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Lesson 1 (Introduction)

This document provides a course syllabus for a class titled "Fundamentals of Investigation and Intelligence" taught by Princess Saharah L. Villegas at Immaculate Conception - I College of Arts and Technology. The 4-credit course covers concepts of criminal investigation, intelligence operations, and processing crime scenes. By the end of the course, students will be able to discuss legal investigation processes, explain the importance of proper investigation, identify legal investigation processes, and recognize the importance of investigation and intelligence operations in justice administration. The 17-week syllabus outlines topics to be covered each week including investigation methods, identifying criminals, tools of investigation, intelligence functions and types, and surveillance and undercover operations.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

246 views68 pages

Lesson 1 (Introduction)

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FUNDAMENTALS

INVESTIGATION
AND
INTELLIGENCE

by:
PRINCESS SAHARAH L.
VILLEGAS
IMMACULATE CONCEPTION – I College of Arts and Technology
#47 A.Bonifacio Street, LikodSimbahan, Poblacion, Sta. Maria, Bulacan COURSE SYLLABUS

COURSE CODE & TITLE : CDI 1 – Fundamentals of Investigation and Intelligence

CREDIT UNITS : Four (4) Units
PRE-REQUISITE COURSES : None
PROFESSOR/INSTRUCTOR : PRINCESS SAHARAH L. VILLEGAS,RC,MSCRIM

I. COURSE DESCRIPTION:

This course covers the concepts and principles of Criminal Investigation and Intelligence operation.
Including the modern techniques in processing the crime scene. It also aims to study the concepts and
general principles of arrest, searches and seizure, and the rights of the accused during custodial
investigation.

The course also focuses on a comparative study of military and police intelligence cycle; modus operandi
(MO) and order of battle regulations (OBR) system for the identification of criminals and other threats to
national security.

II. LEARNING OUTCOMES: At the end of the term, the students will be able to:

KNOWLEDGE
1. Discuss the legal process of investigation and intelligence gathering.
2. Explain the importance of proper criminal investigation and information gathering in
police and military operations.
SKILLS
3. Identify the legal process of criminal investigation and information gathering.
4. State the foundations or basic principles of criminal investigation and intelligence operations.
AFFECT AND ATTITUDES
5. Evaluate their existing procedures practice both criminal investigation and intelligence
operations.
6. Recognize the importance criminal investigation and intelligence operations in the administration
of justice.
III. EVIDENCE OF LEARNING

At the end of the semester, students are to...

Through this course, Criminology students would be able to develop or enhance their knowledge
concerning crime detection and investigation. The course is primarily designed to help students
understand the basic principles of investigation and intelligence in crime prevention and suppression. The
legal requirements in apprehending and prosecuting criminal offenders, and the methodologies in
scientific collection and processing of forensic evidences.

IV. LEARNING PLAN

Week # Topics Learning Experience / Assessments /

Resources
1-2 CHAPTER 1 Learning Experience: (LO 1, 3)
 Introduction to Criminal  Discuss the process of criminal
investigation
Investigation
 Illustrate the methods of identifying
 Purpose of Investigation criminals
 Primary Job of an investigator  Enumerate the tools of investigation
Formative and/or Summative/Graded
 Cardinal Points of Investigation
Assessment:
 Qualities of an Investigator  Class discussion
 Conduct random recitation to the
students to determine whether or not they
have learned from the topic
 Conduct a quiz for the covering the
entire topic.
Learning Activities and Resources:
 Lecture the students regarding the
importance of the subject and the
overview of this.
 Assigning of topics to a group to make a
report using LCD projector and laptop.
 Have a class discussion afterward the
report of a group.
3-5 CHAPTER 2 Learning Experience: (LO 1, 2, 6)
 Methods of Identifying  Discuss the importance of the methods of
Criminals identifying criminals.
 Explain the procedures of tracing and
 Tracing and Locating Criminals
locating criminals.
 Provide an example of the evidence
gathering procedures.
Formative Assessment: Class discussion
Graded Assessment: Recitation, quiz
Learning Activities and Resources:
Reporting, Power point slides
6-9 CHAPTER III Learning Experience: (LO 1, 2,6)
 Tools of an investigation 
Discuss the procedures of interviews and
 Interviews and Interrogations of interrogation of witnesses and suspects.
 Discuss the different rights of a person as
Criminals
describe in the 1987 constitution and
 Methods of Instrumentation strengthened by the Republic Acts
created by the Congress and the UN
Convention on Human Rights
 Explain the methods of arresting,
searching suspects.
 Provide an example of videos showing
arrest procedures.
Formative Assessment: Class discussion,
research work
Graded Assessment: Recitation, quiz
Learning Activities and Resources:
Reporting, Power point slides
9 Midterm Exam
10-12 CHAPTER IV Learning Experience: (LO 1, 2, 6)
Objectives of Intelligence  Discuss the functions of intelligence in
The historical setting of intelligence criminal investigation.
Intelligence and the world war  Explain the historical development of
intelligence operation.
 Provide an example sensational cases
wherein the intelligence operation is very
vital.
Formative Assessment: Class discussion,
recitation
Learning Activities and Resources: Reporting,
Power point slides
13-15 CHAPTER V Learning Experience: (LO 1, 2, 3)
Different types of intelligence  Discuss the different types of intelligence
Intelligence cycle operations and their purpose.
Information, Informants and it’s sources  Explain the importance of information in
any agency public of private, and the
persons involve in the operations.
 Illustrate the cycle of intelligence
Graded Assessment: Class discussion,
recitation
Learning Activities and Resources: Reporting,
Power point slides

16-17 CHAPTER VI Learning Experience: (LO 1, 3, 6)

Surveillance and undercover  Discuss the procedures in conducting
Codes and Cypher surveillance and undercover operations.
Subversive and activities  Illustrate the different types of codes and
Anatomies of urban guerrilla the process of deciphering coded
messages.
 Provide example of the programs of
subversive activities including urban
guerilla groups.
Graded Assessment: Quiz, Research Paper
Learning Activities and Resources:
Reporting, Field Trip, Power point slides
18 FINAL EXAMS: Date_________

V. COURSE REQUIREMENTS

1. Complete major examination

2. Quizzes
3.Performance Tasks focus on the recitations, projects, reports, group and individual activities attendance,
no absences more than 6 sessions without valid reasons, not necessarily consecutive.

Requirement Points Description %

100 There will be 2 major exams, each of which will consist of a
points combination of multiple choice, identification, modified true or
Major Exam false, matching type, fill-in-the blank, and 1 or 2 essay questions. 30%
They will cover information from the text and from class lectures,
videos, demonstrations, and activities
There will also be announced quizzes which will cover the 30%
Quizzes 50 points previous meeting's lecture as well the assigned chapter of the day.

PERFORMAN Over the course of the semester, there will be activities, both in
CE TASKS and out of class, and demonstrations in which active participation
100 is expected. Participation in, and completion of any written work 40%
points associated with these activities. Group activities will be on a
Group activities psychological theory/topic shown in an applied and creative
manner. Guidelines for the activities shall be provided.
Individual Recitations shall also be graded and students shall be asked to
activities recite in class also from the previous meeting’s lectures and/or
assigned topics for the day.
Recitations Individual and group activities to foster self-reflection, critical
thinking, and writing skills, and the practical application of
Projects criminological theories to real life experiences. There will be
research work that the students illustrate by detailed case studies
Group reports and explain these in terms of criminological theories and concepts
using various scientific methods. Research days shall be
Research Works designated throughout the semester, on these days, classes may be
converted into lectures on how to do your research, reserved for
consultation or suspended to help you have time to do your
research.
Total 100%
VI. GRADING SYSTEM
MIDTERMS (50%) FINALS (50%)
SW 10% SW 10% Grading Scale
QUIZZES QUIZZES 20%
20% ASSIGNMENT 10% ICI adopts the numeric
ASSIGNMENT RECITATION 10% equivalent system as follows:
10% ATTITUDE 10%
RECITATION MAJOR EXAM 40% 98-100 – 1.00
10% ----------------------------------------- 95-97 – 1.25
ATTITUDE TOTAL 100% 92-94- 1.50
10% 89-91 – 1.75
MAJOR EXAM 86-88 – 2.00
40% 83-85 – 2.25
----------------------------------------- 80-82- 2.50
TOTAL 77-79 - 2.75
100% 75-76 - 3.00
74-below- 5.00

Non-numerical remarks:

INC – Incomplete
UW – Unauthorized withdrawal
DRPD – Authorized withdrawal
FA – Failure due to absences
NA – Non appearance

VII. POLICIES:
1. Attendance: Students are expected to attend class regularly. Any student who leaves the room after
the roll call without permission from the teacher shall be marked absent. When a student accumulates
three (3) absences, a parent conference shall be scheduled. For working students, a letter from his or her
employer is necessary. A student must be responsible for all assignments/ lessons during his/her
absence.

Tardiness: a student is considered late or tardy if s/he arrives in class within first 15 minutes scheduled
class time. Three (3) tardiness incurred is equivalent to one (1) absence.

It is the responsibility of the students to keep track of their absences and incidents of tardiness. They
should exercise wise use of their allotted cuts. Students should not expect a warning upon reaching
the maximum number of allowable cuts.

2. Classroom behavior: Students are expected to be prompt, attentive, honest, and polite. Electronic
devices such as phones and music players should be set aside. The professor has the right to confiscate
these devices and file the necessary corrective action.

3. Requirements: Submit all requirements on time and make sure that it is properly formatted and
labelled. Late submission will be accepted but shall incur 10% deduction for every day the submitted
requirement is late.

