E-Commerce

The history of ecommerce

The history of ecommerce longs back to the time when the telephone
was invented. Electronic Data Interchange or EDI is believed to be the
start of ecommerce. Huge companies have been investing in EDI
development since the 60s. However, it did not get considerable
acceptance until the 80s. The last few years have reasonably changed
the definition of ecommerce. Originally, ecommerce was used for
commercial transactions using the electronic medium that includes
technologies such as EDI and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). These
methods were used for commercial transactions, while later, the use of
credit cards, ATMs (Automated Teller Machines), phone banking,
railway, and airlines joined with the process.
In 1979, Michael Aldrich invented online shopping which eventually
became the essential component of ecommerce. During the 90s,
ecommerce was introduced to data collection and Enterprise Resource
Planning (ERP) system. Also, the World Wide Web (WWW) was
invented during this time; introducing the world to an everyday
communication system. Although the Internet was popular, security
protocols were introduced 5 years later. From the 2000s, ecommerce
was started being used as a medium to sell and purchase goods and
services.
E-Commerce – Meaning The term electronic commerce or e-
commerce refers to any sort of business transaction that involves the
transfer of information through the internet. By definition it covers a
variety of business activities which use internet as a platform for either
information exchange or monetary transaction or both at times.
For example, the numbers of consumer brand retail sites like
Amazon(dot)com and Flipkart(dot)com which normally provides
information about products and also allows monetary transactions to
happen over the internet.
On the contrary there are the auctions sites like Quickr(dot)com and
Ebay(dot)com where the information about certain listed products and
services are provided but the monetary transactions normally happen
physically.
Apart from these two categories of e-commerce sites, there are some
sites which enable businesses to exchange trading goods and also
service between two or more companies. All of these forms of internet
based business platforms are known as e-commerce. Over the last
decade the advent of e-commerce has actually transformed the manner
in which people used internet. People now are not only just using
internet for gathering information, leisure or socializing online but also
at the same time they are seeking measures to conduct business.
Even popular social networking sites like Facebook(dot)com are
allowing people to promote and sell products and services online and
the introduction of computer and mobile based e-commerce
application software like Shopify provides evidence of how e-
commerce have boomed over the past 5 year.

DEFINITION
E-commerce (electronic commerce or EC) is the buying and selling of
goods and services, or the transmitting of funds or data, over an
electronic network, primarily the internet. These business transactions
occur either as business-to-business, business-to-consumer,
consumer-to-consumer or consumer-to-business. The terms e-
commerce and e-business are often used interchangeably. The term e-
tail is also some E-commerce is business transactions through
electronic means, including the internet, telephones, televisions and
computers. As the number of internet users grows, many believe e-
commerce will soon be the main way to complete business
transactions.
 What are the objectives of ecommerce
Ecommerce business drives profitable growth with reduction is cost-
to-customer, developing customer-reach, and providing a unique
customer experience. It has become more than essential for B2B as
well as other businesses to make the right use of ecommerce. Now,
ecommerce is evolving or better say evolved into digital commerce
that implies to the entire business journey from buying to delivery
with an online experience. Below are the few objectives of
ecommerce:
1. Reduce management cost Business aim at reducing the costs
incurred for the betterment of their revenue. Automating the
ecommerce business can help in reducing the management cost
significantly. Moreover, the right use of digital marketing can help in
reducing the cost spent on driving customers to such an extent that
businesses can bring customers for free of cost.

2. Developing business relations  With ecommerce as the

primary use, business development can be easily achieved. The
direct communication between a company and the customer, the
business relationship can be boosted. Eventually, the ecommerce
market shall be expanded.
3. Providing a unique customer experience  Uncountable
ecommerce businesses are functioning out there in the market. When a
customer searches for a certain product (for instance, shampoo), they
will probably click on the first three links that are shown on the Google
Search Engine Results Page. All the rest links are either avoided, never
seen, or are visited by a few. This itself shows the competition in the
ecommerce market. One of the best ways to stand out from the crowd is
by providing a unique customer experience. This includes giving a
personalized experience to each customer or visitor of your online
store, website, or mobile app. Some other pointers to consider are round
the clock customer service, immediate responses to the queries rose,
engaging with the customers, and so on.
4. Increasing the number of loyal customers  Customers are the
core of all business strategies. Therefore, ensuring the great customer
experience is of prime importance for the growth of the business. You
need to meet your customers where they spend their time. More than
60% of consumers look for purchasing goods and services online. If you
meet your customers where they are already active, the chances of them,
interacting with your business increases two folds. You can increase the
number of loyal customers by giving the best experience to your
already existing customers as well as bring in newer customers.
5. Boosting the efficiency of services  With the continually
evolving technology, you need to enhance the efficiency of your
services. By choosing an online ecommerce platform to create an
online store, you can efficiently reduce the cost of managing and
selling online. You have various opportunities to boost the efficiency of
your service that eventually enhances the revenue earned. By reducing
the delivery time, you can witness happy customers getting back to
your business two times faster. Another way is to provide your
customers with automated services such as status update, invoice
creating, chat support, etc. When you update your efficiency of
delivering products or services to your customers, you are creating a
strong online presence that helps you sell more.
6. Developing relevant target  Developing relevant traffic for an
ecommerce business is a common objective. Whether an ecommerce
website or an online store, building traffic is one of the most important
objectives. However, you should know that not all traffic is useful for
your business. If you are successfully creating traffic for your
ecommerce site or store, but most of the people in the traffic do not
require the products or services you provide, the traffic is not causing
any good to your business
For instance, your marketing strategies were attractive enough for
teenagers; your business would not be receiving any boost in sales.
Therefore, along with boosting your traffic, you need to analyze your
traffic. Here comes the need for collecting customer data. Collecting
customer data include demographics such as age, location, and
gender, customer interests, browsing history, browser history, and so
on. By saving these data, you can aim in targeting the relevant market.

7.Making responsive ecommerce website  With the increasing

use of smart phones for shopping online, it has become more than
mandatory for ecommerce businesses to go mobile. Apart from
creating a native mobile app, like the one offered from any you need
to create a responsive ecommerce website. It is one of the major
objectives of all leading ecommerce businesses. By responsive, it
means to create a website that can be viewed from any devices of
varying screen size, equally. Studies say that Google may next rank a
website based on its mobile website. It means that any website that has
a responsive design would be ranked on top of the website that does
not have one. Making your ecommerce website responsive can help
you optimize it. A mobile-friendly website earns more traffic than the
rest.
8. Increasing sales  The objective of increasing sales will always
remain continuous and constant for an ecommerce business. In order
to thrive in the ecommerce industry, you need to boost your sales,
constantly. All other objectives are zeroed down to make this
objective happen. However, you also need to look into your past store
analytics and figure out the marketing tactics that have worked well
for you to increase sales. Although these objectives could help you in
gaining sales, nothing can beat the tried and tested marketing tactics
for your business. For instance, the products that are sold the most,
ideally the best seller can be used for remarketing and grab more
attention. Any marketing strategy you used earlier including the
email targeting and traffic boosting tactics must be revisited and
worked upon to increase sales
9. Development of Busines Relationship: The business
development can be done through the e-commerce being the
primary and the basic object. As their direct contact in between the
company and the consumer, their business relationship will be
enhanced. Hence the area of the market can be increased.
10. Better-Customer Service:As it is done round the clock, the
customer will always have online help regarding the products. As all
the information is furnished to the customer, it becomes easy to him to
choose the best product among all other alternatives. As even the
service can also be done through the net immediately, the customer
service will be ballooned. By highlighting the customer service, the
companies are trying to subjugate a lion-share in the market.

11. Getting more Customers:In these days it becomes the

mandate of the companies to double its customers, and this can be
done by rendering the value add service and maintaining the quality.
Hence, it is also one of the primary objectives of the companies which
supply impetus for the robust growth in sales and overall profit.

12. Wider Audience The internet provides businesses, access to

millions and millions of people. A 2010 survey by Internet World Stats
showed there are 266,244,500 internet users in North America. On the
World Wide Web, companies move beyond geographic limits to reach
wider audience.
13. Cost Efficiency At the beginning of the internet age in the 1990s,
creating websites was a costly undertaking. As the years passed,
building websites became less and less expensive. In fact, small
businesses can now build their own sites.

14. Faster Information The information superhighway permits

speedy exchange of data across the world, which also means new
information, is available faster. Enhanced Service- Development of E-
Commerce equipped domestic providers to offer more services to
clients.
 Advantages and disadvantages of
ecommerce
Advantages of ecommerce
1: Ecommerce overhead is low  The cost of rent, utilities, and
employees makes retail space expensive. Lower operation costs
make it possible for many ecommerce sellers to beat out brick-
and-mortar prices.
Online retailers need less space — they can run an ecommerce
site out of a garage and use drop shipping to avoid a warehouse
full of inventory. As an online store grows, so will the need for
employees, but the stakes are lower and adjusting is easier when
you’re not tied to a commercial lease.

2: Online stores are always open  An online shop never closes.

Whether it's a holiday, a blizzard, or some other event keeping
people home, they can place an order around the clock, from
anywhere. For those who work non-traditional hours and would
rather stay home, shopping online is a convenient alternative.
3: Ecommerce customers aren’t limited by geography  Whether
it’s someone from the next town, the next state, or even across the
ocean, an online store has the potential to reach customers worldwide.
This is especially important for specialized businesses who may not
have a big, local audience, but have eager customers scattered across
the globe.
The proliferation of mobile devices gives people the power to
purchase on the go — right in the palm of their hand. There’s never
been a time when the impulse to buy has been easier to indulge.

4: Promoting featured products on ecommerce is easy Making

changes to a website is far more simple than rearranging a physical
space.
for example. In the screenshot below, there's a summer promotion for
women’s sandals followed by a block of popular categories.
Depending on the season or new items they want to feature, they can
change the design of their landing page without much effort.
A customer’s path is harder to control in a physical space than it is
online. Promotions and specials can be front and center when
customers hit your landing page.
5: Ecommerce allows for a customized user experience
Data about a customer’s past purchases and online activity offer
insight into their interests which can be used to deliver a personalized
experience. Sharing products targeted to a shopper’s tastes is a way to
appeal to customers with a deeper level of familiarity.
Amazon’s horizontal scroll features more items to explore showing
related products — in this case a nice selection of music-related
products since it’s attached to the account of a music nerd (yours
truly). Their use of customer data to create a custom shopping
experience is one of many facets of Amazon’s success.

6: Purchasing is instantaneous  The site for high-end fashion

retailer myntra, flipcart is full of stunning product shots, helpful
descriptions, and easy navigation, making the path to checkout
seamless.
Shopping offline requires walking around, finding what you’re looking
for, making your way to the checkout, and standing in line — most of
which you can skip online. Ecommerce was made for optimal
convenience.
7: Retargeting and remarketing can further sales  Retargeting
uses cookies from previous visits to display ads. Even if someone
doesn’t make a purchase, retargeting is a marketing tactic that can gain
business by keeping your brand in front of potential customers. You’ll
see retargeting ads on websites unrelated to the page you’ve visited.
Take this ad on the Onion from the music retailer Sweetwater, for
example. Because of my previous interactions on their site, a very
specific ad for electronic music instruments popped up. Inviting
people back to your site with retargeting ads brings them that much
closer to making a purchase.
Remarketing uses the information from someone’s past purchases and
site interactions to send emails about sales and promotions for related
products. Remarketing is a more laser-focused marketing tactic that
requires a customer’s email address.

