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Chapter 3
Chapter 3
UNIT # 12
GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
Q.1: What is meant by reflection of light? State and explain lawas of reflection with
diagrams
Ans: Reflection of light)(روینشاکااکعنس.
The bouncing back of light rays after hitting any surface is called reflection of light.
Explanation
When light travelling in a certain medium falls on the surface of another medium, a
part of it turns back in the same medium. This is called reflection of light.
Laws of reflection
There are two laws of reflection of light. These laws are stated as:
First law of reflection
This law state that “the incident ray 1)(اعشعواعق, reflected ray2 ) (اعشعکعنمand normal3 to
the point of incident 4) (نقطعووقعall lie in the same
plane.
Second law of reflection
This law states that “the angle of incidence 5 is
always equal to the angle of reflection6.”
Mathematically
i = r
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Q.2: What is spherical (mirror? Discuss the types of spherical mirrors.
Ans: Spherical mirror )(رکوی آہنیئ
The part of the spherical shell) (رکویوخلhaving its outer
or inner surface is shining and reflecting, is called
spherical mirror.
There are two types of spherical mirrors.
1
incident ray is a ray of light that strikes a surface
2reflected ray is the ray that represents the light reflected by the surface
3
Normal: the line drawn at right angle to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence.
4
Point of incident the point at which the incident ray strikes the reflecting surface.
5
Angle of incidence(i): the angle between the incident ray and normal.
6
angle of reflection(r): the angle between the reflected ray and normal
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
1) Concave mirror
A spherical mirror whose inner surface is shining and
reflecting, is called concave mirror. It has an ability to
converge7 a parallel beam of light. Therefore a concave
mirror is also called converging mirror) (اراکتزیآنیئ.
2) Convex mirror
A spherical mirror whose outer surface is shining and
reflecting, is called convex mirror. It has an ability to
diverge 8 a parallel beam of light. Therefore a convex
mirror is also called diverging mirror.
***********
Q.3: Define the main terms used in spherical mirrors.
Ans. The terms related with spherical mirrors are:
Center of curvature
The center of the sphere from which mirror is taken out is called
center of curvature. It is denoted by “C”. As shown in the figure.
i) Pole
The middle or central point of a spherical mirror is called
"Pole". It is denoted by “P”. As shown in figure.
ii) Radius of curvature
The distance between the center
of curvature and pole of a spherical
mirror is called radius of curvature.
It is denoted by “R”. As shown in figure.
iii) Principal axis
The imaginary straight line passing from the pole “P” and
center of curvature “C” of the spherical mirror is called
principal axis. As shown in figure.
iv) Aperture
The diameter of the circular boundary of the spherical
mirror is called aperture. OR
The area of the spherical mirror exposed) (اسےنمرانھکto the
incident light is called aperture. As shown in figure.
v) Focal point of concave mirror
When parallel rays, parallel to the principal axis are incident
on a concave mirror, after reflection, they converge at a point
‘F’. This point is called principal focus or focal point of
concave mirror.
7
Converge: comes together at a single point
8
Diverge: to move or extend in different directions from a common point
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
ن
point of intersection:وہ قطعاہجںوطخطاکیدورسےوکاکیٹ
9
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
Diagrammatically
CASE 1
When an object is placed away from the center of curvature “C” of the concave mirror,
its image is formed in between center of curvature “C” and the focal point “F” the
image will be real, inverted and smaller in size that of the object .
Diagrammatically
CASE 2
When an object is placed at the center of curvature “C” of the concave mirror, its
image is formed at the center of curvature “C”. The image will be real10, inverted)(ااٹل
and of the same size that of the object.
Diagrammatically
CASE 3
When an object is place in front of a concave mirror in between the focal point “F”
and center of curvature “C”, its image is formed away from the center of curvature
“C”. The image will be real, inverted and large in size that of the objects.
Diagrammatically
CASE 4
When an object is placed at the focal point “F” of a concave mirror, its image is formed
at infinity) (الانتمیہافہلصپ. The image will be real, inverted and larger in size that of the
object.
10
Real images are those that are formed where light rays actually meet after being refracted. These can be captured
on a photographic film.
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
Diagrammatically
CASE -5
When an object is placed in between focus point “F” and pole “P” of the concave
mirror, its image is formed behind the mirror. The image will be virtual 11) (اجمزی,
erected) (دیساھand large in size that of the object.
Diagrammatically
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𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Q.6: Prove mirror formula 𝒇
= 𝒅𝒐
+ 𝒅 for a concave mirror.
𝒊
Ans. Consider an object “AB” is placed away from the center of curvature of a
concave mirror, its image “A/B/” is formed in between center of curvature “C” and
focal point “F”. The distance of the object from
the mirror is “do” distance of the image from the
mirror is “di” height of object is ho and height of
image is hi.
Diagrammatically
11
Virtual images, on the other hand, are those that are formed where light rays appears to meet but really don’t after
being refracted.