VIII. REFERENCES
1. Fundamental on Special Crime Scene Investigation, by Atty. S. Bermas, Central Book Store INC.,
2004
2. The PNP Investigation Manual. Camp Crame, Quezon City, 2002
3. Gernale, Unpublished notes on Crime Detection and Investigation
4. Tradio, Cirilo M. Handbook of Criminal Investigation, Quezon City.
5. Police Intelligence, “Lesson for Criminology Students”, by Felipe G. Montojo

Prepared by: Checked and Approved by:

PRINCESS L. VILLEGAS Dr. LUALHATI H. VALMONTE

Criminology Faculty Dean, College of Arts and Sciences

CHAPTER 1
CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
DEFINITIONS

Criminal Investigation – It is the art, which deals with the identity and location of the criminal offender
and the gathering and providing evidence of his guilt in criminal proceedings.
Criminal Investigator – He is the skilled person who is charged with the duty of conducting criminal
investigation when a crime is committed.

Purpose of Investigation
1. To establish that, in fact, a crime was committed;
2. To identify the law violator/suspect;
3. To locate, trace and apprehend the suspect/perpetrator;
4. To assist in the prosecution of the accused person /provide evidence of his guilt.

Primary Job of an Investigator

The primary job of the investigator is to discover whether or not an offense has
been committed under the law, after determining what specific offense has been committed, he
must discover how it was committed, by whom, where it was committed, when and why it was
committed (Cardinal points of Investigation 5W’s and lH).

Cardinal points of investigation:

 What –specific offense has been committed ?(nature of crime);
 Where – crime was committed? (place, location/venue);
 When – crime was committed? (time and date);
 Who - committed it? (person/s involved particularly the suspect);
 Why – it was committed? (Reason or motive of committing the crime);
 How – it was committed? (Manner/method or modus operandi).
Qualities of Investigator
a. Perseverance
b. Endurance
c. Incorruptible honesty and integrity
d. The intelligence and wisdom of Solomon
e. The knowledge of psychology and other natural sciences
f. Acting ability
g. Mastery of the oral and written communication
h. The keen power of observation and description
i. Courage
j. Working knowledge of criminal law, evidence, criminal procedure and penal special
laws.
k. Sense of justice and fair play
l. The power to “read between the lines.”
m. Working knowledge of martial arts and firearms proficiency

EXERCISE 1

1. Explain the significant of Criminal Investigation?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Describe the main job of a Criminal Investigator?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

3. Explain why Criminal Investigator should use the 6 Cardinal Points of Investigation.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

4. Describe the qualities of a good Criminal Investigator.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

5. Explain Criminal Investigation based in your own general understanding.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER II
PHASES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

Aims and Objectives

The Primary purpose of criminal investigation is the establishment of facts and the removing of
doubts that a crime has in fact been committed and it aims to:
1. Prevent crime;
2. Apprehend criminals and
3. Recover stolen properties

THREE-FOLD AIM
1. To identify the guilty party( including the offended party, witness/es, and other involved
individuals;
2. To trace and locate the guilty party; and
3. To provide evidence of the criminal guilt
THREE BASIC ELEMENTS
1. Searching the crime scene
2. Collecting and preserving evidence; and
3. Locating and interviewing witness

THREE PHASES OR STAGES OF INVESTIGATION

1. Preliminary Investigation ( Initial)

The action done in the scene of the crime immediately following its detection or reporting.
 Save life,if possible;
 Determine whether or not a crime was committed;
 Preserve the scene of the crime;
 If there are living person who witness the crime separate the person;
 Proper Documentation should be made (includes note taking, photographing, sketching
and interview of possible witness/es;
 Search, collecting, packing and preservation of evidence
 Transmittal of physical evidence, Chain of custody/possession, Storage etc;
 Additional information through interview/interrogation of victim, witnesses/suspect/s to
the crime.
 Preparation of offense report (Incident Report) which includes the facts known the
investigator, all actions taken and all the items of evidence seized/recovered.

2. In- depth Investigation (Follow –up)

An effort extended by the investigator in gathering further information subsequent to the
initial investigation report until the case is ready for prosecution.

 Read and be thoroughly conversant with the incident report in order to follow up leads
and begin considering other activities in discovering other leads/clues;
 View/verify all evidence and submit for laboratory examination;
 Re-interview witnesses/complaint to clarify information;
 Evaluate evidence, statements, laboratory findings and their legal implications.
 Employment of some modern and instrumental/specialized technique in gathering and
validating information;
 Positively identify, locate, trace and effect arrest of the suspect;
 Conduct thorough interview/interrogation based on the legal standards(R.A. 7438, R.A
9745, Rules of Evidence)
 Attempt to recover stolen property/fruits of the crime; and
Arranged everything in preparation for prosecution of the offense

3. Final Investigation( Concluding)

Focuses on evaluating and presenting evidence to prove the criminal guilt of the accused.

IDENTIFYING THE CRIMINALS

SCOPE OF CRIMINAL IDENTIFICATION

1. Suspect Identification
2. Identification of actual perpetrator
3. Identification of dead body and victim

Two Kinds of Criminals Identified by Witness/es

1. Known Fugitives
Usually, police records and pictures are available about the known fugitives.
2. Unknown criminals
Identification of unknown criminals by eyewitnesses must be approached with caution by
the investigator.

A. IDENTIFICATION OF THE CRIMINAL BY CONFESSION

1. Confession- Is a declaration of an accused expressly acknowledging his guilt of the offense
charged (statutory definition) or it is an express acknowledgment by the accused in a criminal
case of the truth of his guilt as to the crime charged, or of some essential part thereof. This is
usually done by the suspect during custodial tactical interrogation

TYPES OF CONFESSION
1. Judicial Confession or Confession in open court
2. Non-judicial confession (a.k.a.) “out-of-order” or extra-judicial confession. This kind of
confession is inadmissible unless corroborated by proof corpus delicti.
3. Involuntary, which is called a ``forced`` confession, and therefore inadmissible as evidence.
4. Voluntary, when the confession was not induced by promises of benefit or reward, or by
force violence, threat, intimidation, duress, or any means which vitiates the free will of the
accused.

B. Identification of criminals (suspects) by eyewitnesses’ testimony – witnesses’ testimony greatly

provides identification of criminals or suspects. This may be done by interviewing and applying
the following methods:

1. PORTRAIT PARIE (verbal description) – the success of this methods depends on the ability of a
witness to describe the person he saw committing the crime. The witness provides vivid
description (strong and clear mental picture) or pictorial physical appearance of the criminal. He
may do it by direct description or by comparison. The basis of description includes:
a. Face – forehead, eyebrow, eyes, ears, cheeks, mouth, nose, lips, teeth, chin, jaw,
mustache, beard, etc.
b. Hair- tinted, curly, long short.
c. Neck – shape and length.
d. Shoulder – width/shape.
e. Waist – size and shape of the abdomen.
f. Hands and fingers – length, thickness, stains, marking/tattoos, shape and condition of
nails
g. Gait – bouncing, swaggering/strutting, bowlegged, etc.
h. Any deformities – cross eyed, limp, amputation, etc.
2. ROGUES GALLERY (use of photographic files) – this method is successful if there is an
existing photograph of the perpetrator in the files/gallery of the police or law enforcement
agencies. The witness is invited to the police station and then requested to examine photographic
files of known criminals. If the situation requires, the modus operandi file maybe shown also to
the witness if he/she has knowledge of how crime committed. The witness is instructed to
immediately call the attention of the investigator if he fined any strong similarities or any
resemblance of the smallest feature of the face.
3. GENERAL PHOTOGRAPHMETHOD – in this methods, the investigator shows variety of facial
types that may not necessarily/directly represent the face of the criminal. The photograph shown
to the witness only represents different features of the face.
4. CARTOGRAPHY (artist’s assistance) – the witness and investigator develop a picture of the
criminal with the help of a skilled cartographer. Based on the description provided by the witness,
the artist draws on composite face that approximates the criminal’s facial appearance.
To facilitate the process, an ID-KIT can be employed. The witness is shown a chart
containing representations of various types of human features and then he is requested to select
specific features until a composite face developed.
5. POLICE LINEUP (showups) – This involves a process of letting/allowing a witness to select the
primary suspect from a group of chosen persons (suspects and innocent persons). This methods is
more convenient than the other methods since the ELEMENTS OF SUGGESTION is avoided or
minimized in the identification process. Thus, the primary purpose of using police line-up is to
eliminate the element or power of suggestion by the investigator or any assistant of the
investigator while the witnesses are in the process of identifying the offender.

C. IDENTIFICATION OF CRIMINAL BY CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE

In here, identification is established indirectly by proving other facts or circumstances
from which either alone or in connection with other facts, the identity of the perpetrators
can be inferred.
WHEN MAY CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE BE SUFFICIENT TO PRODUCE CONVICTION?
1. When there are more than one circumstances.
2. When the facts from which the inferences derived and proven.
3. When the combination of all circumstances is such as to produce a conviction beyond
reasonable doubt.
WHAT MUST BE INFERRED TO PROVE IDENTITY BY CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE?
1. MOTIVE – It may be inferred from circumstances and from the statements of witnesses that the
suspect has been motivated by a desire for revenge or personal gain. Motive is hard to establish in
crime committed by mentally deranged persons.
2. OPPORTUNITY – this is the physical possibility that the suspect could have committed the
crime. It may be deduced from the following:
a. The suspect could have been in the vicinity of the crime:
b. Knowledge of the criminal objectives: and
c. Absence of alibi.
D. IDENTIFICATION OF CRIMINAL BY ASSOCIATIVE AND/OR TRACING EVIDENCE
Associative evidence are the pieces of physical evidence which may identify the criminal by
means of clues, personal properties, or the characteristics patterns of procedure deduced from the
arrangement of object at the crime scene.