8: Ecommerce is a great way to gather customer information

How many of us automatically say, “no” when a cashier asks for our
email address at checkout? And how many of us automatically enter
this same personal information and more online? I know I’m guilty.
Newsletter signups and other forms that gather information are key to
building a contact list — and they’re way more efficient than a
clipboard and pen on a countertop or having employees ask.
REI uses a simple, unobtrusive email signup to send in-store news and
promotions. Ecommerce simplifies staying in touch with your
audience.

9: Ecommerce tracks a customer’s journey  Data from resources

like Google Adwords and site analytics can tell you how someone
found you. Unlike traditional advertising where ROI can sometimes be
murky, data gleaned from analytics gives you insight into where people
came from and what they’re looking for.
In addition to online advertising, can help people find you through
organic searches.

10: It’s easy to scale up or down  Expanding or decreasing your

ecommerce business is easy, especially if you use drop shipping to
eliminate the need for a lot of space. Adding items or narrowing your
store down to the top sellers is a simple process. Expanding or
downsizing is more complicated when you have retail space.
11: Ecommerce sites can handle high-volume orders  If your
business has a sudden surge of action because of something like a
shoutout on social media, most hosting is set up to handle an increase
in traffic. Retail spaces can get overwhelmed scramble to deal with a
sudden spike in business.

12: Ecommerce attracts customers through content

Clear, useful content will help you reach potential customers.
Tutorials and product demos, blogs, and other digital media give
value to your audience and position your brand as an authority in
your industry. When people see that you know what you’re talking
about, they’ll trust your product descriptions and feel confident
purchasing from you.
Sweetwater’s blog gives practical information about all things music
and recording, and promotes the products they carry.
13. Faster Information The information superhighway
permits speedy exchange of data across the world, which also
means new information, is available faster Enhanced Service-
Development of E-Commerce equipped domestic providers to
offer more services to clients.

14.Audience Sizing  On-line Marketers can learn how many

people visited their web site and how many of them shopped at
particular places on the site. This information can help them
improve offers and advertisements.
 The disadvantages of ecommerce

1: The internet can break  The sky is blue, servers crash, and
websites go down. When people’s need for instant gratification are
derailed, it can be hard to win them back. A broken site sends the
message that you’re not reliable.
Not only can the architecture that holds a site together fail, but there’s
also the looming presence of identity theft. Sharing your credit card
number, even on a trustworthy-looking site, is still scary for a lot of
people.

2: It takes effort to accurately portray your products  Chewy has

plenty of photos full of color and detail that show off their pet-related
toys and products. Using multiple photos from different angles fills in
many of the blanks created by an online experience. One of the
advantages of retail is that people can interact with your products,
inspect workmanship, and see how something fits. An online store
relies on photos to capture a product’s details.
Poor-quality mages can skew color and misrepresent a product.
Product returns are what happen when what shows up in someone’s
mailbox doesn’t match what they saw online. And an unhappy
customer, as we all know, has plenty of time to bash your brand on
social media.

3: There’s a lot of competition online  We can't talk about the

competition without talking about Amazon. Their scope and
bottomless pockets make them difficult to outdo. Amazon isn't the only
corporation making business tough for smaller retailers — there’s
plenty of competition in almost every niche.
There are businesses whose ad budgets snatch up the high-profile
keywords on Google Adwords and push the price for clicks to
ridiculous heights. There are retailers who can offer better or free
shipping. And there’s always the battle for who has the lowest prices.
Setting yourself apart from the competition means finding different
marketing perspectives and building a strong brand identity. With so
many vying for the same target audience, you need to make sure
you're not overlooked in a sea of sameness.
4: Customers expect instant service I n this age of digital media, our
brains are conditioned for immediate gratification. If an Instagram post
sits unliked for more than a minute, a text or email goes unanswered for
more than an hour, or a video doesn't load immediately, our patience
runs thin.
This expectation for immediate feedback extends to every facet of our
online interactions. Our expectations as consumers are unrealistic, and
when they aren't met, it's all too easy to voice one’s discontent online.
5: Shipping can be unpredictable  Lost or stolen packages, broken
merchandise, and slow delivery makes shipping products challenging.
No matter how well or how quickly products are packaged, there’s no
guarantee they’ll reach their destination in tip-top shape or on time.
6: There’s unlimited time to comparison shopif you see a must-have
item in the mall, you're likely to buy it on the spot. Ecommerce gives
people the freedom to take their time. This unrestrained shopping
experience leaves a huge
window to comparison shop — frugal online shoppers will have no
problem finding the best deals.
This leaves online retailers are in a constant state of competitive pricing,
sometimes scraping by with the tiniest profit margins for the pleasure of
repeat business.
7.Quality While e-commerce makes everything easily accessible, a
consumer cannot actually touch products until they are delivered to the
door. It is important to view the return policy before buying. Always
make sure returning goods is an option.
8.Hidden costs  When making purchases, the consumer is aware of
the product cost, shipping, handling and possible taxes. Be advised:
there may be hidden fees that won’t show up on your purchasing bill but
will show up on your form of payment. Extra handling fees may occur,
especially with international purchases.

9.Delay in receiving goods Although delivery of products is often

quicker than expected, be prepared for delays. A snow storm in one
place may throw off the shipping system across the board. There is also
a chance that your product may be lost or delivered to the wrong
address.
10.Lack of personal interaction  While the rules and regulations of
each e-commerce business is laid out for you to read, there is a lot to
read and it may be confusing when it comes to the legalities. With large
or important orders, there is no one you can talk to face to face when
you have questions and concerns.
11.Credit card issues  Many credit card businesses will take the
side of the consumer when there is dispute about billing—they want to
keep their clients, too. This can lead to a loss for e-commerce business
when goods have already been delivered and the payment is
refunded back to the consumer.

12.Sufficient internet service  Although it seems that everyone is

now on the internet all the time, there are still areas in which network
bandwidth can cause issues. Before setting up an e-commerce
business, be sure your area can handle the telecommunication
bandwidth you will need to run effectively.

13.Constant upkeep When a business has started as e-commerce,

they must be ready to make changes to stay compatible. While
technology grows, the systems that support your business must be
kept up to date or replaced if needed. There may be additional
overhead in order to keep data bases and applications running.
estimes used in reference to transactional processes for online
shopping.
14. Security issues While businesses make great efforts to keep
themselves and the consumer safe, there are people out there that
will break every firewall possible to get the information they want.
We have all seen recently how the biggest and most renown business
can be hacked online.

15. Privacy and security Before making instant transactions

online, be sure to check the sites certificates of security. While it may
be easy and convenient to shop, no one wants their personal
information to be stolen. While many sites are reputable, always do
your research for those with less than sufficient security.
 The Driving Forces for E-Commerce
Consumption
There has also been a significant change noticed in the consumption
habit of the people. Which is another huge factor that has caused the rise
in e-commerce? People now look for convenience, customization, and
simplification. Only online shopping can provide them with all these
three. However, they always want to gain the best online shopping
experience. Whether they visit looking for financial assistance or to buy
a specific pair of shoe from an online store, they will leave a site if it is
not easy and convenient. Therefore, it is important for an ecommerce site
to ensure easy discovery of new products. More relevant information,
and diverse ways to access products and services.

Market and Economic Pressures

1. Strong competition: Now competitions the part of any business and

companies are implementing new techniques every day to bear their
competitors. E-Commerce is one of the tools of recent days, which is
adopted by the companies.
2. Global Economy: In Present Scenario world becomes a global
village and there are standard patters in market for business, so every
country must follow these norms. There is huge gap between the
growth rate of developed and developing nation, so more and more
developed nations are investing in every part of world. E-Commerce is
the need of such a scenario.

3. Extremely Low Labour Cost in Some Countries: Now this the

common feature of business that companies are having manufacturing
units in one are of the world and the same products is marketed in
other part of the world. Definitely some medium is required to maintain
it and e commerce is providing such medium.

4. Frequent Changes in Market demands: As we discussed above

that the age of techolnology so any change which takes place in part of
the world, rapidly reflects every where so e-commerce it the tool which
is necessary to sustain in present fast changing world.

5. Increase Expectation of Consumers: The expectation of consumers

about quality and services are very high, so it works like driving force
for e-commerce.
6. Awareness Among Consumers: Now consumers are well aware.
Internet, print media and electronic media keep update the consumers
about new products and their rates.
Business organizations are able to reach international markets by using
electronic medium for enhanced customer support and service.
E-commerce enables customers to make product comparison, place
orders, track orders and make payments at ease. Due to convenience,
customers prefer to purchase their desired goods or services over
internet in the online marketplace.

7. E-commerce also allows the customers to choose and order products

according to their personal and unique specifications. It paves way for
mass customization.
8. The growing internet population stimulates business to switch over
from an additional business to e-business.
9. The great variety of commodities available online and reliable
payment methods are regarded as contributors to the increase of e-
business.
10. Consumers often prefer shopping on the internet due to
convenience and the changes in consumer behavior pulls consumer
towards e-commerce.
 Demographics
You will see that urbanization has occurred in different areas and
sectors in developing countries like China. People here are looking for
better living conditions. This has, in turn, led to higher consumer
spending. Another significant change that has also acted as a
significant driving force for the evolution of ecommerce is the
increasing affinity. The dependence of the common people on mobile
devices to use the internet to look for products and services. That will
fulfill their shopping, entertainment, and other needs.

Societal And Environmental Pressures

1. Government Regulations: Every country have its own rules and
regulations but now a days almost every country have well defined
cyber laws which provides a right environment for the e commerce.
2. Reductions in Government subsidies Now world is very open,
some countries provides lot of rebate in tax and in other forms to do
business. But some other countries reducing the soaps for business. E-
commerce provides the opportunity to take these challenges.
3. Rapid Political Changes: Whenever government changes n any
country there are some changes in guidelines and polices towards the
business. It is also work as driving force for the e-commerce.
 Technology

This is perhaps the most significant driving force for the rise of e-
commerce. There has been a surge of effective and handy portable
devices in the market. Such as smart mobile phones and tablets. These
gadgets are now widely in use by consumers, individuals, and business.
To perform different functions apart from talking, browsing, and
gaming. They are now on the hook on to the social media platforms
almost all the time. Looking for new information on products. Business
brands, news, and other subjects. With the help of specific technologies
such as advanced customer analytics. E-commerce companies are now
able to improve the level of operation of their business.

In short, ecommerce platforms help retailers to collect info. Analyze

and understand the behavior and preferences of the consumers in a
better way. As a result, provide them with exactly what they need and
increase their business revenue. With the use of even more advanced
technology such as Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality. The trends
in e-commerce are to provide more interesting and brand new UX.
 Technological Pressures

1.Rapid Technological Changes: Technology is the factor, which

provides e-commerce an opportunity to become and perfect solution
for business.
New Technologies: New and secure technology available in the market,
which provides an easy, cheap and secure platform for the e-
commerce.

2.Information Overload:  By using e-commerce we can easily

efficiently manage information about the product and other business
related things. This is a cheap and secure medium for managing
important information.

