CE 102: CIVIL ENGINEERING DRAWING I
Lecture 4
SOLID
OBJECT
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Asia Pacific (UAP), Dhaka
WHAT IS SOLID?
An object having three dimensions, i.e., length,
breadth and height or thickness is called a SOLID.
HEIGHT
LENGTH
POLYHEDRON
The solid which is bounded by plane surfaces
or faces is called Polyhedron. The polyhedra
are further sub-divided into three groups:
Regular Polyhedra
Prisms
Pyramids
REGULAR POLYHEDRA
• A polyhedron is regular if each of its plane surfaces is a
Regular Polygon.
• The regular plane surfaces which form the surfaces of the
polyhedra are called Faces.
• The lines at which two faces intersect are called Edges.
• It is also known as ‘triangular pyramid’.
Edges
Face
Tetrahedron
TYPES OF POLYHEDRA
The Three important regular polyhedra are:
Tetrahedron ----- 4 equal regular triangles
Cube or Hexahedron --- 6 equal regular squares
Octahedron --- 8 equal equilateral triangles
Tetrahedron Cube or Hexahedron Octahedron
WHAT IS PRISM?
A solid figure whose bases or ends have the same size and
shape and are parallel to one another, and each of whose sides
is a parallelogram
Top Face
Longer edge
Axis Rectangular
Face
Bottom Face
(Base)
PRISM (Cont.)
One Rectangular face lies on Horizontal plane
Or, Axis of the prism is Horizontal.
Pentagonal Prism Hexagonal Prism Triangular Prism
PRISM (Cont.)
One Rectangular face lies on Vertical plane
Or, Axis of the prism is Vertical
Or, One Base lies on Horizontal Plane
Triangular Prism Pentagonal Prism Hexagonal Prism Rectangular Prism
PYRAMID
A massive monument of ancient Egypt having a rectangular base and four
triangular faces culminating in a single apex, built over or around a crypt or tomb
WHAT IS PYRAMID?
A solid figure with a polygonal base and triangular
faces that meet at a common point
Hexagonal Pyramid Square Pyramid Pentagonal Pyramid
Apex or vertex
Slant Edges
Axis Triangular
Faces
Base
FRUSTUM & TRUNCATED
When a pyramid or a cone is cut by a
cutting plane parallel to its base, the
remaining portion thus obtained after
removing the top portion is called the
Frustum.
Fig: Frustum
When a solid (prism/cylinder/pyramid/cone)
Fig: Truncated Cone
is cut by a cutting plane inclined to its base
(not parallel), the remaining portion thus
obtained after removing the top portion is
called the Truncated Solid.
Fig: Truncated Pyramid
FRUSTUM & TRUNCATED
Square frustum Hexagonal frustum
ISOMETRIC VIEW
OF
REGULAR POLYHEDRON
TO PREPARE ISOMETRIC VIEW
Box Method
Co-ordinate or Offset Method
Offset Method
Four-centre method
BOX METHOD
The isometric projection of solids like cube, square and
rectangular prisms are drawn directly when their edges
are parallel to the three isometric axes. The isometric
projection of all other types of prisms and cylinders are
drawn by enclosing them in a rectangular box. This
method is called Box method.
EXAMPLES OF BOX
METHOD
ISOMETRIC VIEW OF A REGULAR PENTAGONAL PRISM
Having side of 1.5’’ and height 2.5’’ , when one of it’s rectangular faces is
resting on H.P.
E C
D′
E′
2.5
"
D C′
A B
E
1.5
" A′
C
B′
B
30o 30o
ISOMETRIC VIEW OF A REGULAR HEXAGONAL PRISM
(Height=3”)
(Resting on one of its faces on V.P)
E′
F′
E D
D′
A′
C′
B′
F C
3"
A B
1.0"
E
F
A
C
30o B 30o
CO-ORDINATE METHOD OR OFFSET METHOD
The isometric projections of pyramids and cones are
generally drawn by Co-ordinate or Offset method
EXAMPLES OF OFFSET
METHOD
The isometric view of a hexagonal pyramid of side of base 30 mm and
height 75 mm, when it is resting on H.P such that an edge of the base is
parallel to V.P
75 mm
O O
F AE BD C
R
D D
S E D R
C
E E C
OO1 S O1 Q O1
F C B B
F F
A A
P
P A B Q
y
30 mm
EXAMPLES OF FOUR-CENTRE
METHOD
ISOMETRIC VIEW OF A CYLINDER
(Lying on H.P)
1"
S
C
R
O1 D
O2
B
P
A
30o 30o
Q
ISOMETRIC VIEW OF A CYLINDER
(Lying on V.P)
1"
A B
O2 O1
R P
C D
30o 30o
Q
Draw the isometric projection of a cone of base 40 mm diameter and
height 58 mm when it rest with its base on H.P
58 mm
O O
A BD
C
R R
D C C
D
OO
40 mm Q Q
1 S O1 S O1
x
A B A B
x P P
Homework
1. Draw the Isometric View of a pentagonal pyramid
having side of 3 inch and height 5.5 inch , when the
base of the pentagon rests on the H.P.
2. Draw the Isometric view of a hexagonal prism of side of
base 2 inch and height 4 inch, when it is resting on H.P
such that the base is parallel to V.P.
3. Draw the isometric view of a cylinder lying on horizontal
plane having a diameter of 2’’ .
