Government of Tamilnadu

Department of Employment and Training

Course : TNPSC Group II Exam

Subject : Indian Economy
Topic : Land Reforms and Agriculture

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 LAND REFORMS
AND AGRICULTURE

Agriculture:
 Agriculture is the backbone of our Importance of National Income:
economic system.  Agriculture contributes even now a
 Agriculture has been the major major share of the national income
source of livelihood in the Indian in India.
economy. (nearly 55 -60 % of the  The main source of livelihood is
people engaged in this sector ) agriculture.
 India is primarily an agricultural Provider of Employment
country.  I provider direct and Indirect
 Agriculture is not only the biggest Employment
sector of the Indian economy but  Agriculture provides raw materials
also the most free private to the industries.
sector, too.  Indian agriculture plays an
 It is the only profession which still important vital role in the country’s
carries no burden of individual international trade.
income tax.  Capital Formation and Investment
 This is the biggest unorganised The major part of production assets
sector of the economy accounting of the country is in the form of
for more than 90 per cent share in agricultural assets like land,
the total unorganised labour-force irrigation facilities, tractors,
(93 per cent of the total labour force agriculture implements,
of the economy i.e. 39.7 crores, is ploughs, pump sets and storages.
employed in the unorganised  In India, agriculture meets almost
sector). the entire food requirements of the
people.

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 LAND REFORMS & AGRICULUTRE

 Agriculture is the backbone of the major policies for rural

Indian economy and prosperity of development.
agriculture can also largely stand for  The major objectives of land
the prosperity of the Indian reforms are as follows:
economy.  Restructuring of agrarian
 International Ranking At the global relation to achieve egalitarian
level, Indian agriculture has ranked social structure.
in certain commodities
Total agricultural land in
the world -7.5%
Contribution of Agriculture to
Economic Growth:  Elimination of exploitation in
They are: land relations
 Product contribution i.e., making  Actualization of the goal of ‘land
available food and raw materials. to the tiller’
 Market contribution i.e., providing  Improvement of socio-economic
the market for producer goods and conditions of the rural poor by
consumer goods produced in the widening their land base.
non-agricultural sector.  Increasing agricultural
 Factor contribution i.e., making production and productivity
available labour and capital to  Facilitating land based
the non-agricultural sector and development of rural poor
Foreign Exchange contribution  Infusion of a greater measure of
Land Reforms : equality in local institutions.
 Land reforms refer to all kinds of  To realise the objectives of the
policy-induced changes relating land reforms, the government
to the ownership, tenancy and took three main steps which had
management of land. many internal sub-steps:
Objectives of land reforms in
India : I. Abolition of Intermediaries :
 In India the land reform  Under this step, the age-old
programme has been one of the exploitative land tenure systems

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 LAND REFORMS & AGRICULUTRE

of the Zamindari, Mahalwari  In other words, it means a ratio

and Ryotwari were fully of different crops cultivated at a
abolished. particular time.
 A change in cropping pattern
II. Tenancy Reforms : implies a change in
 Under this broader step, three the proportion of area under
inter-related reforms protecting different crops.
the land tenants were effected. Important Crops:
 Regulation of rent so that a fixed  Total agricultural land – out of
and rational rate of rent could be 100% - food crops -74% , cash
paid by the share-croppers to the crops -26%.
land owners  Food crops - rice , wheat , maize,
 Security of tenure so that a bajra
share-cropper could be feel  Beverage crops - coffee , tea
secure about his future income  Fiber crops - jute, cotton
and his economic security and  Oil seeds - groundnuts,
sunflower
ownership rights to tenants so
 Narcotic crops - tobacco
that the landless masses (i.e. the  Plantation crop - tea, coffee,
tenants, the share- rubber
 Sugar crops - sugarcane, beet
croppers) could be transferred
root
the final rights for the land they  Spice crops - mirchi, turmeric,
plough - “land to the tillers”. ginger, pepper
 Horticultural crops - all types of
III. Land ceiling fruits
 Consolidation land holding and Major Producer of the Crops in

cooperative farming India

Cropping Pattern in India:  Onion - Maharastha, Madhya

 Cropping pattern means the Pradesh, Karnataka

proportion of area under  Potato - Uttar Pradesh, West

different crops at a point of time. Bengal, Bihar.

