‘3

DEPARTMEN2’JOF EDUCATION

Earth and Life Science

Quarter 1 — Module 3:
Natural Hazards, Mitigation and Adaptation

°!
ALTERNATIVE DELIVERY MODE
Earth and Life Science – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Earth Materials and Processes
First Edition, 2020

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ownership over them.

Development Team of the Module:

Authors: Melvin B. Arcangel, Hazel R. Balan,

Teresita Z. Bastillada,
Reu Zandro C. Enguito, Dyna F. Gorre,
Fritz Ryan S. Hondanero,
Rowena E. Lontayao,
Gilden Maecah M. Migalang,
Daisy R. Yap,
Jessie James O. Yapao
Reviewers: Ringo R. Dadole
Shylza C. Tipalan
Ricky P. Jabien
Illustrator: Jann Dee C. Canicon
Louis Philip O. Bayla
Reu Zandro C. Enguito

Management Team:

Chairperson: Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO III

Regional Director
Co-Chairpersons: Dr. Victor G. De Gracia Jr., CESO V
Asst. Regional Director
Mala Epra B. Magnaong
CES, CLMD
Members: Dr. Bienvenido U. Tagolimot, Jr.
Regional ADM Coordinator
Dr. Nick C. Pañares
EPS, Science

Printed in the Philippines by: Department of Education – Regional Office 10

Office Address: Zone 1, Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro City 9000
Telefax: (088) 880-7071, (088) 880-7072
E-mail Address: region10@deped.gov.ph
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
What I Need to Know 1
89

Module Contents 1
89

Learning Objectives 1
89

General Instructions 90
2

What I know 90
3

Learning Concept 94
6

What’s New 95
7

What I have learned 124

37

Assessment 125
38

Key to Answers 129

42
 Module 3
Natural Hazards, Mitigation and
Adaptation

What I Need to Know?

The Earth is a very dynamic planet. It is mainly governed by various geologic
and hydrometeorological processes that eventually shaped the surface of the Earth.
These geologic processes include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides
while, hydrometeorological phenomena include tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods
and ipo-ipo. All of these natural phenomena are essential to the existence of life on
Earth. Although these are important phenomena, these processes also pose hazards
among living organisms such plants and animals especially to human beings.
For instance, in the event of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides,
people must know what to do and adapt to these situations in order to survive.
Hazard adaptation is to know how to adjust or cope with an existing environmental
condition particularly those pertaining to areas with potential hazards brought about
by these geological phenomena.
This module will help you explore the key concepts on topics that will help you
answer the questions about the various hazards caused by geological processes and
hydrometeorological phenomena, its mitigation and adaptation. It also contains
information and activities that will guide and help you to enhance your understanding
about its adverse effects in the environment, including people’s life.
This module has nine (9) lessons:
 Lesson 1 - Geological Hazards
 Lesson 2 - I’m the Map, I’m the Map
 Lesson 3 - We Can Do This Together
 Lesson 4 - Human Activities that Trigger Landslides
 Lesson 5 - Help Your Community
 Lesson 6 - Hydrometeorological Hazard
 Lesson 7 - Your Hazard Maps
 Lesson 8 - Practical Ways of Coping Various Effects of Hazards
 Lesson 9 - Coastal Erosion and Their Effects

Learning Objectives
After undergoing through the activities in this module, you are more likely to:

1. Describe the different hazards that may occur in the event of earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions and landslides. (S11/12ES-If-30)
2. Identify areas which are prone to hazards due earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, and landslides using hazard maps. (S11/12ES-If-31)

1
 3. Cite practical ways of dealing with geological hazards caused by earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions, and landslides. (S11/12ES-If-32)
4. Cite human activities that hastens the occurrence of landslides.
(S11/12ES-If-33)
5. Suggest ways to help lessen the occurrence of landslides in your community
(S11/12ES-If-34)
6. Describe the various hazards that may happen in the wake of tropical
cyclones, monsoons, floods and ipo-ipo. (S11/12ES-If-35)
7. Identify areas which are prone to hazards caused by tropical cyclones,
monsoons, floods and ipo-ipo using hazard maps. (S11/12ES-If-36)
8. Give practical ways of coping with hydrometeorological hazards caused by
tropical cyclones, monsoons, floods and ipo-ipo. (S11/12ES-If-37)
9. Describe how coastal processes result in coastal erosion, submersion, and
saltwater intrusion. (S11/12ES-If-38)
10. Give practical ways of coping coastal processes submersion and saltwater
intrusion. (S11/12ES-If-40-41)

General Instructions

To achieve the competencies of this module, complete the following:

1. Understand and follow the instructions carefully.
2. Accomplish the pre-test to identify your preparedness about the lessons in
this module.
3. Refer your answers to the given answer key.
4. Read each lesson and do activities provided for you.
5. Demonstrate the activities to guide you in comprehending the lessons.
6. Take the self-test after each lesson to assess your understanding of the topics.
7. Answer the post-test to measure how much you have gained from the topics.

What I Know

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the LETTER of your choice.
Write all your answers on a piece sheet of paper. (1 point each)

1. What does it mean when the ground starts shaking?

A. An awesome party next door.
B. There is a stampede of rhino’s and elephant outside.
C. A space shuttle crashed on our roof.
D. A sudden release of energy in the earth’s crust that resulted in an
earthquake.
2. Where do most earthquakes occur?
A. The middle of the ocean C. Plate boundaries
B. The middle of a plate D. Everywhere
3. Which of the following is not associated with earthquake destruction?
A. Fires C. High winds
B. Landslides D. Tsunamis

4. How long does it take for an earthquake to actually occur?

A. around 5-10 years C. Hundreds of years
B. Around 20-50 years D. nobody knows

5. If you’re wondering how your friends and family are doing after an earthquake, you
should:
A. Call immediately to check on them.
B. Drive to their location as soon as possible.
C. Refrain from calling them in order to keep the phone lines open for
emergencies.
D. Call the police to ask what areas have been most affected.

