~14~12 in./ft!/360!
(a) Subfloor—5⁄8 in. thick plywood. 5
16~5!~14~12 in./ft!!4
(b) Joist—CFS C Section—15⁄8 in. (41 mm) 3 8 in. (203
5 0.0004883 ksi
mm) 3 1⁄2 in. (13 mm) 3 0.06 in. (1.5 mm) @ 16 in. (400 mm) 5 70.31 psf
o.c., 14.0 ft (4267 mm) span. 5 ~3.37 kPa!
(c) Ceiling—5⁄8 in. (16 mm) thick Type X gypsum board.
(3) Loadings: where:
(a) Dead load of floor specimen—10.44 psf (0.5 kPa). I = 5.886 in.4, and
(b) aD = 1.20, aL = 1.60 and dead-to-live-load ratio r = E = 29 500 ksi.
0.25 thus a = 1.520. (See X7.2.)
(4) Calculation of Test Loading: Example 2 (Load and Resistance Factor Design Method)
(a) Design moment strength of joist, fMn, determined in (1) Cold Formed Steel Wall Specimen—See Fig. X7.5.
accordance with the LRFD provisions of the AISI Standard13 (2) Design:
“North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed
(a) Axial load capacity calculated in accordance with the
Steel Structural Members” for the conditions listed above,
LRFD provisions of the AISI Standard13 “North American
assuming fully braced to resist lateral instability and perforated
Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural

--``,``,,,```,,`,,,,``,``,`,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
webs:
Members.”
fMn 5 fbScFc
(b) Axial load only.
5 0.90 ~1.161!~50!
5 52.25 kip.in. (c) Unsheathed design.
5 4.354 kip.ft (d) Lateral support provided by bridging (2 rows).
5 ~5.90 kN.m!
(3) Construction:
where: (a) Studs—CFS C-Section 15⁄8 in. (41 mm) 3 35⁄8 in. (92
Fc = compressive limit stress for laterally supported flex- mm) 3 1⁄2 in. (13 mm) 3 0.044 in. (1.12 mm) 3 16 in. (400
ural member = 50 ksi, and mm) o.c., 8 ft (2438 mm) long; Fy = 33 ksi.
Sc = compressive section modulus based on the moment of (b) Track—13⁄16 in. 3 35⁄8 in. 3 0.044 in.
inertia of the effective cross section = 1.161 in.3
(c) Sheathing—1⁄2 in. (13 mm) thick Type X gypsum
(b) Required Superimposed Load on Test Specimen: board each side.
(1) Governed by bending (full specified load condition):
(4) Loadings:
(a) Dead load of wall specimen—41.1 plf (0.60 kN/m).
(b) aD = 1.20, aL = 1.60 and dead-to-live-load ratio r =
13
0.25 thus a = 1.520. (See X7.2.)
AISI S100-07, North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed
Steel Structural Members, 2007 Edition, November 2007, American Iron and Steel (5) Calculation of Test Loading:
Institute, Washington, DC.

FIG. X7.4 Cold Formed Steel Floor Specimen

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 E119 – 12a

--``,``,,,```,,`,,,,``,``,`,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
FIG. X7.5 Cold Formed Steel Wall Specimen

(a) Design compressive strength of stud, fPn, determined where:

in accordance with the AISI13 Standard North American Pd, dead load of wall specimen/stud = 41.1 plf
Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural
Ps 5 ~5.068~1000 lb/kip!/1.52! – 41.1~16/12! 5 3279 lb
Members:
fPn 5 fcAeFn, 5 0.85~0.225!~26.5! 5 5.068 kips 5 ~22.54 kN!
(c) Required superimposed line load on test specimen:
where: Ws 5 Ps/stud spacing
Ae = effective cross-sectional area calculated at a stress 5 3279/~16!
equal to Fn = 0.225 in.2, and 5 204.9 lb/in.
Fn = compressive limit stress = 26.5 ksi. 5 2.459 kips/ft
(b) Superimposed load for stud: 5 ~35.88 kN/m!
Ps 5 fPn / a – Pd

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--``,``,,,```,,`,,,,``,``,`,,,``-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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