 Tomato -Bihar, Karnataka, Uttar
Pradesh

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 LAND REFORMS & AGRICULUTRE

Top Vegetable Producing States  Bajra - In India -- Rajasthan,

of India Maharastra, Gujarat.
 West Bengal  Ragi - Top - Karanataka,
 Uttar Pradesh Tamilnadu, Andhraprade.sh
 Bihar
 Barley - Top - UP, Rajasthan.
Top Cereal producing States of
 Pulses - MP, UP.
India
 Ground nut /Oil seeds -- AP,
 Uttar Pradesh
Gujarat, Tamilnadu.
 Punjab
 Madhya Pradesh Spice crops :
 Pepper -- Indonesia, India, In
India -Kerala
India agriculture contributes
 Cardamom -- India, Indonesia,
almost 4% of GDP
In India -Kerala
 Cloves - Tanzania, In India –
Top Food grain Production Kerala
 Uttar Pradesh  Turmeric -- India top in the
 Punjab world , In india - Guntur
 Madhya Pradesh
 Saffron -- India 1st place, In

Food Crops India - Jammu & Kashmir

 Rice - World wide china tops -  Ginger -- India top in the world,

next India, In India - West In India - Kerala

Bengal, AP , UP , Punjab.  Mustard - Rajasthan.

 Wheat - Top -3 China, India,

Plantation Crops :
USA, In India - UP , Punjab,
 Tea - Top 3 - India, China,Srilanka
Harayana.
In India - Assam, west Bengal,
 Jowar - Top - USA , China , In
Tamilnadu
India - Maharastra, Karanatka,
 Coffee - top-3 . Santoos , Colombia
MP.
Ecuador , India - 5th, In India -
 Maize - Top - USA, Mexico, Karnataka
India, in India - AP (Andhra),
Karnataka

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 LAND REFORMS & AGRICULUTRE

India’s Ranking in Food Production

 India is the largest producer of milk, pulses, livestock, jute, jute like
fibres, tea and cauliflower.
 India is the second largest producer of wheat, rice, fruit, sugar cane,
groundnut and tobacco.
 India ranks second worldwide in farm output.
 India is also the world’s second or third largest producer of several dry
fruits, agriculture-based textile raw materials, roots and tuber crops,
pulses, farmed fish, eggs, coconut, sugar cane and numerous vegetables.
 India ranked within the world’s five largest producers of over 80% of
agricultural produce items, including many cash crops such as coffee and
cotton.
 India is also one of the world’s five largest producers of livestock and
poultry meat.

 Rubber - TOP -3 -- Thailand , Cropping Seasons in India :

Indonesia, India, In India - Kerala,  Kharif Crops of India Sown in
Tamilnadu, Karnataka summers between May and July,
 Coconut – Top -3 , Indonesia , and harvested after the rains, in
September and October.
Philliphines, India - In India -- Eg: Rice, Jowar, Bajra, Maize,
Kerala, Tamilnadu, Karnataka Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane,
Tobacco, Groundnut, Pulses, etc.
Cash crops:  Rabi Crops of India Sown at the
 Cashewnut- Maharashtra, beginning of winter and
Andhra Pradesh, Odisha. harvested before the onset of the
 Jute - West Bengal Bihar Assam summer season, between Feb
 Cotton –Gujarat, Maharashtra and April. Eg: Wheat, barley,
Andhra Pradesh. oilseeds, gram, potatoes, etc.
 Zaid Crops They are raised
International Crops Research between April and June.
Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
Eg :Melon, watermelon,
(ICRISAT) -Hyderabad
cucumber, toris, leafy and other
vegetables.