IDENTIFICATION OF DEAD BODY AND OTHER VICTIMS

METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION:
1. BY COMPARISON – comparing identification criteria recovered during investigation with
records on file or post-mortem findings and compared with ante-mortem records or findings.
Example: latent prints recovered from the crime scene are compared with fingerprints on file.
2. BY EXCLUSION – the process of elimination where two or more persons have to be
identified and all but one is not yet identified then the one whose identity has not been
established may be known.
IDENTIFICATION OF PERSONS – MAY BE CLASSIFIED AS:
1. ORDINARY METHOD – Those which laymen used to prove identity where training, or
special skill or any instrument or procedure is not required for the identifier. This includes
general photographic ID, rouges gallery, observation and description etc.
2. SCIENTIFIC METHODS – those based on scientific knowledge used by trained men, well-
seasoned by experiences and observation, and primarily based on comparison and exclusion.
This usually applies dactyloscopy, DNA blood typing, voice identification, handwriting I.D,
anthropometry, odontology, etc.

EXERCISE 2

1. Explain the aims and objectives of Criminal Investigation. And what are the three-fold aim of

Criminal Investigation?
_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Enumerate and explain the three (3) phases or stages of Investigation.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

3. Differentiate Known Fugitives from Unknown Criminal.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

4. Differentiate Involuntary Confession from Voluntary Confession and Judicial Confession from

Non-judicial Confession.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

5. What are the differences of the kinds of Identification of Criminals (suspect) by Eyewitness’

Testimony?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER 3
TOOLS OF INVESTIGATION

1. INFORMATION – information is perhaps the most important among the tools of

investigation. Without which, the allegation of a criminal activity or the crime committed
could not be possibly proven. In criminal investigation, information pertains to any
matters relating to the offense under investigation. Broadly, information includes any
knowledge, data, news, opinion, or the like transmitted from one person to another.
CLASSIFICATION
1. REGULAR SOURCES- These are records and files from schools police stations etc.
2. CULTIVATED SOURCES- These are information obtained coming from
informers/ informants
3. GRAPEVINE SOURCES- These are information coming from the underworld
people such as criminals, prisoners and ex-convicts

OBJECTIVES OF INFORMATION
1. Develops leads
2. Establishes prima facie evidence
3. Establish corpus delicti
4. Establish identification of persons

2. SOURCES OF INFORMATION – generally, there are two classifications of sources of

information, open and closed.
1. Open Sources – those that are obtained without resorting to special effort or
clandestine operation such as newspaper files, libraries, magazines, books, etc.
2. Closed Sources – those that cannot be obtained openly such as those
possessed by the suspects, witnesses, complainants, victims, or those located
inside a building, safe or vaults, etc.
SPECIFICALLY, sources of information in criminal investigation includes but not limited to the
following:
a. THE CRIME SCENE – the gathered evidence, appearance of the crime scene
itself, and physical description of the crime scene
b. PERSON – victims, complainants, suspect, information’s and informers
c. DOCUMENTS – newspapers, books, police files, and internet materials
3. WAYS OF OBTAINING INFORMATION
1. OVERT–The source of information knows that an information is taken from
him/her like in interview and interrogation.
2. COVERT – the source of information is not aware about the gathering of
facts form him/her:
a. Casing – surveillance and reconnaissance
b. Elicitation
c. Surreptitious entry
d. Employment of technical means – bugging, wiretapping, binocular, and etc.
e. Tactical interrogation
f. Observation and description
g. Sketching
h. Photography
i. Eavesdropping
4. AVAILABILITY OF INFORMATION – the availability of information greatly affects
the outcome of the investigation. This may be depending on the crime committed, the
perpetuator, the victim/s, the modus operandi, the circumstances of the crimes, the time
when the crime was reported, etc. when information is scarce, the investigator should
endeavour to exhaust all means to collect vital facts. The experience and skill now is
necessary to compensate the lacking in the sources of information.

A.INTERVIEW
1. INTERVIEW – It is the questioning of a person believed to possess information which
are relevant to the investigation of a crime or on criminal activities.
- Simple questioning of a person who cooperates with the investigator
2. INTERROGATION- It is the process of obtaining information by means of admission and
confession from those suspects to have committed a crime. It is confrontational in nature.
• Admission- An acknowledgment of a fact or circumstance from which guilt may
inferred. It implicates but does not directly incriminate
• CONFESSION- It is the declaration of an accused expressly acknowledging his guilt of
the crime charged or it is an express acknowledgment by the accused in a criminal case of
the truth of his guilt as to the crime charge, or some essential part thereof.
3. FIELD INQUIRY- It is the general questioning of a person conducted by the investigator

TYPES OF INTERVIEW USED IN CRIMINAL CASE

1. BACKGROUND INTERVIEW/ BACKGROUND CHECK- This is the kind of
interview that is focused only in obtaining data regarding the personal background of the
subject, the simplest type of interview used in criminal case.
2. SUBJECTIVE INTERVIEW- This is the type of interview wherein the questions are
phrased in a manner such that the subject’s answers are based on his personal point of
views.
-Questioned are designed to deal with the subjective aspect of the
case
3. OBJECTIVE INTERVIEW- In this type of interview, questions are designed to acquire the
basic and specific data or facts regarding a criminal case.
This is the type that complies with the six (6) cardinal points of criminal
investigation

TYPES OF SUBJECT INTERVIEW ACCORDING TO THEIR ATTITUDES

1. KNOW NOTHING TYPE- These are persons who are reluctant to become witness and
usually belongs to the uneducated type. It may be remedied by extensive warm up
followed by persistent questioning.
2. DISINTERESTED TYPE- Uncooperative, indifferent persons must be aroused. His
interest should be stimulated by stressing the importance of the information he possess.
3. DRUNKEN TYPE- Flattery will encourage the drunk to answer the questions and
developed interest but always remember that written statements from a drunken person is
admissible in court
4. SUSPICIOUS TYPE- Fear must be removed and the investigator should apply
psychological pressure.
5. TALKATIVE TYPE- The investigator must find ways and means to shift his
talkativeness to those matters related and useful in the investigation
6. HONEST WITNESS- Honest and cooperative witness usually the ideal witness gives
clear information to the investigator
7. BOASTING TYPE- These are ego centric person. The investigator must be patient in
dealing with them because they will be good witnesses due to their ability of expressing
their accounts in the commission of crime
8. TIMID TYPE- This is shy type of witness that should be approached in a friendly way
9. DECEITFUL TYPE- This is the liar type of witness who provides false and misleading
information.

THE GOLDEN RULE IN INTERVIEW

Never conduct or let anyone conduct interview if the interviewer has not gone to
the crime scene. The questioning should be in agreement with the facts and conditions at
the crime scene. The questioning will lead wayward for the interviewer who had not
seen personally the crime scene and he will not be in a position to distinguish half-truths,
exaggerations or falsehood from the answer of the person being interviewed.

QUALITIES OF A GOOD INTERVIEWER

a. RAPPORT– It is the relation between the interviewer and the interviewee which
is conducive to a fruitful result. It is winning the confidence of a person being
interviewed in order that he will tell all the information in his possession.
b. FORCEFUL PERSONALITY – The appearance of the interviewer and other
qualities such as skills of communication techniques or the force of his language
are the mainstays of the strength of his character. He must be understanding,
sympathetic and without showing official arrogance, vulgarity of expression and
an air of superiority.
c. KNOWLEDGE OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR – This will help the interviewer to
determine the personality and intelligence of his subject, he must go particular
subject.
d. CONVERSATIONAL TONE OF VOICE – His tone of voice must be
conversational, not confrontational as in interrogation.
e. COMMON INTEREST – His preliminary and probing question should be aimed
to establish common interest between him and the subject.
f. ACTING QUALITIES – He must be courteous, sympathetic and humble, ready
to ask apologies for the inconvenience of the interview.

2. COGNITIVE INTERVIEW – It is a form or technique in the conduct of interview upon

willing and cooperative witnesses, where they are given the full opportunity to narrate
their accounts without intervention, interruption and interference from the interviewer.

REASON WHY WITNESSES REFUSE TO TALK AND TESTIFY

a. FEAR OF REPRISAL – The fear of reprisal is always entertained by witnesses
who lack the courage to face the suspect, his associates or relatives.
b. GREAT INCONVENIENCE – On the part of those of hands to mouth existence
there is this real inconvenience which will deprive them the time to earn for their
living especially during the ordeal of testifying during trial.
c. HATRED AGAINST THE POLICE – This hatred maybe due to previous bad
experience with rogue members of the police organization.
d. BIAS OF THE WITNESS – The witness maybe an acquaintance, friend, helper
or benefactor of the suspect. All of these and other relationship of the witness to
the suspect must be explored so that an intelligent approach is properly applied.
e. AVOIDANCE PF PUBLICITY – There are witnesses who are shy and they
shun publicity that will bring discomfort to their ordinary or obscure way of
living. The investigator must hide these witnesses away from reporters.
f. FAMILY RESTRICTION – Some famous and respected families preserve their
reputations by instilling to their members the need of the approval of their elders
on matters affecting their families.
g. BIGOTRY – Religious or racial, tribal or ethnic indifference.
h. CULTISH INDOCTRINATION – Some cults or religious denominations
exercise religious or moral influence on decision of witnesses to testify. It would
be more apparent when the witness and the suspect belong to the same cults

3. COMMON TECHNIQUE APPLICABLE TO THE FOREGOING REASONS

Many of these witnesses want that they will not be utilized as formal witnesses
but to remain anonymous. The investigation must initially agree that the
testimonies be given the shroud of confidentiality. After the full disclosure of the
information, the investigator then persuades these witnesses to be utilized as
formal witnesses especially when there is the necessity of the testimonial
evidence. The power of persuasion plays a key role.

