Chapter 3

Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics
UNIT # 12
GEOMETRICAL OPTICS
Q.1: What is meant by reflection of light? State and explain lawas of reflection with
diagrams
Ans: Reflection of light)‫(روینشاکااکعنس‬.
The bouncing back of light rays after hitting any surface is called reflection of light.
Explanation
When light travelling in a certain medium falls on the surface of another medium, a
part of it turns back in the same medium. This is called reflection of light.
Laws of reflection
There are two laws of reflection of light. These laws are stated as:
First law of reflection
This law state that “the incident ray 1)‫(اعشعواعق‬, reflected ray2 )‫ (اعشعکعنم‬and normal3 to
the point of incident 4)‫ (نقطعووقع‬all lie in the same
plane.
Second law of reflection
This law states that “the angle of incidence 5 is
always equal to the angle of reflection6.”
Mathematically
 i = r
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Q.2: What is spherical (mirror? Discuss the types of spherical mirrors.
Ans: Spherical mirror )‫(رکوی آہنیئ‬
The part of the spherical shell)‫ (رکویوخل‬having its outer
or inner surface is shining and reflecting, is called
spherical mirror.
There are two types of spherical mirrors.
1
incident ray is a ray of light that strikes a surface
2reflected ray is the ray that represents the light reflected by the surface
3
Normal: the line drawn at right angle to the reflecting surface at the point of incidence.
4
Point of incident the point at which the incident ray strikes the reflecting surface.
5
Angle of incidence(i): the angle between the incident ray and normal.
6
angle of reflection(r): the angle between the reflected ray and normal
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1) Concave mirror
A spherical mirror whose inner surface is shining and
reflecting, is called concave mirror. It has an ability to
converge7 a parallel beam of light. Therefore a concave
mirror is also called converging mirror)‫ (اراکتزیآنیئ‬.
2) Convex mirror
A spherical mirror whose outer surface is shining and
reflecting, is called convex mirror. It has an ability to
diverge 8 a parallel beam of light. Therefore a convex
mirror is also called diverging mirror.
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Q.3: Define the main terms used in spherical mirrors.
Ans. The terms related with spherical mirrors are:
Center of curvature
The center of the sphere from which mirror is taken out is called
center of curvature. It is denoted by “C”. As shown in the figure.
i) Pole
The middle or central point of a spherical mirror is called
"Pole". It is denoted by “P”. As shown in figure.
ii) Radius of curvature
The distance between the center
of curvature and pole of a spherical
mirror is called radius of curvature.
It is denoted by “R”. As shown in figure.
iii) Principal axis
The imaginary straight line passing from the pole “P” and
center of curvature “C” of the spherical mirror is called
principal axis. As shown in figure.
iv) Aperture
The diameter of the circular boundary of the spherical
mirror is called aperture. OR
The area of the spherical mirror exposed)‫ (اسےنمرانھک‬to the
incident light is called aperture. As shown in figure.
v) Focal point of concave mirror
When parallel rays, parallel to the principal axis are incident
on a concave mirror, after reflection, they converge at a point
‘F’. This point is called principal focus or focal point of
concave mirror.
7
Converge: comes together at a single point
8
Diverge: to move or extend in different directions from a common point
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vi) Focal point of convex mirror

When parallel rays, parallel to the principal axis are
incident on a convex mirror, after reflection, they diverge
and appear to come from a point F. This point is called
principal focus or focal point of convex mirror.
vii) Focal length of Concave and Convex mirrors
The distance between the pole and focal point of the
concave or convex mirror is called focal length. It is denoted by “f”.
Focal length of the concave mirror is taken positive while the focal length of the
convex mirror is taken negative.
Q.4: Describe the image formation and

ray tracing for spherical mirrors.
Ans: Image formation and ray tracing for
spherical mirrors
The image formed by a spherical mirror
can be located by constructing a ray diagram. For convenience any of the following
two rays can be drawn from the object. The point of intersection9 of these two rays
shall give the position of the image.
Rays that can be taken into consideration are
1. The A –ray (Parallel ray hitting the mirror at point
A) of light parallel to the principal axis hitting the
mirror at point ‘A’ passes through focal point of the
concave mirror after reflection.
2. The F-ray (Focal ray or its extrapolation) of light
passing through focal point becomes parallel to the
principal axis after reflection from the mirror.
3. The C-ray (central ray or its extrapolation) of light
passing through the center of curvature of the
concave mirror is reflected back along the same path.
4. The P- ray (pole ray or its extrapolation) of light
incident at the pole of a concave mirror is reflected back
making the same angel of reflection with principal axis as
incident ray makes with principal axis.
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Q.5: An object is brought from a long distance towards the spherical mirror.
Discuss the features of the images with diagram.
Ans. There are five different types of images formed through a concave mirror by
bringing object from a long distance towards the mirror.
‫ن‬
point of intersection:‫وہ قطعاہجںوطخطاکیدورسےوکاکیٹ‬
9
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Diagrammatically
CASE 1
When an object is placed away from the center of curvature “C” of the concave mirror,
its image is formed in between center of curvature “C” and the focal point “F” the
image will be real, inverted and smaller in size that of the object .
Diagrammatically
CASE 2
When an object is placed at the center of curvature “C” of the concave mirror, its
image is formed at the center of curvature “C”. The image will be real10, inverted)‫(ااٹل‬
and of the same size that of the object.
Diagrammatically
CASE 3
When an object is place in front of a concave mirror in between the focal point “F”
and center of curvature “C”, its image is formed away from the center of curvature
“C”. The image will be real, inverted and large in size that of the objects.
Diagrammatically
CASE 4
When an object is placed at the focal point “F” of a concave mirror, its image is formed
at infinity)‫ (الانتمیہافہلصپ‬. The image will be real, inverted and larger in size that of the
object.
10
Real images are those that are formed where light rays actually meet after being refracted. These can be captured
on a photographic film.
51
Diagrammatically
CASE -5
When an object is placed in between focus point “F” and pole “P” of the concave
mirror, its image is formed behind the mirror. The image will be virtual 11)‫ (اجمزی‬,
erected)‫ (دیساھ‬and large in size that of the object.
Diagrammatically
Image formation through convex mirror

