rere the first af digit wn Jeaf displays can be modit 2 wn tate al sper paul 88 (= ea objective to present only one of the a inany detail 2 pie come under the general heading of exploratay atively new iat data analy’ a in a dot diagram. Comment on yoy, Display the dat findings. cas at a poesrochip pla : e pores tothe area injured. 2.6 Jump River Electric serve’ part of Northern Wisconsin, mor Jar Feause much of the area is forested, iis owe eyes 5 to outages. One August there were 11 power outages, arm 2 ‘Their durations (in hours) are kee 1 Draw a Pareto chat : 25 2.0 1.5 30 1.0 1.5 2.0 1.5 10 100 19 4.2 anags at pope il in ousands of Oar) fo : . ‘une divided according to the product Display the data in a dot diagram. to breakage play anc 27 The breaking forces (Ibf) of salt pellets, given to the toilet paper 132 isrest tenth, are grouped into a table having the hhand towels 85 160.0), [160.0, 180.0), [180.0, 2000), apkins 4“ 200.0, 220.0), (220.0, 240.0), and (240.0, 2600, Iether products 50 crrere the left-hand endpoint is included but the i hand endpoint is not. Find (a) the class marks (b) the class interval 28 With reference to the preceding exercise, i it posse to determine from the grouped data how many pellets fa) Draw a Pareto chart. (b) What percent ofthe loss occurs in making: (1) toilet paper? (2) twilet paper or hand towels? 23 Probes for noninvasive measurement of blood flow ‘: rust not give off too much energy (milliwatts per had breaking force ‘square centimeter). A sample of 12 probes yielded the (a) less than 160.07 energy values: 9, 10, 6, 7, 9, 7, 9, 6, 8 5, 10, and 12 Se =e (©) at least 220.0? 24 The following are 14 measurements on the strength cane (Gull of paces to be used in cartiend barter (e) from 220.0 to 260.0 inclusive? 1 2 135,138,127 1513115, 2.9 The class marks of a distribution of temperature rf Tt . ings (given to the nearest degree Celsius) a% ad emaneaa 34, 43, 52, and 61. Find is 5 help municipal wastewater (a) the class boundaries nas pete te tiie by collecting das en (b) the class interval anoanse speeder Sve cesions, the 2410 To coninsally inerease the speed of computers plant were (pars per million) at one trical engineers are working on ever-decreasing scl ‘The size of devices currently undergoing dev®"°R is measured in nanometers (nm), of 107% 1s M1. aia 9 3 30 Engineers fabricating anew transmission-YP°" be 65" 6 Scanned with CamScanner2 212 213 214 multiplier? created an array of silicon nanopillars on aflat silicon tment ibvequently, they measured the diameters (nn) of 50 pillars, 62 68 69 80 G8 7 83 70 7 73 74.78 80 77 80-83 73-79 100. 93, 92 101 87 % 97 94 12 95 90 9B 86 93 91 90 95 9 $7 89 100 93 92 98 101 97 1 9° 87 110 106 118, Group these measurements into a frequency distribu- tion and construct a histogra using (60,70), (70, 80), (80,90), (90,100], (100, 110}. 219,120}, where the right-hand endpoint is included but the left-hand end- point is not. Convert the distribution obtained in the preceding ex- cercise into a cumulative “less than or equal to” distri- - bation and graph its ogive. ‘The following are the ignition times of certain uphol- stery materials exposed to a flame (given to the nearest. hundredth of a second): 4.04 152 4.56 8.80 2.58 251 4.79 6.20 5.50 5.92 615 5.84 2.65 7.86 4.71 7.60 8.79 5.92 11.25 3.90 5.33 3.78 3.75 4.90 3.49 S21 1.76 6.43 1.58 1.38 3.87 2.46 6.90 7.40 4.72 6.25 9.45 9.65 5.09 8.64 7.41 3.10 6.43 1.70 6.77 5.62 9.70 9.20 1.20 6.85 4,32 454 147 3.62 12.80 4.11 7.95 6.40 SAL 2.80 2.20 5.12 2.11 2.46 1.42 6.37 10.60 3.24 450 1.35 419 5.15 2.32 8.75 1.92 5.40 3.81 179 250 11.75 Group these figures into a table with a suitable number of equal classes and construct a histogram. Convert the distribution obt cumulative “less than” id in Exercise 2.12 into jistribution and plot its ogive. Inatwo-week study of the productivity of workers, the following data were obtained on the total number of acceptable pieces which 100 workers produced: 65 36 49 84 79 56 28 43 67 36 43/78 37 40 68 72 55 62 22 82 88 50 60 56 57 46 39 57 73 65 59 48 76 74 70 51 40 75 56 45 35 62 52 63 32 80 64 53 74 34 16 60 48 55 51 54 45 44 35 51 21 35 61 45 33 61 77 60 85 68 45 53 34 67 42 69 52 68 52 47 63 65 55 61 73 50 53 59 41 54 41 74 82 58 26 35 47 50 38 70 Group these figures into a distribution having the ‘lasses 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, ..., and 80-89, and plot ‘histogram using (20, 30),...,{80,90), where the left- HL Qin, H. Kir im, and R. Blick, Nanotechnology 19 (2008), 95504 5p) 7 $624 Seomanbtedt Duplo 23 hhand endpoint is included but the right-hand endpoint isnot. 2.15 Convert the distribution obtained in Exercise 2.14 into a cumulative “less than!” distribution and plot its ogive. 