6. While an earthquake is taking place you should

A. Stop, drop and roll. C. Drop, cover and hold on.
B. Hold your head, crawl and run. D. Run, cover and hold your head.

7. Most injuries during earthquakes are caused by _

A. the collapse of buildings . C. cracks in the earth’s surface.
B. the vibrations of S Waves. D. the vibrations of P Waves.

8. If an earthquake strikes while you are in a car, you should_ _ _

A. continue driving.
B. get out of the car.
C. park the car under a bridge.
D. stop the car in clear space and remain in the car.

9. How long after a major earthquake can aftershocks continue to happen?

A. Hours C. Days
B. Weeks D. Months

10. What is volcano?

A. The crustal movement caused by the movement of plate boundaries
B. A cone-shaped landmass formed by eruptions of lava and ash.
C. A peak created by the folding of the earth’s crust
D. All of the above

11. Which of the following are warning signs of a volcanic eruption?

A. increased seismic activity C. gas emissions
B. ground deformation D. all are warning signs
12. Which of the following is not an indicator of a volcanic eruption?
A. earthquake frequency
B. weather patterns
C. release of different gases from the volcano
D. swelling or changing shape of volcano
13. Volcanic eruptions cause destruction, but they are also
A. helpful because they destroy land.
B. beneficial because they provide usable minerals.
C. helpful because they help with solar power.
D. harmful because they create fertile soil.

14. Good can come from a volcanic eruption. Which of the following is not a
benefit from a volcanic eruption?
A. fertile soils C. geothermal energy
B. increased tourism D. land destroyed

15. The movement of earthy materials from higher region to lower region due
to gravitational pull is called_ _
A. Earthquake C. Landslide
B. Soil erosion D. Cyclone

16. Which of the following is not a sign of a possible landslide?

A. door/window jams for the first time
B. two full moons two nights in a row
C. trees or walls shifting
D. hills and mountain roads slowly beginning to crack

17. There are many ways to help prevent damage to your home and family from a
landslide. You should know how much your home is at risk. Which of these is
a big sign of danger?
A. colder weather C. large winds
B. extreme erosion D. higher traffic rate in your area

18.Another step in being prepared for a landslide is the same as with the danger of
fire, is making an evacuation plan. When is it best to make this evacuation
plan?
a. as soon as possible, if not done already
b. whenever you have time; the chances of a landslide are very slim
c. while your house is slipping down a hill
d. I don’t need an evacuation plan

19. What should you do if you suspect danger of a landslide?

A. Get to higher ground C. Make an air bubble
B. Evacuate D. Get to the chopper.
20. After the danger has passed, make sure to check your local radio or weather
station for updates on the landslide. Which of the following you should not
do after returning home?
A. replant ruined land
B. check foundation and chimney for damage
C. keep all electronics turned off for a month
D. stabilize land as soon as possible

21. It is a system of clouds and thunderstorms originated from a warm tropical

waters, having a closed low level of circulation.
A. Thunderstorms C. Ipo-ipo
B. Tropical Cyclones D. Monsoons
22. Tropical storm is being classified if it reach a maximum sustained wind level of
.
A. 38 mph to 39 mph C. 39 mph to 73 mph
B. 38 mph and below D. 74 mph and above

23. The tropical cyclone is generated from the different parts of the world, if it
comes from the North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific, it is called_ _ _.
A. cyclone C.typhoon
B. tropical depression D. hurricane

24. A typhoon is an organized system of clouds and thunderstorms that circulate,

it originates from _.
A. Northeast Pacific C. Indian Ocean
B. Southeast Pacific D. North Atlantic

25. It is the temporary flow of water which covers land areas with excessive
volume of water during rainy season or typhoons.
A. Flood C. Typhoon
B. Lahar D. Landslide

26. It is a narrow, violent rotating column of air, composed of water

droplets, dust and even huge debris.
A. Twisters C. Typhoon
B. Tsunami D. Monsoons

27. A map that its important role is to solve geologic concerns, guide
and promote safety awareness in the country.
A. Geographical Map C. Hazard Maps
B. Philippine Map D. Typhoon Tracking Maps

28. It contains details, color codes and scalar system used to interpret
and locate hazards, and geologic concerns.
A. Tracking Maps C. Geographical Maps
B. Hazard Maps D. World Maps

29. A coastal process that involves a cyclic portion of a coastal erosion where
coastal sediments move from the visible shore portion to the submerged part
of the beach.
A. Intrusion C. Erosion
B. Coastal Cycle D. Submersion

30. The erosion of our shoreline is a process that is common in the Philippines.
This process is called .
A. Submersion C. Intrusion
B. Coastal Erosion D. Landslide
 LESSON

Natural Hazards
1 _ _

Learning Concept
In this section, we will discuss the various hazards that may happen in the
event of earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides.
It is important that we would first gain basic understanding on these geological
processes that govern the Earth’s surface. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and
landslides are natural phenomena that constantly change the way the Earth’s
surface look like.
However, such geologic processes have caused hazards to various forms of
life wherever these may happen.
The hazards brought by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides are
very tremendous and catastrophic in most cases that is why we need to know the
signs when these might happen.
It is also important that we have to gain understanding on how to deal with
these situations in order not to become one of the victims of such geological
hazards.
.

Earthquake

Devastating effect of an earthquake to a building

An earthquake is the underground shaking of the Earth produced by the rapid

release of elastic energy stored in rock that has been subjected to great forces.
Rocks suddenly break when its tensile strength is exceeded, causing the vibrations
of an earthquake. The factors that cause the damage to buildings include the
intensity and duration of the vibrations, the nature of the material on which the
structure is built, and the design of the structure.
 With the occurrence of many earthquakes, damage to buildings and
properties are very common. When the surface of the Earth moves, buildings and
other structures also move causing these structures to collapse. Vibrations trigger
landslides and ground subsidence or the sinking of the ground.
An earthquake can also cause a tsunami. A Tsunami is the Japanese word
for “seismic sea wave.” A tsunami also can occur when an earthquake causes an
underwater landslide into motion.
Most of the destruction during an earthquake was caused by fires that started
when gas and electrical lines were cut. Since most of the buildings are made up of
light materials and flammable substances, fires are most likely to occur causing a
large damage to properties and loss of lives of many people.