When an object is placed in front of a convex mirror, its image is formed behind the
mirror. The image will be virtual, erected and smaller in size that of the object.
Diagrammatically
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𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Q.6: Prove mirror formula 𝒇
= 𝒅𝒐
+ 𝒅 for a concave mirror.
𝒊
Ans. Consider an object “AB” is placed away from the center of curvature of a
concave mirror, its image “A/B/” is formed in between center of curvature “C” and
focal point “F”. The distance of the object from
the mirror is “do” distance of the image from the
mirror is “di” height of object is ho and height of
image is hi.
Diagrammatically
11
Virtual images, on the other hand, are those that are formed where light rays appears to meet but really don’t after
being refracted.
52
It is clear from figure-A that  ABP and ABP are similar. Then
𝑨𝑩 𝑷𝑩
𝑨/ 𝑩/
= 𝑷𝑩/ ----------------- (1)
From figure AB = ho, A/B/=hi, PB = do, and PB/=di put these values in eq (1)
We get,
𝒉𝒐 𝒅𝒐
−𝒉𝒊
= 𝒅𝒊
------------------------ (2)
The image height is negative because it is inverted
Similarly it is clear from figure “B” that ΔPDF and ΔABF are similar. Then
𝑨𝑩 𝑭𝑩
= ------------------------ (3)
𝑫𝑷 𝑭𝑷
Now from figure-B we have AB=ho, DP = A/B/ = hi , (FB=do-f)12 ,and FP=f put these
values in eq (3)
we get,
𝐡𝐨 𝒅 −𝒇
= 𝒐 -------------------- (4)
−𝒉𝒊 𝒇
Comparing eq (2) and eq (4)
we get,
𝐝𝐨 𝒅 −𝒇
= 𝒐
𝒅𝒊 𝒇
By cross multiplication,
dof = di(do – f)
dof = dido – dif
Divide both sides by didof
𝒅𝒐 𝒇 𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒇
𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒐 𝒇
= 𝒅 𝒊𝒅 𝒐𝒇 − 𝒅 𝒅𝒊
𝒊 𝒐 𝒊 𝒐𝒇
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= −
𝒅𝒊 𝒇 𝒅𝒐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇
=𝒅 +𝒅
𝒊 𝒐
It is the required mirror formula for a concave mirror.

***********
Q.7: What is linear magnification)‫?(وطیلریبکت‬
Ans. Linear magnification
The ratio of the size of the image to the size of the object is called linear magnification.
OR
The ratio of the image distance from the mirror to the object distance is called linear
magnification. It is denoted by “M”. Mathematically
𝐡𝐢 𝐝𝐢
𝑴= = ---------- (1)
𝒉𝒐 𝒅𝒐
Equation (1) is used to find the magnification of mirror
12
From figure-B, PB=FB + PF → FB = PB – PF or FB = do – f
53
Q.8: Explain refraction of light? State the laws of refraction.