26 The following are the number of automobile accidents that occurred at 60 major intersections in a certain ety during a Fourth of July weekend: 5 i 0 0 3 Roweus Hrusen wornus ckuson Branos Busnes e-naso o-coun BRRbee 6 Group these data into a frequency distribution show- ing how often each of the values occurs and draw a bar chart. 2.17 Convert the distribution obtained in Exercise 2.16 into cumulative “or more” distribution and draw its ogive. 2.18 Categorical distributions are often presented graphi- cally by means of pie charts, in which a circle is divided into sectors proportional in size to the fre- quencies (or percentages) with which the data are distributed among the categories. Draw a pie chart to represent the following data, obtained in a study in which 40 drivers were asked to judge the maneuver- ability of a certain make of car: Very good, good, good, fair, excellent, good. good, good, very good, poor, good, good, good, good, very ‘good, g00d, fair, g00d, good, very poor, very good, fair, ‘good, good, excellent, very good, good, good, good, fair, fair, very good, good, very good, excellent, very 004, fair, good, good, and very good. 2.19 ‘The pictogram of Figure 2.11 is intended to illustrate the fact that per capita income in the United States dou- bled from $13,000 in 1988 to $26,000 in 2006. Does this pictogram convey a fair impression of the actual change? If not, state how it might be modified. AY, is 7 Riecipna coos Figure 2.11 Pictogram for Exercise 2.19 Scanned with CamScanner24 Chapeer 2 ilar heights on ert the distribution ‘of nanopil ae = 15 into a distribution having the classes (205, ass1 (245, 325]. G25. 365], 365, Oe the aan rand endpoint is included. Draw two histopraehs ae taiunbution ‘one in which the class frequencies are given by the heights of the rectangles and one in arr ienuhe clas frequencies are given by the area of the Fectangles. Explain why the first of these histograms fives a very misleading [ictUFe ‘observations x1. 42. -+ «and Xn, we de- irical cumulative distribution as the ues F(x) equal the proportion of the an or equal to x. Graph the empit- bution for the 12 measurements 221 Given a sctof fine their emp function whose val ‘observations less the ical cumolative distri 2.22 The following are figures on an oil well’s daily pro- duction in barrels: 214, 203, 226, 198, 243, 225, 207, 03, 208, 200, 217, 202, 208, 212, 205, and 220. Con- struct a stem-and-leaf display with the stem labels 19, 2 nd 24. 223 The following are determinations of a river's annual maximum flow in cubic meters per second: 405, 355, 419, 267, 370, 391, 612, 383, 434, 462, 288, 317, 540, 295, and 508, Construct a stem-and-leaf display with two-digit leaves. 2.24 List the data that correspond to the following stems of stem-and-leaf displays: fa) 1[ 1234578. Leaf unit = (b) 23100146, Leaf unit (c) 203 18 35 57. First leaf digit unit = 10.0 (4) 3.21 13447. Leaf unit = 0.01 2.25 If we want to construct a stem-and-leaf display with more stems than there would be otherwise, we might 0. repeat each stem. The leaves 0, 1,2,3, and 4 attached to the first stem and leaves 5, 6,7, 4 lb the second. For the humidity readings on py, * 80d 9 would thus get the double-stem display," *!+, 2 57 1134 5789 244 79 24 8 a wbnuounne— where we doubled the number of stems by the interval covered by each stem in half, Cong double-stem display with one-digit leaves for hea in Exercise 2.14. ie 2.26 If the double-stem display has too few stems, we ni wish to have 5 stems where the first holds leaves 1. the second holds 2 and 3, and so on. The resuli stem-and-leaf display is called a five-stem display. (a) The following are the IQs of 20 applicants toants dergraduate engineering program: 109,111, 1 106, 125, 108, 115, 109, 107, 109, 108, 110,112 104, 110, 112, 128, 106, 111, and 108. Constr a five-stem display with one-digit (b) The following is part of a five-stem display: 53 | 444455 Leafunit=10 53 | 6667 53 | 89 54 I List the corresponding measurements. 2.5 Descriptive Measures Histograms, dot diagrams, and stem-and-leaf diagrams summarize @ rially so we can visually discern the overall pattern of variation. numerical measures to describe a data set. To proceed, we introduc for s isti fora general sample consisting of n measurements, Here isthe ithot st So x} represents the value of the first measurement, x9 represe™ cond measurement, and so on. os of the Given a set of n measurements or observations, x] x2. +++ -%ny thet 2° data set pit ‘We now devel the notatio® X12, Mine an servation ts the # potereaae we can describe their center (middle, or central Tocation) in mong these are the arithmetic mean and the median, although ot of “averages” i i rons esate sometimes used for special purposes, The arithmetic succinctly, the mean—is defined as the sum of the observations sample size. gui Scanned with CamScanner