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
It is clear from figure-A that ABP and ABP are similar. Then
𝑨𝑩 𝑷𝑩
𝑨/ 𝑩/
= 𝑷𝑩/ ----------------- (1)
From figure AB = ho, A/B/=hi, PB = do, and PB/=di put these values in eq (1)
We get,
𝒉𝒐 𝒅𝒐
−𝒉𝒊
= 𝒅𝒊
------------------------ (2)
The image height is negative because it is inverted
Similarly it is clear from figure “B” that ΔPDF and ΔABF are similar. Then
𝑨𝑩 𝑭𝑩
= ------------------------ (3)
𝑫𝑷 𝑭𝑷
Now from figure-B we have AB=ho, DP = A/B/ = hi , (FB=do-f)12 ,and FP=f put these
values in eq (3)
we get,
𝐡𝐨 𝒅 −𝒇
= 𝒐 -------------------- (4)
−𝒉𝒊 𝒇
Comparing eq (2) and eq (4)
we get,
𝐝𝐨 𝒅 −𝒇
= 𝒐
𝒅𝒊 𝒇
By cross multiplication,
dof = di(do – f)
dof = dido – dif
Divide both sides by didof
𝒅𝒐 𝒇 𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒇
𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒐 𝒇
= 𝒅 𝒊𝒅 𝒐𝒇 − 𝒅 𝒅𝒊
𝒊 𝒐 𝒊 𝒐𝒇
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= −
𝒅𝒊 𝒇 𝒅𝒐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇
=𝒅 +𝒅
𝒊 𝒐
12
From figure-B, PB=FB + PF → FB = PB – PF or FB = do – f
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13
Rarer medium has less density and has less number of molecules/particles per unit area, and less refractive
eff
14
Denser medium: Medium has greater density and has large number of molecules/particles per unit
area and having greater refractive effect (slower speed of light)
15
Incident ray : The ray of light approaching the boundary (refracting surface) between two
medium
16
Refracted ray: The ray of light moving away from the boundary (refracting surface) between
two medium
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
𝑪
𝒏 =
𝑽
Where “C” is the speed of light and its value is 3x108m/sec.
Refractive index of some common substances:
Substance Refractive Substance Refractive
Index index
Air 1003 Crown 152
Glass
Ice 131 Kerosene 1 44
Oil
Water 133 Diamond 2 42
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Q.10: Define Snell’s law?
Ans: Snell’s law
According to this law “The product of the index of
refraction of the first medium and the sine of the
angle of incidence is equal to the product of the
index of refraction of the second medium and the
sine of angle of refraction”.
Mathematically
n1sin 1=n2sin2
Here n1 and n2 are the indices of refraction for
medium 1 and 2, and 1 and 2 are the angles between the rays and the
perpendicular in medium 1 and 2.
***********
Q.11: What is total internal reflection of light? How we can calculate the critical
angle for total internal reflection? What are the conditions for total internal
reflection?
Ans: Total internal reflection of light.
The reflection of light totally from the boundary of interface 17 is known as total
internal reflection of light.
Explanation
When a ray of light move from a denser
medium to a rare medium, then the light
ray bends away from the normal. As we
increase the angle of incidence the
corresponding angle of refraction will
also increases. At a certain angle of
incidence the refracted angle becomes
17
Interface: surface which is a common boundary between two mediums.
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
90°, this angle of incidence is called critical angle18 “c”. Now if the incident angle is
increased from critical angle the light ray bounce back in its own medium. This
behavior of light is called total internal reflection of light.
Calculating the critical angle
Using Snell's Law.
n1sinθ1=n2sinθ2
For total internal reflection we know that the angle of incidence is the critical angle.
So,
θ1=θc
However, we also know that the angle of refraction at the critical angle is 90°. So we
have:
θ2=900
We can then write Snell's Law as:
n1sinθc=n2sin90o
Since sin90o = 1 therefore n1sinθc=n2
𝒏
Sinθc= 𝟐
𝒏𝟏
𝒏
θc=Sin-1( 𝒏𝟐)
𝟏
18
critical angle: such angle of incidence for which the angle of reflection becomes 900
ی ی
19
Cladding: سِکداھتوکسِکاورداھتےسڈاھپندانی
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
core (dense material) into the cladding (less dense material), it changes its angle and
then reflects back to the core.
Jacket
The jacket is made of plastic and other material
layered to protect against moisture) (یمن, abrasion
)رخاش/(رڑگ, crushing)دابان/ (انلچکand other environmental
dangers.
Working
The optical fiber works on the principle of total internal reflection. The light traveling
through the transparent fiber always hit the internal boundary of the optical fiber at
an angle greater than the critical angle, so all of the light is reflected and none of the
light is transmitted through the boundary.
Light rays can be used to transmit a huge amount of data, the optical cables are
designed such that they bend all the light rays’ inwards. Light rays travel continuously,
bouncing off the optical fiber walls and transmit light signals containing information
over long distances.
Applications of optical fibers
Following are the main applications of optical fibers:
Internet:
Fiber optic cables transmit large amounts of data at very high speeds. This technology
is therefore widely used in internet cables. As compared to traditional copper wires,
fiber optic cables are lighter, more flexible, and carry more data.
Telephone
Calling telephones within or outside the country has never been so easy. With the use
of fiber optic communication, you can connect faster and have clear conversations
)ابتتیچ/ (وگتفگwithout any delay on either side.
Medical
Fiber optic cables are widely used in the fields of medicine and research. Used as light
guides, imaging tools and also as lasers for surgeries.
Industrial/Commercial
Used for imaging in hard to reach areas. It is also used in wiring where electromagnetic
interface is a problem.
Cable Television
These cables are ideal for transmitting signals for high definition televisions, because
they have greater bandwidth 20 and speed. Also, fiber optic cables are cheaper as
compared to the same quantity of copper wire.
***********
20
Bandwidth is the amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time.
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colors because the refractive index of glass is different for each color violet light is
bent the most and red light the least, the white light is separated into its component
colors.
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Q.16. What is a lens? Explain the main and sub types of lenses.