What’s New
Learning Activity: Identifying the Potential Earthquake Hazards

Direction: Match the given descriptions in Column A on the list of potential

earthquake hazards in Column B. Write only the letter of your answer on the space
provided before the number. (2 points each)

Column A Column B
DESCRIPTION EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
1. The mixing of sand or soil and a. Ground shaking
groundwater (water underground) during
the shaking of a moderate or strong
earthquake
b. Tsunami
2. The movement of the ground
along one side of a Fault relative to the
other side, caused by an earthquake.
c. Earthquake-induced ground
3. Underground shaking of the Earth subsidence
caused by the passage of the surface
waves near the epicenter of the earthquake d. Liquefaction
that are responsible for the most damage
4. The lowering of the land surface e. Earthquake-induced landslide

5. The displacement of a large f. Ground rupture

volume of water in an ocean or a lake
because of the series of seismic sea
waves.
Volcanic Eruption
 Massive debris of pyroclastic materials expelled out of a volcano

A volcano is a mountain made from the mixture of different pyroclastic

materials like lava and other debris. Volcanic eruption is a process wherein volcanic
materials such as molten or hot fragmented rocks or gaseous materials are released
from a volcano. Hazards from volcanoes may be of different nature. These hazards
include flowing of fast-moving molten rocks and other materials.

Potential Volcano-Related Hazards

A. Pyroclastic Flow and Surges
It refers to mixtures of hot ash particles, rocks and gases thrown out from any
parts of the volcano, travelling down to the ground and destroys the whole area.
Pyroclastic flow differs from pyroclastic surges in that they are denser and travel with
greater impacts than pyroclastic surges.
Pyroclastic surges form in a similar way to pyroclastic flows, but their impacts
are greater because it can move down abruptly through ridges, hills and valleys.
Death, severe burns, and suffocation are just some of the catastrophic effects of hot
pyroclastic surge.

B. Ballistic Projectiles
Ballistic projectiles are rocks that an erupting volcano may hurl into the air.
These pieces of rocks travel like cannonballs that can reach within 2km of the vent
(but can travel as far as 5km, or even further, if the eruption is very explosive).

C. Lava Flows
Lava flow are molten rocks that moves down the slope of a volcano,
destroying everything in its path and possibly causing forest fires. As the volcano
emits lava, it accumulates around the vent producing a volcanic dome. These
volcanic domes are unstable and eventually collapse leading to pyroclastic flows.
D. Ash falls
 Greater volume of ash produced during a volcanic eruption can be so
dangerous to the extent that it could lead to destruction of roofs, vegetation and
cause malfunctioning of aircraft, ship and car engines. It can lead to serious
respiratory problems if they are inhaled. This hazard may remain even after volcanic
eruption affecting also neighboring places.

E. Lahars (Mudflows)
Lahars are mixtures of water and volcanic rock fragments which flows down
through volcanic slopes into lowland areas. The term “lahar” means a mudflow often
carried by heavy down pour or shaking of the ground during and after the eruption of
a volcano. It can destroy everything on its path even after the volcanic activity.

What’s New

Learning Activity: Surviving Volcanic Eruption

Goal: Design a house that will survive a volcanic eruption

You have just invented a super car that runs on water. You are now a billionaire.
You decided to move to an island to live in luxury. The island has several active
volcanoes and that it is dangerous living on a volcanic island.
You plan to build a mansion that is safe from a volcanic eruption (although the
safest thing to do is evacuate!). You are free to build your house anywhere on the
island. Using what you know about volcanoes and its hazards, design a safe house
that can survive a volcanic eruption.
Direction: Choose one feature by putting a check (√) from each of the
following categories: Explain each of your safe house characteristics. Why did you
choose it over the other materials?
Location point 1 Lava Defenses
o Underground o None
o Above ground o Moat
o On stilts o Rock wall
Location point 2 Roof
o On top of a hill o Flat
o In a valley o Angled
o On a plain o Doesn’t matter, underground
Building Material Windows
o Steel o None
o Wood o Normal glass
o Cement o Pyrex glass
o Volcanic rocks
Shape Mode of Transportation During
o Square Evacuation
o Circular o Helicopter
o Triangular o Speed Boat
o Doesn’t matter o Zip line

Landslide
 Big chunks of rocks roll downhill due to landslide

Landslide is a huge outward and downward movement of materials from

slopes. It is the movement of rocks and soil masses which occurs when a part of a
hill becomes too weak to support its own weight. Landslides are generally triggered
by other geologic hazards like volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. It also may
develop as a result of cutting of trees in the mountains or alteration of the surface of
the ground and other human activities.
Landslides affect a variety of resources, property damage and loss of property
value. It may also cause disruption of transportation routes, high cost to repair
structures, medical cost due to injury and even death.

What’s New
Learning Activity: Getting To Know It!

How will you know if a location is prone to landslide? Make a checklist

showing that a certain place is susceptible to a landslide.

Location Reasons
 LESSON

I’m the map, I’m the map

2 _

Learning Concept

A hazard map is a diagram that shows areas that are at risk or vulnerable to
a disaster. This map is basically created for natural disasters, like earthquakes,
volcanoes, landslides, flooding and tsunamis. Hazard maps help prevent serious
damage and deaths.
Different hazard maps have different uses. Some are used by insurance
agencies in order to properly adjust insurance for people living in risky areas. Hazard
maps tell people the underlying risks of living in a certain area and help them
become aware of the dangers they might face from natural disasters. Hazard maps
play an important role in identifying the location, magnitude and countermeasures to
be taken during volcanic crises.

What’s New

Learning Activity: Interpreting Hazard Maps

Direction: Answer the following questions using the Hibok-hibok volcano map
below:

a. Map1 - Hazard Zonation Map for Pyroclastic Flows and Lateral Blasts
b. Map 2 –Hazard Zonation for Airfall Tephra and Ballistic Projectiles
c. Map 3 –Hazard Zonation Map for Lahar and Floods
d. Map 4 – Hazard Zonation Map for Lava Flows

Guide Questions:
Q1. There are apparent colors in the map, what do those colors indicate?
Map 1.:
Map 2.:

Q2. What particular places belong to each color?