Ans: Refraction of light)‫(روینش اک ااطعنف‬.
The bending)‫ (ڑمان‬of a ray of light when it passes from one medium to another medium
is called refraction of light.
When light ray enters from a rare medium
13
)‫ (فیطلواہطس‬into a denser medium 14)‫(فیثکواہطس‬
the ray of light will slightly bends towards
the normal but whenever light ray enters
from a denser medium into a rare medium,
the ray of light will slightly bends away from
the normal.
Laws of refraction of light
There are two laws of refraction that are as under.
1. First Law of refraction
This law state that “the incident ray 15 , refracted ray 16 and normal to the point of
incident all lies in the same plane.”
2. 2nd law of refraction
This law states that “the ratio of the sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of
refraction is constant for a given pair of medium.
Mathematically
𝒔𝒊𝒏 < 𝒊
= 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝒔𝒊𝒏 < 𝒓
𝒔𝒊𝒏<𝒊
=𝒏
𝒔𝒊𝒏<𝒓
Where n is called refractive index.
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Q.9: What is meant by refractive index?
Ans: Refractive index
It can be defined as “the ratio of the speed of light in air or vacuum to the speed of
light in the medium.” It is denoted by “n”.
Mathematically
𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒗𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒊𝒓
Refractive index =
𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒏 𝒂 𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒖𝒎
13
Rarer medium has less density and has less number of molecules/particles per unit area, and less refractive
eff
14
Denser medium: Medium has greater density and has large number of molecules/particles per unit
area and having greater refractive effect (slower speed of light)
15
Incident ray : The ray of light approaching the boundary (refracting surface) between two
medium
16
Refracted ray: The ray of light moving away from the boundary (refracting surface) between
two medium
54
𝑪
𝒏 =
𝑽
Where “C” is the speed of light and its value is 3x108m/sec.
Refractive index of some common substances:
Substance Refractive Substance Refractive
Index index
Air 1003 Crown 152
Glass
Ice 131 Kerosene 1 44
Oil
Water 133 Diamond 2  42
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Q.10: Define Snell’s law?
Ans: Snell’s law
According to this law “The product of the index of
refraction of the first medium and the sine of the
angle of incidence is equal to the product of the
index of refraction of the second medium and the
sine of angle of refraction”.
Mathematically
n1sin 1=n2sin2
Here n1 and n2 are the indices of refraction for
medium 1 and 2, and 1 and 2 are the angles between the rays and the
perpendicular in medium 1 and 2.
***********
Q.11: What is total internal reflection of light? How we can calculate the critical
angle for total internal reflection? What are the conditions for total internal
reflection?
Ans: Total internal reflection of light.
The reflection of light totally from the boundary of interface 17 is known as total
internal reflection of light.
Explanation
When a ray of light move from a denser
medium to a rare medium, then the light
ray bends away from the normal. As we
increase the angle of incidence the
corresponding angle of refraction will
also increases. At a certain angle of
incidence the refracted angle becomes
17
Interface: surface which is a common boundary between two mediums.
55
90°, this angle of incidence is called critical angle18 “c”. Now if the incident angle is
increased from critical angle the light ray bounce back in its own medium. This
behavior of light is called total internal reflection of light.
Calculating the critical angle
Using Snell's Law.
n1sinθ1=n2sinθ2
For total internal reflection we know that the angle of incidence is the critical angle.
So,
θ1=θc
However, we also know that the angle of refraction at the critical angle is 90°. So we
have:
θ2=900
We can then write Snell's Law as:
n1sinθc=n2sin90o
Since sin90o = 1 therefore n1sinθc=n2
𝒏
Sinθc= 𝟐
𝒏𝟏
𝒏
θc=Sin-1( 𝒏𝟐)
𝟏
Conditions for total internal reflection of light

There are two conditions for total internal reflection of light.
1. The light ray must go from a denser medium to a rare medium.
2. The angle of incidence must be greater than critical angle.
**********
Q.12: What are optical fibers? Give some applications of optical fibers.
Ans: Optical fibers
Optical fiber is a thin glass or plastic thread)‫اتر‬/‫ (رہشی‬that can send information in the
form of light signals.
Construction of optical fiber:
An optical fiber cable has a cylindrical shape and consists of three concentric)‫(مہرمزک‬
sections: the core, the cladding19 and the jacket.
Core
The core is the inner most section and consists of one or more very thin strands, made
of glass or plastic. Each strand is surrounded by its own cladding. The light travelling
within the core reflects from the core and the cladding boundary.
Cladding
Cladding is an outer optical material that protects the core. The main fuction of the
cladding is that it reflects the light back into the core. When light enters through the
18
critical angle: such angle of incidence for which the angle of reflection becomes 900
‫ی‬ ‫ی‬
19
Cladding: ‫سِکداھتوکسِکاورداھتےسڈاھپندانی‬
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core (dense material) into the cladding (less dense material), it changes its angle and
then reflects back to the core.
Jacket
The jacket is made of plastic and other material
layered to protect against moisture)‫ (یمن‬, abrasion
)‫رخاش‬/‫(رڑگ‬, crushing)‫دابان‬/‫ (انلچک‬and other environmental
dangers.
Working
The optical fiber works on the principle of total internal reflection. The light traveling
through the transparent fiber always hit the internal boundary of the optical fiber at
an angle greater than the critical angle, so all of the light is reflected and none of the
light is transmitted through the boundary.
Light rays can be used to transmit a huge amount of data, the optical cables are
designed such that they bend all the light rays’ inwards. Light rays travel continuously,
bouncing off the optical fiber walls and transmit light signals containing information
over long distances.
Applications of optical fibers
Following are the main applications of optical fibers:
Internet:
Fiber optic cables transmit large amounts of data at very high speeds. This technology
is therefore widely used in internet cables. As compared to traditional copper wires,
fiber optic cables are lighter, more flexible, and carry more data.
Telephone
Calling telephones within or outside the country has never been so easy. With the use
of fiber optic communication, you can connect faster and have clear conversations
)‫ابتتیچ‬/‫ (وگتفگ‬without any delay on either side.
Medical
Fiber optic cables are widely used in the fields of medicine and research. Used as light
guides, imaging tools and also as lasers for surgeries.
Industrial/Commercial
Used for imaging in hard to reach areas. It is also used in wiring where electromagnetic
interface is a problem.
Cable Television
These cables are ideal for transmitting signals for high definition televisions, because
they have greater bandwidth 20 and speed. Also, fiber optic cables are cheaper as
compared to the same quantity of copper wire.
***********
20
Bandwidth is the amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time.
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Q.13: What is Endoscope?