Ans: Lens
Lens is a piece of refracting medium bounded by one or two spherical surfaces. A lens
is usually made from glass. There are two main types of lenses.
1. Convex lens
A type of lens which is thicker at the center and thinner
at the edges is called convex lens. It is also called as
converging lens, because it focus a parallel beam of light
at a point known as focal point of the lens.
There are three sub types of a convex lens.
a) Double convex lens
A convex lens whose both bounded surfaces are convex is known as double convex
lens.
b) Plano convex lens
A convex lens whose one bounded surface is plane and the other is convex is known
as Plano convex lens.
c) Concave convex lens
A convex lens whose one bounded surface is
concave and the other is convex is known as
concave convex lens.
2) Concave lens
A type of lens which is thinner at the center and
thicker at the edges is called convex lens. It is also
called as diverging lens, because it disperses the
parallel beam of light falls on it.
There are three sub types of concave lens.
a) Double concave lens
A concave lens whose both bounded surfaces are
concave is known as double concave lens.
b) Plano concave lens
A concave lens whose one bounded surface is plane and the other is concave is known
as Plano concave lens.
c) Convex concave lens
A concave lens whose one bounded surface is
convex and the other is concave is known as
convex concave lens.
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***********
Q.18: Describe the image formation and ray tracing for lenses
Ans.The image formed by a lens can be located by constructing a ray diagram. For
convenience any of the following two rays can be drawn from the object. The point of
intersection of these two rays shall give the position of the image.
Rays that can be taken into consideration are
(i) The A- ray (Parallel ray hitting lens at point A)
of light parallel to the principal axis hitting lens
at point ‘A’ passes through focal point after
refraction.
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Case 2
When an object is placed at “2F” in front of the convex lens, its image is formed at“2F”
at the other side. The image will be real, inverted and of the same size that of the
object.
Diagrammatically
Case 3
When an object is place in front of a convex lens in between the focal Point “F” and
“2F”, its image is formed away from the “2F” at the other side. The image formed will
be real, inverted and large in size that of the
objects.
Diagrammatically
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
Case 4
When an object is placed at the focal point “F” of a convex lens, its image is formed at
infinity. The image will be real, inverted and larger in size that of the object.
Diagrammatically
CASE 5
When an object is placed in between focal point “F” and optical center of the convex
lens, its image is formed in front of the lens. The image will be virtual, erected and
large in size that of the object.
Diagrammatically
Sign convention
The distance of the real image from the lens is taken positive whereas the distance of
the virtual image from the lens is taken negative. The focal length of a convex lens is
taken positive and for a concave lens it is negative.
***********
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Q.20: Prove lens formula 𝒇
= 𝒅𝒐
+ 𝒅𝒊 for a convex lens
Ans. Consider an object “AB” is placed in front of convex lens, its image “A/B /” is
formed behind the lens. The distance of the object from the lens is “d o” distance of
the image from the mirror is “di” height of object is ho and height of image is hi.
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
Diagrammatically
It is clear from figure “A” that ΔABO and ΔA/B/O are similar. Then
𝑨𝑩 𝑶𝑩
/ / =
𝑨 𝑩 / ---- 𝑶𝑩
------------- (1)
from figure AB = ho, A/B/=hi, OB = do, and OB/=di, put these values in eq (1) we get,
𝐡𝐨 𝒅
−𝒉
= 𝒅𝒐 ----------------------- (2)
𝒊 𝒊
The image height is negative because it is inverted
Similarly it is clear from figure “B” that ODF and A/B/Fare similar. Then
𝑶𝑫 𝑶𝑭
𝑨/ 𝑩/
= 𝑭𝑩/------------------ (3)
Now from figure “B” we have OD=AB=ho, A/B/= hi , (FB/=di-f)21 and OF=f put these
values in eq (3) we get,
𝐡𝐨 𝒇
= -------------------- (4)
−𝒉𝒊 𝒅𝒊 − 𝒇
Comparing eq (2) and eq (4) we get,
𝐝𝐨 𝒇
𝒅
= 𝒅 −𝒇
𝒊 𝒊
By cross multiplication,
dif = do(di – f)
dif = dido – dof
Divide both sides by didof
21
From figure ‘B’, OB/=OF+FB/ → FB/=OB/-OF or FB/= di - f
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
𝒅𝒊 𝒇 𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒐 𝒅 𝒇
= − 𝒐
𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒐 𝒇 𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒐 𝒇 𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒐 𝒇
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒅𝒐
= 𝒇−𝒅
𝒊
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇
= 𝒅𝒊
+ 𝒅𝒐
22
The pupil is the opening in the center of the iris
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
5. The optic nerve carries signals of light, dark, and colors to the area of the brain
(the visual cortex), which assembles the signals into images (our vision).
With normal vision, the cornea and the lens focus light directly onto the retina.
Light rays entering the eye are focused sharply on the retina and the image we see
is clear.
***********
Q.23: Explain the main defects of vision. How each defect can be corrected?
There are two main defects of vision.
1. Short sightedness (myopia)
A person having this defect can see the near objects
clearly but cannot see the object situated at far
distances as much clear and distinctly. The reason of
this defect is that the refractive power of the eye’s
lens too strong or the eye ball becomes much larger.
Therefore the rays of the far objects focus just before
the retina.
This defect can be corrected by using a concave lens
of suitable focal length in the spectacles.
2) Long sightedness (Hypermetropia)
A person having this defect can see the far objects clearly
but cannot see the near objects clearly. The reason of this
defect is that the refractive power of the eye’s lens too weak
or the eye ball becomes small. Therefore the rays of the near
objects focus behind the retina.