Map 3.:
Map 4.:

Q3. If your home is located in these places, what precautionary measures can
 you do?

_
_

Source: https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph
Map 1 Map 2
 High

Source: https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph

Map 3 Map 4
LESSON
We can do this together!

3 _ _

Learning Concept

It is very important that everybody must be always prepared especially during

an emergency. It is not just about staying safe at home during a disaster but it is
about how to stay alive after a natural calamity or disaster may have happened.
Family members must work together to come up with an efficient emergency kit
before a calamity or disaster strikes. There should be enough food, water, clothing,
and basic supplies to last for several days. Everybody should know about how to
deal with these geological hazards such as adaptation, disaster risk reduction and
mitigation.

Hazard Adaptation

Hazard adaptation determining and coping with the negative impacts of an

existing environmental condition particularly to vulnerable areas brought about by
hydrometeorological phenomenon. To be able to do this, it is important to identify
potential hazards and their potential impacts and effects to the community.

Risk Reduction

Measures to reduce the frequency or severity of losses brought about by the

effects of hazards. It is also a measure of reducing the exposure of people to the
effects of hazards.

Disaster Mitigation

These are measures or methods or strategies that eliminate or at least reduce

the impacts and risks of hazards. There must be proactive measures done prior to a
disaster to prevent loss of lives and properties.

Earthquake

The following are important point to consider before during and after an
earthquake:

Before an Earthquake
1. Secure anything that can be tipped over by an earthquake.
2. Be acquainted on how to turn off electricity at home or office.
3. Familiarize first the nearest accessible exit when you enter a building.
4. Conduct fire and earthquake drill at home, in school and offices so everyone
will know what to do and where to go.
During an Earthquake
1. Keep calm, do not panic.
2. If you are in an open area move away from buildings and electric power
lines which might collapse and electrocute you.
3. If caught indoors or in a high-rise building, move under tables, desk, bed or
stay under door frames. Do not use elevator.
4. In school or office, remember the drills you practiced during the earthquake
and fire.
5. Turn off electricity.

After an Earthquake
1. Check for damaged electrical devices and do not use them again.
2. Inspect house for cracks in its support.
3. Do not go inside collapsed structures to get belongings. After shocks may
occur anytime.
4. Do not go sightseeing. It is dangerous and you may hamper rescue
operations and relief works.
5. Get updates by tuning in to emergency channels or radio stations for vital
information from local authorities on what to do, where to get medical
assistance, food and water supplies and to know the evacuation centers.

Landslide

What to do before a landslide

1. Inform affected neighbors on potential hazards living near landslides areas.
Advise them that prevention is better than cure. Help neighbors that need
assistance to evacuate.
2. Evacuate. Moving away from the path of a landslide is your best protection.

What to do during a landslide

1. Quickly move away from the landslide or debris flow.
2. If escape is not possible, curl into a tight ball and protect your head. This
position will provide the best protection for your body.

What to do after a landslide

1. Stay away from the slide area. There may be danger of more landslides.
2. Check for injured and trapped persons. Direct rescuers to victim’s location.
3. Help neighbors who require special assistance--infants, seniors and
people with disabilities.
4. Tune in to local radio or television stations for vital emergency information.
5. Watch for flooding, which may occur after a landslide or debris flow.
6. Look for and report damaged power lines to authorities. This will prevent
further hazard and injury.
7. Check the building foundation and surrounding land for damage. This will help
you assess the safety of the area.
8. Replant damaged ground as soon as possible since erosion caused by loss of
ground cover can lead to flash flooding.
9.Seek the advice of a geotechnical expert for evaluating landslide hazards or
designing corrective techniques to reduce landslide risk.
 What Can I Do

Learning Activity: If we have it, we can make it!

Direction: Prepare an emergency kit to help your family and the community
to minimize the impact whenever any of the geological hazards will occur. The output
will be rated based on the following rubric:

1 pt 2 pts 3pts 4pts

At least 10
A few of the At least 7
No items items are
items are items are
necessary for necessary for
Survival Kit necessary for necessary for
survival during survival during
Items survival during survival during
or after a or after a
or after a or after a
disaster. disaster.
disaster. disaster.
The kit is The kit is done
The kit is not The kit is
Effort somewhat well and neatly
organized. organized
organized. organized.
.
Sample rubric for evaluation of students’ output.

LESSO Human Activities that

N
Trigger Landslides

4 ___

Learning Concept

Landslides are among the most catastrophic events that may happen anytime
of the day. This may be brought by several factors like heavy rainfall, earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions and many other natural processes. In addition, human beings play
a significant role in the occurrence of landslides which led to property damage and
even loss of lives.

Below are among the most common human activities that will trigger and
hasten the occurrence of landslides:

a. Removal of vegetation
b. Obstructions and modifications to the natural drainage
c. Leaking pipes such as water and sewer
d. Modification of slopes by construction of roads, railways and buildings
e. Overloading slopes
f. Mining and quarrying activities
g. Vibration from heavy traffic and blasting of nearby mining activities
h. Excavation of rocks

What I Can Do
Learning activity: Show it on the Board!

Group the students into four. Come up with an information board

containing the following:

a. Definition of landslide.
b. Activities that cause or trigger landslides
c. Emergency preparedness programs
The output will be rated based on the rubric below.

