THE IMPACTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA'S USE ON THE POLITICAL AWARENESS OF

THE STUDENTS IN CENTRAL MINDANAO UNIVERSITY: A SURVEY TOWARDS

PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGNS THESE UPCOMING 2022 ELECTIONS.

ABAO, ROGER
SOLER, JEANY BABE S.
SOLIVIO, FAYE XYRYL

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DEPARTMENT

OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES, CENTRAL
MINDANAO UNIVERSITY, IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE DEGREE

BACHELOR OF ARTS IN POLITICAL SCIENCE

OCTOBER 2021
 Chapter I
INTRODUCTION

This study aimed to focus on the impacts of social media use on the political
awareness of the students in Central Mindanao University towards presidential
campaigns during these upcoming 2022 elections.
Social Media have had a significant impact on people's perception of the
presidential campaign and their political awareness. Political awareness entails being
politically informed and following current events in politics and socioeconomics. Being
politically aware entails gaining a greater understanding of current events in the world;
becoming more informed enables one to make better decisions for oneself and the
community. He or she perceives the big picture of an issue, which influences his or her
view and behavior regarding that issue. Being politically aware entails being emotionally
intelligent, as empathy is a necessary component. It is about sensitivity to public policy
and governance and an in-depth awareness of an organization is existing or/and future
objectives and political ties. Individuals that are politically aware are capable of
identifying and categorizing what truthful and misleading information is. They are more
concerned about false information and made-up news, while the less aware spread it
more. With the introduction of Social media, information dissemination became easier
but also concerning.
Historically, social media began to communicate with others via digital devices
regardless of their physical location. According to Investopedia, an online encyclopedia,
social media is a computer-based technology that enables the exchange of ideas,
opinions, and information via the establishment of virtual networks and communities. It
began as a means of communication between friends and family. Most social media
users use these sites to interact with one another, receive updates from their network,
seek emotional support, and explore photographs and videos. Social media's strength is
in its capacity to connect and exchange information with everyone on the globe or with a
large number of individuals at the same time. There are around 3.8 billion social media
users worldwide. Social media is an ever-evolving and dynamic field. (Statista, 2021). 
           The rise of social media defines the contemporary social environment as a
potential space of interaction through which citizens can be exposed to both news and
the perspectives of their social network members. Although nearly half of users never
discuss politics on these sites, and less than a third believe that this mode of
communication is necessary for political debate (Pew Research Center for the People
and the Press, 2021). Recent research indicates that non-political discussion and social
interaction on social media can serve as a catalyst for political expression and
participation (Gil de Zúñiga, et al., 2014). Additionally, these prevalent social media use
provides citizens with new opportunities to learn about, discuss politics, and possibly be
persuaded to reconsider their positions. Social media platforms have acted as a catalyst
for political discourse and debates. Individuals have the right to express their political
views and opinions, social media is an open space for all users to debate and debunk
one another's political views. Social media platforms then become an ideal platform for
political awareness and persuasion. Social networking sites (e.g., Facebook and
Twitter) have grown in prominence in public life. The majority (63 percent) of Twitter and
Facebook users regard their respective platforms as primary news sources, particularly
when it comes to national government and politics. (Barthel, Shearer, Gottfried, &
Mitchell, 2015). Making Social Media one of the most important channels for election
campaigns. 
Thus, the use of digital media has also been found to have effects on political
awareness (Boulianne, 2009)
      