4. THE STAGES OF HANDLING THE INTERVIEW

a. PREPARATION
b. APPROACH
c. WARMING UP
d. COGNITIVE INTERVIEW

5. RULES IN QUESTIONING
a. ONE QUESTION AT A TIME – multiple, complex and legalities questions
should be avoided. One question at a time is desired.
b. AVOID IMPLIED ANSWER – The nod of the head or any other body language
as a response to the questions should be avoided.
c. SIMPLICITY OF QUESTION – A short simple question at a time is required.
If the answer needs qualification, them is should be allowed.
d. SAVING FACES – Embarrassing questions on the subject on matters of
exaggeration or honest errors about time, distance and description can be avoided
if the investigation will cooperate with the subject “to save his face.”
e. YES AND NO ANSWER – Do not ask questions which could be answered by
yes or no.
COMPLAINTS AND TESTIMONIES BE REDUCES TO WRITING
Complaints and Testimonies shall be reduced into writing in the form of questions and
answer

INFORMANT- An informant is any person who furnishes the police an information relevant to
a criminal case about the activities of criminal or syndicates.
TYPES OF INFORMANT
- ANONYMOUS INFORMANT
- RIVAL ELIMINATION INFORMAT
- FALSE INFORMANT
- FRIGHTENED INFORMANT
- SELF AGGRANDIZING INFORMANT
- MERCENARY INFORMANT
- DOUBLE CROSSER INFORMANT
- WOMEN INFORMANT
- LEGITIMATE INFORMANT

MOTIVES OF INFORMANTS
- VANITY
- CIVIC MINDEDNESS
- FEAR
- REPENTANCE

INFORMERS- He is the person who provides information to the police on a regular basis. They
are either paid regularly or in a case to case basis, or none at all. They are cultivated and
established by the police on a more or less permanent character and as long as they are loyal and
useful to the police organization.

CRITICAL AREAS IN THE DEPLOYMENT OF INFORMERS

a. Within the ranks of criminal and criminal syndicates
b. Associates and friends of criminals
c. Place of hang-outs of criminals such as night clubs, bars, hotels, billiards, halls
and other places
d. Slums and residential places where criminals have
e. Detention Centers such as local jails and the National Bureau of Prisons in many
instances, crimes were solved by planning moles among detention prisoners in the
holding centers o investigative units and in the local jails and also in the National
Bureau of Prisons, thru the agreement with prison authorities.
f. Places where criminals dispose their loots.

WOMEN INFORMERS
Most effective among informers because they could easily penetrate the ranks of
criminals with less suspicion. Besides they could mingle with the crowd easily and could obtain
information’s more than their male counterparts, especially if their beauty attracts attention.

DUAL ROLE OF THE INFORMERS

a. Identifying and tracing the whereabouts of the suspects.
b. Gathering on information that will lead to the location and recovery of the
evidence relevant to criminal activities.

Interrogation is one of the most difficult but most interesting phases of criminal investigation
and detection. It is the confrontation battle of wits between the investigator and the suspect. It is a mental
combat where the weapon is intelligence and the use of the art. Victory depends upon proper and
effective use of the art.

1. INTERROGATION– It is the vigorous and the confrontational in a crime. It is confrontational

in the sense that investigator places the guilt on the accused. This processes is also applied to an
uncooperative or recalcitrant witness.

2. PURPOSES OF INTERROGATION
a. On the part of the suspect, it is to extract a confession or admission.
b. On the part of the uncooperative or unwilling witness, it is extract the information he
possesses.

3. CONFESSION DISTINGUISHED FROM ADMISSION

a. CONFESSION
b. ADMISSION

4. KINDS OF CONFESSIONS
a. Extra Judicial Confession
b. Judicial Confessions

5. CUSTODIAL INTERROGATION OR INVESTIGATION– It is the term to denote the

investigation conducted by the investigation on the suspect who is under police custody.

6. MIRANDA DOCTRINE – The origin of American jurisprudence Mr Miranda, a Latino was

accused of serious offense somewhere in the State of Arizona.
THE RIGHTS OF THE ACCUSED DURING CUSTODIAL INTERROGATION
a) Right to remain silent,
b) Right to counsel of his own choice and if he has none, the government must provide one
for him;
c) Right to be informed of the nature of the charges against him and whatever he says may
be used for or against him.

7. THE TECHNIQUES OF INTERROGATION

a. EMOTION APPEAL – This is a technique where the investigator, combining his skills
of an actor and a psychologist, addresses the suspect with an emotional appeal to confess.

b. SYMPATHETIC APPROACH – The investigation in his preliminary or probing

questions must dig deep into the past troubles, plight and fortunate events in the life of
his suspect.

c. FRIENDLINESS – A friendly approach coupled with a posture of sincerity may induce

the suspect to confess

d. TRICKS AND BLUFFS

e. STERN APPROACH – The investigation displays a stern personality towards the

suspect by using the following methods.
1. PRETENSE OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
2. JOLTING
3. INDIFFERENCE
4. FEIGNING PROTECTION AND CONSIDERATION
5. OPPORTUNITY TO LIE

f. THE MUTT AND JEFF or SWEET AND SOUR METHOD – The first set of
investigations must appear to be rough, mean and dangerous. When they had finished the
interrogation, the second investigator intervenes by stopping the first set of investigators.
By being sympathetic and understanding, he begins his interrogation.

g. REMOVING THE ETHNIC OR CULTURAL BARRIER – If the suspect is an

Ilocano, he should be interrogated by an Ilocano investigator and the same with other
ethnic or cultural groups.

h. SEARCHING FOR THE SOFT SPOT – In every man’s heart there is always that
softest spot.

8. ADDITIONAL MODERN TECHNIQUE OF INTERROGATION – ACTUALLY THESE

MODERN TECHNIQUES ARE CULLED FROM FORM THE TECHNQUE AFORE-CITED.
a. RATIONALIZATION
b. PROJECTION
c. MINIMIZATION

9. PHYSICAL SIGN OF DECEPTIONS

a. SWEATING
b. COLOR CHANGE
c. DRY MOUTH
d. BREATHING
e. PULSE
f. AVOIDANCE OF DIRECT EYE CONTACT

METHODS OF INSTRUMENTATIONS
THE POLICE SCIENCES INVOLVED
a. Polygraph or lie Detection Test
b. Police Photography
c. Forensic Medicine
d. Forensic Chemistry – Toxicology
e. Forensic Ballistic
f. Dactyloscopy
g. Questioned document Examination
h. Odontology
i. Forensic Psychology
j. Forensic Computer Technology
The person applying the forensic sciences in crime detection are
sometimes called Forensic Detectives.
INSTRUMENTATION – It is the application of investigation and detection of crimes and criminals.
This is otherwise known as CRIMINALISTICS.
A.POLYGRAPHY or Lie Detection Test- Up to now, there is no judicial ruling as to
the admissibility of the result of polygraph examination.

B.POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY – The photographs of the crime scene and the pieces of
evidence thereat are real evidence because they are addressed to the senses of the court.

C. FORENSIC CHEMISTRY – It involves the use of the science of chemistry in the

examination of fibers, hair, powder, burns, blood, stains, paints, poisonous substances
and other matters in their relevance to the investigation.

D.FORENSIC MEDICINE – The forensic pathologist examines the cadaver of a person

thru autopsy in order to determine the cause of death as one of the elements of corpus
delicti.

E.FORENSIC BALLISTICS – This is the science of firearms identification. In crimes

involving the use of firearms, the bullets and shells found at the scene of the crime are
compared microscopically with that of the suspected firearm.

F.DACTYLOSCOPY – Or the science of fingerprint identification is one of the means

to identify the suspect or unknown cadavers.
G.QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS – Suspected forged or falsified documents are
subjected to examination by the Question Documents expert to establish if there is
alteration, superimposition or erasures, either manually or chemically.
H.FORENSIC ODONTOLOGY – The use of dentures is of paramount importance in
the identification of unknown dead bodies especially when other means of identification
is lost due to burning or extremely advanced state of decomposition.

I.FORENSIC COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY – This is the age of advance information

technology. Every human transaction today is with the use of their technologies.

J.FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY – This is a very recent science in the field of criminal

investigation and detection.

MODERN DISCOVERIES OF INSTRUMENTION

a. DNA TEST (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) – The discovery in genetics is that no two person
have the same DNA profile, expect the identical twins. The father of DNA is Sir ALEC
JEFFREYS who discovered this branch of genetics.

b. HAIR EXAMINATION – The roots of the hair when examined under this new
technology will determine the presence of drugs taken by the person two years prior to
the said examination.

c. AUTOMATIC FINGERPRINTS IDENTIFICATION – A questioned fingerprint is

feed into the AFIS machine which will automatically search the files of fingerprints and
renders report in matters of seconds.

d. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS) – This is for the effective identification on

the location of criminals and object thru modern and special gadgets.
EXERCISE 3

1. Differentiate Interview from Interrogation.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Explain the Golden Rule in Interview by your own understanding.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

3. What are the reason why witnesses refuse to talk and testify?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

4. Explain the purposes of Interrogation.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the essence of three (3) I’s (Interview, Interrogation and Instrumentation) in Criminal

Investigation?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

CHAPTER IV

NATURE OF INTELLIGENCE
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
- It is the product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis, integration, and
interpretation of all available information which should be known in advance to initiate a
particular course of action.
- Product of a process, which starts from collection of information, its evaluation, analysis,
integration and interpretation to arrive at a theory or conclusion.

