PLANE GEOMETRY

Polygons
. .

Regular Polygon Types of Regular Polygon

• All sides are equal 3 Triangle 13 Tridecagon
-
i

•
All angles are equal 4 Quadrilateral 14 Tetra decagon
'
5 15 Penta decagon
Pentagon
Common Hexadecagon
Terminology
6 Hexagon 16

7
Heptagon 17 Heptadecagon
it
" '

side ,edge 8 Octagon 18 Octa decagon

J s
"
it
interior 9 Nonagon 19 Emea decagon
*

20
"
9"" '
"
%
10 Decagon lcosagon
we.io.
.

( 11 Hendecagon
me " "
12 Dodecagon

* wherein his The number of sides

interior & exterior angles aresuplimentary

Angle Relationships
me Total Interior Angles 0-1=180%-2)

{ {
Recall, supplementary Angles

Qi 180%-2)
Argylplinentary
e relationship
per side
Interior
-
-

n
A -113=1800 * Derived from the
- between exteriors interior
angles since total
exterior
angles add upto 3600
360°
Exterior Angle per side
=

i r diagonals Central Angle for 360°

foe g n

Oi
No of
, Diagonals D=
hzfn -

3)
i nm
side -

I :÷ ÷ :÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ :÷ ÷÷i÷÷ii ÷÷i't
* Derivation of No of "
"

,
Diagonals
To account for the

ing
.

2 -

Geometric Relationships 512

Apothem a=
tallboy .

Twi

!
'

Derivation of

f÷÷÷÷
"

s r * Apothem
-
,
steel Forma triangle with the central angle

'
. " :÷:÷:÷::÷: ".

'
-
Q fo r z
fan
( logo ) -
opposite
adjacent
=
sky
z
a
mmmm
11 11
5h
I £ Area of a Regular Polygon Arp -

* Kieren App -

-
Ann) 4tan(180g)
and Arrange Its)( -_ a )

similar Polygons
2
* At sides , by ratio and proportion
E
I
X, Xz

f-x.FI'Ll
'
A, Az
"
A, X,
in .

Yi Yz
 Triangles
sides dangles Proportionality
B smallest angle shortest side

0
largest angle largest side
a

A C
Sun
Property
conditions must be met
to
* The three

* wherein A) B. care angles a -16 > c

and a. b. care sides
to -1C > a
* The interior angles always add Ota > to
Upto 180° degrees

Areaofa triangle
a
h

A=§bh
n
Area
0
to
Scissors Rule A- { basinc
to
-

* When ananglebetweentwosidesisgixe.nl?epreTentatTyeofheight(hy Figure 1 .

Figure 2 .

Heron 's Formula A=n/ Sls -

a) Is 6) (
-
S -

c)
0
* When all the sides are given a

a -110+0
Semi -

Perimeter s= A C
2 to

gZACcrecan.oaossbincfeoAZ-sinBelZ-aw2.1iot#BacbocssicntAd=onotsinB=fsoinrcgA.2a-tB'
132=1+2+0
+0 -213C Cosa

the
-

possibility
of

ambiguous cases

Ratio & Proportion

* IFA :B :O for interior angle

AX -113×+011=180

special lines

I. Median Alinesegmentjoiningaxertextothemid point -

of the
opposing side
II. Angle Bisector Alinesegmentfronavertextothe opposing side which bisects that vertex angle

III. Aline segment perpendicular to the shortest side

longest Altitude joining the opposing vertex

Other :
Perpendicular Bisector & Euler 's Line

0=13 ✗ B :-B
°
o
0=13 ✗

¥%%%
"

µÉ
- -

0-13
✗ =Y ✓ ✗ =Y ✗

§ 0=13 ✓
'

Line segment 1- Base ✗ line 1- Base /

× , segment
,
✗ =y× ×

1 1 11
line segment 1- Base ✗
✗ y y

Figure 1 .
Figure ? Figures .
Quadrilaterals
•
Four sided polygons
•
Interior angles add upto 360°

General Quadrilaterals
B

lzdidzsino
•

a Area A- -

since both angles supplementary

* Wherein 0=100180-4 are

A
a
• da
iÑ°µ
Heron 's Formula A- Is a) Is b) Is c) Is d) alocdcos
od
-
= - - - -
-

a •

C * Wherein all sides are given and

opposing angles
,

At C B -1 D
Avg Opposing Angles f-
°
•• Of = or
2
.