This defect can be corrected by using a convex lens of
suitable focal length in the spectacles) (کنیع.
***********
Q.24: What is a simple microscope? Using a ray diagram explain the working of simple
microscope.
Ans: Simple microscope
A convex lens of short focal length is called
simple microscope. It is also called magnifying
glass. It works on the principle that when an
object is placed within its focal length, a
magnified, virtual and erect image is formed.
The image formed through a microscope is
larger than the object.
Working of Simple Microscope
The ray diagram to show the working of simple microscope is shown in figure. A small
object AB which is to be magnified is placed between the focal point ‘F’ and optical
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
𝐡
= 𝐨
𝐍
Now from figure B, the right angle triangle gives,
𝐡
Tan /= 𝐝𝐨
𝐨
𝒉 𝑵
M= 𝒅𝒐 𝐱 𝒉
𝒐 𝒐
or,
𝟏
M= x N------------ (2)
𝐝𝐨
Equation (5) represents the magnifying power of simple microscope for nearer image.
Case-2
For farthest image, we put
di = , so equation (4) becomes,
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
𝟏 𝟏
M= N ( − )
𝒇
𝟏 𝟏
M= N (𝒇 − 𝟎)as = 𝟎
𝑵
M = 𝒇 -------------- (6)
Equation (6) represents the magnifying power of simple microscope for farthest
image.
***********
Q.26: What is a compound microscope? Using a ray diagram explain its working,
mention its magnifying power.
Ans: Compound microscope
A compound microscope is an optical instrument consisting of
two convex lenses of short focal lengths which is used for
observing the highly magnified images of tiny objects.
Construction of compound microscope:
A compound microscope consists of two convex lenses at the
end of two tubes. One tube can slide into other so that the
distance between them can be change.
The lens which is placed towards the object is the small convex
lens of short focal length is called objective lens, while the lens
which is towards our eye is the large convex lens of longer focal
length is called eye piece.
Working of compound microscope
The ray diagram to show the working of compound microscope is shown in figure. A
tiny object AB to be magnified is
placed in front of the objective
lens just beyond its focal point
‘fo’. In this case, the objective lens
‘O’ of the compound microscope
forms a real, inverted and
enlarged image A/B/ of the
object.
Now A/B/ acts as an object for
the eye piece E, whose position is
adjusted so that A/B/ lies between optical center C2 and the focus fe’ of eye piece. Now
the eye piece forms a final virtual, inverted and highly magnified image A // B//
Magnifying power of Compound microscope
Magnifying power of compound microscope is equal to the product of magnifying
power of objective and magnifying power of eye-piece i-e
M = Mo x Me------------------ (1)
Now for objective we have,
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
𝑨𝑩
Mo = [ AB=do and AB= -di]
𝑨𝑩
−𝒅𝒊
Mo = 𝒅𝒐
--------------- (2)
The eye-piece behave like simple microscope, so its magnifying power will be,
𝑵
Me = --------------- (4)
𝒇𝒆
Putting eq (3) and eq (4) in eq (1) we get,
𝒅 𝑵
M = − 𝒇 𝒊 x 𝒇 ------------- (5)
𝒐 𝒆
Equation (5) represents the magnifying power of compound microscope.
***********
Q.27: What is a telescope? Using a ray diagram explain it’s working, angular
magnification and magnifying power.
Ans: Telescope
A device used to see distant objects like sun, stars,
moon etc are called telescope. It consists of two
convex lenses called objective and eye piece which
are fitted at the outer ends of two metallic tubes
which can slide into one another.
The objective of a telescope is of larger focal length and can capture beyond objects,
while eye piece is of shorter focal length can magnify objects.
Working of Telescope
The rays coming from a distant object falls on objective as parallel beam at some angle
and these rays after refraction and
passing through the objective
converge at its focus and make an
inverted & real image of height h.
This image acts as an object for the
eye piece. The distance of the eye
piece is so adjusted that the image
lies within the focal length of the eye
piece. The eye piece forms the final
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
image .The final image is magnified, virtual and inverted with respect to object. The
final image is formed at infinity.
Angular magnification or magnifying power
The magnifying power (M) of telescope is given by
𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐭 𝐞𝐲𝐞
M = 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐨𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐨𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞
/
M= ------------ (1)
Since and / are small angles, therefore we can take
= tan and /= tan/
Then eq (1) become
𝒕𝒂𝒏 /
M = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ----------- (2)
Now from the figure
𝒉 𝒉
tan = and tan/ =
𝒇𝒐 𝒇𝒆
𝒉 𝒇𝒐
M=𝒇 x 𝒉
𝒆
𝒇
M = 𝒇𝒐
𝒆
***********
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
Q1. What type of lens would you use to start fire from light from sun concave or
convex, would work best? At what distance from the lens should the paper be held
for best result?
Ans. Convex lens is used to start fire from sun light, and for better result to start fire
the distance between the lens and the paper is equal to the focal length of the lens.
Explanation
Convex lens concentrates the heat of the sun at a single spot on the paper, so that the
heat energy accumulates on that small spot of paper. As the heat increases, the spot
becomes too hot and the paper burns.
***********
Q2. If a concave mirror produces a real image, is the image necessarily inverted?
Ans. Yes, the real image formed by concave mirrors is necessarily to be inverted.
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
Explanation
The reason is just geometrical optics. If the ray
diagram for concave mirror is observed it should be
clear.