Ans: Endoscope
It is an optical instrument used to view and
photograph a hollow organ inside the body
such as the bladder, stomach etc. An
endoscope is a long thin, flexible tube that
has a light source and camera at one end. It
works on the principle of total internal
reflection of light. The video camera is fitted
outside the bundle of fibers which can
display on computer monitor the interior organs of the patient which is to be
operated.
***********
Q.14: Describe the behavior for a ray of light after passing through a prism.
It is a transparent body having three
rectangular and two triangular surfaces. The
three rectangular surfaces inclined to each
other making a triangular boundary, while the
two triangular surfaces are parallel to each
other.
Deviation of light through prism
In case of triangular prism the emergent ray is
not parallel to the incident ray it is diverted by the prism from its original path. In the
figure ‘PE’ is the incident ray, makes an angle of
incident “i” at point E and is refracted toward the
normal N as ‘EF’. The refracted ray ‘EF’ makes an
angle “ r “ with the normal, inside the prism, this
ray emerges out from prism at point ‘F’ making an
angle “ e “. Hence the emerging ray ‘FS’ is not
parallel to the incident ray ‘PE’ but is deviated by
an angle “D”, which is called angle of
deviation)‫رخدبنل‬/‫(ارحناف‬.
***********
Q.15: Describe Dispersion of light through prism.
Ans: Dispersion of light through prism
When sunlight falls on a triangular glass
prism a band of colors called a spectrum is
obtained. The effect is termed dispersion.
It arises because white light is a mixture of
many colors, the prism separates the
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colors because the refractive index of glass is different for each color violet light is
bent the most and red light the least, the white light is separated into its component
colors.
***********
Q.16. What is a lens? Explain the main and sub types of lenses.
Ans: Lens
Lens is a piece of refracting medium bounded by one or two spherical surfaces. A lens
is usually made from glass. There are two main types of lenses.
1. Convex lens
A type of lens which is thicker at the center and thinner
at the edges is called convex lens. It is also called as
converging lens, because it focus a parallel beam of light
at a point known as focal point of the lens.
There are three sub types of a convex lens.
a) Double convex lens
A convex lens whose both bounded surfaces are convex is known as double convex
lens.
b) Plano convex lens
A convex lens whose one bounded surface is plane and the other is convex is known
as Plano convex lens.
c) Concave convex lens
A convex lens whose one bounded surface is
concave and the other is convex is known as
concave convex lens.
2) Concave lens
A type of lens which is thinner at the center and
thicker at the edges is called convex lens. It is also
called as diverging lens, because it disperses the
parallel beam of light falls on it.
There are three sub types of concave lens.
a) Double concave lens
A concave lens whose both bounded surfaces are
concave is known as double concave lens.
b) Plano concave lens
A concave lens whose one bounded surface is plane and the other is concave is known
as Plano concave lens.
c) Convex concave lens
A concave lens whose one bounded surface is
convex and the other is concave is known as
convex concave lens.
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Q.17: Define the main terminologies used in lenses?

Ans. The main terminologies used in lenses are;
1) Optical center
The center point of a lens is called optical center. It is denoted
by “O”.
2) Principal axis
The imaginary straight line passing from the optical center
“O” and are perpendicular to both the faces of the lens is
called principal axis.
3) Principal focus or focal point for convex lens
The point of a convex lens at which all the refracted rays
are seem to converging is called principal focus or focal point.
4) Principal focus or focal point for concave lens
The point of a concave lens from which all the refracted
light rays are seem to be diverging is called principal
focus or focal point. It is denoted by “F”. Lenses have
two focal points and are at equal distance from the
optical center at either side.
5) Focal length
The distance between the optical center and focal point

of the concave or convex lens is called focal length. It is
denoted by “f”.
Focal length of the convex lens is taken positive while
the focal length of the concave lens is taken negative.
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Q.18: Describe the image formation and ray tracing for lenses
Ans.The image formed by a lens can be located by constructing a ray diagram. For
convenience any of the following two rays can be drawn from the object. The point of
intersection of these two rays shall give the position of the image.
Rays that can be taken into consideration are
(i) The A- ray (Parallel ray hitting lens at point A)
of light parallel to the principal axis hitting lens
at point ‘A’ passes through focal point after
refraction.
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(ii) The O- ray (origin ray or its extrapolation) of light

passes through optical center of the lens is not
deflected.
(iii) The F-ray (focal ray or its extrapolation) of light
passing through focal point
moves parallel to the principal axis after refraction.
If the rays actually pass through the image, the image
is real, if they do not, the image is virtual.
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Q.19: An object is brought from a long distance toward the Lens.
Discuss the features of the images with diagram.
Ans. There are five different types of images formed through a convex lens by
bringing object from a long distance towards the lens.
Case 1
When an object is placed away from “2F” of a convex lens, its image is formed in
between “2F” and focus point “F” at other side. The image will be real, inverted and
smaller in size that of the object.
Diagrammatically
Case 2
When an object is placed at “2F” in front of the convex lens, its image is formed at“2F”
at the other side. The image will be real, inverted and of the same size that of the
object.
Diagrammatically
Case 3
When an object is place in front of a convex lens in between the focal Point “F” and
“2F”, its image is formed away from the “2F” at the other side. The image formed will
be real, inverted and large in size that of the
objects.
Diagrammatically
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Case 4
When an object is placed at the focal point “F” of a convex lens, its image is formed at
infinity. The image will be real, inverted and larger in size that of the object.
Diagrammatically
CASE 5
When an object is placed in between focal point “F” and optical center of the convex
lens, its image is formed in front of the lens. The image will be virtual, erected and
large in size that of the object.
Diagrammatically
Image formation through concave lens

