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UNIT II. Equations and Inequalities

A. Linear equations
B. Applications of linear equation
C. Quadratic equations
D. Applied problems that lead to quadratic equations
E. Other forms of equations
F. Proportion and variations
G. Linear inequalities
H. Quadratic inequalities
I. Absolute value equations

Introduction to Equations and Inequalities

An equation in one variable is a statement in which two expressions, at least one containing the
variable, are equal. The expressions are called the sides of the equation. Since an equation is a statement,
it may be true or false, depending on the value of the variable. Unless otherwise restricted, the admissible
values of the variable are those in the domain of the variable. These admissible values of the variable, if
any that result in a true statement are called solution, or roots, of the equation. To solve an equation means
to find all the solutions of the equation.

As with an equation, you solve an inequality in the variable by finding all values of for which the
inequality is true. Such values are solutions and are said to satisfy the inequality. The set of all real numbers
that are solutions of an inequality is the solution set of the inequality. For instance, the solution set of
x+1<4
is all real numbers that are less than 3. The set of all points on the real number line that represents the
solution set is the graph of the inequality. Graphs of many types of inequalities consist of intervals on the
real number line.
Inequalities can be used to describe subsets of real numbers called intervals. In the bounded intervals
below, the real numbers and are the endpoints of each interval. The endpoints of a closed interval are
included in the interval, whereas the endpoints of an open interval are not included in the interval.

The symbols ∞, positive infinity, and - ∞, negative infinity, do not represent real numbers. They are simply
convenient symbols used to describe the unboundedness of an interval such as (1, ∞) or (-∞, 3].

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LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

1. Solve linear and nonlinear equations and inequalities correctly
2. Apply and integrate principles and theories of the physical sciences and translate it into linear and
nonlinear equations
3. Translate worded problems into a simple linear and nonlinear equations using one unknown
4. Evaluate quadratic equations analytically and graphically
5. Reduce other types of equations into a linear or quadratic equations using appropriate substitution
6. Model and solve application problems in engineering that would lead to a solution of a linear and
quadratic equations

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PRESENTATION OF CONTENT

A. Linear Equations
 Equations

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B. Applications of Linear Equation

The process of translating phrases or sentences into algebraic expressions or equations is called
mathematical modeling. A good approach to mathematical modeling is to use two stages. Begin by using
the verbal description of the problem to form a verbal model. Then, after assigning labels to the quantities
in the verbal model, form a mathematical model or algebraic equation.

A fundamental step in writing a mathematical model to represent a real-life problem is translating key
words and phrases into algebraic expressions and equations. The following list gives several examples.

Example:

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C. Quadratic Equations

A quadratic equation written in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0 is said to be in standard form. Sometimes, a
quadratic equation is called a second-degree equation, because the left side is a polynomial of degree 2.

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The quantity b2 – 4ac is called the discriminant of the quadratic equation, because its value tells us whether
the equation has real solutions. In fact, it also tells us how many solutions to expect.

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D. Applied problems that lead to quadratic equations

E. Other forms of equations

POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS
Example 1 below shows how to use factoring to solve a polynomial equation, which is an equation
that can be written in the general form

Example 1: Solving a Polynomial Equation by Factoring

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Example 2: Solving an Equation of Quadratic Type

EQUATIONS INVOLVING RADICALS

Operations such as squaring each side of an equation, raising each side of an equation to a rational
power, and multiplying each side of an equation by a variable quantity all can introduce extraneous
solutions. So, when you use any of these operations, checking your solutions is crucial.

Example 1: Solving Equations Involving Radicals

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Example 2: Solving an Equation Involving a Rational Exponent

EQUATIONS WITH FRACTIONS OR ABSOLUTE VALUES

To solve an equation involving fractions, multiply each side of the equation by the least common
denominator (LCD) of all terms in the equation. This procedure will “clear the equation of fractions.” For
instance, in the equation

you can multiply each side of the equation by x(x2 + 1). Try doing this and solve resulting equation. You
should obtain one solution: x = 1.

Example 1: Solving an equation involving fractions

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Example 2: Solving an Equation Involving Absolute Value

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F. Proportion and Variations

PROPORTION
Proportion is a statement that two ratios are equal.

Extremes Antecedent

𝑎
a:x=y:d a:x=𝑥

Means Consequent

 Properties of Proportion
𝑎 𝑥
1. If 𝑦 = 𝑑 , then a:y = x:d

𝑎 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏
2. If 𝑏 = 𝑑 , then 𝑐
=𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑏 𝑑
3. If 𝑏 = 𝑑 , then 𝑎
= 𝑐
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎−𝑏 𝑐−𝑑
4. If 𝑏 = 𝑑 , then 𝑏
= 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
5. If 𝑏 = 𝑑 , then 𝑏
= 𝑑
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎+𝑏 𝑐+𝑑
6. If 𝑏 = 𝑑 , then 𝑎−𝑏
= 𝑐−𝑑

Examples:
1. Find the mean proportion of 4 and 36.
4:x = x:36 => x =12
2. The mean proportion between 12 and x is equal to 6. Find the value of x.
12:6 = 6:x => x = 3

VARIATION
Variation defines a concept that deals with the variability in mathematics. Variation is defined by
any change in another.

Types of Variation
 DIRECT VARIATION
 INVERSE VARIATION
 JOINT VARIATION

 DIRECT VARIATION

Note: y varies directly as x. As x increases, y also increases. As x decreases, y also decreases.

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The graph in Figure below illustrates the relationship between y and x if y varies directly with x and k > 0,
x ≥ 0. Note that the constant of proportionality is, in fact, the slope of the line.

 INVERSE VARIATION

Note: y varies inversely as x. As x increases, y decreases. As x decreases, y increases. The product of x

and y is always constant.

The graph in Figure below illustrates the relationship between y and x if y varies inversely with x and k >
0, x > 0.

Example:
 If x varies directly as y and inversely as z, and x = 14, when y = 7 and z = 2, find x when y = 16
and z = 4.
Solution:
𝑦
x=k𝑧
7
14 = k 2

k=4
16
x = (4) 4

x =16

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 JOINT VARIATION
When a variable quantity Q is proportional to the product of two or more other variables, we say
that Q varies jointly with these quantities. Finally, combinations of direct and/or inverse variation may
occur. This is usually referred to as combined variation.

y=kxz

Note: z varies jointly as x and y. As x and y increases, z also increases. As x and y decreases, z also decreases.

G. Linear Inequalities

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H. Quadratic Inequalities

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I. Absolute Value Equations

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APPLICATION
Solve the equation and check your solution.
1. x + 11 = 15
2. 7 – 2x = 25
3. 3x – 5 = 2x + 7

FEEDBACK

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REFERENCES:

Larson, R. & Falvo D. (2011). Algebra and Trigonometry. 8th Edition, Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning,
United States of America.

Sullivan, M. (2012). Algebra and Trigonometry. 9th Edition, Prentice Hall, Pearson Education, Inc.

www.google.com.ph

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