☐ 2
* ( LA -1L C) is conjugal with (213+213)
"" " " " " "" " """ "
a -110-10
Semi

{; }
-

Perimeter s=
2

A -113=360

Types of Quadrilaterals
11 Parallelogram
¢

-
n
-
Opposing lengths sides
• are equal

& " d, i a
•
Adjacent angles are
supplementary
11 •
Diagonals bisect eachother

"
Rectangle
da

-
✗ n

-
•
Opposing /engthsdsides are equal

" di 1
•
Adjacent angles are supplementary
11
•
Diagonals bisect eachother
•
Diagonals are equal

Rhombus
11
¢
aid , ✗
•
Opposing lengths sides are equal
-
-
•
Adjacent angles are
supplementary
" di -
o
•
Diagonals bisect eachother
1¢
1,
•
Diagonals are perpendicular

square
"
dz
•
Opposing /engthsdsides are equal
'

Adjacent angles supplementary

-
• are

Diagonals bisect eachother

=
•

'
d,
- •
Diagonals are equal
11
•
Diagonals are perpendicular

11
¢
Trapezoids
0
•
•
One pair of sides
-
- •
Bases are parallel
/
to
a
•
Each lower base angle is
supplementary
the
1¢
µ upper base
angle on the same side

A- =
¥1b -16.11h )
,

0--1/0--1800
circles
Parts ofa circle
circumference chord Aline segment whose endpoints the circle
^
are on
secant • center •

Aline that intersects circle in two points

•

secant
;s•;*
" a
%
er

Tangent Aline that intersects circle at

•
• a
exactly one
point
✗ •

tangent
Sector
glamor Minor Segment

A- portion enclosed
• www.o.qaiorseoto.mx#..Yaio- segment Sector
by two radii and an arc
A-
' '

segment by achord and an arc

' '

r
*••
r r
*••
r
portion enclosed

Tangent circles circles that intersect at

•
"
one
point
• concentric circles circles that have the same center but different radii
-

radius but different centers

.

circles with the

ooo Congruent circles same

Figured .
Figure ? Figure 3 .

Area A- Timor -
d
'

Circumference C=2T1p
ardengtnssegmenjseoto.em.no
•
S
Triangle •~
,

✓
\ Arohength s=r×d
r n r
*
Applicable to

major & minor sectors

•
•
D- a

Areaofa Sector Asean

* Wherein ✗ isoin radians
=
Erk
f
sector lmajor)

* Note ;
Area Ofa segment A- segment __£rH±£r2sinQ
Minor sector Ocs 180°

Major sector 0=>1800

/ e- For minor sectors
Segment,+*a= Sector,+*a -

Triangle ,+*a

4¥
" "
"
%
'
"""""

/ e. For major sectors Segment,+*a= Sectorarea +

Triangle area

" "
"
%

Gross Chord Theorem

D•• •
B

( AE)(EB)=( DE)lEC)
E••

•
C

Sec Sec Theorem -

C••

•
e (1311-111317)=1134 / BE)
• •
••B
A- ☐

Seo Tan Theorem -

D••

•
C
(BD)(BD)=( BAKBA)
p

ATB

Angle Theorems
Inscribed Angles (d) is formed by the vertex between two chords
% •,
* Also known
.
as
peripheral angle
i a. '
r

22=-0,

i
• Same Arc Theorem

B
If the endpoints stay fixed ,
anyvertexonthearcyieldsthesameang.ie
A•• •

✗ = ✗ =L
t •

Thale 's Theorem

9
in An angle inscribed across a circle 's diameter is
always a
right-angle
0-5-180 A- 90°
Circles & Polygons
* circumscribed -

drawn outside

Inscribed -
drawn inside

cimcumsoribingcircleor Inscribed Triangle

a

abc
Area /t-
'

r =
. c
4r
to

cimcumsoribingtriangleor Inscribed circle

Area At=sr
* Wherein sistheseni -

perimeter

Escribed Circle

1¥ Area At=r( s
* Wherein sistheseni -
-

a)
perimeter

Polygon inscribed inacirde

Recall, Apothendltreaofa Regular Polygon
\
/

"
:÷i
-
r
•
•

i
sin
/ ¥0 )=¥
É
-
,

* wherein ¥ is "¥
1

sin
ARp=
4tan(18¥)
* Wherein sistneside
Circle inscribed in a
polygon
Recall, Apothendltreaofa Regular Polygon
-

>

- •
-

÷÷ -
tan / ¥0 )=¥
- - É-É * wherein Iis 18¥
-
r

*
Theapotheniseqvaltotheradius
App =
Hath )=n§(5) (a)

* Wherein sistheside