3.Digital Convergence: The digital revolution has made it possible

for digital devices to communicate with one another. The Internet's
massive growth during the past decades- a creation of market forces-
will continue. Steady increase in computer power and decreasing cost
made navigation on the internet.
4. Technological advances have made business communication
faster, easier, economical and efficient. It has enabled the business
to switch over from the local market to the global market.

5. The growing popularity of cyber cafes has created a big role in

attracting internet population towards e-commerce.

6. Technological changes have given confidence to consumers to

make electronic payments in settlement of financial obligations.

Conclusion
Driving forces of ecommerce
1. E-commerce enables businesses to interact with suppliers,
customers and with players in the distribution channel at a lower
cost.
2. The cost of installing and maintaining a website is much cheaper
than owning a physical store. This motivates the growth of e-
commerce.
3. E-commerce generates greater profits due to less human
intervention, lower overhead cost, few clerical errors and more
efficiency.

4. The cost of advertising is cheaper and provides access to global

market at low cost. This is something which encourages people
engaged in business to promote their business through electronic
medium.

5. Reduction in communication cost and technological infrastructure

expense drive business towards e-business.

6. Increase in competition and the rise in consumer power,

‘globalization wave’ have forced the business organizations to
penetrate into internet world.
 Difference between E-commerce vs Traditional
commerce
E-commerce is the process of exchanging goods and services in the
form of digital mode where the payment to the goods and services
happens in electronic form. E-Commerce is a form on the online
shopping market where customers can buy goods and services
easily from their home including a few discounts and the goods will
be delivered at the doorstep. Traditional Commerce is the process
of exchanging goods and services in the form of money
directly. Traditional Commerce involves face to face and in person
dealing with all the parties to perform the exchange of goods and
services with predefined prices.
E-commerce
In E-commerce most of the time and money can be saved in
spending on traveling and selecting the goods. The payments can
be made in any form of digital modes such as Credit Card, Debit
Card, Digital Wallets or Net Banking. In E-Commerce, the goods can
be bought round the clock without any hassles during our free
time. E-Commerce provides greater benefits in buying goods and
services easily.
 Traditional commerce
Traditional Commerce began at the time of the barter system which was
introduced in the early millions of years ago. The barter system defines
the exchange of goods with other goods instead of money where money
was not available during those days. This is where Traditional
Commerce began and has been continuing till today in the form of
exchanging money rather than with only goods. Nowadays Traditional
Commerce lost its popularity and got reduced due to the E-commerce
introduction in the early 20th century .

Key Differences between E-commerce vs Traditional

commerce
Both E-commerce vs Traditional commerce are popular choices in the
market; let us discuss some of the major Difference Between E-
commerce and Traditional commerce:

1.E-Commerce is completely an in digital and online mode where the

communication is through electronic form completely whereas
Traditional Commerce is completely offline and through in person or
face to face.
2.E-Commerce is reachable worldwide and has more connectivity
whereas Traditional Commerce is limited to a particular geographical
area especially smaller.

3.E-Commerce information of exchange takes place in different

forms either through digital ads or emails etc. whereas the information
of exchange in Traditional Commerce happens in the form of hoardings
or pamphlets distribution or through any physical mode of exchange.

4.E-Commerce can have one to one marketing whereas Traditional

Commerce can have only one-way marketing.

5.E-Commerce can have several payment modes such as online

transactions or digital wallets or cash on delivery whereas Traditional
Commerce can have only cash payment in person.

6.The delivery of goods in E-commerce is either the on the same day or

any other day depending on the availability of logistics and several
other restrictions depending on the location of the customers whereas
in traditional commerce the delivery of goods is instant.
7.E-commerce provides a lot of discounts and at lower rates whereas
in Traditional commerce there will be no or fewer discounts and no
other options except to approach different seller which takes time.

8.E-Commerce provides good customer services in different forms

such as chat option or direct call with customer care executive
whereas Traditional commerce does not provide any such customer
support.

9.E-Commerce accepts the return of the products if not interested or

not liked by the customer within 7 – 15 days depending on the seller
whereas Traditional commerce does not provide such return policy
until there is damage in the product.

10.E-Commerce provides a lot of products in scope and a wide variety

of products irrespective of brands and types of products whereas
Traditional commerce has limited number of products with a
particular seller as space is limited.
 E-commerce vs Traditional commerce Comparison Table
The basis of E-commerce Traditional commerce
comparison Between E-
commerce vs

Definition E-Commerce is a form of online Traditional-Commerce is a

shopping where users can buy traditional approach to buy

goods and services from their goods and services in person

electronic devices such as a which involves face to face

laptop, mobile, tablet. dealing.

Usage It is used to save valuable time It is ancient and still in usage

and money. where the digital network is not

reachable.

Process It is easier to use and operate if It can be followed by any person

the customer has basic digital irrespective of education or

gadget knowledge. knowledge.

Mode It is in electronic or digital It can be in any form which is

mode only non-electronic or manual form.

Time It is available round the clock It is available during the limited

time as prescribed by the law and

based on the type of business.

Purchase Inspecting a product before Inspecting a product before

purchasing is not possible in this purchasing is possible in a

type. traditional commerce business

model.

Involvement It involves only digital gadget It involves face to face

engagement to place the order involvement of both buyer and

seller
Business More business can be done It is difficult to perform more business

easily without any hassles in this model

Maintenance Easier to maintain this as the It is cost effective as display and

only warehouse is enough to showcase of the products are required to

store the goods. attract the customers.

Conclusion – E-commerce vs Traditional commerce

E-commerce is the trending form of business being carried nowadays
by most of the business traders or sellers for retail and wholesale as
well. Traditional commerce is still popular where there is no
reachability for the delivery of the goods and services to faraway
places from the urban areas. Also where few people are not in a
position to attain the digital gadgets come under uneducated and
traditional commerce is a popular form of business in this case.
 Models- of
E-commerce
 E-commerce business models can generally be categorized into the
following categories.
Business - to - Business (B2B)
Business - to - Consumer (B2C)
Consumer - to - Consumer (C2C)
Consumer - to - Business (C2B)
Business - to - Government (B2G)
Government - to - Business (G2B)
Government - to - Citizen (G2C)
Business - to - Business
A website following the B2B business
model sells its products to an intermediate
buyer who then sells the product to the
final customer. As an example, a
wholesaler places an order from a
company's website and after receiving the
consignment, sells the end product to the
final customer who comes to buy the
product at one of its retail outlets.
 Business - to - Consumer
A website following the B2C business model sells its products
directly to a customer. A customer can view the products shown on
the website. The customer can choose a product and order the same.
The website will then send a notification to the business
organization via email and the organization will dispatch the
product/goods to the customer.
 Consumer - to - Consumer
A website following the C2C business model helps consumers to sell
their assets like residential property, cars, motorcycles, etc., or rent a
room by publishing their information on the website. Website may or
may not charge the consumer for its services. Another consumer may
opt to buy the product of the first customer by viewing the
post/advertisement on the website.
 Consumer - to - Business
In this model, a consumer approaches a website showing multiple
business organizations for a particular service. The consumer places
an estimate of amount he/she wants to spend for a particular service.
For example, the comparison of interest rates of personal loan/car
loan provided by various banks via websites. A business organization
who fulfills the consumer's requirement within the specified budget,
approaches the customer and provides its services.
 Business - to - Government
B2G model is a variant of B2B model. Such websites are used by
governments to trade and exchange information with various
business organizations. Such websites are accredited by the
government and provide a medium to businesses to submit
application forms to the government.

Government - to - Business
Governments use B2G model websites to approach business
organizations. Such websites support auctions, tenders, and application
submission functionalities.
 Brokerage Model
One Internet business model is the brokerage model. At the heart of
this model are third parties known as brokers, who bring sellers and
buyers of products and services together to engage in transactions.
Normally, the broker charges a fee to at least one party involved in a
transaction. While many brokers are involved in connecting
consumers with retailers, they also may connect businesses with
other businesses or consumers with other consumers. A wide variety
of different scenarios or business configurations fall under the
banner of a brokerage model.

Features of brokerage model

1.The price –discovery mechanism is its key principle.

2.It is a meeting point for sellers and buyers.
3.Actions and exchange are the modes of transactions.
4.It is a free market.
5.It consist of Global network of buyers and sellers .
 Advantage of brokerage model
1. Reduce cost for both the parties.
2. Trading convenience
3. Alleviation of the risk
4. Direct buyer and seller communication.
5. Provide continually updated information.

Brokers are market-makers: They bring buyers and sellers

together and facilitate transactions. Brokers play a frequent role in
business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), or consumer-
to-consumer (C2C) markets. Usually a broker charges a fee or
commission for each transaction it enables. The formula for fees can
vary. Brokerage models include:

1.Marketplace Exchange provides a full range of services covering

the transaction process, from market assessment to negotiation and
fulfillment, for a particular industry. The exchange can operate
independently of the industry.The broker typically charges the seller a
transaction fee based on the value of the sale. There also may be
membership fees.
2.Business Trading Community -or vertical web community, is a
comprehensive source of information and interaction for a particular
vertical market. A community may contain product information, daily
industry news and articles, job listings and classifieds.

3.Buy/Sell Fulfillment -- customer specifies buy or sell orders for a

product or service, including price, delivery, etc. The broker charges
the buyer and/or seller a transaction fee.

4.Demand Collection System -- the patented "name-your-price" model

pioneered by Priceline. Prospective buyer makes a final (binding) bid
for a specified good or service, and the broker arranges fulfillment.

5.Auction Broker -- conducts auctions for sellers (individuals or

merchants). Broker charges the seller a listing fee and commission
scaled with the value of the transaction. Auctions vary in terms of the
offering and bidding rules. Reverse auctions are a common variant.

6.Transaction Broker -- provides a third-party payment mechanism for

buyers and sellers to settle a transaction. [fsbohouse.com]
7.Bounty Broker -- offers a reward for finding a person, thing, idea, or
other desired, but hard to find item. The broker may list items for a flat
fee and a percent of the reward for items that are found.

8.Distributor -- is a catalog operation that connects a large number of

product manufacturers with volume and retail buyers. Broker
facilitates business transactions between franchised distributors and
their trading partners.

9.Search Agent -- is an agent (i.e., a software agent or "robot") used to

search-out the price and availability for a good or service specified
by the buyer, or to locate hard to find information.

10.Virtual Mall -- hosts online merchants. The Mall typically charges

setup, monthly listing, and/or per transaction fees. More sophisticated
malls provide automated transaction services and relationship
marketing opportunities.
 Advertising Model

The web-advertising model is an extension of the traditional media

broadcast model. The broadcaster, in this case, a web site, provides
content (usually, but not necessarily, for free) and services (like e-
mail, chat, forums) mixed with advertising messages in the form of
banner ads. The banner ads may be the major or sole source of
revenue for the broadcaster. The broadcaster may be a content
creator or a distributor of content created elsewhere. The advertising
model only works when the volume of viewer traffic is large or highly
specialized.

1.Portal  is a point of entry to the web, usually a search engine that

includes diversified content or services. The high volume makes
advertising profitable and permits further diversification of site
services.