INTELLIGENCE vs. INFORMATION

The latter is segmented; it is comprised of raw facts while the former is processed information thereby
having a complete meaning.
How is Intelligence Viewed?
 As a process
 an activity, which treats information as basis for departmental policy and decision making.
 Intelligence as an organization
 An institution composed of persons who pursue a special kind of knowledge for the purposed of
planning the collection of information, processing and dissemination of intelligence relating to
military/police operations.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF INTELLIGENCE

 MOSES- One of the first recorded formalized intelligence efforts, with format can be found in
the Holy Bible (Numbers 13:17). The Scriptures also named the 12 intelligence agents whom the
Lord directed Moses to send into the land of Canaan and records that all those men were from the
tribes of Israel.

 REHAB- The harlot (prostitute) of Jericho (Joshua 2:1-21) who sheltered and concealed the
agents of Israel, she made a covenant with the agents and duped their pursuers.

 DELILAH- She allowed Philistine spies to hide in her house (Judges 16:9) and used her
femininity to gain intelligence from a powerful enemy, Samson, The strongest man in the world
during his time.

 SUN TZU KHAN- According to him, what is called foreknowledge cannot be elicited from
spirits, or from gods, or from analogy with past events nor from.

 ALEXANDER THE GREAT- While marching in Asia, he investigated all the letters and the
detections of the malcontents whether the legitimate cause were exposed.

 SERTORIUS, QUINTUS- The pawn was used as intelligence agent. His intelligence agents
credited their information to the supernatural power of animals.
 AKBAR- The “Great Mogul” and sagacious master of Hindustan who employed more than four
thousand agents for the sole purpose of bringing him the truth that his throne might rest upon
him.

 GENGHIS KHANTHOT- He used intelligence to conquer China and invade Cathy. He

instructed his generals to send spies and used prisoners as sources of information.

 FREDERICK THE GREAT- He established rules for obtaining and using every grade of spy
or intelligence and divided his agents into for classes.

 KHANNIBAL- The Carthaginian General considered as one of the brilliant military strategist.
He developed an effective intelligence system for 15 years in Rome.

 GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR- During his time, his staff of each legion includes ten “speculators”
who served as information-collecting agency.

 KARL SCHULMEISTER- Napoleon’s military secret service and Napoleon’s eyes. He began
his career in offensive espionage.

 WASHINGTON, GEORGE- Conspirators under oath abound in the history of every nation.

 FRANCIS WALSINGHAM- He employed spies on the staff of the Admiral in Command of the
Spanish Army and able to obtain information regarding Spanish Army as to their ships,
equipment, forces and stores. He protected Queen Elizabeth I from countless assassins.

 NAPOLEON BONAPARTE- Believes that “One spy in the right place is worth 20,000 men in
the field.” He also organized two bureaus of interest.

 ALFRED REDL- One of the most brilliant intelligence agents, though he was homosexual.
Chief of the Austro-Hungarian secret service and at the same time agent of the Russia (convicted
of treason in 1913 – he committed suicide).

 JOSEPH FOUCHE- He rose to become the most feared and respected intelligence director in
French history.
 MARCUS LUCINIUS CRASSUS- A millionaire in Rome in the ancient time who employed
slaves and freemen as fire brigade turned intelligence unit.

EXERCISE 4

1. Describe Intelligence in your own perspective.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Explain why Intelligence is an organization.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the contribution of Delilah in the History of Intelligence?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

4. Explain how Intelligence is viewed as a process.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

5. Differentiate Intelligence from Information.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER V

BROAD CATEGORIES OF INTELLIGENCE (ND – MP)

National Intelligence
 It is the total product of intelligence developed from information obtained from various
departments and agencies of the government and from other sources outside the government.
Departmental Intelligence
 It is the intelligence required or produced by the line departments and agencies of the government
needed in carrying out their respective mandates and responsibilities which serves as components
of national intelligence.
Military Intelligence
 It is the intelligence used in the preparation of military policies, plans and programs which
includes both strategic and combat intelligence.
Police Intelligence
 It is the product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis, integration and interpretation
of all available information which concern one or more aspects of the criminal environment,
which are immediately or potentially significant to police planning.

Aspects ofIntelligence (SLC)

1. Strategic Intelligence
 It is the type of intelligence primarily for long range in nature with little practical immediate
operational value.
Several Components (PEST – BAGS)
 Political, Economic, Scientific and Technical, Transportation and Telecommunication,
Biographical, Armed Forces, Geographical and Sociological.
2. Line/ Combat/ Tactical Intelligence
 It refers to any processed information coming from covert and overt sources that affect police
operation.
3. Counter – Intelligence
 It’s objectives are to safeguard information against espionage, protect installations and materials
from sabotage, and guard against personnel engaging in subversive activities. It is concerned with
the early detection of disaffected or dissident groups of individuals, which constitute a threat to
national security. It is also defined as the detection, prevention or neutralization of any inimical to
the harmony and best interest of the police organization.

Counter Intelligence Measures (3D)

 Denial Measures
Secrecy discipline, document security, camouflage and concealment, communications security,
military censorship reconnaissance efforts.
 Detection Measures
PSI, Security Tag or Password, Challenge or Password, Reconnaissance.
 Deception Measures
Ruse – use of escape and evasion, Dummy position, Fabricated information

Functional Classifications of Police Intelligence (CIP)

1. Criminal Intelligence (CRIMINT)
It is the production of intelligence essential to the prevention of crimes, and the investigation,
arrest and prosecution of criminal offenders.
2. Internal Security Intelligence (INSIT)
It is the knowledge essential to the maintenance of peace and order.
3. Public Safety Intelligence (PUSINT)
It is the knowledge essential to ensuring the protection of lives and properties.
THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

FOUR PHASES OF THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE (PCPD)

1. Planning and Direction
It involves the determination of intelligence requirements, priorities and selection of intelligence
agency and means of supervision.
2. Collection of Information
It involves the systematic exploitation of sources of information by collection agency and the delivery
of information to proper intelligence unit.
3. Processing
It is the phase where information becomes intelligence. It involves recording, evaluation and
interpretation of information.
4. Dissemination
It is the timely conveyance of information by any suitable means to those who need it.

Phase 1 – Planning and Direction (REP)

1. Determination of Intelligence Requirements.
2. Determination of the Essential Elements of Information (EEI)
3. Establishment of Priorities (P.I.R’s)

EEI
It refers to an item of intelligence or information of the characteristics of the area of operations
and the enemy, which the commander feels needed before he can reasonably arrive at a decision.
Phase 2 – Collection
1. Criteria of Collecting Agencies/Units (CB – SM)
 Capability, Balance/Suitability and Multiplicity
2. Two Basis Collection Straregies: (RA)
 Resource Integration – one agent.
 Agent Mixed Redundancy – 3 or more agents assessing for the same assignment.
3. Who are tasked to collect information? (IC)
 Intelligence officers/agents-regular members
 Civilian Agents-informers and informants
Phase 3 – Processing (REI)
1. Recording
It is reducing into writing or graphical representation and arranging into groups related
items.

2. Evaluation
It is determining the pertinence, reliability of the source and accuracy of the information; or
examination of raw information to determine intelligence value.

 Evaluation to determine: (PRC)

 Pertinence (usefulness)
Does it hold some value to current operation? Is it needed immediately?

 Reliability (dependable)
Judging the source of information.

 Credibility (truth of information)

Is it possible for the reported factor event to have taken place? Is the report
consistent within itself? Is the report confirmed or corroborated by information
from different sources or agencies? If the report does not agree with information
from other sources, which one is more likely to be true?

3. Interpretation (AID)
It is establishing the meaning and significance of the information. It involves analysis, integration
and deduction.
a. Analysis
Done by shifting and isolating those elements that have significance.
b. Integration

It is the combinations of the elements stated in assessment.

c. Deduction
Conclusions from the theory developed, tested and considered valid.
Phase 4 – Dissemination and Use (TiPS)
1. Timeliness – reach the user on time to be useful.
2. Propriety – right user like national leaders or commanders.
3. Security – proper security measures for classified matters.

Methods of Dissemination (COP – MOO)

 Conference – staff members,
 Operations order, oral or written,
 Personal Contact,
 Memorandum, circulars, special orders, etc.,
 Fragmentary Orders from top to bottom of the command, and
 Other report and,
 intelligence documents.

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
It is an exception to the rule when the ability of an investigation exceeds the quantity of sources
of information he possesses.
Rarely, if ever, has there been an investigator of any proficiency that did not possess many and
varied sources of information, informant recruitment and development ranks very high in mandatory
achievements of an intelligence officer.

CLASSIFICATION OF CLANDESTINE AGENTS

1. Principal Agent
2. Action Agent
3. Support Agent
WHO IS A PRINCIPAL AGENT?
 A managerial agent and the leader of an agent network.
 Recruited agent who is authorized by the clandestine organization to recruite and handle sub-
agents under the direction and control of an agent handler.
WHO IS AN ACTION AGENT?
 The doer of the clandestine task
 May be further classified according to the task he is assigned
COVERT ACTION AGENT – is a fully recruited agent who is in a senior position usually within a
government at the direction of a sponsor.