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 LAND REFORMS & AGRICULUTRE

Agriculture Holdings  Consolidation of land could only

succeed in the regions of the Green
Holding Feature Revolution (i.e.,
Economic It is that holding which Haryana, Punjab and Western Uttar
Holding censures a minimum
satisfactory standard of Pradesh) and remained marred with
living to a family. many loopholes and corruption.
Family Gives one plough under
Holding traditional farming  Cooperative farming which has a
system. high socioeconomic moral base was
Optimum Maximum size of the
Holding holding which must be only used by the big farmers to save
possessed and owned their lands from the draconian
by a family is called
optimum holding. ceiling laws.
Marginal Land area less than one
Land reform measures in India :
Holding hectare.
Small Land area between 1  The land reforms programme in
Holding and 4 hectares. India has been done through three
Medium Land area between 4
Holding and 10 hectares. different methods:
Large Land area more than 10  Voluntary adoption facilitated by
Holding hectares.
incentives provided by the State
Reorganisation of Agriculture through measures like co-
 This step again has many inter- operative farming and
related and highly logical provisions consolidation of holdings.
in the direction of rational agrarian  Voluntary adoption supplemented
reforms. by statutory compulsion made
 Redistribution of land among the possible by the enactment of
landless poor masses after legislation as in the case of
promulgating timely ceiling laws— consolidation of holdings.
the move failed badly with few  Compulsion exercised through
exceptions such as West Bengal, different legislative measures, as
Kerala and partially in Andhra with the abolition of
Pradesh. intermediaries, tenancy reforms,
ceilings on holdings etc.

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 LAND REFORMS & AGRICULUTRE

PDS : Minimum support prices (MSP) :

 PDS was envisaged in 1967 to act as  It is a minimum price at which
a price support programme for the the government will purchase
consumer during the periods of farmers’ crops—whatever may be
food shortage of the 1960’s the market price for the crops.
 The basic aim was to provide  The Government of India started
essential commodities like rice, announcing the MSP in 1967 -68
wheat, sugar, edible oil & kerosene for wheat which was expanded to
at subsidised rate to the people to cover many more crops later.
eliminate poor.  It is declared by government,
 The target public distribution normally at the beginning of
system (TPDS) was introduced with sowing season for every
effect from June 1997 in order to important agricultural
make the TPDS more focussed and commodity.
targeted towards scheme  If the prices fall below minimum
contemplates identification of 10 support prices, government will
million poor families and providing buy the entire marketable
then with 35 kg of food grams at Rs. surplus at procurement prices.
2 /kg for wheat and Rs 3 / kg for
Procurement prices :
rice under PDS.
 These are the prices which are
declared by government,
Main Constituents of Public
generally at the time of harvest
Distribution System :
of crops.
 Fair Price Shops or Ration Shops
 These prices are announced by
 Consumers Co-operative Stores
government on the
 Shops selling Cloth at Controlled
recommendations of
Prices
Commission for Agricultural
 Super Bazaars
Costs and Prices (CACP),
 Kerosene Retailers
constituted on 1985.
 Commodities of Distribution

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 LAND REFORMS & AGRICULUTRE

 These prices are widely used by  Retail prices are higher than
government for the procurement issue prices so that the expenses
of wheat and rice. of public distribution system
 Procurement prices are generally may be recovered and the
higher than minimum support licensees may get a certain
prices. margin.

Issue Price
Buffer stock operations:
 These are the prices at which
 Buffer stock operations refer to
food grains are allocated
buying and selling of food stocks
and supplied by Food
by government.
Corporation of India (FCI) to the
 These operations serve two
states and union territories.
important purposes:
 These prices meet the
 To regulate and control price
requirements of public
fluctuations within a reasonable
distribution system.
limit.
 Prices of goods to be supplied
 To enable government to
through fair price shops directly
procure food stocks so that
depend upon issue prices.
regular supply of these stocks
 Issue prices are normally less
may be ensured throughout the
than market prices and higher
year as well as throughout the
than procurement prices.
country.
Retail prices :  These operations are carried on
 Public distribution system is by Food Corporation of India
carried on through the network (FCI).
of fair price shops (ration shops).
National food security bill :
 These shops supply essential
 The National Food Security Bill was
consumer goods to households
introduced in the Lok Sabha on 22
at the prices fixed by
December, 2011. As per
government. These prices are
the provisions of the Bill, it:
known as retail prices.

