EEE 361
Power System Analysis
Dr. Muhammad Quamruzzaman
Professor
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
CUET
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
The generation of electrical energy (by converting other naturally available forms
of energy), controlling of electrical energy, transmission of energy over long
distances to different load centers, and distribution and utilization of electrical
energy together is called an electrical power system.
- Generation subsystem
- Transmission subsystem
- Distribution subsystem
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
Generation subsystem
Generates electrical energy
-Alternator
-Turbine
-Exciters
-Voltage regulators
-Step-up transformers
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
Transmission subsystem
Transmits the electrical energy over long distances
(from generating plants to main load centers)
-Transmission lines
- regulating transformers and
- static/rotating VAR units (which are used to control
active/reactive powers)
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
Distribution subsystem
Distributes electrical energy from load
centers to individual consumer points
- Feeders
- step-down transformers
- Distributors
- Individual consumer connections
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
Challenge
- Electrical energy cannot be stored economically and
- the electric utility can exercise little control over the load
demand (power) at any time.
- The power system must, therefore, be capable of matching
the output from the generators to demand at any time at
specified voltage and frequency.
ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
POWER SYSTEM….Large and Complex
Constant increase in electrical energy demand results……
More and more
- generating units,
- the transmission lines
- Distribution network
- Necessary controlling and protective circuits
…..make the power system a large complex system.
Hence highly trained engineers are needed to develop
and implement the advances of technology for planning,
operation and control of power systems.
The objective of the Course
To present methods of analysis with respect to the planning
and expansion, operation and control of power systems, which
involves…..
Modeling (representation of the system suitable for analysis)
Load flow studies
Fault calculations
Protective schemes
Stability studies.
The objective of the Course
System modeling relates to representation of the system
suitable for analysis. It includes one line diagram, impedance
diagram, reactance diagram, per unit quantities, per unit
impedance diagram, formation of bus admittance &
impedance matrices
Load flow analysis is the determination of the voltage, current,
real and reactive powers at various points in the power
network under normal operating conditions.
The objective of the Course
A fault in a power network is any failure which interferes with
the normal operation of the system. Fault calculations or Fault
analysis consist of determining the fault currents for various
types of faults at various points of the network.
Faults can be very destructive to power systems. System
protection schemes are therefore be evolved and
implemented for the reliability and safety of power systems.
(included in the course EEE 471 – Switchgear and Protection)
Stability analysis deals with the determination of the effects of
disturbances on power systems. The disturbance may vary
from the usual fluctuation of the load to severe fault causing
the loss of an important transmission line.
System modeling
(Representation of Power System suitable for analysis)
One line diagram
Impedance diagram
Reactance diagram
Per unit quantities
Per unit impedance diagram
Formation of bus admittance & impedance matrices
One Line / Single Line Diagram (OLD/SLD)
An OLD/SLD is the simple and concise form of
representing a given power system.
Single phase circuit
Completing circuit through the neutral is omitted
Component parts are indicated by standard symbols
rather than by their equivalent circuits
Circuit parameters are not shown
Transmission line is represented by single line between
two ends
A given OLD/SLD will contain only such data that are relevant to the
system analysis under consideration.
One Line / Single Line Diagram (OLD/SLD)
10.8 kV
11 kV 160 kVA
100 kVA 12%
8% 11/220 kV 220/11 kV
j100 M
G
Load B
Bus 1 Bus 2
Fig. 1-1
One Line / Single Line Diagram (OLD/SLD)
Apparatus Symbols
Fig. 1-2
Impedance Diagram and Reactance Diagram
1 T1 T2 3
2 Load B
Load A Fig. 1-3
+ + +
E1 E2 E3
- - -
Generators Load Transformer T1 Transmission Line Transformer T2 Load Gen.
1 and 2 A B 3
Fig. 1-4
Impedance diagram does not include the current –limiting
impedances shown in the one-line diagram.
Impedance Diagram Reactance Diagram
shunt admittance is usually omitted in the equivalent
circuit of the transformer.
Resistance is often omitted when making fault calculations
Loads with no rotating parts are usually omitted.