The light rays from the object strikes concave mirror
and then reflected by obeying reflection laws.
The reflected rays converge forming a real image. And as the image formed is below
the principal axis and upside down. Thus it is inverted.
***********
Q3. Are rearview mirrors used in cars concave or convex?
Ans. Convex mirrors are used as a rearview in cars
Explanation
Convex mirrors produce virtual, erect and diminished image of an object placed in
front of it. As a result the driver can judge about everything coming behind his vehicle.
Thus a convex mirror provides us the way of safe driving.
***********
Q4. A magician during a show makes a glass lens with
n =1.47 disappears in a trough of liquid. What is the refractive index of the liquid?
Could the liquid be water?
Ans. The refractive index of the liquid must be equal to 1.47 in order to make the lens
disappear. Also the liquid is not water.
Explanation
A glass lens with refractive index (n)=1.47 disappears in liquid, if refractive index of
the liquid is same as glass lens.
The liquid is not water, Refractive index for water=1.33
It may be glycerin or turpentine as both are "clear" liquid with refractive index equal
to 1.47.
***********
Q5. Suppose that you were handed a lens and a ruler and told to determine the
focal length of the lens. How would you proceed?
Ans. If we place a convex lens in front of light, then parallel rays of light pass
through a convex lens will converge at a single point. This point is the focal point of
that convex lens. Now we can measure the distance between the focal point and
convex lens with the help of ruler which is our require focal length.
***********
Q6.Can we achieve total internal reflection from optically rare medium to optically
dense medium?
Ans. No, we cannot achieve total internal reflection from optically rare medium to
optically dense medium.
Explanation
There are two conditions for total internal reflection of light.
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
***********
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
𝟔𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟐
or d1=
𝟕 𝒄𝒎
Therefore
d1= 8.6 cm Answer
Hence, the image is closer to the
mirror.
(b) Putting values in equation 1
𝟓 𝒄𝒎×𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎
d1= 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎
− 𝟓 𝒄𝒎
𝟓𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟐
or d1=
𝟓 𝒄𝒎
𝟑𝟕.𝟓 𝒄𝒎𝟐
or d1=
𝟐.𝟓 𝒄𝒎
𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎𝟐
or d1= 𝟎 𝒄𝒎
Therefore
d1= ∞ Answer
Hence, no image is formed
(e) Putting the values in equation 1
𝟓 𝒄𝒎× 𝟐 𝒄𝒎
d1= 𝟐 𝒄𝒎
− 𝟓 𝒄𝒎
𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟐
or d1= − 𝟑 𝒄𝒎
Therefore
d1= - 3.33 cm Answer
The negative sign indicates that the image
is formed on the other side of the mirror.
***********
ASSIGNEMT 12.1 DENTIST MIROR
A dentist uses a concave mirror with focal length 2.0 cm to examine some teeth. If the
tooth under examination is 1.1 cm high and mirror is placed at 0.9 cm. Calculate the
distance of image formed, the height of the image and magnification.
Given Required
Focal length ‘f’ = 2 cm (a) image distance ‘di’= ?
Tooth distance ‘do’= 0.9 cm (b) height of image ‘hi’= ?
Height of tooth ‘ho’= 1.1 cm (c) Magnification of mirror M=?
Object distance ‘do’= 7.5 cm
Solution by mirror equation
1/f = 1/di + 1/ do or 1/ di= 1/f – 1/ do
𝒅𝒐−𝒇 𝒇𝒅𝒐
Taking LCM 1/ di= 𝒇𝒅𝒐
or di= 𝒅 --------------- (1)
𝒐−𝒇
(a) Image distance
𝟐 𝒄𝒎×𝟎.𝟗 𝒄𝒎
Putting values in equation 1 di= 𝟎.𝟗 𝒄𝒎
− 𝟐 𝒄𝒎
Therefore di= ̶ 1.64 cm Answer
(b) Height of image is
𝒉𝒊 𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒊
= or hi = × 𝒉𝒐
𝒉𝒐 𝒅𝒐 𝒅𝒐
𝟏.𝟔𝟒
Putting the values hi = × 𝟏. 𝟏
𝟎.𝟗
hi = 2 cm Answer
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
(−𝟒.𝟒𝒎)
Putting the values M = − 𝟏𝟎 𝒎
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
Solution
by mirror equation
1/f = 1/di + 1/ do or 1/ di= 1/f – 1/ do
𝒅𝒐−𝒇 𝒇𝒅
Taking LCM 1/ di= or di= 𝒐 ---------------- (1)
𝒇𝒅𝒐 𝒅𝒐−𝒇
a) Image distance
𝟎.𝟒𝟓
Putting the values hi = 𝟓
× 𝟐
hi = 0.18 m Answer
Therefore the image will be virtual, upright, reduced in size and behind the mirror.
**********
EXAMPLE 12.3:SPEED OF LIGHT IN WATER
What speed of light in water having index of refraction as 1.33?
Given
Speed of light in a vacuum ‘c’= 3 x 108 m/s
Index of refraction for water ‘n’= 1.33
Required
Speed of light in water ‘v’= ?