When an object is placed in front of a concave lens, its image is formed in front of the
lens. The image will be virtual, erected and smaller in size that of the object.
Diagrammatically
Sign convention
The distance of the real image from the lens is taken positive whereas the distance of
the virtual image from the lens is taken negative. The focal length of a convex lens is
taken positive and for a concave lens it is negative.
***********
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Q.20: Prove lens formula 𝒇
= 𝒅𝒐
+ 𝒅𝒊 for a convex lens
Ans. Consider an object “AB” is placed in front of convex lens, its image “A/B /” is
formed behind the lens. The distance of the object from the lens is “d o” distance of
the image from the mirror is “di” height of object is ho and height of image is hi.
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Diagrammatically
It is clear from figure “A” that ΔABO and ΔA/B/O are similar. Then
𝑨𝑩 𝑶𝑩
/ / =
𝑨 𝑩 / ---- 𝑶𝑩
------------- (1)
from figure AB = ho, A/B/=hi, OB = do, and OB/=di, put these values in eq (1) we get,
𝐡𝐨 𝒅
−𝒉
= 𝒅𝒐 ----------------------- (2)
𝒊 𝒊
The image height is negative because it is inverted
Similarly it is clear from figure “B” that ODF and A/B/Fare similar. Then
𝑶𝑫 𝑶𝑭
𝑨/ 𝑩/
= 𝑭𝑩/------------------ (3)
Now from figure “B” we have OD=AB=ho, A/B/= hi , (FB/=di-f)21 and OF=f put these
values in eq (3) we get,
𝐡𝐨 𝒇
= -------------------- (4)
−𝒉𝒊 𝒅𝒊 − 𝒇
Comparing eq (2) and eq (4) we get,
𝐝𝐨 𝒇
𝒅
= 𝒅 −𝒇
𝒊 𝒊
By cross multiplication,
dif = do(di – f)
dif = dido – dof
Divide both sides by didof
21
From figure ‘B’, OB/=OF+FB/ → FB/=OB/-OF or FB/= di - f
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𝒅𝒊 𝒇 𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒐 𝒅 𝒇
= − 𝒐
𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒐 𝒇 𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒐 𝒇 𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒐 𝒇
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒅𝒐
= 𝒇−𝒅
𝒊
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒇
= 𝒅𝒊
+ 𝒅𝒐
It is the required lens formula for a convex lens.

***********
Q.21: Describe power of a lens? What are its units? What is the Resolving power?
Ans: Power of a lens
Power of lens is the ability of the lens to converge the rays of light falling on it. It can
also be defined as” the reciprocal of the focal length of a lens in meter is called power
of a lens.” It is denoted by “D”.
Unit: The unit of the power of a lens is diopter. It can be defined as” the power of a
lens is one diopter if the focal length of the lens is one meter”.
Mathematically
𝟏
D=
𝒇
Where f is the focal length of the lens expressed in meter.
The power of a convex lens is taken positive, while for a concave mirror it is negative.
Resolving power
Resolving power is the capacity of an instrument to distinctively separate two points
which are closed together.
For example, some binary stars in the sky look like one single star when viewed with
the naked eye, but the images of the two stars are clearly resolved when viewed with
a telescope.
***********
Q.22: How human eye works?
Ans: Working of human eye.
The eye captures and focuses light like a camera. Here is a step-by-step explanation
of how the eye works to provide you with vision:
1. Light enters the eye through the cornea (the clear, dome-shaped)‫ (دبنگمن‬surface
that covers the front of the eye).
2. From the cornea, the light passes through the pupil22. The amount of light passing
through is regulated by the iris, or the colored part of your eye.
3. From there, the light then hits the lens, the transparent structure inside the eye,
which focuses light rays onto the retina
4. Finally, it reaches the retina, the light-sensitive nerve layer that lines the back of
the eye, where the image appears inverted.
22
The pupil is the opening in the center of the iris
64
5. The optic nerve carries signals of light, dark, and colors to the area of the brain
(the visual cortex), which assembles the signals into images (our vision).
With normal vision, the cornea and the lens focus light directly onto the retina.
Light rays entering the eye are focused sharply on the retina and the image we see
is clear.
***********
Q.23: Explain the main defects of vision. How each defect can be corrected?
There are two main defects of vision.
1. Short sightedness (myopia)
A person having this defect can see the near objects
clearly but cannot see the object situated at far
distances as much clear and distinctly. The reason of
this defect is that the refractive power of the eye’s
lens too strong or the eye ball becomes much larger.
Therefore the rays of the far objects focus just before
the retina.
This defect can be corrected by using a concave lens
of suitable focal length in the spectacles.
2) Long sightedness (Hypermetropia)
A person having this defect can see the far objects clearly
but cannot see the near objects clearly. The reason of this
defect is that the refractive power of the eye’s lens too weak
or the eye ball becomes small. Therefore the rays of the near
objects focus behind the retina.
This defect can be corrected by using a convex lens of
suitable focal length in the spectacles)‫ (کنیع‬.
***********
Q.24: What is a simple microscope? Using a ray diagram explain the working of simple
microscope.
Ans: Simple microscope
A convex lens of short focal length is called
simple microscope. It is also called magnifying
glass. It works on the principle that when an
object is placed within its focal length, a
magnified, virtual and erect image is formed.
The image formed through a microscope is
larger than the object.
Working of Simple Microscope
The ray diagram to show the working of simple microscope is shown in figure. A small
object AB which is to be magnified is placed between the focal point ‘F’ and optical
65
center ‘C’ of the convex lens. Now, a ray of