1 pt 2 pts 3pts 4pts

Has a detailed
No clear Has a
Definition of No definition definition of a
definition of definition of
a landslide of a landslide. landslide.
a landslide. a landslide.
Has
Has not Has Has
enumerated
Causes of enumerated enumerated enumerated
more than 10
landslides. any cause of a few causes 7 few causes
causes of
landslides. of landslides. of landslides
landslides
Has many and
Has no Has few Has many
Emergency functional
emergency emergency emergency
preparedness emergency
preparedness preparedness preparedness
programs preparedness
programs programs programs
programs
The The The information
The
information information board is done
Effort information
board is board is well and neatly
board is not
somewhat organized. organized.
organized.
organized.
Sample rubric for evaluation of students’ output.
 LESSON

Help your community

5 __ _

Learning Concept

Human beings are among the major contributors of the occurrence of

landslides. This because of the various activities they do like farming, building
constructions, mining and quarrying among others. Although those activities are
beneficial to many people, it is sad to note that these are some of the main reasons
why landslides are very common among many places all over the world.
Environmentalists are calling everyone to take part in their mission for
environmental conservation. They even conduct various activities like symposia,
awareness campaign and demonstrations to let people know of their responsibilities
in safe-keeping our Mother Earth.

What’s New
Learning Activity: Responsibility is the Key!

Direction: Being responsible members of your community, agree with your

parents to identify common ways that your family can do in order to mitigate the
impacts of landslide if it happens. Fill in the table below.

Hazard Mitigation Measures

1.

2.
3.

Landslide 4.

5.
6.
7.

8.
 9.
10.

Signature of Student
Signature of Parent(s)

What I Can do

Learning Activity: Keep Busy to be Hazard Free!

Direction: Visit the Brgy. Office of your community. Conduct a short interview
with Disaster Readiness and Risk-Reduction Management Officer (DRRRMO) about
the possible geologic hazards in your community and their risk-reduction
management programs.

Interview Guide
Questions Response
1. What are the possible hazards that
may occur in our community? Please check the possible
hazards on the following list:
o Earthquake
o Landslide
o Fire
o Flood
o Terrorism
o Volcanic eruption

2. Is it important to prepare in advance o Yes

if such disaster(s) happen? o No
o I don’t know
3. Do you have emergency hotlines in Please provide hotline number.
case of emergency?
PNP
BFP _
AFP _
Rescue _
BPAT

4. What are the items to be included in an

emergency kit?
 Please enumerate the
items. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

5. What is your level of preparation for disaster at 8.

this time? 9.
10.
Please check the level.
o Not prepared
o Somewhat prepared
o Prepared
o Well prepared
o Very well prepared
LESSO
N
Hydrometeorological

6 ____
Hazards
_

Learning Concept
Tropical cyclone is an organized system of clouds and thunderstorms originated
from a warm tropical water, having closed low level circulation. It rotates
counterclockwise, in the northern hemisphere, because of the Coriolis effect. It
derived its energy, from the warm tropical ocean. In the Philippines we adopt cyclone
categories that is based on their intensity, as introduced by Philippine Atmospheric
Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA). It is classified as
tropical depression, if its sustained wind reached up to 61 kph or less. Tropical storm
if the maximum sustained wind is 62 - 88 kph. Severe tropical storm 89-117 kph,
typhoons if it sustained a maximum wind 118 - 220 kph and a super typhoon
category if it reaches 221 kph and above.
The terms typhoon, hurricane and cyclone are in the same weather
phenomenon, whether where they originated. The tropical cyclone that comes from
the North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific, it is called hurricane. If it originates from the
Northeast Pacific part it is called as typhoon, and called a cyclone when it develops
from the Indian Ocean and South Pacific.

Credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/mansunides/10797254835
https://hhsadvocate.com/news/2013/11/20/typhoon-haiyan-ravages-the-
philippines/

The devastation effects of Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) at Tacloban City in November 2013
Effects of Monsoons
In the Philippines, we experienced two types of Monsoon winds these are the
Northeast monsoon (Amihan) and Southeast monsoon (Habagat). Northeast
monsoon features dry and cool air during this cold season, the Asiatic Continent is
snowbound and the high-pressure cell in China sends cold temperatures to the
Philippines, which causes much rainfall over the eastern coast of the country. This
phenomenon, normally occurs during the months of November to February every
year.
Southwest monsoons (Habagat) is a seasonal flow of moist wind direction which
brings extensive cloud development causing heavy rains, and is responsible for
great portion of rainfall, that may persist for weeks during wet season from the
months of June to December.

Effects of Flood
Flood is the inundation of land areas which are not normally covered with
excessive volume of water. It is a temporarily rise of overflowing water from a river,
lakes, stream and reservoir affecting the adjacent lands and the flood prone areas in
the locality.
Flood could also be due to heavy and prolonged rainfall, caused by tropical
cyclones, monsoons, and active low pressures. It could also have several factors like
flooding, and the intensity or rate of the rainfall, and the duration of the rain before it
last.
Primarily, flooding may disrupt the human’s normal flow of life, including the
supply and delivery of goods, commerce and the giving of basic services to the
community. It also affects the agricultural industry, and may bring water-borne
diseases that may turn into an epidemic, if not properly controlled.

Credit: DepEd Division of Cagayan de Oro, Flooding in Cagayan de Oro,

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction Module

These pictures show the effects of flooding, during the typhoon Sendong

that hits Cagayan de Oro last December 16, 2011.

Effects Tornado
Tornado is locally known as Ipo-ipo. It usually originates over a flat surface and
formed when there is a low thunderstorm clouds concentration that interacts in the
ground surface. It is also considered as a violent, narrow rotating column of air from
the base of the thunderstorm to the ground, which is composed of water droplets,
dust and even huge debris.
Although ipo-ipo is not common in the country, but on average we experience 12
to 24 tornadoes a year. These occurs in the different parts of the flat terrains in the
country particularly in Central Luzon and Mindanao.
Tornadoes are very destructive. It is capable of lifting heavy objects, uproot
huge trees, rip off houses and buildings, and have a capacity to hurl these things
meters away from its source. It results to a massive damage to properties and even
loss of lives. Thus, the need to learn the basic safety survival tips in case of the
occurrence of a tornado, is indeed necessary.

What’s New
Learning Activity: Pa Effects - Effects!
Hazard is a phenomenon that gave potential damage to people, property and
environment. Below is a table, all you need to do is to accomplish it, by providing
possible common and long-term effects of natural hazards to the following given
elements.

ELEMENTS

H Economic Environmental Physical Social

D
 What’s More

Learning Activity: Read, Read and React!