2.Personalized Portal  allows customization of the interface and

content. This increases loyalty as a result of the user's own time
invested in personalizing the site.
3.Niche Portal cultivates a well-defined user demographic. For
example, a site that attracts home buyers, young women, or new
parents, can be highly sought after as a venue for certain
advertisers who are willing to pay a premium to reach that
particular audience.

4.Classifieds list items for sale or wanted for purchase. Listing

fees are common, but there also may be a membership fee.

5.Registered Users  content-based sites that are free to access

but require users to register (other information may or may not be
collected). Registration allows inter-session tracking of users' site
usage patterns and thereby generates data of greater potential
value in targeted advertising campaigns.

6.Query-based Paid Placement  sell favorable link positioning

(i.e., sponsored links) or advertising keyed to particular search
terms in a user query, such as Overture's trademark "pay-for-
performance" model.
 Info-mediary Model

Data about consumers and their consumption habits are valuable,

especially when that information is carefully analyzed and used to target
marketing campaigns. Independently collected data about producers
and their products are useful to consumers when considering a purchase.
Some firms function as info-mediaries (information intermediaries)
assisting buyers and/or sellers understand a given market.

1.Advertising Networks  service that feeds banner ads to a network

of sites, thereby enabling advertisers to deploy large marketing
campaigns. By using cookies, the Ad Network operator collects data on
web users that can be used to analyze marketing effectiveness.

2.Audience Measurement Services  online audience market research

agencies.

3.Incentive Marketing  the customer loyalty program model. Provides

incentives to customers such as redeemable points or coupons for
making purchases from associated retailers. Data collected about users is
sold for the purpose of targeted advertising.
 Community Model

The viability of the community model is based on user loyalty. Users

have a high investment in both time and emotion in the site. In some
cases, users are regular contributors of content and/or money. Having
users who visit continually offers advertising, info-mediary or
specialized portal opportunities. The community model may also run
on a subscription fee for premium services.

1.Voluntary Contributor Model  similar to the traditional public

broadcasting model -- the listener or viewer contributor method used
in not-for-profit radio and television broadcasting. The model is
predicated on the creation of a community of users who support the site
through voluntary donations. Not-for-profit organizations may also seek
funding from charitable foundations and corporate sponsors that
support the organization's mission. The web holds great potential as a
contributor based model because the user base is more readily
apparent.
2.Knowledge Networks or expert sites, that provide a source of
information based on professional expertise or the experience of
other users. Sites are typically run like a forum where persons
seeking information can pose questions and receive answers from
(presumably) someone knowledgeable about the subject. The
experts may be employed staff, a regular cadre of volunteers, or in
some cases, simply anyone on the web who wishes to respond.

Aggregator Model Definition

An Aggregator Model is a networking E-commerce business model

where a firm, known as an Aggregator, collects (or aggregates) data
pertaining to goods and/or services offered by several competing
websites or application softwares (commonly known as apps) and
displays it on its own website or application software. Typically, an
aggregator does not possess any manufacturing or warehousing
capability, but instead, relies on its ability to create a domain
that allows visitors to conveniently match prices and specifications
of products and/or services.
 Attributes of an Aggregator Business Model

Notwithstanding the diverse business sectors that different

aggregators cater to, they all share a few common attributes. These
are:

1.Customers:  Any aggregator business model has two customer

bases – (1) the consumers and (2) the goods/service providers who
act as customers for the aggregator.

2.Industry: All goods/service providers associated with a

particular aggregator belong to the same or similar industries.

3.Partnerships: None of the goods/service providers are

employed with the aggregator. On the contrary, they are business
partners of the aggregator and are free to make independent
business decisions. These partnerships are formed through
partnership agreements that typically obligate goods/service
providers to conform to acceptable levels of quality, while entrusting
the aggregator with the responsibility of marketing and creating
more sales opportunities for their partners.
4.Brand Image:  Brand image is one of the most important attributes
of any business. As such, aggregators allocate a large proportion of
their investments in brand-building exercises such as emphasizing on
high quality of products/services, setting practical and attractive price
bands, and offering delivery on demand.

Types of Aggregators

There are several different types of aggregators. Below are some of the
most common types:

1.Search Aggregators are classified as meta search engines since

they simultaneously aggregate results from several search engines on
topics specified by their users. A search aggregator typically searches
parameterized RSS feeds that are published by various sites. Examples
include Scour and WebCrawler.

2.News or Content Aggregators gather news, updates, insights or

general web content from various online sources and display them at a
single location..
3.Review Aggregators are similar to news aggregators. However,
they typically collate user or expert reviews of films and television
shows, video games, books, restaurants, automobiles, software, etc.
Examples include Rotten Tomatoes (films and television), Open Critic
(video games), iDream Books (books), Yelp (restaurants), Motor
Trends (automobiles) and Software Advice (software).

4.Poll Aggregators collate individual opinion poll results conducted

by various organizations in order to estimate public opinion on
important matters. Poll aggregators such as Vota matic and
Frontloading HQ offer polling analysis and election forecasting of
major US elections.

5.Social Network Aggregators are also known as real-time feed

aggregators. These are typically websites that aggregate content from
multiple social networking sites, such as Face book, Twitter,
Instagram, etc. and present them in a single domain.
6.Video Aggregators  aggregate content from different online
video sites and organize them in categorized lists.

7.Shopping Aggregators  collate results of several shopping

engines and offer price, product and ratings comparisons.
Shopping aggregators are some of the most popular sites on the
web, especially since they usually provide the best value, most
reliable results. Examples include Amazon and BizRate.

8.Real Estate Aggregators are websites or software applications

that collect and display information pertaining to real estate and
MLS listings from various sources. Real estate aggregators
primarily target home hunters, especially first time home buyers,
by displaying home prices, property details and available deals as
listed on various popular property websites.

9.Job Aggregators are websites or software applications that

aggregate job postings from various career sites, employer job
listings, and other job posting sites. Examples include LinkedIn and
Google Jobs.
 Value Chain model

A value chain for a product is the chain of actions that are performed
by the business to add value in creating and delivering the product.
For example, when you buy a product in a store or from the web, the
value chain includes the business selecting products to be sold,
purchasing the components or tools necessary to build them from a
wholesaler or manufacturer, arranging the display, marketing and
advertising the product, and delivering the product to the client.

The primary activities represent the sequence of bringing materials

into the business (inbound logistics), converting them into final
products (operations), shipping out final products (outbound
logistics), marketing, and service. The support activities include
procurement, technology development, human resource management,
and firm infrastructure.
 Alta vista as a Value Chain model:

Alta vista company is the premier knowledge resource on the

internet. With its strong search engine tool and patented technology,
Alta vista opens up avenues in the maze of internet to the richest
and the most relevant information on any subject from any nook of
the web world, web pages, shopping, up to the minute news, live
audio and video and community resources.

The Alta Vista network provides a distinct internet experience

through multiple integrate platforms as in the following

1.Alta Vista search the world’s fastest most comprehensive

search service available in 25 languages.

2.Alta Vista shopping. Com.  the first Web-wide comparison

shopping service on the internet, providing objective price and
product comparison features to help users make intelligent
purchasing decisions.
 3.Alta Vista live the only real time customizable content source on
the web linking content channels on topics such as money, news, sports,
entertainment, and more.

4. Alta vista raging bull  the web’s stickiest site which has the
Web’s most active community of message boards with an emphasis on
finance.

5. Alta Vista free access one of the fastest growing ISP services in
the world, with over 2 million registered users in the US and Canada.

6. Alta Vista international currently over of its traffic comes from

outside the world, with US. To further encourage this growth, Alta Vista
has recently created local sites in France, Germany. Italy, the
Netherlands. And UK.

My Yahoo as a value chain model

My yahoo is the user’s own personiliged version of Yahoo after the user
gives his personal information My Yahoo allow him to collect all his-
favourite sections of Yahoo is one place.

Some of the topic that Yahoo offers are:

1. Pick your cities.

2. Track your stock quotes.
3. Read of your choice of news
4. Find local movie showtime.
5. Follow your favourite sports teams.
 Electronic
payment system
 Characteristics of online payment system:
1.Security Since payments involve actual money, payment systems
will be a prime target for criminals. Since Internet services are provided
today on networks that are relatively open, the infrastructure supporting
electronic commerce must be usable and resistant to attack in an
environment where monitor and modification of messages is easy.

2.Reliability As more commerce is conducted over the Internet, the

2.Reliability
smooth running of the economy will come to depend on the availability
of the payment infrastructure, making it a target of attack for vandals.
Whether the result of an attack by vandals or simply poor design, an
interruption in the availability of the infrastructure would be
catastrophic. For this reason, the infrastructure must be highly available
and should avoid presenting a single point of failure.
3.Scalability As commercial use of the Internet grows, the demands
placed on payment servers will grow too. The payment infrastructure as a
whole must be able to handle the addition of users and merchants without
suffering a noticeable loss of performance. The existence of central
servers through which all transactions must be processed will limit the
scale of the system. The payment infrastructure must support multiple
servers, distributed across the network.

4.Anonymity For some transactions, the identity of the parties to the

transaction should be protected; it should not be possible to monitor an
individual's spending patterns, nor determine one's source of income. An
individual is traceable in traditional payment systems such as checks and
credit cards. Where anonymity is important, the cost of tracking a
transaction should outweigh the value of the information that can be
obtained by doing so.

5.Acceptability The usefulness of a payment mechanisms is dependent

upon what one can buy with it. Thus, a payment instrument must be
accepted widely. Where payment mechanisms are supported by multiple
servers, users of one server must be able to transact business with users of
other servers.
6.Customer base The acceptability of a payment mechanism is affected
by the size of the customer base, i.e. the number of users able to make
payments using the mechanism. Merchants want to sell products, and
without a large enough base of customers using a payment mechanism, it
is often not worth the extra effort for a merchant to accept the mechanism.

7.Flexibility Alternative forms of payment are needed, depending on

the guarantees needed by the parties to a transaction, the timing of the
payment itself, requirements for auditability, performance requirements,
and the amount of the payment. The payment infrastructure should support
several payment methods including instruments analogous to credit cards,
personal checks, cashier's checks, and even anonymous electronic cash.
These instruments should be integrated into a common framework.

8.Convertibility Users of the Internet will select financial instruments

that best suit their needs for a given transaction. It is likely that several
forms of payment will emerge, providing different tradeoffs with respect to
the characteristics just described. In such an environment it is important
that funds represented by one mechanism be easily convertible into funds
represented by others.
9.Efficiency Royalties for access to information may generate
frequent payments for small amounts. Applications must be able to
make these "micropayments" without noticeable performance
degradation. The cost per transaction of using the infrastructure must be
small enough that it is insignificant even for transaction amounts on the
order of pennies.

10.Ease of integration Applications must be modified to use the

payment infrastructure in order to make a payment service available to
users. Ideally, a common API should be used so that the integration is
not specific to one kind of payment instrument. Support for payment
should be integrated into request-response protocols on which
applications are built so that a basic level of service is available to
higher level applications without significant modification.

11.Ease of use Users should not be constantly interrupted to provide

payment information and most payments should occur automatically.
However, users should be able to limit their losses. Payments beyond a
certain doorway should require approval. Users should be able to
monitor their spending without going out of their way to do so.
 Methods and Types of Electronic Payment

An electronic payment is any kind of non-cash payment that doesn't

involve a paper check. Methods of electronic payments include credit
cards, debit cards and the ACH (Automated Clearing House) network.
The ACH system comprises direct deposit, direct debit and electronic
checks (e-checks).