light AO parallel to principal axis which is
coming from the point A of the object
passes through the focus F along the
straight line OX after getting refracted by
the convex lens. A second ray of light AC
coming from the point A of the object
passes through the optical center C of the
convex lens along the straight line CY. It is clear from the figure that the two rays i.e.
OX and CY are diverging)‫ (انلیھپ‬rays so these rays can intersect each other only at point
A/ when produced backward. Now, on drawing A/B/perpendicular from point A/ to the
principal axis, we get the image A/B/ of the object which is virtual, erect and magnified.
***********
Q.25: Explain the angular magnification or magnifying power of Simple microscope.
Ans: The angular magnification or magnifying power.
The angular magnification of the magnifying glass is defined as the angular size / of
the final image produced by the instrument divided by reference angular size. The
reference angular size is the angular size of the object when seen without the
instrument.
𝐀𝐧𝐠𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐳𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞
𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐨𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭
Angular magnification =𝐑𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐳𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭
𝐬𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐨𝐮𝐭 𝐨𝐩𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭
/
M=  --------------- (1)
Now suppose a small object forms a visual angle "", when it is placed at least distance
of vision and when it is placed at distance "do" within focal length of magnifying glass
then its erect, virtual and magnified image is formed at least distance of vision and it
subtends)‫ (اقملبوہان‬a visual angle "/ " as shown in the figures below:
In figure A, the right angle triangle gives,

𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐫
Tan= 𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞
𝐡𝐨
Tan =
𝐍
For small angle tan≈
66
𝐡
= 𝐨
𝐍
Now from figure B, the right angle triangle gives,
𝐡
Tan /= 𝐝𝐨
𝐨
For small angle tan/≈/

𝐡𝐨
 /=
𝐝𝐨
Putting the values of “” and “/” in equation (1), we get
𝐡𝐨
𝐝𝐨
M= 𝐡𝐨
𝐍
𝒉 𝑵
M= 𝒅𝒐 𝐱 𝒉
𝒐 𝒐
or,
𝟏
M= x N------------ (2)
𝐝𝐨
According to the lens formula

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= − -----------------(3)
𝒅𝒐 𝒇 𝒅𝒊
Putting eq (3) in eq (2) we get.
𝟏 𝟏
M=(𝒇 − 𝒅 )N------------ (4)
𝒊
Equation (4) represents the angular magnification or magnifying power of simple
microscope.
Two special cases of this result are of interest, depending on whether the image is
located as close to the eye as possible or as far away as possible.
Case-1
For nearer image, we put
di= -N
The negative sign shows that the image lies to the left of lens and is virtual.
So equation (4) becomes,
𝟏 𝟏
M= N ( − )
𝒇 (−𝑵)
𝟏 𝟏
M= N (𝒇 + 𝑵)
𝑵 𝑵
M= ( 𝒇 + 𝑵)
𝑵
M= + 𝟏---------- (5)
𝒇
Equation (5) represents the magnifying power of simple microscope for nearer image.
Case-2
For farthest image, we put
di = , so equation (4) becomes,
67
𝟏 𝟏
M= N ( − )
𝒇 
𝟏 𝟏
M= N (𝒇 − 𝟎)as  = 𝟎
𝑵
M = 𝒇 -------------- (6)
Equation (6) represents the magnifying power of simple microscope for farthest
image.
***********
Q.26: What is a compound microscope? Using a ray diagram explain its working,
mention its magnifying power.
Ans: Compound microscope
A compound microscope is an optical instrument consisting of
two convex lenses of short focal lengths which is used for
observing the highly magnified images of tiny objects.
Construction of compound microscope:
A compound microscope consists of two convex lenses at the
end of two tubes. One tube can slide into other so that the
distance between them can be change.
The lens which is placed towards the object is the small convex
lens of short focal length is called objective lens, while the lens
which is towards our eye is the large convex lens of longer focal
length is called eye piece.
Working of compound microscope
The ray diagram to show the working of compound microscope is shown in figure. A
tiny object AB to be magnified is
placed in front of the objective
lens just beyond its focal point
‘fo’. In this case, the objective lens
‘O’ of the compound microscope
forms a real, inverted and
enlarged image A/B/ of the
object.
Now A/B/ acts as an object for
the eye piece E, whose position is
adjusted so that A/B/ lies between optical center C2 and the focus fe’ of eye piece. Now
the eye piece forms a final virtual, inverted and highly magnified image A // B//
Magnifying power of Compound microscope
Magnifying power of compound microscope is equal to the product of magnifying
power of objective and magnifying power of eye-piece i-e
M = Mo x Me------------------ (1)
Now for objective we have,
68
𝑨𝑩
Mo = [ AB=do and AB= -di]
𝑨𝑩
−𝒅𝒊
Mo = 𝒅𝒐
--------------- (2)
The negative sign shows that the image is inverted.