Solution
The index of refraction is
𝑪 𝑪
n=𝑽 or V= 𝒏
𝟑 ×𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎/𝒔
Putting the values v= 𝟏.𝟑𝟑
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
𝟏.𝟓𝟐
Putting values sinӨw = 𝟏.𝟑𝟑
sin40o
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑𝟎𝐨
Putting the values n2 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝟐𝐨 × 𝟏
𝟎.𝟓
n2 = 𝟎.𝟑𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏
𝟏
Putting values Өc = sin-1
𝟏.𝟓
Өc = 41.8o Answer
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
(b) When light goes from glass to water the critical angle is
𝒏
Өc = sin-1𝒏𝒘
𝒈
𝟏.𝟑𝟑
Putting values Өc = sin-1 𝟏.𝟓
Өc = 62.5o Answer
Note that the difference in index of refraction of glass – air is greater than glass –
water.
***********
ASSIGNMET 12.5 CRITICAL ANGLE FOR POLYSTYRENE
What is the critical angle for light travelling in a polystyrene (a type of plastic with
index of refraction for polystyrene as 1.49) pipe surrounded by air (take index of
refraction of air to be 1)?
Given Required
Index of refraction for glass ‘ng’ = 1.49 critical angle Өc=?
Index of refraction for air ‘na’ = 1.002
Solution
The critical angle is
𝒏 𝒏
sinӨc = 𝒏𝟐 or Өc = sin-1𝒏𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
(a) When light goes from glass to air the critical angle is
𝒏
Өc = sin-1 𝒂
𝒏𝒈
𝟏
Putting values Өc = sin-1𝟏.𝟒𝟗
Өc = 42.2o Answer
***********
EXAMPLE 12.6: IMAGE DISTACE IN CONVEX LENS
A converging lens of focal length 10 cm forms images of an object situated at various
distances. (a) if the object is placed 30 cm from the lens, locate the image, state
whether it’s real or virtual, and find its magnification. Repeat the problem (b) when
the object is at 20 cm and (c) When the object is 15 cm from the lens (d) When the
object is 10 cm from the lens and (e) When the object is 5 cm from the lens.
Given Required
Focal length ‘f’ = 10 cm (a) Image distance ‘di’ =?
(a) Object distance ‘do’ = 30 cm Magnification M =?
(b) Object distance ‘do’ = 20 cm (b) Image distance ‘di’ =?
(c )Object distance ‘do’ = 15 cm Magnification M =?
(d) Object distance ‘do’ = 10 cm (c) Image distance ‘di’ =?
(e) Object distance ‘do’ = 5 cm Magnification M =?
(d) Image distance ‘di’ =?
Magnification M =?
(e) Image distance ‘di’ =?
Magnification M =?
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
Solution
by mirror equation
1/f = 1/di + 1/ do or 1/ di= 1/f – 1/ do
𝒅𝒐−𝒇 𝒇𝒅𝒐
1/ di = or di = ……………. 1
𝒇𝒅𝒐 𝒅𝒐−𝒇
Therefore
di = +𝟏𝟓𝒄𝒎 Answer
The magnification formula is
𝒅 𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎
M = − 𝒅 𝒊 = − 𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒎
𝒐
Therefore
di = +𝟐𝟎𝒄𝒎 Answer
The magnification formula is
𝒅𝒊 𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎
M=− =−
𝒅𝒐 𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎
Therefore M = −𝟏 Answer
The image distance is equal to twice the focal length (do = 2f) it is confirmed that for
convex lens
• The image distance is equal to twice the focal length (20 cm)
• The image is real (distance positive)
• The image is inverted (magnification negative)
• The image is the same size as the object (magnification is equal to 1)
(c) To get image distance putting values in equation 1
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎× 𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎
di =
𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎−𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎
𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟐
or di= 𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Hence
di = 𝟑𝟎𝒄𝒎 Answer
The magnification formula is
𝒅𝒊 𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒎
M=− =−
𝒅𝒐 𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Therefore M = −𝟐 Answer
When the image distance is less than twice the focal length and greater than the focal
length (2f < do< f) it is confirmed that for convex lens.
• The image distance greater than twice the focal length (30 cm > 20 cm)
• The image is real (distance positive)
• The image is inverted (magnification negative)
• The image is greater than the object (magnification is greater than 1)
(d) To get image distance putting values in equation
𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎× 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎
di = 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎−𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟐
or di= 𝟎 𝒄𝒎
Hence
di = ∞ Answer
The magnification formula is
𝒅𝒊 ∞𝒄𝒎
M=− =−
𝒅𝒐 𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎
Therefore M = +𝟐 Answer
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
Hence the result confirms that when the object distance is less than the focal length
but greater than zero (f > do> 0) for convex lens:
• The image distance is greater than the object distance (10 cm > 5 cm)
• The image is virtual (distance negative)
• The image is upright (magnification positive)
• The image is larger than the object (magnification is greater than 1)
***********
ASSIGNMET 12.6: LENS COMPARISION
An object is placed 30 cm in front of a converging lens and then 12.5 cm in front of a
diverging lens. Both lenses have a focal length of 10 cm. For both cases, find the image
distance and the magnification. Describe the images.
Given Required
Focal length ‘f’ = 10 cm (a) Image distance ‘di’ = ?
(a) Object distance ‘do’ = 30 cm Magnification M = ?
(b) Object distance ‘do’ = 12.5 cm (b) Image distance ‘di’ = ?
Magnification M = ?
Solution
by mirror equation
1/f = 1/di + 1/ do or 1/ di= 1/f – 1/ do
𝒅𝒐−𝒇 𝒇𝒅𝒐
1/ di = 𝒇𝒅𝒐
or di = 𝒅 ……………. 1
𝒐−𝒇
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
𝒅𝒊 −𝟓.𝟓𝟔 𝒄𝒎
M=− =−
𝒅𝒐 𝟏𝟐.𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Required
Angular magnification mo= ?