TYPES OF ACTION AGENT (CLAP – PSG – PS)

4. COUNTER INTELLIGENCE/INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION AGENT
5. LEGAL TRAVELER
6. ACCESS AGENT
7. PENETRATION AGENT
8. PROPAGANDIST
9. SABOTEUR
10. GUERILLA
11. PROVOCATION
12. STRONG ARM
WHO IS A SUPPORT AGENT
Is a n agent who engages in activities that support the clandestine operation.
KINDS OF SUPPORT AGENT (SIPP- SMC)
1. SURVEILANT
2. INVESTIGATOR
3. PROCURERS OF FUNDS
4. SAFEHOUSE KEEPER
5. MANAGER OF STORAGE AREA
6. COMMUNICATION AGENT
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Are persons, things or actions from which information about criminals and/or subversives,
weather and terrain is derived.
TYPES OF SOURCES OF INFORMATION
1. Records
2. Persons
PERSONS AS SOURCES OF INFORMATION
 INFORMANT NET
 INFORMANT
 INFORMER
PURPOSE OF INFORMANTS (PIG)
 Provide anonymity to investigation and operations.
 Increase the scope of area of operation and target coverage
 Gain access to areas and targets in accessible to intelligence.
TYPES OF INFORMANTS (CHISMOSO)
1. C – Competitor/ Rival Elimination
2. H- hiding Anonymous
3. I – Inutile/False
4. S – Self Aggrandizing
5. M – Mercenary
6. O – Operational/Legitimate
7. S – Secret/ Confidential
8. O – Others (WDF)
a. Woman
b. Double Crosser
c. Frightened Informant
MOTIVES OF INFORMANTS
1. REWARD
2. REVENGE
3. PATRIOTISM
4. FEAR AND AVOIDANCE OF PUNISHMENT
5. FRIENDSHIP/CAREER DEVELOPMENT
6. VANITY
7. CIVIC-MINDEDNESS
8. REPENTANCE
9. COMPETITION
FOUR PHASES/STEPSOF INFORMANT PROCESSING (SIAT)
1. SELECTION
2. INVESTIGATION
3. APPROACH
4. TESTING
FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN FORMANT RECRUITMENT (A-SHAPE)
1. ACCESS
2. SEX
3. HEALTH
4. ABILITY
5. PERSONALITY
6. EDUCATION
HOW TO COMMUNICATE WITH INFORMANTS
1. Meeting should NOT be done in the office of the investigator.
2. There should be a non – recognizable pattern of a meeting place.
3. Code name should be used especially when using phone when the divulging a very sensitive and
highly confidential information.
INVESTIGATION’S RELATIONSHIP WITH THE INFORMANTS
1. The investigator should protect the identity of the informant.
2. if the circumstances needed, informant;s identity should be disclosed to proper authorities only.
3. Investigator should treat the informant with consideration irrespective of his economic status,
education and character.
4. The investigator should not allow the informant to dominate or control any part of the
investigation.

EXERCISE 5

1. Differentiate the four (4) Broad Categories of Intelligence.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Explain the four (4) Phases of the Intelligence Cycle.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

3. Explain Information Management in your own understanding.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

4. What are the purposes of an informant?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

5. What is the purpose of code name in communicating with informant?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER VI

SURVEILLANCE AND UNDERCOVER OPERATIONS

A.PRINCIPLES AND CONCEPTS OF SURVEILANCE

1. SURVIELANCE – It is the observation of person, place and vehicles for the purpose of
obtaining information concerning the identities of criminals and their activities.

2. SURVEILLANT–The surveillant is the person who conducts the surveillance or performs the
observations.

3. SUBJECT – The subject is the person, place or vehicle being observed by the surveillant.

4. THE KINDS OF SURVEILANCE

a. Surveillance of places
b. Tailing or Shadowing
c. Undercover investigation or “roping”

5. TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE
a. COVERT SURVEILLANCE – when the subject is not aware that he is being observed.
b. OVERT SURVEILLANCE – when the subject is aware that he is being tailed
6. THE PURPOSE OF SURVEILLANCE
a. To get information on criminal activities as a basis for future raid.
b. To discover the identities of persons frequenting the place to establish their criminal
activities.
c. To obtain evidence of a crime or to prevent the commission thereof by arrest or raid.
d. To establish legal grounds for the application of a Search Warrant.
e. To arrest the criminal in flagrante delicto

7. OTHER TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE

a. Fixed Surveillance – watching a house or building
b. Moving Surveillance – on foot or by motor vehicle

8. PROCEDURES IN FIXED SURVIELLANCE

a. Using a room in a nearby house or building using cameras with telephoto lens and
powerful binoculars in order to get pictures of subject visiotrs and activities.
b. The use of listening devices and to record them.
c. Other surveillants may remain outdoor, posing as carpenters, plumbers, or other means of
communication will coordinate their activities with those surveillants inside their
observation room

9. TOOLS USED IN FIXED SURVEILLANCE

a. Binoculars or telephoto lens
b. Movie cameras with telephoto lens
c. Wiretapping device with tape recording apparatus
d. Other listening devices
e. In case there is difficulty in the use of wiretapping device, an expert in lip reading must
be employed.

10. PERSONAL APPEARANCE OF THE SURVEILLANCE

A.SURVEILLANCE ON FOOT
1. SHADOWING or TAILING – it is the act of shadowing tailing or following a person or
persons.
2. PURPOSE OF FOOT SURVEILLANCE
a. To detect pieces of evidence of criminal activities.
b. To establish the associates of the subject
c. To establish places frequented by the subject and his place of operation or temporary
residence.
d. To locate a wanted person or missing person
e. To protect witnesses or complainants
f. As part of background investigation of a certain person for a lawful cause in promotion,
appointment or reward.
g. As a form of loyalty check for suspected employees in cahoots with criminals or shady
characters.

3. THE DON’TS IN FOOT SURVEILLANCE

a. Never meet the eye of the subject to avoid suspicion. If the subject makes an abrupt turn,
avoid a face to face confrontation by looking elsewhere away from the face of the
subject.
b. Avoid lurking, sleuthing and creeping manner Don’t lurk in doorways, stalking behind
the subject, crouch and sneak around corners all of those will attract attention.
c. Don’t wear fiction story disguises, such as whiskers, artificial noses or scars and faked
deformities such as limping, or artificial mannerism. To the amateur, these disguises
could easily be discovered by the ordinary street people.
d. Never carry noticeable notebooks, brief case or other object.
e. Don’t greet fellow officers or allow them to greet you by way of signals like blocking the
lips with a finger.
f. Don’t make entries or notes in your notebook ostensibly or displayed publicly.

4. PREPARATIONS FOR THE SHADOWING

a. If the subject is unknown to the surveillant, have somebody to point to him or obtain a
full and complete description of the subject.
b. Have a complete background of the subject such as habits. Haunts, social life and places
frequented.
c. Surveillant should adapt his attire to conform to the place where he expects to find the
subject.
d. He should be casual and should not be apparently centered on the subject. Avoid
nervousness and haste patience will count much.
e. Study the place and surrounding of his target as illustrated in his mental map to include
transportation, entrances and exits and communication facilities. If he loses the subject he
knows how to establish the trail again.
f. It is a must that the identity of subject be known at the start before embarking the
surveillance. This is important in order that if there will be a violent confrontation the
surveillant will be prepared.

5. THE METHODS OF FOOT SURVEILLANCE

a. ONE MAN SHADOW – It is conducted by one man alone in shadowing a subject. The
surveillant must establish the contacts of the subject, place visited, girl friends and
confidants.

b. TWO MAN SHADOW – This is easier for the surveillants to fully cover the subject.
The methods allows the exchange of the positions of the shadowers in order to avoid
discovery.

c. THREE MAN SHADOWER OR ABC TECHNIQUE OF SHADOWING

The three shadowers are presented as AB and C a is close to the subject and
follows him at a distance depending on the pedestrian traffic B follows A at the
same distance of A to subject. If vehicular traffic is moderate, it maybe opposite
him on the other side of the street B and C turn in occupying the position of A to
prevent A from becoming familiar and noticeable figure to the subject Pre
arranged signals are encouraged.

6. TACTICS AND TECHNIQUES OF SHADOWING

a. TURNING CORNERS
b. ENTERING A BUILDING
c. RIDING A BUS
d. RIDING A TAXI
e. RIDING TRAIN
f. INSIDE A RESTAURANT
g. IN A HOTEL
h. TELEPHONE BOOTH
i. IN A THEATER
j. INSIDE A PRIVATE HOUSE
k. INSIDE A SMALL PRIVATE OR PUBLIC OFFICE

7. COMMON TRICKS OF SUBJECT

a. TESTING FOR TAILING
b. USE OF CONVOY

UNDERCOVER OPERATION

1. UNDERCOVER OPERATION - It is a police operation wherein the investigator assumes a

fictitious identity in order to infiltrate the ranks of the criminals for the purpose of obtaining
information.

2. PURPOSE OF UNDERCOVER OPERATION

a. GATHERING EVIDENCE
b. GATHERING INFORMATION
c. COUNTER INTELLIGENCE
d. INSTALLATION OF SURVEILLANCE EQUIPMENT
e. LOYALTY CHECK
f. PENETRATING SUBVERSIVE ORGANIZATIONS
g. BASIS FOR SUCCESFYUL RAID

3. QUALITIES OF A GOOD UNDERCOVER AGENT

a. A good actor and a psychologist.
b. He must be able to adapt himself in the field of his assignment.
c. Knowledge that is above the ordinary in terms of general information and the varied ways
of life, profession and occupation.
d. Temperament a calm, enduring and affable personality. Self-control and Self-confidence
are a few of his qualities.
e. Photographic memory – he must have a photographic memory because most often, he
could not use written notes about his activities and observation.