Pros and Cons of Political Information in Social Media 
            Over the past century, the means by which politicians communicate with the
people of this country have changed dramatically. Initially, politicians would physically
meet with their constituents and deliver speeches in front of large crowds. With the
present covid-19 situation, campaigning through meet-and-greet would be unsafe and
inappropriate. The present state of the nation, however, doubled the number of people
on social media. As new communication mediums took hold, politicians gained more
power in terms of how they could reach people. To scrutinize the presidential
candidates, voters have turned their attention to politicians' political campaigns on social
media.  
Platforms for social media, such as Facebook and Twitter, can rapidly
disseminate information about current political events and issues. It makes news
consumption significantly more accessible and makes waves across all age groups and
demographics, accounting for an increasing share of news consumption. Due to social
networks' cross-platform accessibility, they are convenient to use on the go and among
the most convenient ways to consume news. Additionally, it enables everyone to
crowdsource news by collecting content from both professional and personal sources.
The live video feature on social media is geared toward user engagement. Live video is
unique in that it enables real-time interaction between users and the individual
streaming the live video. Assumed that having a politician respond to your questions live
on a live stream would be an indescribable sensation. Politicians can connect with
voters on a personal level via social media. The timeliness of the coverage is one of the
most critical aspects of social media news sourcing. Facebook timelines and Twitter
feeds that are constantly updated ensure that you are always up to date on the latest
headlines. The feedback component is one factor that contributes to social media's
strength as a communication tool. Unlike in the early years, anyone can engage in a
discussion and have their voice heard.
Nonetheless, social media information has a reputation for spreading
misinformation and has been the subject of debates. While it does expedite the
dissemination of information, it is critical to remember that the majority of news we
encounter on social media is a sharp indictment abridgment of the whole story. A
profound explanation of a complex subject cannot be contained in 140 characters on
Twitter or even a Facebook post. This means that the news we encounter on these
platforms requires additional research and reading in order for us to be truly informed. A
critical eye is required when analyzing the relevance, usefulness, and accuracy of the
content found on social media platforms.
Furthermore, it is vital to keep in mind that social media will only provide you with
news and information that it thinks you want to read. Before you begin, the amount of
information you are exposed to is already limited. The primary reason that laments the
targeting of news stories that are so prevalent nowadays is that important stories that
you should hear and care about may go unnoticed because the news – (especially on
social media) is filtered and crafted to appeal to your personal preferences and dislikes,
omitting stories that should be of universal interest.
 

Statement of the Problem

The study focused on the impacts of social media use on the political awareness
of the students in Central Mindanao University towards presidential campaigns during
these upcoming 2022 elections.
Specifically, it endeavored to answer the following questions:

1) What is the level of political awareness of the respondents engaged in

social media on the presidential campaign?
2) What are the impacts of social media on presidential campaigns?
3) Does social media influence the political awareness of the respondents to
the presidential campaign?
4) How does the level of awareness in social media significantly affect the
respondents' chosen presidential candidate?

Research Hypothesis

           While it would not be possible to generalize the findings of our study to all
historical and structural processes of decay or a climb-up in political awareness, they
are backed up by the evidence for the relationship between social media and political
awareness towards the presidential campaign.
 Thus, two hypotheses can be formulated for this research topic.
           H1. Students’ political engagement in social media contributes to their level of
political awareness towards the presidential campaigns during these upcoming 2022
elections.
           H2. Students’ attention toward social media political campaign influences their
personal chosen presidential candidate. 

Objectives of the Study

The study was geared towards determining the impacts of social media use on
the political awareness of the students in Central Mindanao University towards
presidential campaigns during these upcoming 2022 elections.
It was intended to accomplish the following objectives:

1) To know the level of political awareness of the respondents engaged in

social media on the presidential campaign.
2) To list down the impacts of social media on the presidential campaign.
3) To examine whether or not social media influence the political awareness
of the respondents to the presidential campaign.
4) To determine if the level of political awareness in social media significantly
affects the respondents in choosing their presidential campaign. 

Significance of the Study

           This study provided a significant contribution in determining the current impact of

Social Media's contribution to the registered voters among CMU students on their
political awareness' towards the presidential campaign and how this significantly affects
their chosen presidential candidate. 
Moreover, it was perceived to be beneficial to the following entities:
 First, to the COMELEC, this research would serve as the basis for scrutinizing
politicians' social media political campaigns and any other political campaign
information. It offered relevant information about social media as a key to persuading
and campaign. Second, it gives insight to POLITICIAN on how to better campaign using
social media. With the knowledge from this research, they would be able to formulate a
cost-efficient and effective strategy. Next, we have the READERS, which will learned
how important it is to be politically aware. Thirdly, the RESPONDENTS or the
VOTERS offered an understanding of how social media shaped their political
awareness and presidential bet. Lastly, we have the ACADEMICIANS, which served as
background information for future studies related to the impact of social media's political
persuasion. Specifically, it can serve as a reference for studies dealing with political
awareness in social media and its effect on the voters' chosen presidential bet.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