Solution
(a) The magnification when the eye is relaxed
𝑵
mo= 𝒇
𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Putting the values mo= 𝟖 𝒄𝒎
di = −11cm
The magnification formula for compound microscope is
𝒅𝒊 𝑵
m=− ×
𝒇𝒐 𝒇
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
𝟏𝟏𝒄𝒎 𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Putting values m=− ×
𝟏 𝒄𝒎 𝟐.𝟓 𝒄𝒎
di = −11cm
The magnification formula for compound microscope is
𝒅𝒊 𝑵 𝟏
m=− × ..................1 or m∝
𝒇𝒐 𝒇𝒆 𝒇𝒆
Equation 1 shows that focal length of the eye piece is inversely proportional to
magnitude. Therefore by the increasing the focal length the magnitude will decrease.
So, calculating the magnification for fe= 3.5
𝟏𝟏𝒄𝒎 𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Putting values m = − 𝟏 𝒄𝒎 × 𝟑.𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Given
Focal length of objective fo= 10cm
Focal length of eye piece fe = 19m
Required
(a) Angular magnification mӨ= ?
(b) Approximate length L = ?
Solution
𝒇𝒐
(a) The magnification of telescope is mo = −
𝒇𝒆
𝟏𝟗𝒎
Putting values mo = −
𝟎.𝟏𝒎
Therefore mo = −𝟏𝟗𝟎 Answer
(b) The distance between the two lenses is thus
L = fo + fe = 19m + 0.1 m
Therefore L = 19 m Answer
This is essentially the length of telescope.
***********
ASSIGNMET 12.9: ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE
An astronomical telescope has the following specifications, fo= 985mm and fe=5 mm.
From these data points, find
(a) The angular magnification
(b) The approximate length of this telescope
GIVEN
Focal length of objective fo= 5 mm
Focal length of eye piece fe = 985 mm
Required
(a) Angular magnification mӨ= ?
(b) Approximate length L = ?
Solution
(a) The magnification of telescope is
𝒇𝒐
mo = −
𝒇𝒆
𝟗𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝒎
Putting values −
mo =
𝟓 𝒎𝒎
Therefore mo = −𝟏𝟗𝟕 Answer
(b) The distance between the two lenses is thus
L = fo + fe = 985 mm + 5 mm
Therefore L = 990 mm Answer
This is essentially the length of telescope.
***********
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
1. A 1.50 cm high object is placed 20.0 cm from a concave mirror with radius of
curvature 30.0 cm. Determine (a) the position of the image, and (b) its draw the
diagrams size, also.
Given
Height of object = ho =1.5cm
Distance of object = do = 20cm
Radius of curvature = R = 30 cm
𝑹 𝟑𝟎
Focal length = f = = = 15cm
𝟐 𝟐
Required
a) Position of image = di=?
b) Size of image = hi=?
Solution
(a) To find the position of image (di)
We know that,
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝒇 𝒅𝒐 𝒅𝒊
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= −
𝒅𝒊 𝒇 𝒅𝒐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= −
𝒅𝒊 𝟏𝟓 𝟐𝟎
𝟏 𝟒−𝟑
=
𝒅𝒊 𝟔𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
=
𝒅𝒊 𝟔𝟎
𝒅𝒊 = 60cm
(b) To find the Size of image (hi)
As we know that,
𝒉𝒊
M= -------- (1)
𝒉𝒐
𝒅𝒊
Also M= 𝒅𝒐
-------- (2)
Comparing eq (1) and eq (2)
We get,
𝒉𝒊 𝒅
𝒉𝒐
= 𝒅𝒊
𝒐
𝒅𝒊𝒉𝒐
hi = 𝒅𝒐
𝟔𝟎 𝑿 𝟏.𝟓
hi = 𝟐𝟎
𝟗𝟎
hi= 𝟐𝟎
hi = 4.5cm Answer
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
𝒉𝒊 𝒅
𝒉𝒐
= 𝒅𝒊
𝒐
𝐝𝐢 𝐡𝐢
hi = 𝐝𝐨
Putting values
−𝟑 𝑿 𝟖
hi = 𝟑𝟎
−𝟐𝟒
hi= 𝟑𝟎 hi = −𝟎. 𝟖𝒄𝒎 Answer.
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
3. Calculate the speed of light in zircon with index of refraction n=1.923, a material
used in jewelry to replicate diamond.
Given
Speed of light in air = c = 3 x 108m/s
Refractive index of zircon = n = 1.923
Required
Speed of light in zircon = v =?
Solution
We know that,
𝐜
n=
𝐯
𝐜
V=𝐧
𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟖
V = 𝟏.𝟗𝟐𝟑
V = 1.56 x 108m/s Answer.
***********
4. Alight ray strikes an air/water surface at an angle of 460 with respect to the normal.
The refractive index for water is 1.33. Find the angle of refraction when the direction
of the ray is (a) from air to water and (b) from water to air.
Given
Incidence angle = 1= 460
Refractive index of air = nair= 1.00
Refractive index of water = nwater= 1.33
Required
a) Angle of refraction = 2=r=?
(In case from air to water)
b) Angle of refraction = 2=r=?
(In case from water to air we put)
Solution
a) To find angle of refraction = 2=r=?