Impedance Diagram Reactance Diagram
Synchronous motor loads are always included in making
fault calculations since their generated emfs
contribute to the short circuit current.
Induction motor is taken into account (an emf with an
inductive reactance) if the diagram is to be used to
determine the current immediately after the occurrence
of a fault.
Series resistance and shunt capacitive reactance in
transmission line can be omitted
Impedance Diagram Reactance Diagram
+ + +
E1 E2 E3
- - -
Generators Load Transformer T1 Transmission Line Transformer T2 Load Gen.
1 and 2 A B 3
+ + +
E1 E2 E3
- - Neutral bus -
Fig. 1-5 Reactance diagram by omitting all loads, resistances
and shunt admittances
OLD Impedance Diagram Reactance Diagram
Draw the Impedance diagram and Reactance
diagram of the following network:
Impedance diagram
+ +
E1 E2
- -
Gen. 1 Transformer T1 Transmission Line Transmission Line Transformer T2 Gen. 2
Transmission Line
Transformer T3 Gen. 3
E3
+
-
Reactance diagram
The Per Unit System
Power transmission lines kV
Large amount of power kW or MW and
kVA or MVA
are the common terms
Actual value
Per unit value
Base value
Actual value
Percent value 100
Base value
The Per Unit System
Let, Base voltage chosen = 120 kV
If actual voltage is 108 kV then
108
Voltage in per unit = 0.9
120
108
Voltage in percent = 100 90% 120 kV 1.0 p.u.
120
126 kV 1.05 p.u.
Advantage of per unit method over percent method:
A(pu) B(pu) = C(pu)
A(%) B(%) = C/100 (%)
Selection of Base Values
V, I, S, Z Two independent base values can be
arbitrarily selected that determines the base values of
the remaining two
VbaseLN kVLN Sbase1 kVA1
base kVA1 base voltage, kV base current, A
Pbase1 Q base1 Sbase1
Base kW1 = base kVar1 = base kVA1
Sbase1 base kVA1
I base , A
VbaseLN base voltage, kVLN
Selection of Base Values
Usually, base MVA and base kV are the quantities
selected to specify the base.
The base impedance is that impedance which will have a
voltage drop across it equal to the base voltage when the
current flowing in the impedance equal to the base value
of the current.
base voltage, VLN
Z base R base X base
base current, A
base voltage, kVLN 1000
2
base kVA1
Z base
base voltage, kVLN
2
base MVA1
Per Unit Impedance
actual impedance Z
p.u. impedance
base impedance Zbase
Z
base voltage,kVLN 2
base MVA1
Z base MVA1
base voltage,kVLN
2
Per Unit Impedance
Base voltage = 10 kV
Base MVA = 50 MVA
Actual impedance = 1
Determine per unit impedance.
(10) 2
Base impedance = 2
50
Per unit impedance = 1 0.5 pu
2
Examples
Example 1-1
Solution 1-1
Examples
Solution 1-1 (contd.)
Examples
Example 1-2
1-6
Fig. 1-6
Examples
Solution 1-2
1)
Examples
Solution 1-2 (contd.)
2) On base Vb = 100 V and Sb = 1000 VA
Changing bases
Base impedance
base voltage, kV 1000
2
Per unit impedance base KVA
(actual impedance, ) ( base kVA )
(base voltage, kV ) 2 1000
pu impedance base kVA
1
pu impedance
(base voltage, kV ) 2
2
base kVold base kVA new
Z p.u. new Z p.u. old
base kVnew base kVA old
Changing bases
Example 1-3
The reactance of a generator designated X” is given as 0.25 p.u. based
on the generator’s nameplate rating of 18 kV, 500 MVA. The base for
calculations is 20 kV, 100 MVA. Find X” on the new base.
Solution 1-3
2
18 100
Xnew
0.25 0.0405 p.u.
20 500
or by converting the given value to ohms and dividing by the
new base impedance
Actual reactance p.u reactance Base reactance
182
0.25 0.162 ohm
500
0.162
Xnew
2 0.0405 p.u.