The different types of e-commerce payments in use

today are:

1.Credit Card The most popular form of payment for e-commerce

transactions is through credit cards. It is simple to use; the customer
has to just enter their credit card number and date of expiry in the
appropriate area on the seller’s web page. To improve the security
system, increased security measures, such as the use of a card
verification number (CVN), have been introduced to on-line credit
card payments. The CVN system helps detect fraud by comparing the
CVN number with the cardholder's information.
Debit Card Debit cards are the second largest e-commerce
payment medium in India. Customers who want to spend online within
their financial limits prefer to pay with their Debit cards. With the debit
card, the customer can only pay for purchased goods with the money
that is already there in his/her bank account as opposed to the credit
card where the amounts that the buyer spends are billed to him/her and
payments are made at the end of the billing period.

Smart Card It is a plastic card embedded with a microprocessor

that has the customer’s personal information stored in it and can be
loaded with funds to make online transactions and instant payment of
bills. The money that is loaded in the smart card reduces as per the
usage by the customer and has to be reloaded from his/her bank
account.

E-Wallet E-Wallet is a prepaid account that allows the customer to

store multiple credit cards, debit card and bank account numbers in a
secure environment. This eliminates the need to key in account
information every time while making payments. Once the customer has
registered and created E-Wallet profile, he/she can make payments
faster.
Net banking  This is another popular way of making e-commerce
payments. It is a simple way of paying for online purchases directly
from the customer’s bank. It uses a similar method to the debit card of
paying money that is already there in the customer’s bank. Net banking
does not require the user to have a card for payment purposes but the
user needs to register with his/her bank for the net banking facility.
While completing the purchase the customer just needs to put in their
net banking id and pin.

Mobile Payment  One of the latest ways of making online

payments are through mobile phones. Instead of using a credit card or
cash, all the customer has to do is send a payment request to his/her
service provider via text message; the customer’s mobile account or
credit card is charged for the purchase. To set up the mobile payment
system, the customer just has to download a software from his/her
service provider’s website and then link the credit card or mobile
billing information to the software.
Amazon Pay Another convenient, secure and quick way to pay for
online purchases is through Amazon Pay. Use your information which
is already stored in your Amazon account credentials to log in and
pay at leading merchant websites and apps. Your payment
information is safely stored with Amazon and accessible on thousands
of websites and apps where you love to shop.

If you are planning to sell your products online, Amazon would be

happy to help you in setting up payment gateways for your products
and services. You can also consider selling on Amazon, one of the
most popular e-commerce platforms in the world.
 What is the full form of CVV

CVV: Card Verification Value

CVV stands for Card Verification Value. It is a security feature provided

by the banks in credit, debit, and ATM cards. It is a combination of
three digits or a three digit number printed on the reverse of your
credit/debit cards on the right side of the signature strip. Its purpose is
to establish owner's identity and minimize the risk of fraud during
online transactions. It is also known as card verification code (CVC) or
card security code (CSC). On American Express cards (AMEX), it is
usually a four-digit number on the front of the card.
CVV is not embossed unlike the card number and not printed on
any receipts so that it is not known by anyone other than the
cardholder. A credit card company may have its own name for CVV
code, e.g. VISA calls this code CVV2, MasterCard calls it CVC2 and
American Express calls it CID.
CVV number is different from the PIN (personal identification
number) of your card. So, never enter your PIN number when you
are asked to enter your CVV number. Where you can present your
card like while shopping at malls or paying bills at restaurants you
use your PIN number. CVV number is required while you shop
online or make online payments as here you cannot present your
card.

OTP: One-time Password

OTP stands for One Time Password. It is a 4 or 6 digit code which is
also known as a one-time pin or dynamic password. It is a type of
security password that is valid only for a single-use or transaction
and on a single computer, mobile device, etc., which is used for the
transaction.
OTP provides an extra layer of security while using your debit cards,
credit cards for online transactions such as mobile recharge, online
shopping, paying bills, etc. It is sent by your bank to your registered
mobile number during the transaction just before the last step.
The code is meant to be used only once and within the given time frame
that may be around 3 minutes. If you don't use this code within the given
time limits, it will expire, and you have to click the "resend the OTP"
option. Furthermore, OTP is generated randomly, so on one can guess it
and it becomes invalid after it has been used once, so can't be used
again.

What is KYC
KYC stands for Know Your Customer. It is a process followed by a
financial institution or an entity to collect the details to establish the
identity of a client.
KYC process was introduced by Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to prevent
financial frauds like money laundering, identity theft and illegal
transactions.
RBI has advised the banks to follow the KYC process while opening
the accounts.
It protects the customers from fraudsters who can use their name,
address and forged signatures to make fraudulent transactions.
So, the customers of financial institutions like banks should provide
the authentic details so that the banks could identify their customers
and serve them in a better way.

KYC includes the following details:

1.Customer Name 2.Date of Birth 3.Father's Name

4.Mother's Name 5.Marital Status 6.Address Proof
7.Identity Proof 8.Contact No. 9.PAN Card 10.Source of the
Funds

KYC Documents required for Individuals

1.Passport 2.Voter's Identity Card 3.Driving Licence

4.Aadhaar Card 5.NREGA Card 6.PAN Card
You are required to submit any one or two of the above documents as
an identity proof and address proof.
KYC Documents required for Companies/Partnership Firms
Entity Proof
Address Proof of company
Address and Identity proof of Directors and Authorized signatories

SIM: Subscriber Identity Module or Subscriber

Identification Module

SIM is an integrated circuit that securely stores the international mobile

subscriber identity (IMSI). It is a portable memory chip that makes you
able to make phone call across the world where subscriber's network
is available.
SIM is generally used in mobile phones that operates on GSM network.
It is portable and you can use it with any supporting mobile phone.
What information does a SIM card store
The SIM card contains necessary information ,and it also contains
some of your personal data.
1.Phone number 2.Address book 3.Network authorization data
4.Text messages 5.Personal security keys 6.Other data

A SIM also contains its unique serial number (ICCID), International

Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), security information, ciphering
information, temporary information related to the local network, etc.
SIM Size
When the first SIM card was invented, it was almost of the size of a
credit card. But the newest standard of a SIM contains a size of 15mm
by 12mm. Now a days, some smart phones uses micro and nano SIM
cards which are different in sizes.
History
The first SIM card was made by Munich smart card maker Giesecke
and Devrient in 1991. The SIM was initially specified by European
Telecommunication Standards Institute.
 Difference between debit card and credit card
basic Debit card Credit card

Definition Deducts money directly Allows you to borrow

from your saving’s bank funds to pay for goods
account or your current and services.
account.
Source of funds Your savings bank Credit extended to you
account or current by your card issuer. It
account. gives you access to
money you otherwise do
not have (like a very
short-term loan).
Spending advantage You can only spend how Can spend more than
much you have. what you have.
Who pays for the purchase You pay for your The credit card company
purchase. pays the vendor for your
purchase. You pay the
credit card company.
Bill There is no bill or You get a bill or statement
statement each month with details of
the transactions you have
made.
Payment There is no payment that A bill needs to be paid each
needs to be made since you month since it is being
are using your own money. borrowed.
Fees and charges Annual fees and PIN Credit cards have multiple
regeneration fees are fees applicable. These
applicable. include joining fees, annual
fees, late payment fees, and
bounced cheque fees among
others.

Interest There is no interest that is Interest is charged on the

charged. outstanding amount if it
hasn’t been paid by the due
date.
Limit to funds that can be You can access any amount You can use the card only up
accessed up to what is currently to the pre-set credit limit on
available in your savings your card.
bank or current account.
Lost card liability Protection from theft Most cards offer 100%
or loss of the card is lost liability protection.
minimal. So, you are not liable
for any unauthorised
transactions made.

What is the difference between a smart card and a

digital wallet?

A.- A smart card is stored on the seller's computer; a digital wallet is

stored on the client's computer.
B.- A smart card contains both software and information; a digital
wallet contains only information.
C.-A smart card is a physical device; a digital wallet is both software
and information.
D.- A digital wallet contains a smart card; a smart card is part of the
digital wallet along with other personal consumer information.
 advantages of online payment!

#1 Easy to set up  The first benefit of online payment systems is

that they are easy to incorporate into your business software and
workflow. The integration process is more or less the same for every
online payment provider and requires your company to register for
an account. The registration process is quick, without a ton of required
paperwork. You can start accepting payments online within a few
minutes!

#2 Affordable for every business  Most providers have zero

setup fees and, compared to e-banking systems, they offer lower
transaction fees. Some online payment gateways also have a minimum
amount per year that is transaction fee-free! Above a certain amount of
payments, online payment providers often give a discount. Therefore,
your cost remains low even when business is going well!
#3 Quality customer experience  the benefits of online
payments for your business extend to your clients too. They will
immediately appreciate you having an online payments option to finish
their purchase online. This is also true if you’re a freelancer offering
some sort of services to companies. In both cases, giving your clients
the ability to pay you with their credit or debit card online is a huge
advantage. Imagine making them do all the work themselves via the
banking system, or worse, in person with cash. In a completely secure
and easy to navigate environment, your customers can pay off
outstanding invoices.
#4 Secured payments  It’s a bit counterintuitive but, one of the
most important benefits of online payments for your business is that
your and your clients’ money are safe. Online payment gateways are
obliged to apply multiple security layers for transactions so that the
clients’ card details are not stolen from scammers. Respectively, your
money is transferred to your account safely. You also get notified for
payments automatically via email, so you can do your cross-checking.
#5 Quick transactions clearing Security is obviously quite
important, but getting your money on time is crucial to your cash
flow! Online payments are usually cleared in one or two working
days, depending on the traffic. Τhis way you are able to have a better
estimation of your liquidity and accurately plan your next moves.

#6.Gain impulse buyers  Among the benefits of the online

payment system for e-shops is that buyers are more likely to
purchase if the payment process is instant. Accepting credit cards
is important to increase your revenues while not having to deal with
the actual billing process yourself.

#7.Buyers are accustomed to paying online It has been a

long and slow process for customers to realize that the internet, and
especially submitting their card details online, is safe after all (well,
most of the time). Actually, your credibility as a merchant can be
questioned if you lack this payment option. Especially if you run your
business online. Be smart and integrate an online payment system for
your reputation’s sake!
#8. No banking account needed  One of the most important
benefits of accepting payments online is that it doesn’t require your
company to have a bank account for those transactions. Receiving
payments outside the traditional banking system has plenty of
advantages, first being avoiding filling out needless paperwork. In
countries with capital controls in place, businesses gain a competitive
advantage while their sales operations remain intact regardless of the
capital restrictions.