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 LAND REFORMS & AGRICULUTRE

 It is proposed to provide 7 kg. of TRIFED:

food grains per person per  The Government established
month belonging to TRIFED (Tribal Co-operative
priority households at prices not Marketing Development
exceeding Rs. 3 per kg of rice, Federation of India Ltd.) in August
Rs. 2 per kg of wheat, and Rs. 1 1987 and started functioning in
per kg of coarse grains and to April 1988.
general households not less than  The basic aim of TRIFED was to
3 kg of food grains per person save tribals from exploitation by
per month at prices not private traders and to offer them
exceeding 50 per cent of the MSP remunerative prices for their
for wheat and coarse grains and minor forest produce and surplus
derived MSP for rice. agriculture products.

Agricultural Price Policy: NAFED :

 Agricultural price policy means a  NAFED (National Agricultural Co-
policy to determine, regulate operative Marketing Federation of
and control the prices of India Ltd.) has been established
agricultural products. on 2nd October 1958 in co-
operative sector at national level
India agricultural
population - 64% for marketing of agriculture
products.
E-Choupal :
 It is an initiative of ITC LIMITED Agricultural credit :
a conglomerate in India, to link  Three types of loans are provided
directly with rural farmers via to Indian farmers to meet their
the Internet for agricultural financial requirements—
marketing and procurement  Short term loans
of agricultural and aquaculture  Medium term loans
products.  Long term loans

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 LAND REFORMS & AGRICULUTRE

Short Term Loans: (CCA) more than

 Short term loans are provided 10,000 hectares.
for a period of less than 15  Medium Irrigation Schemes—
months to meet out expenses of those with cultivable command
routine farming and domestic areas (CCA) between 2,000 and
consumptions. 10,000 hectares.
 This type of loan is demanded by  Minor Irrigation Schemes—those
farmers for purchasing with cultivable command area
seeds, fertilizers and for meeting (CCA) up to 2,000 hectares.
out family requirements.
Medium Term Loans:
Agricultural Productivity :
 Medium term loans are provided
 Agricultural productivity is the
for a period of 15 months to 5
ratio of agricultural inputs and
years to purchase
output.
agricultural equipments, animals
 It indicates the efficiency with
and for land improvements.
which the inputs have been
Long Term Loans: utilized.
 Long term loans are provided for
 It indicates how much production
a period of more than 5 years.
has been obtained from a given
 This type of loan is taken by
amount of inputs.
the farmers to purchase land and
 It can be measured as:
expensive agricultural
 Agricultural Productivity
equipment and for repayment of
old loans. = Total Production / Amount

Irrigation : of Inputs Employed.

 The Planning Commission
 Productivity of Land = Total
classifies irrigation Production / Area of Land.
projects/schemes in India on the  Productivity of Labour = Total
following lines : Production / No of Workers
Employed.
 Major Irrigation Schemes—those
with cultivable command areas
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 LAND REFORMS & AGRICULUTRE

 Productivity of Capital = Total Second Green Revolution :

Production/ Total Capital  The call was given by than
Employed.
PM. Mr. ManMohan Singh at the
93rd science conference in 2006.
Green Revolution
 The second green revolution
 Revolution was a part of new
seeks to build up on the
agricultural strategy, to increase
achievements of first green
the food production to eliminate
revolution and bridge the
poverty, which included initially,
regional and crop in balance
the intensive agriculture district
which were not addressed by
programme (IADD) and later the
first green revolution.
high yielding varieties
 The second green revolution
programme (HYVP)
seeks to cover dry land farming
 It was launched in the half of
and concentrate on the small and
1960’s it was the branch of
marginal farmers.
Norman Borlaug, in India it was
 It seeks to raise the food grain
made successful by Dr. M. S.
production to 400 million
Swaminathan.
tonnes by 2020.
 The achievement by green
revolution were rise in cereal
production especially wheat and
Evergreen Revolution :
rice, change in cropping pattern in
 Concept given by renowned
favour of wheat and increase in
agricultural scientist Dr.
employment opportunities.
M.S.Swaminathan.
National food security Act 2013  It emphasis on Organic
– Tamil Nadu & Kerala are last agriculture and green agriculture
to join in their act.
with the help of integrated
nutrient supply and integrated
national resources management.
 The cause of the evergreen
resolution is sustainability.