           The study primarily concerned with the registered voters CMU students towards
the impact of social media on their political awareness and how this affects their
presidential bet. The study presented only the respondent's viewpoint from the
aforementioned youth and is not representative of the general perspective of all youth in
the country. Specifically, the study will only highlight and was intended to accomplish
the following objectives: the level of political awareness of the respondents engaged in
social media on the presidential campaign, the impacts of social media on the
presidential campaign, examine whether or not social media influence the political
awareness of the respondents to the presidential campaign, lastly, determine if the level
of political awareness in social media significantly affect the respondents in choosing
their presidential campaign. Moreover, the respondents are compromised those
belonging to the youth who are registered voters taking university courses at Central
Mindanao University. The researchers disseminated the questionnaire to the
respondents that are determined by simple random sampling through online google
form for accessibility, safety, and security 
 Definition of Terms

CMU abbreviation for Central Mindanao University

Cons are perspectives or arguments justifying the inappropriateness of imposing death
as penalty for heinous crimes.
Level of Awareness measures the degree of awareness on the re-imposition of death
penalty in the Philippines.
Perception is the respondents’ position on the proposed re-imposition of death penalty
in the Philippines by determining their degree of awareness, acceptance, preferences in
the method of executions then its accompanying reasons, and the perceived
advantages and disadvantages in terms of political, social and moral development.
Political Development refers to the views of the respondents on the re-imposition of
death penalty regarding the desirability of its implementation as a means to lessen the
commission of heinous crimes in the country and the mutual sense of security among
the citizens.
Political awareness refers to the extent to which an individual pays attention to politics
and understands what he or she has encountered
Political view are the individuals or personal belief about politics
Political participation includes a broad range of activities through which people
develop and express their opinions on the world and how it is governed, and try to take
part in and shape the decisions that affect their lives.
Pros are perspectives or arguments, which justify the standpoints upon favoring death
as penalty for heinous crimes.
Social Media
 Theoretical Framework

SOCIAL MEDIA
CONTRIBUTION

LEVEL OF POLITICAL
AWARENESS

CHOSEN PRESIDENTIAL
CCANDIDATE

Figure 1. Theoretical Framework of the study

Figure 1 presents the question on the impact of social media to the respondents’
level of political awareness and how this influence their chosen presidential candidate.
This framework highlight how social media can/cannot have significance to the
respondents level of awareness toward presidential campaigns these upcoming 2022
elections.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter shows a retrospective presentation of previously written materials

that represents and explains the related literature and studies that will then provide
insights and information to conceptualize the research study. The literature presented
consists of political awareness, social media, and influence of social media use on
elections.

Political Awareness

In our everyday life, we use our senses in order for us to gather and respond to
pieces of information; thus, awareness is essential because it plays a role in the
understanding of every human being in its surrounding environment. Now, political
awareness in the social and political framework has been one of the most critical facets
in constructing a state. Without this, it is believed that societies will instantly collapse
when a crisis comes involved (Al-Khaza'leh & Lahiani, 2021). Furthermore, Political
awareness from the study of Kavita (2017) means the knowledge of citizens in building
political rights and responsibilities of the particular issues and events taking place
around as well as the ability to completely recognize the state of affairs throughout as
comprehensive truth that is connected rather than as separate events.

By witnessing people' playing politics' or attempting to manipulate others through

the use of political tactics, many people may have been put off from becoming politically
aware. However, when used wisely and effectively, political awareness can be a
powerful force for the good in organizations, as well as a necessary life skill for
achieving organizational goals. Hence, Baddeley and James ( n.d.) established a
valuable model of political awareness using two dimensions: Reading and Carrying.
The first dimension is reading wherein, it is the capability that enables an individual to
comprehend the things around them. This dimension, which ranges from 'politically
aware' to 'politically unaware,' assesses an individual's capacity to read an
organization's processes, agendas (both hidden and declared), power locations, culture,
and style, among other aspects. Political illiteracy then is characterized as an inability,
or possibly a refusal, to recognize any of these facets. Furthermore, the second
dimension is' Carrying,' or the abilities that individuals possess to comprehend their
internal reality. This dimension is concerned with the actions and intentions of the
individual in light of their understanding or lack thereof. In other words, what are their
actions in response to it.