20 /100
Per Unit System for 1- Transformer
Consider the equivalent circuit of transformer
referred to LV side and HV side shown below:
RS XS
RS jX S 2
j 2
a a
VLV VHV VLV VHV
N1 N2 VLV N1
Define a 1
S VHV N 2
(a) Referred to LV side (b) Referred to HV side
Fig. 1.3
Per Unit System for 1- Transformer
Choose:
Vb1 VLV ,rated
Sb S rated
Compute: VHV 1
Vb 2 Vb1 Vb1
VLV a
Vb21 Vb22
Z b1 Zb2
Sb Sb
Z b1 Vb21 Vb21
2 a 2
Z b 2 Vb 2 1 2
Vb1
a
Per Unit System for 1- Transformer
Per-unit impedances are:
RS jX S
Z p.u .1
Z b1
RS jX S RS jX S
2 2
a 2
a a 2
a RS jX S
Z p.u .2
Zb2 Z b1 Z b1
a2
So:
Z p.u .1 Z p.u .2
Examples
Example 1-4
A single-phase transformer is rated 110/440V, 2.5 kVA. Leakage reactance
measured from the low-tension side is 0.06 . Determine leakage reactance
in per unit on both low and high tension side.
Solution 1-4
0.110 2 1000
Low-tension base impedance = = 4.84
2.5
In per-unit
0.06
X 0.0124 p.u.
4.84
If leakage reactance had been measured on high-tension side, the value would be
2
440
X 0.06 0.96
110
0.440 2 1000
High-tension base impedance = = 77.5
2 .5
In per-unit
0.96
X 0.0124 p.u.
77.5
Three-Phase Transformers
Three single-phase transformer
A single unit (all windings wound around the same core, immersed in one tank)
Consists of three identical single-phase units
Theory is the same for both type
Connections
Y-
-Y
Y-Y
-
Three-Phase Transformers
0.6
0.6
66 kV 6.6 kV
38.1 kV 3.81 kV 0.6
Fig. 1.11 Y-Y transformer rated 66/6.6 kV
Three 1- transformers each 25 MVA, 38.1/3.81 kV.
So, rating of 3- transformer 75 MVA, 66/6.6 kV.
The impedance from line-to-neutral on high-voltage side
2 2
38.1 66
0.6 0.6 60
3.81 6.6
Three-Phase Transformers
0.6
0.6
66 kV 3.81 kV
38.1 kV 0.6
3.81 kV
(a)
Y- transformer can be replaced by a Y-Y transformer bank having turns ratio
for each pair of phase windings of 3- transformer of 38.1/2.2 kV
0.6
0.6
66 kV 3.81 kV
38.1 kV 2.2 kV 0.6
(b)
Fig. 1.12
Three-Phase Transformers
0.6
0.6
66 kV 3.81 kV
38.1 kV 2.2 kV 0.6
The impedance from line-to-neutral on high-voltage side
2 2
38.1 66
0.6 0.6 180
2.2 3.81
Here the multiplying factor is the square of the ratio of line-to-line voltages and not
the square of the turns ratios of the individual windings of the Y- transformer.
Conclusion:
To transfer the ohmic value of impedance from the voltage level on one side of a 3-
transformer to the voltage level on the other, the multiplying factor is the square of
the ratio of line-to-line voltages regardless of whether the transformer connection is
Y-Y or Y-.
Per Unit Values in Three-Phase System
The per-unit value of a line-to-neutral voltage on the line-to-neutral voltage base
is equal to the per-unit value of the line-to-line voltage at the same point on the
line-to-line voltage base if the system is balanced.
The per-unit value of the three-phase kilovoltamperes on the three-phase
kilovoltampere base is identical to the per-unit value of the kilovoltamperes per
phase on the kilovoltampere-per-phase base.
Given,
Base kVA3 = 30,000 kVA
Base kVLL = 120 kV
Total three-phase power = 18000 kW
Actual line-to-line voltage = 108 kV
30,000
Base kVA1 10,000kVA
3
and
120
Base kVLN 69.2 kV
3
Per Unit Values in Three-Phase System
Actual line-to-line voltage = 108 kV.