4. SPECIFIC TYPES OF UNDERCOVER ASSIGNMENT

a. WORK ASSIGNMENT
b. SOCIAL ASSIGNMENT
c. SUBVERSIVE ORGANIZATIONS
d. RESIDENTIAL ASSIGNMENT
5. THE DON’TS IN THE ASSIGNMENT
a. Don’t drink too much in the assignment.
b. Don’t court women because there is a great possibility that one of the women is the
girlfriend of the subject.
c. Women agent - Due to nature of the job, women should not be employed as a general
rule.
d. Bragging - do not brag or claim to be some body.
e. Do not fail to provide persons in the place who could vouch for the agent.
f. Expenditures must be moderate and commensurate with the fictitious identity, to avoid
suspicion.

6. MEAN OF CONTACT WITH HEADQUARTERS

a. TELEPHONE
b. CODED MESSAGES
c. SECRET MEETINGS
d.
SUBMERSIVE ACTIVITIES

Introduction

One of the essential elements of Communist global conquest is paralysis. Like other principles of
warfare, paralysis is a condition. It is achieved by pressure.

The partial or total paralysis of any agency or individual that threatens Communist global conquest is
certainly a goal or a tactic of a subversive organization.
In any war, whether it be against crime or subversion or any other peoples or things, the first axiom is
“know your enemy.”

Municipal police, more specifically intelligence personnel, will ultimately play a significant roll in the
preservation of freedom.

It is quite simple, they will be some of the first to know the identities and activities of the subversive
elements at the local level. In other terms, they will be the first to “know the enemy.”

Dissention and public disorder arising out of the induced racial conflicts are already creating some
paralysis within municipal police.

The creation of a general climate of opinion against “rocking the boat” when infractions are committed by
minority members is having its effect, particularly on the minds of the rookie policemen.

However, before exploring present-day subversive activities, it is appropriate to briefly examine the
historical and theoretical aspects of Communism.

History and Theory of Communism

The word communism is derived from the Latin “communis” which literally means, “that which is
common”. In its economic sense, Communism is a society in which all things are held and shared in
common. Any idiot or pseudo-intellectual that thinks Communism has any relationship to the Latin root
word is grossly ill-informed.

Communism is a pseudo-scientific, atheistic, philosophy perpetrated by a criminal conspiracy of power-

hungry dictators. Generally speaking, in the theoretical sense, Communism has three pillars dialectics,
materialism, and economic determinism. The scientific or moral validity of each need not be debated.

Aristotle first defined reasoning or learning by argument which is the essence of dialectics. Hegel, a
German philosopher, contributed the tripartite pattern, thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. In substance, the
antithesis conflicts with the thesis and the result is a new level of achievement, or synthesis.
Materialism or more properly, atheism, was probably taken from Feureback who related “man is what he
eats, we are matter in motion, nothing more.”

In 1847, Karl Marx, a social, political and intellectual outcast, borrowed the concepts of Hegel and
Feureback in writing the Communist Manifesto. Karl Marx was part of the long line of history’s visionary
schemers seeking a magic formula for a better life without having to earn it.

His life and writing are a story of contradictions. Through the product of several generations of Jewish
Rabbis, he was reared a protestant and later wrote that “religion is the opium of the people.”

He married the daughter of a German baron, yet later advocated the abolition of private property. Rarely
did he provide for his wife and children who lived off the generosity of his friends; yet he wrote that all
people who were not of the working class were parasites.
In one sense of the word, Marx compiled a collection of economic premises which had been forwarded by
many authors before him.

In 1516, Sir Thomas Moore, Lord Chancellor of England, Counselor to Hnry VII, in his books Utopia
advocated “Common ownership of wealth”.

John Locke in this treatise On Civil Government, denied the right of private property and declared that
labor is the tile to property, thus the labor theory of value.

In approximately 1650, Gerard Winstanley wrote that war and civil strife had their origin in the private
ownership of land. He viewed government as an institution of property owners and said that religion was
used to encourage the submission of the poor.

In the French Revolution, Babuef advocated revolution, nationalizationof industry, rigid censorship, and
the giving of children to the State. He was the first to declare that Socialism (Communism) could not be
achieved without political power.

Saint Simon advocated that all means of production should belong to a “social fund.” He condemned the
inherited privileges of royalty. He was also was one of the first to note and describe the class visions in
society.
Charles Fourier advocated a society based on a “harmony of passions”. There were to be no laws, no
police and no army. In addition to advocating community kitchens, he held that workers in factories
should be able to change jobs every two hours.

Robert Owen professed that society should be groups of self-contained villages and that children should
be taken from their parents at the age of three. He further related that each country should be one giant
cooperative with a gradual “withering way of the state”.

Peirre Proudhon condemned private property unless acquired by labor only. He envisioned a great
national bank operate by the state in which interest and profit would gradually be eliminated.

Louis Blanc was the first to appeal to the workers for political control. He advocated state workshops for
all industry to eliminate competition from private enterprise. He related that … each should produce
according to his ability and each should receive according to his needs.

When looking at the contributions of the previously mentioned authors, it is apparent that the communist
manifesto is a summary of the material that arose out of the conditions centering around the industrial
revolution of Europe. The plight of the workers during this time is certainly not comparable to modern
day conditions.

There is no question in the minds of all well-informed people that communism is dedicated, by ideology
and practice to the complete domination of the world. Communism aims to destroy all other social orders.
Communism will continue to try to advance its cause regardless of the price in human lives and suffering.

Excerpts from the writings of Lenin contribute to a great part of the strategy of the world communism, a
knowledge of which is necessary to completely understand what is coming… “First we will take Wstern
Europe, then the masses of Asia. Then we will surround America, the last citadel of capitalism. We shall
not have to attack. She will fall into our lap line an over-ripe fruit”.

Lenin also related, “The enemy may defeat us a thousand times, but the thousand and first time we shall
win.” Further insight to Communist philosophy is provided by, “We shall agree only so long as
agreement shall strengthen u, then we shall disagree.” Also, respect for law is contained in the basic tenet
of Lenin, “We must be prepared to use any means, legal of illegal.”
The fallacy of Communist Theory and ideology can be summarized rather briefly as follows: their
tripartite application of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis to the history of man fails to take into account a
multitude of facts, particularly morality, laws, religions, politics, plus many other. Law is not an
instrument of the ruling class, nor is religion. The Bible applies to rich and poor alike as do the teaching
of all religions.

The history of man is not the history of class struggle. Class antagonisms have continued to decrease.
There is a greater distribution of wealth under capitalism than there has been under any other form of
economics in the history of man. The retrogression of man has always been the result of moral decay, not
economics.

Dialectical materialism is as fallacious as economic determinism. Most people know that man can not live
by bread alone; he is a social, political and religious being.

The Soviets started their world conquest over the seventy-five years ago when they first sent agents of
subversion and espionage to all corners of the world. Theis assassinations reflect their determinations as
well as their madness.

Intelligence Indicators:

General Activity
- Identification of CPP, NPA rebels, terrorists, criminal elements suddenly appearing in or moving
out to the area.
- New faces in the area.
- Unusual gatherings among the populace.
- Disruption of normal social patterns.
- Strange and uncommon barrio visitors such as:
- Quack doctors
- Members of religious sect such as priest/nuns.
- Salesmen
- Entertainers
- New settlers who may stay permanently or just transients.
- Trends indicating a rise in rumor mongering.
- General rise in the trend of criminality.
- Other threats to peace and order in the locality.

Activity to Gain the Support of the People

- Unexplained disappearance of young people.

- Refusal of peasants to pay rents, taxes or loan payments.
- Trend of hostility on the part of the local population toward government forces.
- Occurrences of actions considered taboo by the populace.

Activity against the Government

- Strangers attempting to join local security forces.

- Unexplained destruction or loss of government identification papers and increased forgeries.
- Murder and kidnapping and/or harassments of local government officials.

General Propaganda Indicators

- Intensification of unrest from known or unknown causes.

- Increased agitation on issues for which there is no reform movement or organization.
- Discrediting the judicial system and police organizations.
- Agitation against long known government projects and plans.
- Rumors resulting in public acceptance of untruth about the government or government leaders.
- Exhortations to youths to refrain from joining the military/police service or to desert with the rise
in the number of AWOLS or a decline in the enlistment rate.
- Charges by students and others that the educational system is not adequate and is only training
the youth of the nations to do the government’s bidding.

Commodity Indicators
- Diversion of crops/meat from the market.
- Discovery of caches of staple foodstuffs.
- Increased pilferage of weapons, vehicles, parts.
- Discovery of arm cache.
- Discovery of caches of clothing or of materials which may be used in the manufacture of clothing
or uniform.
- Scarcity of herbs and plants used as drugs.
- Large scale purchase of foodstuffs on markets by sources not previously identified as wholesale
buyers.

Environment Indicators
- Unexplained trails and campsites.
- Unusual smoke, possibly indicating the presence of campsite or a rudimentary form of
communication.
- Presence of obstacles such as roadblocks and canal blocks.
- Apartments and housed being rented but not lived in as houses.
- Slogans written on walls, bridges and streets.

Population Indicators
- Movement of strangers, uniformed or not uniformed, armed or unarmed in barrio areas. (This
includes any person, military or government personnel)
- Increased travel by suspected subversives/terrorists.
- Disappearance of known or suspected subversive and dissident elements.
- Infiltration of student organization and unions by known agitators.
- Unexplained unavailability of doctors and other specialists who may be working with and for the
insurgents.
- Disappearance of young men.
- Reports of extortions attempts on local leaders and businessmen.
- Leakage of classified information to news media and other unauthorized agencies or persons.