#9. Mobile payments  Online payments can be carried

through mobile devices just as easily and from anywhere, as long as
there is an active internet connection. Buyers increasingly use their
phones to purchase items online and the process needs to be as
simple as possible. Online payments providers offer intuitive
interfaces that enhance the customer experience even more!
Probably, modern, user-friendly payment gateways are the reasons
that there are so many advantages of online payment!
security features for tody’s E-payment system
1.Search the Internet carefully When you are looking
for product reviews or price comparisons on a search engine, you
run the risk of unintentionally clicking on a ‘poisoned’ search
result that can lead you to malware instead of your intended
destination. Poisoned search results are created by cyber
criminals who use search engine optimization tricks—called Black
SEO(search engine optimization)—to manipulate search results to
insert malicious links.
2. Type, don't click  Type the URL in the address bar
instead of clicking a link to go to your chosen retailer’s website. It
may take a little more effort, but this simple action can help avoid
visiting fake and malicious websites. Ensure that the link starts
with 'https'. The 's' symbolises a secure site. Make sure there is a
padlock symbol in the browser window frame whenever you visit
a payment site.
 3.Get a temporary credit card Some credit card
companies issue temporary credit card numbers for their
customers. These temporary numbers are meant for one-time
purchases. Even if the information is stolen, it is of no use. However,
you cannot use them for purchases that require regular payments
and auto-renewal. In that case, use a credit card that has a low limit.

4. Use a dedicated computer You can keep a computer

solely for financial transactions. Install Google Chrome with HTTPS
enforcement and also a trusted anti-virus programme. Keep the
dedicated computer clean: don't use it for casual surfing or social
networking.

5. Use a dedicated email address  Create an email address

only for online shopping. This can help you reduce the risk of opening
potentially malicious email or spam messages which are disguised as
various kinds of notifications or sales promotion.
6. Use a password manager  A password manager can help
you deal with multiple accounts. A manager encrypts passwords which
would otherwise be in plain text. A manager will also help you avoid a
common mistake—keeping one password for all your accounts. Some
antivirus and Internet security products include password
management and password security features.

7. Avoid public Wi-Fi/computers  Never do financial

transactions on a public Wi-Fi. Hackers can intrude easily into a public
WI-Fi network and steal your login details. If you need to make a
financial transaction when you are out, use your own mobile phone
network.

8. Keep your data to yourself  Don't save your bank and

personal details in a browser or a payment site. Type the information
whenever you make a transaction. Don't forget to log out every time
you log in.
9. Avoid apps that you can’t trust  Often, smart phone
apps carry malware. If you are not sure of an app, don’t download it
instantly. Spend a little time reading about it, going through its terms
and conditions and knowing what current users say about it. Only
download apps from the official app store.

10. Buy from a reputed merchant  Before making

payments online, make sure your merchant is reputed and trusted.
Websites of many small merchants are not secure enough to prevent
data theft. If you think the merchant is not trustworthy, don't pay
online. Opt for cash on delivery.
 Digital Marketing

Digital marketing is the use of the Internet, mobile devices, social

media, search engines, and other channels to reach consumers.
Some marketing experts consider digital marketing to be an entirely
new endeavor that requires a new way of approaching customers and
new ways of understanding how customers behave compared to
traditional marketing.
Understanding Digital Marketing

Digital marketing targets a specific segment of the customer base and

is interactive. Digital marketing is on the rise and includes search
result ads, email ads, and promoted tweets – anything that incorporates
marketing with customer feedback or a two-way interaction between
the company and customer.
Internet marketing differs from digital marketing. Internet marketing is
advertising that is solely on the Internet, whereas digital marketing can
take place through mobile devices, on a subway platform, in a video
game, or via a smart phone app.
 Digital Marketing Channels

Website Marketing A website is the centerpiece of all digital

marketing activities. Alone, it is a very powerful channel, but it’s
also the medium needed to execute a variety of online marketing
campaigns. A website should represent a brand, product, and
service in a clear and memorable way. It should be fast, mobile-
friendly, and easy to use.

Pay-Per-Click (PPC) Advertising PPC advertising enables

marketers to reach Internet users on a number of digital platforms
through paid ads. Marketers can set up PPC campaigns on Google,
Bing, Linked In, Twitter, Pinterest, or Facebook and show their ads to
people searching for terms related to the products or services. PPC
campaigns can segment users based on their demographic
characteristics (such as by age or gender), or even target their
particular interests or location. The most popular PPC platforms are
Google Ads and Facebook Ads.
Content Marketing The goal of content marketing is to reach
potential customers through the use of content. Content is usually
published on a website and then promoted through social media,
email marketing, SEO, or even PPC campaigns. The tools of content
marketing include blogs, e-books, online courses, infographics,
podcasts, and webinars.

Email Marketing Email marketing is still one of the most effective

digital marketing channels. Many people confuse email marketing
with spam email messages, but that’s not what email marketing is all
about. Email marketing is the medium to get in touch with your
potential customers or the people interested in your brand. Many
digital marketers use all other digital marketing channels to add
leads to their email lists and then, through email marketing, they
create customer acquisition funnels to turn those leads into
customers.
Social Media Marketing The primary goal of a social media
marketing campaign is brand awareness and establishing social trust.
As you go deeper into social media marketing, you can use it to get
leads or even as a direct sales channel.
Affiliate Marketing  Affiliate marketing is one of the oldest forms of
marketing, and the Internet has brought new life to this old standby. With
affiliate marketing, influencers promote other people’s products and get
a commission every time a sale is made or a lead is introduced. Many
well-known companies like Amazon have affiliate programs that pay out
millions of dollars per month to websites that sell their products.
Video Marketing  YouTube has become the second most popular
search engine and a lot of users are turning to YouTube before they
make a buying decision, to learn something, read a review, or just to
relax. There are several video marketing platforms, including Facebook
Videos, Instagram, or even Tik-Tok to use to run a video marketing
campaign. Companies find the most success with video by integrating it
with SEO, content marketing, and broader social media marketing
campaigns.
SMS Messaging  Companies and nonprofit organizations also use
SMS or text messages to send information about their latest promotions
or giving opportunities to willing customers. Political candidates
running for office also use SMS message campaigns to spread positive
information about their own platforms. As technology has advanced,
many text-to-give campaigns also allow customers to directly pay or
give via a simple text message.
 Digital Marketing Challenges

Digital marketing poses special challenges for its purveyors. Digital

channels are spreading rapidly, and digital marketers have to keep
up with how these channels work, how they're used by receivers,
and how to use these channels to effectively market their products
or services. In addition, it's becoming more difficult to capture
receivers' attention, because receivers are increasingly in undated
with competing ads. Digital marketers also find it challenging to
analyze the vast troves of data they capture and then exploit this
information in new marketing efforts.

The challenge of capturing and using data effectively highlights that

digital marketing requires an approach to marketing based on a
deep understanding of consumer behavior. For example, it may
require a company to analyze new forms of consumer behavior, such
as using website heat maps to learn more about the customer
journey.
 Importance and need of digital marketing
1. You reach people where they spend their time With the
growth of the Internet, more people are spending their time
online. Over 7.7 billion people use the Internet across the globe.
It’s become an integral part of everyday life to conduct searches,
check social media, and purchase products online.

2. Your competitors are already doing it If you’re wondering why

digital marketing is important, the answer is that your competitors are
already using it. Many of your competitors have already taken
advantage of all digital marketing has to offer. They’ve created social
profiles, adapted their website for SEO, and run paid
advertisement to reach new leads.

3. You can compete with larger corporations Competition is the

hardest part of running a business. When you’re in a market with
bigger corporations, like Walmart, Target, and Amazon, it’s hard to
compete with them. They have a big name for themselves, which
automatically draws people to trust those corporations
4. You can target your ideal audience The ability to target your
audience better is one of the most obvious reasons why digital
marketing is important.
Imagine being able to market directly to people who have an interest
in your products or services. With digital marketing, you have the
capability to directly reach leads interested in your business. You don’t
have to hope that people will see your traditional marketing efforts and
contact your business.

5. You can monitor your campaigns and optimize them for better
results The importance of digital marketing is that you can easily
track and monitor your campaigns. When you invest time and money
into your campaigns, you want to know that they are working. Digital
marketing makes it easy for you to track your campaigns, which allows
you to adapt and drive better results.

6. You get an impressive return on your investment (ROI) If you

want to know the importance of digital media, look at the results it
drives for businesses. Online marketing strategies have an awesome
return on investment (ROI). When you invest in these methods, you’ll
get more out of them.
 Electronic Customer Relationship Management

Electronic customer relationship management (E-CRM) is the

application of Internet-based technologies such as emails, websites,
chat rooms, forums and other channels to achieve CRM objectives. It
is a well-structured and coordinated process of CRM that automates
the processes in marketing, sales and customer service.
An effective E-CRM increases the efficiency of the processes as well
as improves the interactions with customers and enables businesses
to customize products and services that meet the customers’
individual needs.

customer life cycle:

Developing a successful customer relationship management (CRM)
strategy requires a keen understanding of consumers and their
purchasing behaviors. These behaviors vary greatly at the different
stages within the customer life cycle. It is important to identify these
various life cycle stages and to understand the needs of the
consumer at each phase. Below is a look at the five main stages with
the typical customer life cycle.
1. Reach:This is the initial stage of the customer life cycle. The
primary goal at this phase is to bring awareness to your brand and to
entice the consumer to want to learn more about your goods or services.
Ultimately, you want to generate high-quality leads.
You should have a clearly defined brand messaging strategy and use a
variety of marketing techniques, such as social media marketing, banner
advertising and content marketing. It is crucial to analyze the
effectiveness of each marketing strategy during this stage. This analysis
will enable you to adjust your marketing strategies if necessary.
2. Acquisition:At this stage, you are able to obtain prospective
customer's contact information, such as email addresses, phone
numbers or social media profiles. This signifies that the consumer is
interested in your goods or services but not quite ready to take the
leap and make a sale. This is one of the most critical points in the
customer life cycle.
You can now start to foster relationships with the customers through
strategic engagement. Since you now have their contact information;
you can focus on targeted and personalized marketing strategies.
Email marketing, sales calls, social media marketing and content
marketing all work well at this stage of the life cycle. Don't solely focus
on making a sale. Instead, focus on building trust and fostering
relationships.
3. Conversion:This is the phase when you convert a prospective
customer into an actual paying customer. You have been able to
convince the consumer that they need your goods or services to the
point that they make a sale. The most important thing to focus on at this
stage is to make sure your customer has a pleasant buyer's experience.
Having customer-friendly processes in place, such as an easy-to-use
website, a secure payment method and an efficient customer service
strategy, are vital to enhancing the buyer's overall experience.
This also is the time to analyze the effectiveness of your marketing
techniques up to this point. Determine what strategies are working
best to make this conversion happen and where adjustment may
need to take place.

4. Retention:Don't make the mistake of thinking that the customer

life cycle stops once the sale is made. The truth is that you are only
halfway to your ultimate goal. It is now time to continue building on
the customer relationships developed during the acquisition stage.
Regular engagement with the consumer will help to keep your brand
fresh in their mind and to encourage repeat purchases. Sales
techniques like cross selling, up selling and loyalty programs are
very effective at retaining customers.

5. Advocacy:Creating advocates for your company should always

be your ultimate goal. These are loyal customers who not only make
regular purchases but also are willing to promote your goods or
services to others. They will refer their friends and family members
to your business and post positive reviews online. This type of
customer loyalty doesn't happen overnight. You have to develop
strong relationships throughout the entire customer life cycle.
 E-Supply chain management (E-SCM)

E-Supply chain management is practiced in manufacturing industries.