108
Line-to-neutral voltage = 62.3 kV
3
108 62.3
Per-unit voltage = 0 .9
120 69.2
18,000
Power per phase = = 6000 kW
3
18,000 6000
Per-unit power = 0.6
30,000 10,000
Per Unit Values in Three-Phase System
Unless otherwise specified, a given value of base voltage in a three-phase system
is a line-to-line voltage and a given value of base kilovoltamperes or base
megavoltamperes is the total three-phase base.
base kVA 3 base voltage, kVLN 1000
2
Base current, A Z base
3 base voltage, kVLL base kVA1
Base impedance
base voltage, kV
/ 3 1000
LL
2
base kVA 3 /3
base voltage, kVLL 1000
2
base kVA 3
base voltage, kVLL
2
base MVA 3
Examples
Example 1-5
Solution 1-5
Since 3 38.1 kV 66 kV , the rating of the transformer as a three-phase
bank is 75 MVA, 66Y / 3.81 kV.
So, base for the low-voltage side is 75 MVA, 3.81 kV.
Base impedance on the low-voltage side is
base kVLL 2
3.81
2
0.1935 Ω
base MVA 3 75
Per-unit impedance on the low-voltage side is
0.6
RL 3.10 per unit
0.1935
Examples
Example 1-5
Solution 1-5
Base impedance on the high-voltage side is
662 58.1 Ω
75
The resistance referred to the high-voltage side is
2
66
0.6 180 Ω
3.81
Per-unit impedance on the high-voltage side is
180
RL 3.10 per unit
58.1
Example 1-6
A 300 MVA, 20 kV three-phase generator has a subtransient reactance of 20%.
The generator supplies a number of synchronous motors over 64-km
transmission line having transformers at both ends, as shown in Fig. 1.13. The
motors, all rated 13.2 kV, are represented by just two equivalent motors. Rated
inputs to the motors are 200 MVA and 100 MVA for M1 and M2, respectively.
For both motors X” = 20%. The three phase transformer T1 is rated 350 MVA,
230/20 kV with leakage reactance of 10%. Transformer T2 is composed of three
single-phase transformers each rated 127/13.2 kV, 100 MVA with leakage
reactance of 10%. Series reactance of the transmission line is 0.5 Ω/km. Draw
the impedance diagram, with all impedances marked in per-unit. Select the
generator rating as base in the generator circuit.
300 MVA 200 MVA
20 kV 13.2 kV
X=20% X=20%
0.5 /km
64 km
100 MVA
13.2 kV
350 MVA 3 100 MVA X=20%
20/230 kV 127 3/13.2 kV
X 10% X 10%
Fig. 1.13 One line diagram for example 1-6
Solution 1-6
Fig. 1.14
Solution 1-6 (contd.)
Solution 1-6 (contd.)
Fig. 1.15
Example 1-7
Consider the single-line diagram of the 50 Hz power system as shown in Fig. 1.16.
The system contains three generators, three transformers and three transmission
lines. The system ratings are
The transmission line reactances are
as indicated in the figure. We have
to draw the reactance diagram
choosing the Generator 3 circuit as
the base.