Dear learners, read the account about the effect of the Super Typhoon Yolanda that
hits the central part of the Philippines. After reading the passage, give your insights,
and be able to answer the given questions below. Let us start!!

Super Typhoon Yolanda in PH

Typhoon Hyan, locally known as typhoon Yolanda, was considered as one of the
strongest ever recorded tropical cyclone that hits the Eastern part of the Philippines.
November 7, 2013, a typhoon named Yolanda enters the Philippine Area of
Responsibility (PAR), triggering a storm signal number three that may directly hit the
areas of Eastern Visayas and Mindanao. In the evening of the same day, the
typhoon’s signal strength intensifies and the tropical storm was then upgraded to
signal number four and was categorized as a super typhoon by PAGASA.
The Local Government Units were mobilized and implemented safety measures
as part of the preparation. Preemptive evacuation of their affected constituents
located in the hazard prone areas was conducted immediately and suspension of
classes was then declared in various part of the country as the typhoon intensifies.
The typhoon makes an initial landfall on Eastern Samar, 4:40 dawn, and it
moves from one place to another. Power including the communication lines were
damaged, and many areas were isolated for days because of the effect of the strong
typhoon. With a gust of exceeding 305 kilometers (190 miles) per hour at its first
landfall. It brings strong winds and heavy rains that have resulted in flooding, and
landslides. And latter a storm surge reaching 7.5 meters (24.6 feet) high, causes
huge devastation and reached about 7,300 fatalities in Central Philippines, especially
in the Province of Leyte.
Guide Questions:
1. What are the effects of Super Typhoon Yolanda, the time it hits the Philippines?
_
_
_
2. The time before Typhoon Yolanda hits the country. What are the precautionary
measures done by the local government, to mitigate the effects of the Typhoon?
_
_
_

3. Hydrometeorological hazards unexpectedly exist. If in case you will experience

such situation, how are you going to help mitigate the effects of such hazards?
_
_
_
 LESSON

7 ____
Your Hazard Maps
_

Learning Concepts
The Philippines belongs to the Circum-Pacific Belt, and is lying on the Typhoon
Belt. It is known and ranks among the highly disaster-prone countries, because of
the several occurrences of volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, typhoons and floods.
Hazard maps plays an important role in solving geologic concerns, because it
emphasizes areas that are considered vulnerable to a particular hazard. And aside
from that, it guides and promotes safety awareness in the country. In this regard,
hazard maps have a vital role in disaster preparedness and mitigation.

Different Hazard Maps

Presented below are examples of hydrometeorological hazard maps. Try to
examine the maps, and learn to interpret each map by examining its details, color
codes and scalar system.
1. Map showing seismic, volcanic, and tropical storm risk in the Philippines.

Credits:http://vm.observatory.ph/images/Geophys_hires/risk_earthquakes.jpg
2. Map showing the typhoon incidence in the Philippines.

Credit: http://vm.observatory.ph/cw_maps.html

3. Map showing floods and landslides risk in the Philippines.

Credit: https://reliefweb.int/map/philippines/philippines-natural-hazard-profile-23-oct-2010
4. Map showing the Earthquake Risks in the Philippines.

Credit: http://vm.observatory.ph/geophys_maps.html

5. Map showing the potential risk of Volcanic Eruption in the Philippines.

Credit: http://vm.observatory.ph/geophys_maps.html
 What’s New

Learning Activity: Please Locate Me, Name Me Go!

Interpreting a Typhoon Risk Areas using a Hazard Map.
Direction: Study the given hazard map and its given legend, and answer the
questions asked.

Credits: http://vm.observatory.ph/cw_maps.html https://www.philsite.net/images/philippine_map1.jpg

Guide Questions:

1. Which cluster island in the Philippine archipelago is more vulnerable to typhoons?

_
_
2. Identify provinces with a very high risk of typhoon incidence in the Philippines.
_ _
_
3. What are the possible consequences that may encounter, if a typhoon will hit
a densely populated areas, such as Metro Manila?
_
_
Practical Ways of Coping Various Effects of
LESSON
A

8
Hazards
__ ____

Learning Concepts
Hydrometeorological hazard is a phenomenon that involved atmospheric,
oceanographic or hydrological in nature, which may cause injuries, death, loss of
livelihoods, including economic and environmental damages. These hazards include
tropical cyclones, thunderstorms, tornadoes, storm surges, blizzards, avalanches,
heavy snowfall, drought, floods, flashfloods, heat waves and cold spells. These
hydrometeorological conditions may be considered as a factor for other hazards that
may possibly occur like landslides, locust plagues, and even epidemics.

What’s New
Learning Activity: Think! and Suggest! Me Please!
The effects of the hydrometeorological hazards may be mitigated through
disaster awareness, education and preparedness. Below is a diagram, all you need
to do is to think and suggest practical ways in coping the possible effects of a
hydrometeorological hazards.

Ways of Coping
Hydrometeorological
Hazards
 LESSON
Coastal Erosion and
9 __
its Effects
___ _

Learning Concepts

Coastal Erosion is the displacement or removal of land, sand, rocks and other
sediments with the intervention of strong tides, waves, currents and storm impacts
along the coastline. Human activities and the unavoidable occurrence of the coastal
processes in nature, intensifies the damage in the shore. Unfortunately, some of our
coastlines is no longer normal with its appearance, because it experienced erosion in
an incredible rate which experts project that these areas will be part of the sea in few
years’ time.

Coastal erosion, submersion and saltwater intrusion may bring damage and
risk to the community who are living in the coastlines. But experts still considered
this phenomenon as a natural process that our planet and environment undergo. In
order to manage it, there are practical ways to control its effects by applying methods
and simple practices to minimize erosion occurring in the coastlines.

Credit:http://mgb.gov.ph/2015-05-13-02-02-11/mgb-news/340-mgb-study-leyte-susceptible-to-mass-movement-coastal-
erosion https://collidecolumn.wordpress.com/2014/02/14/when-worlds-collide-97-living-on-the-edgesouth-asias-coastal-
scramble/

The picture shows the current situation of our coastlines that undergoes rapid erosion in some
areas in the Philippines.