E-SCM involves using internet to carry out value added activities so
that the products produced by the manufacturer meets customers’
and result in good return on investment.

E-SCM is the effective utilization of internet and business processes

that help in delivering goods, services and information from the
supplier to the consumer in an organized and efficient way.

Players of E-Supply Chain Management

ESCM chain consists of the following players — manufacturer,
logistics companies, distributors, suppliers, retailers and customers.
E-Supply Chain Management concentrates on the coordination
between the various players in the chain. Coordination is very
essential for the success of the organization. E-SCM focuses on
reducing the inventory cost.

Supply Chain Management flow

SCM flows can be divided into three main activities
Product flow,
Information flow and
Financial flow.
1. Product Flow: The product flow includes the movement of goods
from a supplier to a customer, and also any goods returned by
customers.
2. Information flow: The information flow involves transmitting orders
and updating the status of delivery.
3. Financial flow: The financial flow consists of credit terms, payment
schedules, consignment and title ownership arrangements.

Issues dealt by Supply Chain Management

Supply chain management deals with three issues:

1. Coordinating all the order processing activities that originate at the
customer level, such as the process of order generation, order
acceptance, entry into order processing system, prioritization,
production, and material forecast.
2. Material related activities such as scheduling, production,
distribution, fulfillment and delivery and
3. Financial activities such as invoicing, billing, fund transfer and
accounting.
SCM involves counter checks of materials, information and finances as
they move in a process from supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler to
retailer to consumer. It involves coordinating and integrating these
flows both within and among companies.

Extranet, intranet, Internet are used in e-supply chain. Extranet helps to

connect the participating companies. It may be the supplier or the
customer. A customer can check the order status. Likewise, a supplier
can collect data about inventory to know about the replenishment of the
inventory.
With the help of internet, a company can advertise about the product
and accept online orders. With the help of intranet, an organization can
maintain communication within the boundaries of the company. It is
said that the ultimate goal of any effective SCM is to reduce inventory.
E-supply chain enables to link the supplier with the customer by
exchanging information instantaneously. The organization has sufficient
inventory when required. There will not be any shortage or surplus of
inventory. Shortage of inventory brings down the reputation of the firm.
Likewise, excess inventory blocks the funds of the firm unnecessarily.
 Advantages of e-supply chain management
Companies implementing E-SCM can enjoy the following advantages:
1. It improves efficiency
2. It reduces inventory
3. It reduces cost
4. It helps to take competitive advantage over competitors.
5. It increases ability to implement just-in-time delivery, increases on-
time deliveries, which enhances customer satisfaction.
6. It reduces cycle time, increases revenue, by providing improved
customer service.
7. It improves order fulfillment, order management, decision
making, forecasting, demand planning, and warehouse/distribution
activities.
8. It reduces paperwork, administrative overheads, inventory build-up,
and the number of hands that handle goods on their way to the end-user
i.e., the customer.
 Attendance . Gov. in.
NEW DELHI: Using unique identification authority of india, Prime
Minister Narendra Modi-led NDA government has launched a Biometric
Attendance System (BAS) for government employees. Attendance.gov.in
has been launched to keep a track on the attendance records of
employees.
Under the system, an organisation needs to register on the website.
According to the website, "A back-end administrator will check the
details of the organisation submitted and make the organisation active
by assigning it a unique sub-domain which will be the first name of the
website."

Aadhaar number is essential for registering an employee in BAS. The

Attendance IDs of employees will be generated from their Aadhaar
numbers. The 6 digit number will be generated based on the last 6 or
first 6 digits of the person's Aadhaar number. The attendance ID will
only be active when the employee's Aadhaar information has been
verified by UIDAI and activated by the Nodal officer.

The employees will be required to enter their 6-digit Attendance ID on

the terminal and subsequently ..
Since network connectivity is essential for marking attendance, the
government is planning two types of connectivity with each attendance
terminal; wi-fi on NICNET/broadband and SIM based GSM
connectivity on tablets.

The system will not only help track the number of registered
organisations and employees, but also give a dynamic interface to
know the number of people attending office and the count of active
devices.

DASHBOARD • Total organizations registered with BAS. • Organization

wise registered employees. • Number of employee’s present
organization wise. • Organization wise active devices. • Attendance
Activity graphs, Attendance Statistics, In-Time Statistics Pie chart and
Today's Trend Graph. The Nodal Officer can perform the following
activities on the portal Manage Masters Nodal can manage Master
details of the organization like Division, Employee Designation, Office
Location, Device Location etc.
1. ADD DIVISIONS Nodal Officer can search and add new divisions.
Existing divisions can also be Activated/Deactivated through this
functionality
2. EMPLOYEE DESIGNATIONS  New designations can be added and
also Activated/Deactivated through this functionality. By clicking on
‘Add Designation’, the Nodal Officer can map the designation within the
organization.

3. OFFICE LOCATION To Add (Mapping), Activate/Deactivate the office

location (building). By clicking on "Add Office Location"; Nodal
Officer can map the location within the organization. Select an “

4. DEVICE LOCATION  Nodal Officer can Search, Update, Deactivate

and Add new Device Location. Device Location is entered and Office
Location selected from the drop down to add the device location.

5. OFFICE TIMINGS Office  In and Out timings can be set or updated

by the Nodal Officer.
6. DAILY ATTENDANCE HOD/HOG MAPPING An Attendance report
goes to the HOG’s or HOD’s on a daily basis and the daily mail status
can be viewed. The status and email id of HOD and HOG can be edited.
New email id of HOD/HOG can be added by going on ‘Settings’, click
on ‘Attendance Summary by Mail/SMS’ button. On the new screen Nodal
can add new HOD/HOG.
My Gov(Hindi: मेरी सरकार, Merī Sarkār) is a citizen engagement
platform founded by the Government of India to promote the active
participation of Indian citizens in their country's governance and
development. It is aimed at creating a common platform for Indian
citizens to "crowd source governance ideas from citizens". Its users
discuss and contribute to various government projects and plans. It
also allows users to upload documents in various formats. The
website is hosted and managed by the National Informatics Centre
(NIC). Prime Minister Narendra Modi stated that the aim was to
reduce the long gap developed between the electorate and
the Executive after being elected.
In the first week of August 2014, My Gov received 100,000 registered
users, barely two weeks after its initiation. Google became the
first multinational firm to collaborate with My Gov. Shortly before his
first address to the nation through All India Radio, it was announced
that ideas and questions for the Prime Minister submitted to My Gov
may be responded to in subsequent radio addresses.
The website also has an associated mobile app.
MyGov platform is a unique path breaking initiative which was
launched on July 26, 2014 by none other than the Hon’ble Prime
Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi. It is a unique first of its kind
participatory governance initiative involving the common citizen at
large. The idea of MyGov brings the government closer to the common
man by the use of online platform creating an interface for healthy
exchange of ideas and views involving the common citizen and
experts with the ultimate goal to contribute to the social and economic
transformation of India. In its short span of existence till date, MyGov
platform has been more than successful in keeping the citizens
engaged on important policy issues and governance, be it Clean
Ganga, Girl Child Education, Skill Development and Healthy India to
name a few. There is no doubt that this platform has made inroads in
diminishing the gap which has traditionally existed between the citizen
and the government.
MyGov platform has become a key part of the policy and decision
making process of the country. Where the platform has been able to
provide the citizens a voice in the governance process of the country
and create grounds for the citizens to become stakeholders not only in
policy formulation and recommendation bit but also implementation
through actionable tasks.
. Given the importance of this platform in transformation of India through
participatory governance, the platform has been constantly undergoing
upgrades to ensure an enhanced level of user experience. The major
attributes of MyGov includes Discussion, Tasks, Talks, Polls and Blogs on
various groups based on the diverse governance and public policy
issues.
MyGov has more than 9.5 Million users who contribute their ideas
through discussions and also participate through the various earmarked
tasks. In addition to this the platform gets more than 10,000 posts per
weeks on various issues which are analyzed and put together as
suggestions for the concerned departments who are able to transform
them into actionable agenda.

With these impressive numbers, one has to say this is just the beginning
and there is a lot more to come on this platform in future. As mentioned
by the Hon’ble Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, MyGov is an
initiative which should culminate into a mass movement towards self-
governance.
As further progress is being made under the umbrella of Digital
India, utilizing the technology to further revolutionalise the public
service delivery and citizen engagement, MyGov platform is all set
to become a key agent for this change taking inputs from the citizens,
the ultimate beneficiary and leverage their collective feedback to
improve policy change and implementation.
 About SBM (SWACHH BHARAT MISSION)

To accelerate the efforts to achieve universal sanitation coverage and

to put the focus on sanitation, the Prime Minister of India had
launched the Swachh Bharat Mission on 2nd October 2014. Under the
mission, all villages, Gram Panchayat, Districts, States and Union
Territories in India declared themselves "open-defecation free"
(ODF) by 2 October 2019, the 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma
Gandhi, by constructing over 100 million toilets in rural India. To
ensure that the open defecation free behaviour are sustained, no one
is left behind, and that solid and liquid waste management facilities
are accessible, the Mission is moving towards the next Phase II of
SBMG i.e ODF-Plus. ODF Plus activities under Phase II of Swach
Bharat Mission (Grameen) will reinforce ODF behaviour and focus on
providing interventions for the safe management of solid and liquid
waste in villages.
Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (SBA),
or Clean India Mission is a country-wide campaign initiated by
the Government of India in 2014 to eliminate open defecation and
improve solid waste management (SWM). Phase 1 of the mission lasted
till October 2019. Phase 2 will be implemented between 2020-21 and
2024-25.[1]
Initiated by the Government of India, the mission aimed to achieve an
"open-defecation free" (ODF) India by 2 October 2019, the 150th
anniversary of the birth of Mahatma Gandhi.[2] The objectives of the first
phase of the mission also included eradication of manual scavenging,
generating awareness and bringing about a behaviour
change regarding sanitation practices, and augmentation of capacity at
the local level. The second phase of the mission aims to sustain the open
defecation free status and improve the management of solid and liquid
waste.[3] The mission is aimed at progressing towards target 6.2 of
the Sustainable Development Goals Number 6 established by the United
Nations in 2015.
The campaign's official name is in Hindi. In English, it translates to
"Clean India Mission". The campaign was officially launched on 2
October 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
. It is India's largest cleanliness drive to date with three million
government employees and students from all parts of India
participating in 4,043 cities, towns, and rural communities. At a rally in
Champaran, the Prime minister called the campaign Satyagrah se
Swachhagrah in reference to Gandhi's Champaran Satyagraha launched
on 10 April 1916.]
The mission was split into two: rural and urban. In rural areas "SBM -
Gramin" was financed and monitored through the Ministry of Drinking
Water and Sanitation; whereas "SBM - urban" was overseen by
the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs.
As part of the campaign, volunteers, known as Swachhagrahis, or
"Ambassadors of cleanliness", promoted indoor plumbing and
community approaches to sanitation (CAS) at the village level. Other
activities included national real-time monitoring and updates
from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) such as The Ugly
Indian,Waste Warriors, and SWACH Pune (Solid Waste Collection and
Handling).
The government provided subsidy for construction of nearly 110
million toilets between 2014 and 2019, although many Indians
especially in rural areas choose to not use them.The campaign was
criticized for using coercive approaches to force people to use
toilets. Many households were threatened with a loss of benefits such
as access to electricity or food entitlements through the public
distribution system.

