Imperial College Subject:

London
Beam Tutorial 1 Worked Solution
Design code: Eurocode 3 Sheet No. 1

Beam Tutorial 1 Worked Solution

Full lateral restraint is assumed to be provided to the beams by the roof slab.

Calculations for secondary beam B2

Loading:

Assumed self-weight of beam = 0.4 kN/m

Permanent load (roof slab) = 2.5×2 = 5.0 kN/m

Variable Imposed loading = 1.5×2 = 3.0 kN/m

Total unfactored (characteristic) load = 8.4 kN/m

Design combination at ULS = (1.35×[0.4+5.0]) + (1.5×3.0) = 11.8 kN/m

Design ultimate moment = 11.8 × 5.02 / 8 = 36.84 kNm

Design ultimate shear force = 11.8 × 5.0 / 2 = 29.48 kN

Calculations:

Adopting S275 steel and assuming no material is greater than 40 mm thick (to be
confirmed later) , the nominal value of yield strength, fy should be taken to be Table 1.1
275 N/mm2.

Assuming initially that the cross-section is Class 1 or 2 in bending (again to be

confirmed when a section is chosen):

Required Wpl,y = 36.84 × 106 / 275

= 133.96 × 103 mm3 = 133.96 cm3

From section tables, a 178×102×19 UB has a value of Wpl,y of 171 cm3

Maximum component thickness is flange thickness tf = 7.9 mm < 40.0 mm

∴ fy = 275 N/mm2 is ok

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Imperial College Subject:
London
Beam Tutorial 1 Worked Solution
Design code: Eurocode 3 Sheet No. 2

Section properties for 178×102×19 UB:

b
z
h = 177.8 mm
b = 101.2 mm
tw tw = 4.8 mm
tf = 7.9 mm
y y r = 7.6 mm
h d
A = 2430 mm2
Wpl,y = 171000 mm3
r Iy = 13560000 mm4
tf

Check cross-section classification (clause 5.5.2): Clause 5.5.2

ε = 235 / f y = 235 / 275 = 0.92

Outstand flange in compression (Table 5.2, sheet 2)

c = (b – tw – 2r)/2 = (101.2 – 4.8 – [2×7.6])/2 = 40.6 mm

c/tf = 40.6/7.9 = 5.14

Limit for Class 1 flange = 9ε = 8.32 > 5.14 ∴ Flange is Class 1

Web – internal part in bending (Table 5.2, sheet 1)

c = h – 2tf – 2r = 177.8 – (2×7.9) – (2×7.6) = 146.8 mm

c/tw = 146.8/4.8 = 30.58

Limit for Class 1 web = 72 ε = 66.56 > 30.58 ∴ Web is Class 1

Therefore overall cross-section classification is Class 1.

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Imperial College Subject:
London
Beam Tutorial 1 Worked Solution
Design code: Eurocode 3 Sheet No. 3

Bending resistance (clause 6.2.5): Clause 6.2.5

Wpl, y f y
Mc,y,Rd = for Class 1 or 2 cross-sections
γ M0

171 × 10 3 × 275
Mc,y,Rd = = 47.0×106 Nmm
1.00

= 47.0 kNm > 36.84 kNm

∴ Cross-section resistance in bending is OK. Bending OK

Shear resistance (clause 6.2.6): Clause 6.2.6

A v (f y 3)
Vpl,Rd =
γ M0

For a rolled I section, loaded parallel to the web, the shear area Av is given by:

Av = A – 2btf + (tw + 2r)tf (but not less than ηhwtw)

Take η = 1.2 (from EN 1993-1-5)

hw = (h – 2tf) = 177.8 – (2×7.9) = 162.0 mm

∴ Av = 2430 – (2×101.2×7.9) + (4.8 +[2×7.6])×7.9

= 989 mm2 (but not less than 1.2×162.0×4.8 = 933.1 mm2)

989 × (275 / 3 )
∴ Vpl,Rd = = 157.0×103 N = 157.0 kN
1.00

= 157.0 kN > 29.48 kN ∴Shear resistance is OK Shear OK

Deflections (clause 7.2.1): Clause 7.2.1

Check deflection under unfactored imposed loads.

3
Imperial College Subject:
London
Beam Tutorial 1 Worked Solution
Design code: Eurocode 3 Sheet No. 4

Specified deflection limit is span / 200 = 5000 / 200 = 25.0 mm

Actual deflection:

5 wL4
δ =
384 E I

5 × 3.0 × 5000 4
= = 8.6 mm
384 × 210000 × 1356 × 10 4

8.6 mm < 25.0 mm ∴Deflections OK

Deflections OK
Actual self-weight of beam (19 kg/m ≈ 0.2 kN/m) is less than the assumed
value of 0.4 kN/m. The assumed self-weight was therefore acceptable.

∴178×102×19 UB in Grade S275 steel is suitable.