One of the most basic elements of a democratic administration is political

involvement. Democracy, in its ideal form, entails individual participation in decisions
that influence one's life. However, we must take note that before political participation,
like voting for a specific candidate, there is first a presence of awareness in
deciding. Thus from the study of Al-Khaza'leh & Lahiani (2021) political awareness is
built and shaped on different levels such as on the theoretical level: It includes the ideas
and beliefs of the awareness topic matter, such as cultural values, criteria, and
emotions. This level is separated into three phases: knowledge, perception, and
discovery, during which the individual is capable of immediately perceiving and
understanding truths, and which indicates the awareness's readiness to admit,
determine, and select concepts. The individual next enters the phase of political
interest. They express interest in and preserve the community's activities to which they
belong and in which the concept of obedience and belonging to that community
becomes deeply ingrained in them. This can be seen in the countless activities, deeds,
rights, and responsibilities that the community places on them. The third level is political
adherence: political awareness necessitates an intellectual or religious commitment to a
specific organization, institution, or political structure. Individuals' understanding may be
steered toward purposes that benefit the authority or institution they belong to when
they subscribe to these institutions.

Therefore, according to Silverblatt (2004), the media is a formal social institution

and an essential player in the socialization process. It teaches people how to act in and
understand these institutions, just as it does in schools, workplaces, and government. It
aids socialization by overwhelming us with messages about expectations and norms.
When these institutions are mandatory, the official consciousness of the authority is
reflected in every awareness, allowing them to defend and justify it. Individuals' devotion
to optional groups, on the other hand, makes it difficult for authorities to manage
individual consciousness, and organized awareness of individuals frequently develops
during confrontations with authorities.

Social Media

The coronavirus pandemic in 2020 affected people's lives in various ways, one of
which is, without question is how we utilize the internet. The on-going need for social
connection, especially in a country separated by over 7,000 islands and with an
expanding number of overseas workers, was one of the major causes contributing to
the Philippines' growing number of social network users. According to data compiled by
Statistica Research, the Philippines has the highest percentage of people who consume
higher than four hours on social media platforms in the Asia Pacific region.

The phrase "social media" often refers to new media that feature interactive
engagement. Media development is usually separated into two ages: broadcast and
interactive. During the broadcast era, one institution such as a radio or television
station, newspaper, or movie production studio delivered messages to numerous
people. Media feedback was often delayed and impersonal. Individuals usually
communicated via personal letters, phone conversations, or even photocopy family
newsletters. From the book of Manning (2014), due to the rise of digital and mobile
technology, large-scale interactivity has become more accessible than ever before. A
new media age was established, with interactivity at the core of new media functions.
One person might now talk to many and receive quick feedback. Citizens and
customers used to have limited and muted voices, but now they have numerous. New
media consumption options have increased due to low cost and ease of access. People
can now get knowledge from many sources and share it with others via message
boards.

Social Media and Politics

 Social media has become a vital tool in various fields, including politics.
According to Baker (2009), every technological advancement has an impact on
everyday living. This is especially true in the case of developments in media technology.
While the media is spread widely on every part of life daily, it plays a critical role in
government and political information. Moreover, from the book of Lim in Exploring the
Contextual Realities of Youth Political Participation in the Age of Social Media (2009),
he believed that in developing political arenas, social media platforms had enabled a re-
conceptualization of political activity, particularly among youth. Their participatory
nature, particularly blogging, social networking, and content sharing, has increased
public engagement with political concerns and contributed to the shift from streets to
cyberspace as a means of protest.

The use of social media in recent elections worldwide has significantly

intensified, especially among young adults. Of interest for this particular age group is
the rise of social media use for political information, creating user-generated content,
and expressing political views (Muntean, 2015). So, as an answer to the growing
political use of social media, researchers investigated these media's impact on the
political awareness that may influence choosing one's president in these upcoming
2022 elections. Considering that social media has become the primary source of
personal orientation, anonymous interactivities, and social community on various issues
involving politics and political discourse thus the researchers focus on a study to know if
social media can influence their knowledge in electing one's presidential candidate

The Influence of Social Media Use on Elections

Social media platforms have evolved into a critical media outlet for election
campaigns, and it is evident as to what we have observed today on the upcoming
elections like there are a lot of TikTok videos, vlogs like an opinion from famous
influencers or even daily life of a presidential candidate that may affect the political
views of a voter. Being politically aware results to political participation thus what is
happening then is that individuals may be motivated to participate politically by the
content they discover and consume on social media. Whether reading other people's
information or communicating with others online, users can access many subjects or
agendas for offline discussion (Li & Chan, 2016).

