BAJA PADUAN DAN PADUAN SUPER

University of Prof. Dr.-Ing. Bambang Suharno

Indonesia
Dr.-Ing. Reza M. Ulum

1. ALASAN PENGGUNAAN
2. KLASIFIKASI
3. PENGGUNAAN

DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK
METALURGI DAN MATERIAL
(semester gasal 2021/2022)

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Tujuan dan Evaluasi
Indonesia

▪ Tujuan : Memahami berbagai jenis material

baja paduan dan super Alloy serta
penggunaannya dalam bidang rekayasa

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Bahan rujukan/referensi
Indonesia

Dianjurkan:

-Stainless Steel, ASM Handbook, 1994

-Tool Steel Handbook, Fifth Edition, Geoge Roberts, ASM, 1998
-Heat Resistant Materials Handbook, 1997
-Super Alloy, A Technical Guide, Elihu F. Bradley, ASM International 1989

Tambahan:

▪ Jurnal/prosiding terkait pengolahan/pemrosesan mineral logam mineral non-ferrous

yang dapat diakses dari: https://www.sciencedirect.com/, https://link.springer.com/ atau
sumber terkait lainnya.

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Silabus Kuliah
Indonesia

▪ Penggunaan Baja Paduan dan Super Alloy

▪ Pengaruh Unsur Paduan
▪ Sifat, Karakteristik dan Penggunaan
▪ HSLA (High Strength Low Alloy)
▪ Stainless Steel (Baja Tahan Karat)
▪ Heat Resistant Steel
▪ Wear/ Abrassion Resistant Steel
▪ Tool Steel
▪ Super Alloy
▪ Ni based, Co based

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Klasifikasi Baja
Indonesia

Definisi Baja :
▪ Material berbahan dasar Fe, dengan C maks : 2%
Kadar C boleh  2% → Tetapi harus ada unsur lain
(paduan)
▪ Serta mengandung
▪ unsur pengikut seperti Si, P, S, Mn
▪ dan unsur paduan seperti Cr,Ni, Mo, V, W dll.

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Klasifikasi Baja
Indonesia

▪ Klasifikasi Baja dapat berdasarkan:

▪ The composition, such as carbon, low-alloy or stainless steel.

▪ The manufacturing methods, such as open hearth, basic
oxygen process, or electric furnace methods.
▪ The finishing method, such as hot rolling or cold rolling
▪ The product form, such as bar plate, sheet, strip, tubing or
structural shape
▪ The deoxidation practice, such as killed, semi-killed, capped or
rimmed steel
▪ The microstructure, such as ferritic, pearlitic and martensitic
▪ The required strength level, as specified in ASTM standards
▪ The heat treatment, such as annealing, quenching and
tempering, and thermomechanical processing
▪ Quality descriptors, such as forging quality and commercial
quality.

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Indonesia

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Indonesia

0.1 – 0.25 %

0.25 – 0.55 %

0.6 – 0.8 %

0.8 – 1.2 % C

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

 Steel Making Flowlines
University of
Indonesia

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

 Steel Making Flowlines
University of
Indonesia

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Baja Karbon
Indonesia

▪ Low-carbon < 0.30% C.

▪ Flat-rolled products (sheet or strip), usually in the cold-
rolled and annealed condition.
▪ The carbon content for these high-formability steels is
very low, less than 0.10% C
▪ Typical uses are in automobile body panels, tin plate,
and wire products.
▪ For rolled steel structural plates and sections, the
carbon content may be increased to approximately
0.30%, with higher manganese content up to 1.5%.
These materials may be used for stampings, forgings,
seamless tubes, and boiler plate.

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Baja Karbon
Indonesia

▪ Medium-carbon steels
▪ carbon ranges from 0.30 to 0.60% and the manganese
from 0.60 to 1.65%.
▪ Medium carbon steels to be used in the quenched and
tempered condition.
▪ The uses of medium carbon-manganese steels include
shafts, axles, gears, crankshafts, couplings and
forgings.
▪ Steels in the 0.40 to 0.60% C range are also used for
rails, railway wheels and rail axles.
▪ High-carbon steels
▪ 0.60 to 1.00% C with manganese from 0.30 to 0.90%.
▪ used for spring materials and high-strength wires.

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Indonesia

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Indonesia

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Indonesia

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Indonesia

Pengaruh
Karbon
Pada Baja

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

University of
Indonesia

Figure 12.2 (a) The

eutectoid portion of
the Fe-Fe3C phase
diagram. (b) An
expanded version of
the Fe-C diagram,
adapted from
several sources.