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 LAND REFORMS & AGRICULUTRE

Blue Revolution
 First time statred in - 1966-67
 First adopted Ludiana  Fishes and Marine Products.
(Punjab) , West Godavari
 Fish production blue revolution
(A.P), Tanjavur ( TAMIL
NADU) started -- 1960.
 Used crops in green
 Father of Blue Revolution-
revoultion - Wheat , Rice,
Jowar , Maize "Dr.Arun Krishnan".
 Green revolution - Phase-2 -
 Fish & sea foods production
1983
 Father of Green Revolution - World wide --- China 1st place
"Norman borlang" - USA
 India -- 2nd place
 Father of Indian Green
Revolution -  In India- 1st place -- west
"M.S.Swaminathan"- India
Bengal, 2nd Gujarat , 3rd -Kerala
 Green Revolution "word"
Coined by -" William Goud" –  Fresh water fish production -
UK
top-2 -- west Bengal,
 "Ever Green Revolution "
started in the year -2010 Andhrapradesh.
 Salt water fish production -- top-
Yellow Revolution 2 -- Gujarat , Kerala
 Oil seeds production.  Fish most usage state - West
 Oil Seeds, Edible Oil , Especially Bengal
Mustard.
Pink Revolution
 Father of Yellow Revolution
 Prawn, Onions,
" Sam Pitroda ".
Pharmaceutical.
 India occupied first place in
 Father of Pink Revolution -
groundnuts.
"Durgesh Patel"
 Father of Induced Breeding -
White Revolution "Prof.Hirlal Chaudri"
 Milk & milk products.  Leading producer of
 Father of white revolution - pharchemicals - Switzerland,
"Varghese Kurien ". Germany,USA
 India occupies world wide - 1st  India ranks - 6th place
place - Butter, Ghee, Cheese.

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 LAND REFORMS & AGRICULUTRE

Grey Revolution Round Revolution - Potato

 Fertilizers  Russia occupies first place in
potatoes.
Brown Revolution
 Cocoa, Leather Agriculture research centres in
 India placed first in leather India :
industries 1. Indian Agricultural Research
 India occupies first in - number Institute (IARI)--New Delhi.
2. Central Rice Research Institute -
of cows, sheeps
Cuttack.
 Top beef exporting countries 3. Central Sugarcane Research
TOP --> India - 240 mn tonnes, Institute -Coimbatore.
4. National Sugar Research Institute -
Brazil , USA
Kanpur.
5. Central Tobacco Research Institute
Silver Revolution - Rajahmundry.
6. Central Potato Research Institute -
 Egg (Poultry)
Kufri, Shimla.
 Father of Silver Revolution- 7. Central Island Agriculture
INDIRA Research Institute - Port Blair.
8. Central Institute of Cotton
Research - Nagpur.
Violet Revolution 9. Central Institute of Agricultural
 Woolen products Engineering - Bhopal.
 Australia - 1st position in wollen 10. Central Institute of Fisheries
Education - Mumbai.
production. 11. Central Institute of Fishery
 India occupies - 7th position , In Technology - Cochin.
India – Punjab 12. Central Institute of Fresh Water
Agriculture - Bhubaneswar.
Black Revolution
13. Central Inland Fisheries Research
 Crude oil & non conventional Institute - Barrackpore.
energy 14. National Institute of Agricultural
Red Revolution- Meat & Marketing - Jaipur.
15. National Institute of Animal Health
Tomatoes
- Baghpat (U.P)
 Father of Red Revolution-Vishal 16. Indian Council of Agricultural
Research (ICAR) - New Delhi.