The object to be examined is placed only a small distance beyond the focal point of
the objective lens ‘fo’ which means that dofo.
Then eq (2) becomes
−𝒅𝒊
Mo = --------------- (3)
𝒇𝒐
The eye-piece behave like simple microscope, so its magnifying power will be,
𝑵
Me = --------------- (4)
𝒇𝒆
Putting eq (3) and eq (4) in eq (1) we get,
𝒅 𝑵
M = − 𝒇 𝒊 x 𝒇 ------------- (5)
𝒐 𝒆
Equation (5) represents the magnifying power of compound microscope.
***********
Q.27: What is a telescope? Using a ray diagram explain it’s working, angular
magnification and magnifying power.
Ans: Telescope
A device used to see distant objects like sun, stars,
moon etc are called telescope. It consists of two
convex lenses called objective and eye piece which
are fitted at the outer ends of two metallic tubes
which can slide into one another.
The objective of a telescope is of larger focal length and can capture beyond objects,
while eye piece is of shorter focal length can magnify objects.
Working of Telescope
The rays coming from a distant object falls on objective as parallel beam at some angle
and these rays after refraction and
passing through the objective
converge at its focus and make an
inverted & real image of height h.
This image acts as an object for the
eye piece. The distance of the eye
piece is so adjusted that the image
lies within the focal length of the eye
piece. The eye piece forms the final
69
image .The final image is magnified, virtual and inverted with respect to object. The
final image is formed at infinity.
Angular magnification or magnifying power
The magnifying power (M) of telescope is given by
𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐭 𝐞𝐲𝐞
M = 𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐨𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐨𝐛𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞
/
M= ------------ (1)

Since  and / are small angles, therefore we can take
 = tan  and /= tan/
Then eq (1) become
𝒕𝒂𝒏 /
M = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ----------- (2)
Now from the figure
𝒉 𝒉
tan = and tan/ =
𝒇𝒐 𝒇𝒆
Put these values in eq (2) we get

𝒉
𝒇𝒆
M= 𝒉
𝒇𝒐
𝒉 𝒇𝒐
M=𝒇 x 𝒉
𝒆
𝒇
M = 𝒇𝒐
𝒆
***********
CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
Q1. What type of lens would you use to start fire from light from sun concave or
convex, would work best? At what distance from the lens should the paper be held
for best result?
Ans. Convex lens is used to start fire from sun light, and for better result to start fire
the distance between the lens and the paper is equal to the focal length of the lens.
Explanation
Convex lens concentrates the heat of the sun at a single spot on the paper, so that the
heat energy accumulates on that small spot of paper. As the heat increases, the spot
becomes too hot and the paper burns.
***********
Q2. If a concave mirror produces a real image, is the image necessarily inverted?
Ans. Yes, the real image formed by concave mirrors is necessarily to be inverted.
70
Explanation
The reason is just geometrical optics. If the ray
diagram for concave mirror is observed it should be
clear.
The light rays from the object strikes concave mirror
and then reflected by obeying reflection laws.
The reflected rays converge forming a real image. And as the image formed is below
the principal axis and upside down. Thus it is inverted.
***********
Q3. Are rearview mirrors used in cars concave or convex?
Ans. Convex mirrors are used as a rearview in cars
Explanation
Convex mirrors produce virtual, erect and diminished image of an object placed in
front of it. As a result the driver can judge about everything coming behind his vehicle.
Thus a convex mirror provides us the way of safe driving.
***********
Q4. A magician during a show makes a glass lens with
n =1.47 disappears in a trough of liquid. What is the refractive index of the liquid?
Could the liquid be water?
Ans. The refractive index of the liquid must be equal to 1.47 in order to make the lens
disappear. Also the liquid is not water.
Explanation
A glass lens with refractive index (n)=1.47 disappears in liquid, if refractive index of
the liquid is same as glass lens.
The liquid is not water, Refractive index for water=1.33
It may be glycerin or turpentine as both are "clear" liquid with refractive index equal
to 1.47.
***********
Q5. Suppose that you were handed a lens and a ruler and told to determine the
focal length of the lens. How would you proceed?
Ans. If we place a convex lens in front of light, then parallel rays of light pass
through a convex lens will converge at a single point. This point is the focal point of
that convex lens. Now we can measure the distance between the focal point and
convex lens with the help of ruler which is our require focal length.
***********
Q6.Can we achieve total internal reflection from optically rare medium to optically
dense medium?
Ans. No, we cannot achieve total internal reflection from optically rare medium to
optically dense medium.
Explanation
There are two conditions for total internal reflection of light.
71
1. The light ray must go from a denser medium to a rare medium.