To protect the coast from erosion and submersion seawalls, breakwaters,

groynes, and beach nourishment methods were constructed. Moreover, basic
engineering interventions were made, such as putting bamboo poles and sand bags
in the coastal areas to counteract the energy of the ocean waves that cause rapid
erosion in the coastline.
 Credits:https://www.viva.co.id/gaya-hidup/travel/930285-pantai-ini-dahulu-sangat-indah-kini-berubah-mengerikan
http://nguoiquangxaque.com/xa-hoi/201711/tiep-tuc-sat-lo-bo-bien-cua-lo-765332/

Bamboo Poles lined in the coastal areas, for Sand Bags filed in the beach, for the
prevention waves dissipation. sand erosion.

Submersion

Submersion is another coastal process. It is a cyclic portion of a coastal erosion

where coastal sediment moved from the exposed portion of the beach to the
submersed near shore part, and because of the action of the waves, sediment
replaced back to its original location. This usually take place during violent storms,
were waves is one factor of submersion process.
Submersion can temporarily submerge an island, and may create another island
as well. The rise of sea water levels may cause sinking of island in some areas,
which is in the longer run this process may affect the existing biodiversity that
flourish in the area.

The risk of submersion process that exist in the coastlines.

Salt Water Intrusion
Salt water intrusion happens when freshwater is displaced by the inland
movement of seawater from the ocean. Through its natural process, groundwater
flows from the higher ground levels to areas with low ground levels. The natural
movement of fresh water towards the sea prevents the salt water to enter fresh water
coastal aquifers.
Salt water intrusion is a major concern around the world. Rising of sea level, may
contribute to intrusion, as the volume of the ocean water increases it causes the
coast for inland movement. It can cause movement of saltwater to move farther in
the inland areas. Ground water pumping can decrease the amount of fresh water
flowing along the coastal discharge. It makes the flow of seawater into fresh water
aquifers, leading to water contamination.

The process of salt water intrusion.

 What’s New
Learning Activity: Think to Protect, And Be Safe!
On the table below, give your insights about coastal erosion, submersion, and
salt water intrusion, and provide practical ways to cope and lessen the effects of
these phenomena.

SALT WATER
COASTAL EROSION SUBMERSION
INTRUSION

1. 1. 1.

2. 2. 2.

3. 3. 3.

4. 4. 4.

5. 5. 5.
 What’s More
Learning Activity: Think, Act and Build to Protect.
Directions: Analyze the situation written inside the box. Suggest practical
ways to help prevent or mitigate the impacts of this situation while assuming varied
role in the community as follows:

Riverbank Settlers
A certain community was established along a riverbank, in a highly
urbanized area since the location is very accessible to work and services.
As time passes, the inhabitants of the place are increasing rapidly. Due to
limited space they started to build shanties, on the riverbanks down to the
shoreline. Several problems started to emerged, and it has been observed
that many different wastes were not properly disposed because the
community has no specific plans on managing the solid wastes. Diseases
and the occurrence of flash floods is frequent in the area.

A. Politician:
_ _
_
_

B. Community Leader:
_ _
_
_

C. You as a Student:
_ _
_ _
_
 What I have Learned

 An earthquake is the vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of

energy.
 A Tsunami is the Japanese word for “seismic sea wave.” A tsunami also can
occur when an earthquake causes an underwater landslide into motion.
 A volcano is a mountain formed of lava and/or pyroclastic material. Volcanic
eruption is a process wherein volcanic materials such as molten or hot
fragmented rocks or gaseous materials are released from a volcano.
 Pyroclastic flow refers to mixtures of hot ash particles, rocks and gases
thrown out from any parts of the volcano, travelling down to the ground and
destroys the whole area.
 Ballistic projectiles are rocks that an erupting volcano may hurl into the air.
These blocks travel like cannonballs and usually land within 2km of the vent
(but can travel as far as 5km, or even further, if the eruption is very explosive).
 Lava flow consist of molten rocks that stream down the slope of a volcano,
destroying everything in its path and possibly causing forest fires (typical of
Hawaiian volcanoes).
 Ash fall contains greater volume of ash produced during a volcanic eruption
can be so dangerous to the extent that it could lead to destruction of roofs,
vegetation and cause malfunctioning of aircraft, ship and car engines.
 Lahars/Mudflows are mixtures of water and volcanic rock fragments which
flows down through volcanic slopes into lowland areas. The term “lahar”
means a mudflow often carried by heavy down pour or shaking of the ground
during and after the eruption of a volcano. It can destroy everything on its path
even after the volcanic activity.
 Landslide is a massive outward and downward movement of slope forming
materials. It is the movement of rocks and soil masses which occurs when a
part of a hill becomes too weak to support its own weight.
 A Hazard Map is a map that highlights areas that are affected by or
vulnerable to a particular hazard. They are typically created for natural
hazards, such as earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, flooding and tsunamis.
 Hazard adaptation is to know how to adjust or cope with an existing
environmental condition in particular those pertaining to areas with potential
hazards brought about by hydrometeorological phenomenon. To be able to do
this, it is important to identify potential hazards and their potential impacts and
effects to the community.
 Risk Reduction are measures to reduce the frequency or severity of losses
brought about by the effects of hazards. It is also a measure of reducing the
exposure of people to the effects of hazards.
 Disaster Mitigation are measures or methods or strategies that eliminate or
at least reduce the impacts and risks of hazards.
 Tropical Cyclone is an organized system of clouds and thunderstorms
originated from warm tropical waters, having closed low level circulation.
  The tropical cyclone comes from the North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific, it is
called Hurricane. Typhoon if it is from the Northeast Pacific part, and called a
Cyclone when it develops from the Indian Ocean and South Pacific.
 Flood is the inundation of land areas which are not normally covered with
excessive volume of water.
 Tornado or Ipo-ipo is a violent narrow rotating column of air from the base of
the thunderstorm to the ground. It is composed of water droplets, dust and
even huge debris.
 Hazard maps contains details, color codes, and scalar system. It plays an
important role in solving geologic concerns, which includes guiding and
promoting safety awareness in the country.