Fig. 1.16
Solution 1-7 (contd…)
(300 MVA) (300 MVA)
200 MVA 300 MVA
(300 MVA) 20 kV 1 18 kV
(22.22 kV)
(20 kV) Xd =15% T1 (200 kV) (200 kV) T2 Xd =20%
G1 G2
j75 j75 25 200
22.22
225
300 MVA 300 MVA
22/22 0Y kV j50 225/25 kV 3 100 MVA
(200 kV) X 10%
X d 10% 130 3/25 kV
X 10%
300 MVA
T3
220 /22 kV
X d 10% 220 20
(300 MVA) 200
G3 22
300 MVA (20 kV)
20 kV
Xd =20%
Fig. 1.17
Solution 1-7 (contd…)
(300 MVA) (300 MVA)
200 MVA 300 MVA (22.22 kV)
(300 MVA) 1
20 kV 18 kV
(20 kV) Xd =15% T1 (200 kV) (200 kV)
T2 Xd =20%
G1 G2
j75 j75
300 MVA 300 MVA
220 Y/22 kV j50 (200 kV)
225/25 kV
X d 10% X 10%
300 MVA T3
300
220 /22 kV Generator G1 X G1 0.15 0.225
X d 10% (300 MVA) 200
G3 2
18
(20 kV) Generator G 2 X G 2 0.2 0.1312
300 MVA 22.22
20 kV
Xd =20% Generator G 3 X G 3 0.2
2
220
The base impedance of the transmission line is Transformer T1 X T 1 0.1 0.121
200
200
2
2 25
Transformer T2 X T 2 0.1 0.1266
Zbase 133.33 22.22
300 2
22
Transformer T3 X T 3 0.1 0.121
Therefore the per unit values of the line 20
impedances are
75 50
X j 75 0.5625 pu and X j 50 0.375 pu
133.33 133.33
Solution 1-7 (contd.)
j0.5625 j0.5625
Xj75 Xj75
j0.375 Xj50 XT2
XT1 j0.121 j0.1266
j0.121 XT3
XG1 j0.225 j0.1312 XG2
j0.2 XG3
+ +
EG1 + EG2
- EG3 -
-
Fig. 1.18 The reactance diagram of the system
Per Unit Impedances of Three-Winding
Transformers
Per Unit Impedances of Three-Winding
Transformers
Three impedances may be measured by the standard short-
circuit test, as follows:
Zps leakage impedance measured in primary with
secondary short-circuited and tertiary open
Zpt leakage impedance measured in primary with tertiary
short-circuited and secondary open
Zst leakage impedance measured in secondary with
tertiary short-circuited and primary open
Per Unit Impedances of Three-Winding
Transformers
If the three impedances measured in ohms, are referred to
the voltage of one of the windings, the impedances of each
separate winding referred to that same winding are related
to the measured impedances so referred as follows:
Z ps Z p Z s
Z pt Z p Z t
Z st Z s Z t
Here Zp, Zs and Zt are the impedances of the primary,
secondary, and tertiary windings, respectively, referred to the
primary circuit if Zps, Zpt and Zst are the measured impedances
referred to the primary circuit.
Per Unit Impedances of Three-Winding
Transformers
Solving previous equations…
Zp
1
Z ps Z pt Z st
2
Z s Z ps Z st Z pt
1
2
Z t Z pt Z st Z ps
1
2
The impedances of the three windings are connected to
represent the equivalent circuit of the single-phase
three-winding transformer with magnetizing current
neglected as shown in the above figure.
The common point is fictitious and unrelated to the neutral of the system.
Advantages of Per Unit System
Gives a clear idea of relative magnitudes of various quantities
Nominal voltage of the grid= 400 kV
Bus voltage = 372.03 (0.93 p.u.)
the voltage lies 7% below nominal value.
Equipments of different ratings are more manageable and easy to compare.
Current values of two transformers (with different nominal currents )
i1 = 0.98 p.u.
i2 = 0.35 p.u.
T1 operating close to its loading limit
T2 is far off its limit.
Advantages of Per Unit System
p.u. impedance fall in a narrow range
The p.u. z, v, i of transformers are the same regardless of whether they are
referred to the primary or the secondary side.
• Different voltage levels disappear across the entire system.
• The system reduces to a system of simple impedances.
Ideal for the computerized analysis and simulation of complex problems.
The circuit laws are valid in p.u. systems, and equations are simplified.
(the factors of 3 and 3 are) eliminated
Thank You
Advantages of tertiary winding:
1. It reduces the unbalancing in the primary due to
unbalancing in three phase load.
2. It redistributes the flow of fault current.
3. Sometime it is required to supply an auxiliary load in
different voltage level in addition to its main secondary
load. This secondary load can be taken from tertiary
winding of three winding transformer.
4. As the tertiary winding is connected in delta formation in 3
winding transformer, it assists in limitation of fault current
in the event of a short circuit from line to neutral.