From the study of David (2019), in the Philippines, a study has revealed that
social media platforms were used by the youth as spaces for discussion with politicians,
as well as venues for the expression of political opinion through social media posts and
blogs, gathering public support through online network building, and mobilizing them
through social media. Political campaigns rely heavily on online communication tools to
obtain support amid the digital era and this epidemic. Online campaigning can be both
harmful and beneficial, but social media, in particular, has the potential to limit the scope
of politics. According to Pătruț (2014), social media can incite riot-like behaviour since
political discussion, particularly contentious themes, and debates, is freely available
through online communication. Social media alters voters' impressions of one another
and candidates due to this easy access to political dialogue. For example, Frantzich
(2016) believed that the likelihood of followers copying an influencer's behavior is higher
in a society where pop culture influencers abound and are commonly idolized. Voters
are justifying their actions and behaviors by ignoring their original objectives and attitude
and following the lead of influencers. While online political participation was to allow for
constructive debate and expression of one's views, it also brought the baggage of
biased voter and candidate impressions. 

With this mentioned above, political information shared online has been found to
enhance political engagement, which has been related to the function of online sharing
in enhancing civic efficacy, or belief in one's ability to effect change in society. It is
evident that elections have also been one of the hot topics that everyone is talking
about especially that next year will be the election of new government officials. Thus
according to Hennessy (2018), the term "influencer" is frequently thrown around since
those with a large following are seen as leaders and role models in society. During a
political campaign, all social media users tailor their activities and posts to gain favour
from others. As per Rishi and Bandyopadhyay (2017), humans seek approval and
acceptance naturally, and social media heightens the desire to be liked. Individuals can
use social media to hide their imperfections by only sharing the highlights of their lives.
Kuypers (2018) understands that voters may use social media to support or oppose a
candidate to gain their followers' attention. When it comes to voting, people have the
option of adhering to their values and political beliefs or allowing those who are around
them to influence their final decision.

Related Studies

In the study of Al-Khaza'leh & Lahiani (2021) titled "University and Political
Awareness among Students: A Study in the role of University in Promoting Political
Awareness" determines the level of political awareness and its role in enhancing it.
They believed that the fundamental pillar on which the political and social system is
founded on awareness. Thus, it is revealed that the students at Al Ain University have a
high political knowledge level through the university's role in enhancing it. However,
some universities like Josip Juraj Strossmayer University located in the country of
Balkans from the study of Bilandžić (2018) indicated in his research that youth have a
low level of political interest. Additionally, it has low average scores, meaning that young
people are disinterested in politics. Lack of interest fosters political apathy and reduces
political involvement. However, through social media, such as utilizing Facebook to
discuss politics, has a considerable beneficial effect on political interest.

Hence, Omotayo, & Folorunso (2020) revealed that facebook, Whatsapp,

Instagram, Twitter, Yahoo Messenger, YouTube, and Google+ were the most frequently
utilized social media platforms for youth political participation. Youths used social media
to engage in a variety of political activities, including political advocacy, political
campaigning, communicating with politicians, political discussions, monitoring and
reporting electoral malpractices, public consultations, joining lobbying interest groups,
blogging about political issues, and writing letters to elected official thus this study
social media functions have used in persuading citizens to engage in political activities.
Moreover, according to Guse (n.d.), social media has a considerable impact on political
campaigns. Their use of social media influences the voting public's perceptions of
voters and candidates. It revealed that 134 respondents said they would enable political
action to influence their vote, the majority of the 334 respondents.
 In addition, The study of Lee (2020) explains that the impact of social network
sites usage on voters' attitudes and confidence that the need to belong, perceived ease
of use, and perceived usefulness of social networking sites have beneficial effects on
voters' involvement in politics, which in turn improves voters' attitudes toward voting and
confidence in their decisions. These findings strongly support the argument that this
facilitates their involvement with politics and improves their attitude towards voting and
confidence in their choices. Thus, Echeverría & Mani (2020) believed that the effect of
the campaigns between the attention given towards traditional and social media on
measurements of trust established on news media theoretically and empirically has a
significant influence on political belief and may have a negative effect on political trust
since dissemination of false or misleading information and propaganda are relevant
channels of news consumption.