(In case from air to water)
By Snell’s law,
n1sin1=n2sin2
𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 = 𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 ------------- (1)
𝟐
From air to water, we put in eq (1)
n1 = nair, n2 = nwater,1=i and 2=r
𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉𝐢
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐫 = 𝐧𝐚𝐢𝐫
𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫
𝟏.𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝟔𝒐
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐫 = 𝟏.𝟑𝟑
𝟏.𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟎.𝟕𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐫 = 𝟏.𝟑𝟑
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐫 = 0.54
𝐫= sin-1(0.54)
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
𝐫= 330
(b). To find angle of refraction = 2=r=?
(In case from water to air we put)
n1 = nwater, n2 = nair,1=i and 2=rineq (1)
𝒏𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒊
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐫 =
𝒏𝒂𝒊𝒓
𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 𝑿 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝟔𝒐
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐫 =
𝟏. 𝟎𝟎
𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 𝑿 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐫 =
𝟏. 𝟎𝟎
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐫 = 0.96
𝐫= sin-1(0.96)
𝐫= 740 Answer
***********
5. An optical fiber is made from flint glass with index of refraction 1.66 and is
surrounded by a cladding made of crown glass with index of refraction 1.52. What is
the critical angle?
Given
Refractive index of optical fiber = n1 = 1.66
Refractive index of crown glass = n2 = 1.52
Required
Critical angle = 𝐜=?
Solution
We know that,
𝐧
sin𝐜= 𝐧𝟐
𝟏
𝟏.𝟓𝟐
sin𝐜=
𝟏.𝟔𝟔
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐜 = 0.91566265
𝐜= sin-1(0.91566265)
𝐜= 66.30 Answer
***********
6. Suppose the book page is held 7.50cm from a concave lens of focal length 10.0cm
and convex lens of focal length 10cm. what magnification is produced in each case?
Given
Distance of object (book) = do = 7.50cm
Focal length of convex lens= f = 10cm
Focal length of concave lens= f = -10cm
Required
(a) Magnification in case of convex lens =M=?
(b) Magnification in case of concave lens =M=?
Solution
(a) To find magnification in case of convex lens (M)
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
We know that,
𝒅
M = − 𝒅 𝒊 ------------ (1)
𝒐
First we calculate the image distance (di) of book from convex lens by using lens
formula.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝒇 𝒅𝒐 𝒅𝒊
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= −
𝒅𝒊 𝒇 𝒅𝒐
𝟏 𝒅𝒐 − 𝒇
=
𝒅𝒊 𝒇𝒅𝒐
𝒇𝒅𝒐
𝒅𝒊 = 𝒅 − 𝒇 -------------- (2)
𝒐
Put do =7.50, and f = 10 in eq (2)
𝟕.𝟓𝟎 𝐗 𝟏𝟎
𝒅𝒊 =
𝟕.𝟓𝟎−𝟏𝟎
𝟕𝟓
𝒅𝒊 =−𝟐.𝟓
𝒅𝒊 = −𝟑𝟎𝒄𝒎
Putting di = -30cm and d0 = 7.50cm in eq (1)
we get,
−𝟑𝟎
M = − 𝟕.𝟓𝟎
M=4 Answer.
***********
b) To find magnification in case of convex lens (M)
For concave lens Put do =7.50, and f = -10 in eq (2)
𝟕.𝟓𝟎 𝑿(− 𝟏𝟎)
𝒅𝒊 = 𝟕.𝟓𝟎−(−𝟏𝟎)
−𝟕𝟓
𝒅𝒊 = 𝟕.𝟓𝟎+𝟏𝟎
−𝟕𝟓
𝒅𝒊 =
𝟏𝟕.𝟓
𝒅𝒊 = −𝟒. 𝟐𝟗 𝒄𝒎
Put di = -4.29cm and d0 = 7.50cm in eq (1)
we get,
−𝟒.𝟐𝟗
M = − 𝟕.𝟓𝟎
M = 0.572 Answer
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7. Gulalai is viewing a flea using a magnifier with f = 3.0cm. If her near point is at N =
25cm then calculate the maximum magnification she can get.
Given
Focal length = f = 3cm
Near point distance= N = 25cm
Required
Maximum magnification = M=?
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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
Solution
For Maximum magnification we have
𝑵
M= 𝒇 + 𝟏
𝟐𝟓
M= 𝟑 + 𝟏
M= 8.33 + 1
M = 9.33 Answer
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8. A telescope has a magnification of 40.0 and a length of 1230 mm. what are the focal
lengths o the objective and eyepiece?
Given
Magnification of telescope = M = 40
Length of telescope = L = 1230mm
Required
(a) Focal length of objective = fo= ?
(b) Focal length of eye piece = fe= ?
Solution
We know that the magnification of telescope is,
𝒇
M= 𝒇𝒐
𝒆
𝒇𝟎 = 𝑴𝒇𝒆 ------------ (1)
Also the length of telescope is given by,
L = 𝒇𝒐 + 𝒇𝒆 ------------ (2)
Putting eq (1) in eq (2)
we get
L = 𝑴𝒇𝒆 + 𝒇𝒆
L = (M + 1)𝒇𝒆
𝑳
𝒇𝒆 = 𝑴+𝟏 --------------- (3)
Putting the values of “M” and “L” in eq (3)
we get,
𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟎
𝒇𝒆 = 𝟒𝟎+𝟏
𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟎
𝒇𝒆 =
𝟒𝟏
𝒇𝒆 = 𝟑𝟎𝒎𝒎----------- (4)
Putting eq (4) in eq (1) we get,
𝒇𝒐 = 𝟒𝟎 𝑿 𝟑𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝒇𝒐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
Focal length of objective = 𝒇𝒐 = 1200 mm Answer
Focal length of eye piece = 𝒇𝒆 = 30mm Answer
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