Use
178×102×19 UB
in Grade S275
Calculations for primary beam B4
steel
Loading:

Assumed self-weight of beam = 0.8 kN/m

Imposed point loads from B2 = 2×[(3×5)/2] = 15 kN

Characteristic point loads from B2 = 2×[(8.4×5)/2] = 42.0 kN

Design point loads from B2 = 2×[(11.79×5)/2] = 58.95 kN

Design udl from self-weight = 1.35 × 0.8 = 1.08 kN/m

58.95 kN 58.95 kN 58.95 kN 58.95 kN

UDL 1.08 kN/m
A F
B C D E

2.0 m 2.0 m 2.0 m 2.0 m 2.0 m

4
Imperial College Subject:
London
Beam Tutorial 1 Worked Solution
Design code: Eurocode 3 Sheet No. 5

Determine end reactions for B4:

RA = RF = [(1.08×10) + (58.95×4)]/2 = 123.3 kN

Determine maximum design bending moment MEd by taking moments at

midspan:

⇒ MEd + (58.95×1) + (58.95×3) + (1.08×5×2.5) – (123.3×5) = 0

⇒ MEd = 367.2 kNm

Maximum design shear force VEd = 123.3 kN

Calculations:

Adopting S275 steel and assuming no material is greater than 40 mm thick (to
be confirmed later), from Table 1.1 of the notes, the nominal value of yield
strength, fy should be taken to be 275 N/mm2.

Assuming initially that the cross-section is Class 1 or 2 in bending (again to be

confirmed when a section is chosen):

Required Wpl,y = 367.2 × 106 / 275

= 1335 × 103 mm3 = 1335 cm3

From section tables, a 457×152×67 UB has a value of Wpl,y of 1453 cm3

Maximum component thickness is flange thickness tf = 15.0 mm < 40.0 mm

∴ fy = 275 N/mm2 is ok

Check cross-section classification (clause 5.5.2):

ε = 235 / f y = 235 / 275 = 0.92

5
Imperial College Subject:
London
Beam Tutorial 1 Worked Solution
Design code: Eurocode 3 Sheet No. 6

Section properties for 457×152×67 UB:

b
z
h = 458.0 mm
b = 153.8 mm
tw tw = 9.0 mm
tf = 15.0 mm
y y r = 10.2 mm
h d
A = 8560 mm2
Wpl,y = 1453000 mm3
r Iy = 289.3×106 mm4
tf

Outstand flange in compression (Table 5.2, sheet 2)

c = (b – tw – 2r)/2 = (153.8 – 9.0 – [2×10.2])/2 = 62.2 mm

c/tf = 62.2/15.0 = 4.15

Limit for Class 1 flange = 9ε = 8.32 > 4.15 ∴ Flange is Class

1

Web – internal part in bending (Table 5.2, sheet 1)

c = h – 2tf – 2r = 458.0 – (2×15.0) – (2×10.2) = 407.6 mm

c/tw = 407.6/9.0 = 45.29

Limit for Class 1 web = 72 ε = 66.56 > 45.29 ∴ Web is Class 1

Therefore overall cross-section classification is Class 1.

Clause 6.2.5
Bending resistance (clause 6.2.5):

Wpl, y f y
Mc,y,Rd = for Class 1 or 2 cross-sections
γ M0

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Imperial College Subject:
London
Beam Tutorial 1 Worked Solution
Design code: Eurocode 3 Sheet No. 7

1453 × 10 3 × 275
Mc,y,Rd = = 399.6×106 Nmm
1.00

= 399.6 kNm > 367.2 kNm

∴ Cross-section resistance in bending is OK. Bending OK

Shear resistance (clause 6.2.6): Clause 6.2.6

A v (f y 3)
Vpl,Rd =
γ M0

For a rolled I section, loaded parallel to the web, the shear area Av is given by:

Av = A – 2btf + (tw + 2r)tf (but not less than ηhwtw)

Take η = 1.2 (from EN 1993-1-5)

hw = (h – 2tf) = 458.0 – (2×15.0) = 428.0 mm

∴ Av = 8560 – (2×153.8×15.0) + (9.0 +[2×10.2])×15.0

= 4387 mm2 (but not less than 1.2×428.0×9.0 = 4622.4 mm2)

4622.4 × ( 275 / 3 )
∴ Vpl,Rd = = 733.9×103 N = 733.9 kN
1.00

= 733.9 kN > 123.3 kN ∴Shear resistance is OK Shear OK

Deflections (clause 7.2.1):

Check deflection under unfactored imposed loads.

Specified deflection limit is span / 200 = 10000 / 200 = 50.0 mm

Assume (for simplicity) total imposed load = (4×15.0) = 60 kN to be

uniformly distributed = 6 kN/m

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Imperial College Subject:
London
Beam Tutorial 1 Worked Solution
Design code: Eurocode 3 Sheet No. 8

5 wL4
δ =
384 E I

5 × 6 × 10000 4
= = 12.9 mm
384 × 210000 × 289.3 × 10 6

12.9 mm < 50.0 mm ∴Deflections OK Deflections OK

Actual self-weight of beam (67 kg/m ≈ 0.67 kN/m) is less than the assumed
value of 0.8 kN/m. The assumed self-weight was therefore acceptable.

Use
∴457×152×67 UB in Grade S275 steel is suitable. 457×152×67
UB in Grade
S275 steel