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 LAND REFORMS & AGRICULUTRE

17. Disease Investigation Laboratory -  Comprehensive Crop Insurance

Pune. Scheme-CCIS of 1985
18. Central Soil Salinity Research  Pilot Weather Based Crop
Institute - Karnal (Haryana). Insurance Scheme (WBCIS): 2007
19. Indian Instuite of Horticulture -  Krishi Shramik Suraksha Yojana:
Bangalore. 2001
20. Wheat Research Institute -  Farm Income Insurance Scheme:
Karnal. 2004
 Varsha Bima (Rainfall Insurance
Agricultural Insurance Schemes: Scheme): 2004
 Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana,
 National Agricultural Insurance
a new crop insurance scheme :
Scheme (NAIS): 1999-2000
2016

Agriculture Production Board

SL.NO Board Headquarter Act
1. Coffee Board Bengaluru (Karnataka) Coffee Act, 1942
2. Rubber Board Kottayam (Kerala) Rubber Act
(Kerala), 1947

3. Tea Board Kolkata (West Bengal) Tea Act, 1953

4. Tobacco Board Guntur (Andhra Pradesh) Tobacco Act (A.P),
1975

5. The Spices Board Kochi (Kerala) Spices Act, 1986

6. National Meat and Delhi 26 Dec, 2008
Poultry Procession
Board

7. Indian Grape Pune (Maharashtra) 2nd Jan, 2009

Procession Board

Agricultural Insurance Schemes:  Pilot Weather Based Crop

 National Agricultural Insurance Insurance Scheme (WBCIS): 2007
Scheme (NAIS): 1999-2000  Krishi Shramik Suraksha Yojana:
 Comprehensive Crop Insurance 2001
Scheme-CCIS of 1985  Farm Income Insurance Scheme:
2004
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 LAND REFORMS & AGRICULUTRE

 Varsha Bima (Rainfall Insurance  High-yielding varieties of seeds

Scheme): 2004
 Increased use of fertilizers
 Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima
Yojana, a new crop insurance  Increased irrigation.

scheme : 2016  These three are collectively as the

Green Revolution.
Agriculture Related Schemes :
Intensive Agriculture
Development Programme Command Area Development
(IADP) - 1960-61 : Programmes (1974-75)
 The Objective was to provide
 To bridge narrow the gap between
loan for seeds and fertilizers to
irrigation potential created and
farmers.
actually utilized in major and
 It was started with the assistance
medium irrigation schemes. It is
of Ford Foundation.
renamed as Command Area
 Also called "Package Program".
Development and Water
Intensive Agriculture Area Management Programme
programme (IAAP) :(1964-65) (CADWMP) since April 1, 2004.
 Emphasis should be given to the  It has also been amalgamated with
development of scientific and the Accelerated Irrigation Benefit
progressive agriculture in an Programme.
intensive manner in the areas which
Accelerated Irrigation Benefit
have High production potentials.
Programme
 The idea was to cover at least 20%
 The Central Government
of the cultivated area of the country.
launched the Accelerated
Irrigation Benefit Programme
High Yielding Variety seeds
(AIBP) from 1996-97 for
Programmes : (1966-67)
extending loan assistance to
 It was launched in the Kharif of
states for the completion of near
1966-67 with an objective to attain
complete irrigation scheme.
self-sufficiency in food by 1970-71.
 It envisaged the introduction of

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 LAND REFORMS & AGRICULUTRE

Drought Prone Areas Programme resources such as soil, vegetative

(DPAP) – 1973 - 74 : cover and water.
 To tackle the special problems  Integrated Watershed
faced by those fragile areas which Development Programme (IWDP)
are constantly affected by severe - 1989 :
drought conditions.  It was launched under the aegis of
 Financial assistance 50:50 (Centre National Wasteland Development
and State). Board for development of
wastelands on watershed basis.
Desert Development Programmer
(DDP) : 1977- 78
 To mitigate the adverse effects of
desertification.
 Funding - 100% Central
Government.

Integrated Wasteland
Development Programme
(IWDP)
 DPAP, DDP and IWDP have been
consolidated as a comprehensive
programme named ‘Integrated
Watershed Management
Programme (IWMP).
 Integrated Watershed
Management Programme :
 The main objectives of the IWMP
are to restore the ecological
balance by harnessing, conserving
and developing degraded natural

Page 16