Assessment

MULTIPLE CHOICE.
Directions. Read each item carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write
the letter of your choice on a separate sheet of paper. (1 point each)
1. What does it mean when the ground starts shaking?
A. An awesome party next door
B. There is a stampede of rhino’s and elephant outside
C. A space shuttle crashed on our roof
D. A sudden release of energy in the earth’s crust that resulted in an
earthquake.

2. Where do most earthquakes occur?

A. The middle of the ocean C. Plate boundaries
B. The middle of a plate D. Everywhere

3. Which of the following is not associated with earthquake destruction?

A. Fires C. High winds
B. Landslides D. Tsunamis

4. How long does it take for an earthquake to actually occur?

A. around 5-10 years C. Hundreds of years
B. Around 20-50 years D. nobody knows

3. If you’re wondering how your friends and family are doing after an earthquake, you
should:
A. Call immediately to check on them
B. Get on the road as soon as possible and drive to their location
C. Avoid calling or driving in order to keep the phone lines and roads open for
emergencies.
D. Call the police to ask what areas have been most affected.
6. While an earthquake is taking place you should:
A. Stop, Drop and Roll C. Drop, cover and Hold on
B. Hold your head, crawl and run D. Run, cover and Hold your head.

7. Most injuries during earthquakes are caused by _

A. The collapse of buildings C. Cracks in the earth’s surface
B. The vibrations of S Waves D. The vibrations of P Waves

8. If an earthquake strikes while you are in a car, you should _ _

A. Continue driving C Park the car under a bridge.
B. Stop the car in clear space and stay inside. D. Get out of the car

9. How long after a major earthquake can aftershocks continue to happen?

A. Hours C. Days
B. Weeks D. Months

10. What is volcano?

A. The movement of the earth’s crust by the movement of plate boundaries.
B. A cone-shaped mountain or hill formed by eruptions of lava and ash.
C. A mountain created by the folding of the earth’s crust.
D. All of the above.

11. Which of the following is a warning sign of a volcanic eruption?

A. increased seismic activity C. gas emissions
B. ground deformation D. all are warning signs

12. Which of the following is not an indicator of a volcanic eruption?

A. earthquake frequency
B. weather patterns
C. release of different gases from the volcano
D. swelling or changing shape of volcano

13. Volcanic eruptions cause destruction, but they are also .

A. helpful because they destroy land
B. beneficial because they provide usable minerals
C. helpful because they help with solar power
D. harmful because they create fertile soil.

14. Good can come from a volcanic eruption. Which of the following is not a
benefit from an eruption?
A. fertile soils C. geothermal energy
B. increased tourism D. land destroyed

15. The movement of earthy materials from higher region to lower region due to
gravitational pull is called
A. Earthquake C. Landslide
B. soil erosion D. Cyclone
16. Which of the following is not a sign of a possible landslide?
A. door/window jams for the first time
B. two full moons two nights in a row
C. trees or walls shifting
D. paved driveways or parking lots slowly beginning to crack

17. There are many ways to help prevent damage to your home and family from a
landslide. First, you must establish how much your home is at risk. Which of
these is a big sign of danger?
A. colder weather C. large winds
B. extreme erosion D. higher traffic rate in your area

18. Making an evacuation plan is another step in being prepared for a landslide,
same as with the danger of fire. When is it best to make this evacuation plan?
A. As soon as possible, if not done yet.
B. Whenever you have time; the chances of a landslide are very slim.
C. While your house is slipping down a hill.
D. You don’t need an evacuation plan.

19. What should you do if you suspect danger of a landslide?

A. Get to higher ground C. Make an air bubble
B. Evacuate D. Get to the chopper.

20. After the danger has passed, make sure to check your local radio or weather
station for updates on the landslide. Which of the following you should not do
after returning home?
A. Replant ruined land
B. Check foundation and chimney for damage
C. Keep all electronics turned off for a month
D. Stabilize land as soon as possible

21. The tropical cyclone is generated from the different part of the world, if this is
come from the North Atlantic and Northeast Pacific, it is called .
A. Cyclone C.Typhoon
B. Tropical Depression D. Hurricane

22. A typhoon is an organized system of clouds and thunderstorms that

circulate. Where does it originates?
A. Northeast Pacific C. Indian Ocean
B. Southeast Pacific D. North Atlantic

23. It is a system of clouds and thunderstorms originated from a warm

tropical waters, having a closed low level of circulation.
A. Thunderstorms C. Ipo-ipo
B. Tropical Cyclones D. Monsoons

24. Tropical storm is being classified if it reached a maximum sustained wind level of
.
A. 38 mph to 39 mph C. 39 mph to 73 mph
B. 38 mph and below D. 74 mph and above
25. The erosion of our shoreline is a process that is common in the Philippines.
This process is called _ .
A. Submersion C. Intrusion
B. Coastal Erosion D. Landslide

26. It is the temporary flow of water which covers land areas with excessive
volume of water during rainy season or typhoons.
A. Flood C. Typhoon
B. Lahar D. Landslide

27. It contains details, color codes and scalar system that is used to interpret
and locate hazards, and geologic concerns.
A. Tracking Maps C. Geographical Maps
B. Hazard Maps D. World Maps

28. A coastal process that involves a cyclic portion of a coastal erosion where
coastal sediments move from the visible shore portion to the submerged part
of the beach.
A. Intrusion C. Erosion
B. Coastal Cycle D. Submersion

29. It is a narrow, violent rotating column of air, which is composed of water

droplets, dust and even huge debris.
A. Twisters C. Typhoon
B. Tsunami D. Monsoons

30. A hazard map that plays an important role in solving geologic concerns,
guides and promotes safety awareness in the country.
A. Geographical Map C. Hazard Maps
B. Philippine Map D. Typhoon Tracking Maps
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education - Bureau of learning Resources

Zone 1, DepEd Building Masterson Avenue, Upper Balulang,
Cagayan de Oro City, 9000
Telefax: (088) 880 7072
E-mail address: region10@deped.gov.ph

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