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Unit 2 Sentences, Utterances, and Propositions

The document discusses the distinctions between sentences, utterances, and propositions. It defines sentences as grammatical constructs that express complete thoughts, while utterances are physical events that convey meaning. Propositions represent states of affairs and can be expressed in different languages through corresponding sentences.

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Quang Nguyễn
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121 views22 pages

Unit 2 Sentences, Utterances, and Propositions

The document discusses the distinctions between sentences, utterances, and propositions. It defines sentences as grammatical constructs that express complete thoughts, while utterances are physical events that convey meaning. Propositions represent states of affairs and can be expressed in different languages through corresponding sentences.

Uploaded by

Quang Nguyễn
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit 2

Sentences, utterances,
and propositions
Read the following out loud:
Open your book page 16.
Now read it out loud again.

Same sentence, but in the 2 readings (2


unique physical events took place.)
 2 different utterances
UTTERANCES
(= phát ngôn)
 Utterances are physical events.
Utterances die on the wind.
SENTENCES
(=câu)
A SENTENCE is neither a physical event nor a physical
object.
A SENTENCE is a string of words put together by the
grammatical rules of a language.
SENTENCES
1. The steeples have been struck by lightning
 sentence
2. ‘The steeples have been struck by lightning’
 utterance
3. John
 part of a sentence
4. ‘Help’
 utterance
same or different sentences?

(1) Helen rolled up the carpet


(2) Helen rolled the carpet up

 different sentences
same or different sentences?

(3) Sincerity may frighten the boy


(4) Sincerity may frighten the boy

 the same sentence


What is considered a sentence?

1. I would like a cup of coffee


2. Coffee, please
3. In the kitchen
4. Please put it in the kitchen

A SENTENCE is a grammatically complete string


of words expressing a complete thought.
Utterances of non-sentences, e.g. short phrases, or single
words, are used by people in communication all the time.
PROPOSITION
(= mệnh đề)
True propositions correspond to facts.
False propositions do not correspond to facts.
Same propositional content

Declarative Interrogative Imperative


(assert (ask (convey
truths questions) orders)
Distinction between proposition and sentence

Proposition:
state of affairs

Sentence Sentence Sentence


Distinction between proposition and sentence

I am cold Tôi lạnh J’ai froid Mir ist kalt


Distinction between proposition and sentence

Proposition:
state of affairs

Sentence Sentence Sentence

Propositions, unlike sentences, cannot be said to


belong to any particular language.

Sentences in different languages can correspond to


the same proposition, if the two sentences are
perfect translations of each other.
• Anything that can be said of propositions can
be said of utterances, but not necessarily vice
versa.
• Anything that can be said of sentences can be
said of utterances, but not necessarily vice
versa.

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