E-HOSPITAL
simplifying Healthcare Service Delivery
Under the Digital India initiative of the Ministry of Electronics &
Information Technology, Government of India, National Informatics
Centre (NIC) has developed the e-Hospital@NIC, e-BloodBank@NIC and
ORS (Online Registration System) applications.
The e-Hospital@NIC application is the Hospital Management Information
System (HMIS) for internal workflows and processes of hospitals. e-
Hospital@NIC is a one-stop solution which helps in connecting patients,
hospitals and doctors on a single digital platform
•Patient Registration (OPD, Casualty, Appointment & ORS)The
patient registration module of the e-Hospital application is used for
patient registration in the OPD and Casualty departments as well as to
book, confirm and cancel appointments.

•Admission, Discharge & Transfer (IPD)The IPD module

commences when the patient is being registered and allotted bed in
the ward. It deals with the complete treatment and services provided to
the patient during his stay in the hospital.

•Billing  The Billing module handles all types of billing workflows.

This module facilitates cashier and billing operators for managing
billing functions related to billing receipts and refunds.

•Clinic (OPD & IPD)The Clinic module allows the clinicians and
doctors to record the clinical data of the patients like visits,
examination, diagnosis, history, treatment, prescriptions etc., and to
order investigations, procedures and medicines, to keep track of the
treatment and other services provided to the patients.
•Lab Information System (LIS) The Lab module automates the
manual procedures used in the following laboratory areas: ordering
of tests and procedures on patient specimens, collection and
accessioning of specimens into the laboratory database, processing
and analysis in appropriate department or work areas, review and
verification of results, reporting of results and/or diagnoses for
clinical treatment.

•Radiology Information System (RIS)The Radiology module

automates the manual procedures used in the radiology services:
ordering and scheduling of tests and procedures, review and
verification of results, reporting of results and/or diagnoses for
clinical treatment.

•Store & Pharmacy  The Store & Pharmacy module is used for
managing the stores and pharmacies along with generating indents
and procuring/providing store items and medicines.
•OT Management The OT Management module automates the
functions and workflows of operation theatres in the hospitals.

•Dietary  The dietary module automates the functions of dietary

services provided to the patients in the hospitals.

•Laundry The laundry module automates the functions and

workflows of laundry services in the hospitals.
 NATIONAL SCHOLARSHIP PORTAL
National Scholarships Portal is one-stop solution through which
various services starting from student application, application receipt,
processing, sanction and disbursal of various scholarships to Students
are enabled. National Scholarships Portal is taken as Mission Mode
Project under National e-Governance Plan (NeGP)
Vision

This initiative aims at providing a Simplified, Mission-oriented,

Accountable, Responsive & Transparent 'SMART' System for faster &
effective disposal of Scholarships applications and delivery of funds
directly into beneficiaries account without any leakages.
Mission
The Mission Mode Project (MMP) of National Scholarships Portal under
the National e-Governance Plan aims at providing common electronic
portal for implementing various Scholarships schemes launched by
Union Government, State Government and Union Territories across the
country.
 Objectives
•Ensure timely disbursement of Scholarships to students
•Provide a common portal for various Scholarships schemes of Central
and State Governments
•Create a transparent database of scholars
•Avoid duplication in processing
•Harmonisation of different Scholarships schemes & norms
•Application of Direct Benefit Transfer
Benefits
Simplified process for the students:
1: All scholarships information available under one umbrella.
2: Single integrated application for all scholarships
Improved transparency :
1: System suggests the schemes for which a student is eligible.
2: Duplicates can be reduced to the maximum extent
Helps in standardisation :
1: Master data for Institutions and courses at all India level .
2: Scholarships processing
 e-Sampark
e-Sampark is a mechanism to connect the government directly with
citizens across India by running mailer, outbound dialing and SMS
campaigns. The platform is used for sharing informational and public
service messages. The concept of e-Sampark has been introduced to
establish proactive communication by digitization of campaigns. The
multi-faceted platform facilitates not only seamless communication
between the government and citizens, but also maintains a database
of contacts of the nodal officers, representatives and citizens. In
addition, users can also view the previous campaigns conducted.e-
Sampark signifies the essence of Digital India. It enables the
government to communicate with the citizens about several
programs and initiatives. The features of the e-Sampark can been
seen here.
e-Sampark is a mechanism used by the Government of India to
contact citizens electronically and is a part of the Digital
India campaign. The name is derived from
the Hindi word sampark meaning contact.

The main features are:

1. sending informational and public service messages via e-

mails, SMSs and outbound dialing
2. usage of the customised user lists
3. SMSs can be sent via the smart phone application
4. •option to subscribe to the e-Sampark database by individuals,
etc.
 The Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI),
the issuer of Aadhaar card and Aadhaar number, has provided
several tools on its portal.

Security and privacy of personal data has been the primary focus for
resident, further attempt to strengthen security and provide control to
the resident we have provisioned to support locking and unlocking
12 digit UID
Resident can lock his UID number Via Resident Portal, by doing this
Resident cannot perform any sort of Authentication by using UID, UID
Token & ANCS Token for Biometric, Demographic & OTP Based
authentication. Once UID is locked resident can authenticate using 16
digit VID Number for all forms of authentication (Demo, Bio & OTP).
If resident wants to unlock UID he/she can do so on resident portal.
After unlocking resident can authenticate using UID, UID Token &
ANCS Token for Biometric, Demo & OTP Based Transaction and also
he can authenticate with VID.
What is Aadhaar
Aadhaar is a verifiable 12-digit identification number issued by
UIDAI to the resident of India for free of cost
Aadhaar or Unique Identity Number (UID) is a 12-digit number
based on biometrics-related information. The Unique Identification
Authority of India (UIDAI), the issuer of Aadhaar card and Aadhaar
number, has provided several tools on its portal - uidai.gov.in. One of
these Aadhaar tools enables Aadhaar holders to check the validity of
a 12-digit Aadhaar number. "Not every 12-digit number is Aadhaar,"
the UIDAI said on Twitter, urging Aadhaar holders to check if a 12-
digit number given to them is a valid Aadhaar number.

The UIDAI's self-service portal enables Aadhaar bearers to check the

validity of their Aadhaar number/Aadhaar card.How to check if
Aadhaar card is valid

Once on the UIDAI website, proceed by clicking on the 'Verify

Aadhaar Number' link.
(The image above highlights the 'Verify Aadhaar' link on the UIDAI
website)
Once on the 'Verify Aadhaar Number' page, the Aadhaar holder is
required to enter the details as specified in the respective fields. In the
second field, called 'Enter Security Code', fill in the code as displayed
in the image and push 'Verify'.
(The portal accepts Aadhaar number and security code from the user
end)

For active Aadhaar numbers, the next page will display a message
confirming the status of the Aadhaar number entered.

On completion of the verification process, the tool displays the last

three digit of the mobile number registered with the Aadhaar database
and the age range of the bearer, among other details.

(The portal displays relevant information at the end of the verification

process)

In case of invalid Aadhaar numbers, the page says the number "doesn't
exist" at the end of the verification process.
 Digital Payments
Digital payment is a type of cashless payment where the payment is
made through digital nodes. These digital nodes are used by both, the
payer and the payee. Also called electronic payment, no hard cash or
physical form of cash is used in digital payments. Digital payments are
entirely made online and they are convenient, instant, and time-saving.
In order to encourage and promote digital payments in India, the
government of India has been taking several steps. One such step is
digital payments. The digital India payments is a part of Digital India
campaign. The aim of digital payment is to make India a paperless,
cashless, and digitally empowered economy.

Top 5 Types of Digital Payments in India

Banking Cards Bank cards is among the most used type of cashless
payment method. It comes with a number of features, such as
convenience, security, etc. The main benefit of a debit or credit card is
that it can be used for making other types of digital payments.
For instance, you can save your card information in the mobile Apps to
make a cashless payment. A few of well-known card payment systems
include Visa, MasterCard, and Rupay. You can also these banking cards
for online purchase and online transaction, PoS machines, and in digital
payments.

How to get a banking card? You can apply for a banking card with the
bank in which you have an account. You will have to provide your KYC
details. The card allotted to you will be activated within a few days
(usually within a week) and you will be allotted a 4-digit pin which you
can use during the online transactions in India and other countries.
Unstructured Supplementary Service Data – USSD  USSD,
Unstructured Supplementary Service Data, is another method of
paying digital currency. This method of the digital payment system
in India can be used without downloading any mobile App and
without mobile data. Also, there is no need for the user to have a
smart phone to carry out the digital transactions through USSD. This
method is backed by the NPCI – National Payments Corporation of
India.

This service is also known as *99#. The main aim for which this mode
was introduced is to create an environment for the underserved
sections of the society and integrate them into banking. One
important feature of USSD is that it can be availed in Hindi as well.
The USSD can be used for:
Initiate funds transfers
Get bank statements
Make balance queries
How to use*99#? You can use this service easily by following the
below mentioned steps:
You can use this service by dialing *99#. After dialing this number,
you can interact with an interactive voice menu.
Notably, you can use this service only with the number which is
registered with your bank account.
The next step is registration step – you will have to register for MNID
(Mobile Number Identifier), MPIN, and USSD.
Aadhaar Enabled Payment System (AEPS)  AEPS is a service
usually used for banking transactions, such as cash withdrawal, balance
inquiry, cash deposit, funds transfers, etc. All the cashless transactions
are carried out through Aadhaar verification. No physical visit to a bank
is required or even there is no need to provide any banking cards. You
can avail this service through your Aadhaar Card which is registered
with the bank. So, this service can be availed if your Aadhaar Number is
registered with the bank.
How to use AEPS? Using AEPS is very simple. All you have to do is
provide Aadhaar number and the payment will be made successfully.
Unified Payment Interface – UPI  The UPI full form is Unified
Payment Interface. It is a payment transaction which any customer with a
bank account can use with the help of a UPI-based App. You can link
more than one bank account with the UPI mobile App on their smart
phone and initiate fund transfer seamlessly. The best benefit of UPI is that
there is no use of bank account number of IFSC code to initiate fund
transfer through UPI. The only required thing is Virtual Payment Address
(VPA).
There are a number of UPI Apps both for Android and iOS platforms that
you can use. To use the UPI service, you must have a valid bank account
and registered mobile number with the bank. Another benefit of UPI is
that there are no charges for UPI transactions. You can send and receive
money through UPI. Also, UPI id and password can be easily recovered if
you misplace them.
How to use UPI? Just download the UPI App and register for the services.
Next, create a VPA and get an MPIN, and you are done.
Mobile Wallets  A mobile wallet is like a virtual wallet where all your
banking details are saved in a mobile App. This wallet saves you from
the hassle of remembering CVV or 4-digit pins of the banking cards. All
your details are securely saved in the mobile wallet. Many banks
provide their mobile wallet Apps which can be easily downloaded. Also,
there are some private mobile wallet Apps, such as Paytm, Freecharge,
Mobikwik, etc. You can add or send money or purchase goods through a
mobile wallet App.
How to use a mobile wallet? Just download the respective mobile App
and register for its services by entering the requisite information. Next,
you can load money from your bank account and reap the benefits of its
services.