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Fe-Fe3C
Indonesia

0.5% C ferrite + pearlite

1.5% C ferrite + cementite

0.5%C 0.8%C 1.5%C
Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia
University of
Why We Need Alloys?
Indonesia

Keterbatasan Baja Karbon:

a) A high critical cooling rate which leads to cracking when
quenching hardening.
b) Poor Hardenability.
c) Ultimate Tensile Strength rendah
Jika di Heat Treatment → Elongasi Rendah
Toughness Rendah
d) Ketahahan Korosi (Corrosion Resistant) Rendah
Ketahanan Aus (Wear Resistant) Rendah
Ketahanan Panas (Heat Resistant) Rendah

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Penggunaan Baja Paduan
Indonesia

▪ Industry Minyak, Gas dan Petrokimia :

Corrosion Resistant and Heat Resistant Steel
SS 304, 316, 309, 310
▪ Industri Semen dan Pertambangan:
Wear Resistant Steel (Keras dan Tangguh)
Ni Hard, High C-Chrom Steel, Baja Mn
▪ Industri Manufacture
Tool Steel/ Mold and Dies (H13 = SKD61,
P20)

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Super Alloys (Paduan Super)
Indonesia

▪ Adalah paduan yang dikembangkan untuk

penggunaan material pada temperatur tinggi,
tahan hot corrosion and errosion
▪ Semula dikembangkan untuk aircraft turbine
engine
▪ Umumnya mengandung Fe, Ni, Co, Cr dan
sejumlah W, Mo, Ta,Nb, Ti dan Al.
▪ Contoh Hastealloy, Inconel

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Elemen Paduan
Indonesia

Terdiri atas : Secara Umum

▪ Carbide Former. 1. Penstabil  →
memperlebar daerah 
▪ Austenite Stabilizer.
2. Penstabil  →
▪ Ferrite Stabilizer. memperlebar daerah 
▪ Graphitizer.
Seluruh paduan, kecuali Co :
1. Menurunkan Ms dan Mf
2. Mendorong kurva TTT ke
kanan → memperlambat
pembentukan Perlit /
Bainit

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

 Pengaruh Elemen Paduan Terhadap
University of
Indonesia
Diagram Time Temp Transformation

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Carbide Former (Pembentuk Karbida)
Indonesia

▪ Beberapa elemen paduan membentuk karbida stabil

yang lebih keras dari iron carbides (Fe3C)

▪ Dapat meningkatkan kekerasan (hardness) → cocok

untuk keperluan tool (perkakas), tahan panas

▪ Cr, Mn, Nb, Mo, Ti, W, V.

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Austenite Stabilizers
Indonesia

▪ C, Co, Cu, Ni, Mn, N

▪ meningkatkan A4 Temp
(austenine-delta)
▪ menurunkan A3 Temp
▪ Jika elemen tersebut ditambahkan
pada C-Steel akan menstabilkan fasa
.
▪ Elemen paduan ini tidak membentuk
carbida, C tetap tinggal dalam “solid
solution” dalam .
▪ Bahkan jika paduan jumlahnya
banyak pada temperatur kamar tetap
berfasa  (non magnetis)
▪ misal : Austenitik Stainless Steel

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Mn Sebagai Austenite Stabilizer
Indonesia

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Fe-C Diagram
Indonesia

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Ferrite Stabilisers
Indonesia
▪ Al, Cr, Si, Mo, Nb, Ta,
Ti, W, V, Zr
▪ Jika ditambahkan
dalam baja
menstabilkan fasa
Ferit (alpha)
▪ Pada Temperatur
kamar, berfasa Ferit
▪ Struktur kristasl BCC
(Body Centered Cubic)
Contoh: Ferritic
Stainless
Steel
Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia
University of
Cr Sebagai Ferrite Stabilizer
Indonesia

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Mo Sebagai Ferrite Stabilizer
Indonesia

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia

University of
Graphitisers
Indonesia

▪ Tak semua elemen paduan berkombinasi dengan C

(Ni, Al, Si), sehingga C cenderung sebagai “free
graphite”.
▪ Jika unsur tersebut harus ada, maka:
Perlu adanya elemen paduan pembentuk karbida, atau
kandungan C dibuat “very low”.
▪ Karenanya tak mungkin membuat high C-high Ni alloy
steel.

Department of Metallurgy and Materials University of Indonesia