Nevertheless, Diehl, Weeks, & Zúñiga (2015) stated that social media
significantly broadens our pool of prospective debate participants; thus statistics
indicate that social media for information has the most significant impact on political
persuasion on social media, implying that the ability to be convinced on social media is
highly dependent on one's ability to stay current on current events via their preferred
social networking website. So, Rufai (2019) cited in his study entitled " The Impact Of
Social Media On University Of Ilorin Undergraduates’ Level Of Political Participation In
The 2019 Nigeria General Elections" that in measuring the impact of social media on
youth political participation and evaluating Nigerian youths' perceptions of Nigerian
politicians' social media images is important to ascertain the source credibility degree of
political news read on social media by Nigerian youths. Thus findings indicated that
social media positively impacts young people's participation in political and electoral
processes, particularly the 2019 Nigeria general elections.

On the other hand, different study revealed fron the works of Oluwatosin,
Olusola, et al. (2020 evaluated on how knowledgeable they are in politics come up with
a different result on the students of The Polytechnic, Ibadan, have a high level of
political understanding through listening to the radio that had a considerable impact on
political comprehension. In contrast to social media, television and newspapers have
little effect. Moreover, to support this study there is a research conducted locally in the
Philippines through Bunquin (2019) that link between social media use and political
participation in the selected respondents ages between 15–24 years old in Metro Manila
wherein it revealed that it has make substantial use of social media but have a low level
of political engagement. Thus, we conducted our study to know if it differs here in
Mindanao and if it changes since we are experiencing crisis today and adapt to a new
normal wherein we are now in an online setting, or there has been more time engaging
on technology and internet.
 Chapter III
METHODOLOGY

The following are the best measures to collect and analyze the data gathered.
The methodology used includes research design, method, instrument, respondents,
research procedure, and locale. This part is used to clarify and improve the research
problem, purpose, and question.
 
A. Research Design 
The study applied both Descriptive and Correlation research design. The descriptive
research design was intended to explain the impacts of social media's use on the
political awareness of the students in Central Mindanao University towards presidential
campaigns this upcoming 2022 elections. Garcia (2003) asserted, as cited by Guerrero
(2011), that descriptive research endeavors to describe systematically, factually,
accurately, and objectively a situation, problem, or phenomenon. Additionally,
Correlation is also applied to highlight further whether there is a significant relationship
between respondent social media engagement and their level of political awareness
towards their chosen presidential candidate. 

B. Research Method
 The study utilizes both Qualitative and Qualitative methods in collecting data
regarding the impacts of social media's use on the political awareness of the students in
Central Mindanao University towards presidential campaigns these upcoming 2022
elections. The researchers employed both methods to display how much social media's
use impacts the political awareness of the students in Central Mindanao University
towards presidential campaigns these upcoming 2022 elections. 

C. Research Instrument 
The researcher prepared a structural questionnaire based on the questionnaire
by JEANY GWAPA. Questions in the questionnaire utilized the closed-ended format as
well as the partial closed-ended format. In a partially closed-ended format, respondents
were provided with possible responses; alternatively, they could write in the 'other'
section of the choices. The research adviser approved the instrument and then
subjected it to a thorough pretest to ascertain its reliability in achieving the desired
outcomes. Following the pretest, subsequent revisions were made to achieve wordings
that avoid bias in context and achieve the desired result.

D. Respondent
The respondents of the study were determined through simple random sampling.
There are a total of 50 respondents of the study selected out of all students attending
university from Central Mindanao University. These respondents are registered voters
who are legible to vote for the president's seat in the coming 2022 election.
Respondents are approached via online chat and meeting for safety concerns in the
face of the covid-19 and personal accessibility. 

E. Research Procedure
Prior to the start of the study, permission was obtained from the Dean of the College
of Education. The participants will answer the questions voluntarily online. Prior to
distributing the questionnaires, participants will be asked about their available time. The
participants will have a maximum of one day to complete the questionnaires before
retrieving them. The collected data from the participants will then be analyzed and
interpreted.

F. Locale of the Study 

The study was conducted via online meeting and chat for the safety of the
researchers and the respondents. Respondents are registered voters coming from
Central Mindanao University students. 

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