ANATOMY OF URBAN GUERRILLA

Introduction
For the urban guerrilla, today, to be an assailant or a terrorist is a quality that ennobles any honorable man
because it is an act worthy of a revolutionary engaged in armed struggle against the shameful military
dictatorship and its monstrosities.

The accusation of assault or terrorism no longer has the pejorative meaning it used to have. It has
acquired new clothing, a new coloration. It does not factionalize, it does not discredit; on the contrary it
represents a focal point of attraction.

Each comrade who opposes the military dictatorship and wants to fight it can do something however,
insignificant the task may seem. For them, the important fact is that there are patriots prepared to fight
like ordinary soldiers, and the more there are the better.

In the Philippines, urban guerrilla has thrived and existed since time immemorial. Filipino revolutionaries
have staged open struggles against the Spaniards, Americans, Japanese, and later the Philippines
government though such did not survive specifically during the late 50’s up to the present.

Definition

The urban guerrilla is a man who fights the military dictatorship with arms, using unconventional
methods. A political revolutionary and an ardent patriot, he is a fighter for his country’s liberation, a
friend of the people and of freedom.

The area in which the urban guerrilla acts is in the large cities. There are also bandits, commonly known
as outlaws, who work in the big cities. Many times assaults by outlaws are taken as action by urban
guerrilla.

The urban guerrilla, however, differs radically from the outlaw. The outlaw benefits personally from the
action and attacks indiscriminately without distinguishing between the exploited and exploiters, which is
why there are so many ordinary men and women among his victims. The urban guerrilla follows a
political goal and only attacks the government, the big capitalists, and the foreign imperialists.

The urban guerrilla is an implacable enemy of the government and systematically inflicts damage on the
authorities and on the men who dominate the country and exercise power.
The principal task of the urban guerrilla is to distract. To wear out, to demoralize the militarists, the
military dictatorship and its repressive forces, and also to attack and destroy the wealth and property of
the big capitalist, latifundist, and foreign imperialist.

Qualities of the Urban Guerrilla

The urban guerrilla is characterized by his bravery and decisive nature. He is a good tactician and a good
shot. The urban guerrilla is a person of great astuteness to compensate for the fact that he is not
sufficiently strong in arms, and equipment.

The career militarists or the government police have modern arms and transport, and can go about
anywhere freely, using the force of their power. The urban guerrilla does not have such resources at his
disposal and leads a clandestine existence. Sometimes he is a convicted person or is out on parole, and is
obliged to use false documents.

The urban guerrilla’s arms are inferior to the enemy’s but from a moral point of view, the urban guerrilla
has an undeniable superiority. This moral superiority is what sustains the urban guerrilla.

The urban guerrilla has to capture or divert arms from the enemy to be able to fight. Because his arms are
not uniform, since what he has are expropriated or have fallen into His hands in different ways, the urban
guerrilla faces the problems of a variety of arms and shortage of ammunition. Moreover, he has no place
to practice shooting and marksmanship.

Other important qualities in the urban guerrilla are the following: a good walker, could stand up against
fatigue, hunger, rain, heat. Knows how to hide and to be vigilant. Conquers the art of dissembling. Never
fear danger. Behaves the same by day as by night. Does not act impetuously. Have unlimited patience.
Remains calm and cool in the worst condition and situations. Never leaves a track or trail.

The urban guerrilla is not a business man in a commercial firm nor is he a character in a play. Urban
guerrilla warfare, like rural guerrilla warfare, is a pledge the guerrilla makes to himself. When he cannot
face the difficulties, or knows that he lacks the patience to wait, then he relinquishes his role before
betraying his pledge, for he clearly lacks the basic qualities necessary to be a guerrilla.
Essential Objectives of Guerrilla Warfare

The physical liquidation of military and police chiefs and assistants.

The expropriation of government resources and those belonging to the big capitalists, latifundists, and
imperialists, with small expropriations used for the maintenance of individual urban guerrillas and large
ones for the sustenance of the revolution itself.

The Urban Guerrilla’s Arms

The urban guerrilla’s arms are light arms, easily exchange, usually captured from the enemy, purchased,
or made on the spot.

Automatic and semiautomatic arms considerably increase the fighting power of the urban guerrilla. The
disadvantage of this type of arm for them is the difficulty in controlling it, resulting in wasted rounds or in
a prodigious use of ammunition, compensated for only by optimal and firing precision. Men who are
poorly trained convert automatic weapons into an ammunition drain.

Experience has shown that the basic arm of the urban guerrilla is the light machine gun. This arm, in
addition to being efficient and easy to shoot in an urban area has the advantage of being greatly respected
by the enemy. The guerrilla must know thoroughly how to handle the machine gun, now so popular and
indispensable to the urban guerrilla.

The urban guerrilla’s role as gunsmith has a fundamental importance. As gunsmith he takes care of the
arms, knows how to repair them, and in many cases sets up a small shop for improvising and producing
efficient small arms.

Molotov cocktails, gasoline, homemade contrivances such as catapults and mortars for firing explosives,
grenades made of tubes and cane, smoke bombs, mines, conventional explosives such as dynamites and
potassium chloride, plastic explosives, gelatin capsules, ammunition of every kind are indispensable to
the success of the urban guerrilla’s mission.
The Firing Group

In order to function, the urban guerrillas are organized in small groups. A group of not more than four or
five is called the firing group.

A minimum of two firing groups, separated and sealed off from other firing groups, directed and
coordinated by one or two persons, this is what makes a firing team.

Within the firing group there exists complete confidence among the comrades. The best shot and the one
who best knows how to manage the machine gun is the person in charge of operations.

When there are tasks planned by the strategic command, these tasks take preference. But there is no such
thing as a firing group without its own initiative. For this reason, he avoids any rigidity in the
organization in order to permit the greatest possible initiative on the part of the firing group.

The old-type hierarchy, the style of the traditional left does not exist in the organization. This means that,
except for that priority of objectives set by the strategic command, any firing group can decide to assault a
bank, to kidnap or to execute an agent of dictatorship, a figure identified with the reaction, and can carry
out any kind of propaganda or war of nerves against the enemy without the need to consult the general
command.

The firing group is the instrument of the organized action. Within it, guerrilla operations and tactics are
planned, launched, and carried through to success.

Characteristics of Urban Guerrilla’s Technique

It is an aggressive technique, or, it has an offensive character. As is well known, defensive actions means
death for them. Since they are inferior to the enemy in fire power and have neither the resources nor the
power force, they cannot defend themselves against an offensive or a concentrated attack by the enemy.
And that is the reason why their urban technique can never be permanent, can never defend a fixed base
or remain in any one spot waiting to repel the circle of reaction.
It is a technique of attack and retreat by which they preserve their forces. It is a technique that aims at the
development of urban guerrilla warfare, whose function will be wear out, demoralize, and destined to
play the decisive role in the revolutionary war.
Initial Advantages
- Takes the enemy by surprise;
- Knows the terrain of the encounter better than the enemy;
- Have greater mobility and speed than the enemy;
- Have better information service than the enemy;
- He is in command of the situation and demonstrate a decisiveness so great that everyone on their
side is inspired and never thinks of hesitating, while on the other side the enemy is stunned and
incapable of responding.

Action Model for the Urban Guerrilla

- Assaults
- Raids and penetration
- Occupations
- Ambush
- Street Tactics
- Strikes and work interruptions
- Desertion, diversion, seizures, expropriations of arms, ammunition, and explosives.
- Liberation of prisoners
- Executions
- Kidnappings
- Sabotage
- Terrorism
- Armed Propaganda
- War Nerves

How to Carry Out the Action

- Investigation of information
- Observation
- Reconnaissance or exploration of the terrain
- Study and timing of routes
- Mapping
- Mechanization
- Selection of personnel and relief
- Selection of firing capacity
- Study and practice in completion
- Completion
- Cover
- Retreat
- Dispersal
- Liberation or transfer of prisoners
- Elimination of clues
- Rescue of wounded

Seven Sins of the Urban Guerrilla

- Inexperience
- Boasts about the actions he has completed and broadcast them to the four winds.
- Vanity
- Exaggerates his strength and undertakes projects for which he lacks forces, and as yet, does not
have the required infrastructure.
- Precipitous action
- Attacks the enemy when he is most angry
- Failure to plan things and to act out of improvisation.

Popular Support

One of the permanent concerns of the urban guerrilla is his identification with popular causes to win
public support. Where government actions become inept and corrupt, the urban guerrilla does not hesitate
to step in to show that he opposes the government and to gain mass sympathy.

The rebellion of the urban guerrilla and his persistence in intervening in public questions is the best way
of insuring public support of the cause they defend. As soon as a reasonable section of the population
begins to take seriously the action of the urban guerrilla, his success is guaranteed.
The urban guerrilla is engaged in revolutionary action in favour of the people and with it seeks the
participation of the masses in the struggle against the military dictatorship and for the liberation of the
country from the yolk of foreign imperialism.

Beginning with the city and with the support of the people, the rural guerrilla develops rapidly
establishing its infrastructure carefully while the urban area continues the rebellion.

EXERCISE 6

1. Explain why surveillance is important in criminal investigation?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Explain Undercover Operation in your own understanding.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

3. Differentiate Covert Surveillance from Overt Surveillance.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

4. Who are the Urban Guerrilla? And what is their purpose?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

5. Enumerate the three (3) Methids of Foot Surveillance. Explain.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

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