2. The angle of incidence must be greater than critical angle.
It is clear from the first condition that the light ray must go from a denser medium to
a rare medium so we cannot achieve total internal reflection from optically rare
medium to optically dense medium.
***********
Q7. Will a nearsighted person who wears corrective lenses in her glasses be able to
see clearly underwater when wearing those glasses?
Ans. Regular glasses are designed to work in air. Underwater it will not work due to
the difference in the index of refraction of water from air. However, if the glasses are
enclosed in air in a diving mask, then she can see clearly. But if water comes in contact
with her lenses, then due to the change in refractive index the lenses will not work
and she will not be able to see clearly.
***********
Q8.When you use a simple magnifying glass, does it matter whether you hold the
object to be examined closer to the lens than its focal length or farther away? Explain.
Ans. Yes, it matters whether we hold the object to be examined closer to the lens than
its focal length or farther away.
Explanation
When an object is placed closer to the lens than its focal length, its image is formed in
front of the lens. The image will be virtual, erected and large in size that of the object.
But when an object is place in front of a convex lens farther away from focal
length, the image formed will be real.
So when we hold an object to a magnifying glass closer than its focal length, we will
get a virtual, erected and large image.
***********
Q9. In blind turns on hilly roads, mirrors are used to help drivers. Are these mirrors
plan mirrors, concave mirrors or convex mirrors? Explain.
Ans.In blind turns on hilly roads, convex mirrors are used to help drivers.
Explanation
Convex mirrors give wide angle view of the other side of the blind turns. Convex
mirrors of small focal lengths are used in this case which give diminished)‫لیلق‬/‫(وھچاٹایکوہا‬,
erect image of the automobiles coming from the other side of the blind turns. On the
other hand, plane mirrors form erect images of the same size reducing the field of
view while concave mirror form real image when the object is far away from its focal
length. Thus convex mirror provides a large field of view than plan mirror and concave
mirror.
***********
72
EXAMPLES AND ASSIGNMENTS

EXAPLE 12.1:IMAGE DISTANCE IN SPOON
The concave side of the spoon has a focal length of 5cm. Find the image distance for
this ‘mirror’ when the object distance is (a) 12 cm (b) 10 cm (c) 7.5 cm (d) 5 cm
(e) 2 cm.
Given Required
Focal length ‘f’ = 5 cm (a) image distance ‘di’= ?
Object distance ‘do’= 12 cm (b) image distance ‘di’= ?
Object distance ‘do’= 10 cm (c) image distance ‘di’= ?
Object distance ‘do’= 7.5 cm (d) image distance ‘di’= ?
Object distance ‘do’= 5 cm (e) image distance ‘di’= ?
Object distance ‘do’= 2 cm
Solution by mirror equation
1/f = 1/d1 + 1/ do or 1/ d1= 1/f – 1/ do
𝒅𝒐−𝒇 𝒇𝒅𝒐
Taking LCM 1/ d1= 𝒇𝒅𝒐
or d1= 𝒅 ------------ (1)
𝒐−𝒇
(a) Putting values in equation 1

𝟓 𝒄𝒎×𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒎
d1= 𝟏𝟐 𝒄𝒎
− 𝟓 𝒄𝒎
𝟔𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟐
or d1=
𝟕 𝒄𝒎
Therefore
d1= 8.6 cm Answer
Hence, the image is closer to the
mirror.
(b) Putting values in equation 1
𝟓 𝒄𝒎×𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎
d1= 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎
− 𝟓 𝒄𝒎
𝟓𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟐
or d1=
𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Therefore d1= 10 cm Answer

The image distance is same as object distance.
(c) Putting the values in equation 1
𝟓 𝒄𝒎×𝟕.𝟓 𝒄𝒎
d1= 𝟕.𝟓 𝒄𝒎
− 𝟓 𝒄𝒎
𝟑𝟕.𝟓 𝒄𝒎𝟐
or d1=
𝟐.𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Therefore d1= 15 cm Answer

73
The image distance is greater than the object distance.

(d) Putting the values in equation 1
𝟓 𝒄𝒎× 𝟓 𝒄𝒎
d1= 𝟓 𝒄𝒎
− 𝟓 𝒄𝒎
𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎𝟐
or d1= 𝟎 𝒄𝒎
Therefore
d1= ∞ Answer
Hence, no image is formed
(e) Putting the values in equation 1
𝟓 𝒄𝒎× 𝟐 𝒄𝒎
d1= 𝟐 𝒄𝒎
− 𝟓 𝒄𝒎
𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟐
or d1= − 𝟑 𝒄𝒎
Therefore
d1= - 3.33 cm Answer
The negative sign indicates that the image
is formed on the other side of the mirror.
***********
ASSIGNEMT 12.1 DENTIST MIROR
A dentist uses a concave mirror with focal length 2.0 cm to examine some teeth. If the
tooth under examination is 1.1 cm high and mirror is placed at 0.9 cm. Calculate the
distance of image formed, the height of the image and magnification.
Given Required
Focal length ‘f’ = 2 cm (a) image distance ‘di’= ?
Tooth distance ‘do’= 0.9 cm (b) height of image ‘hi’= ?
Height of tooth ‘ho’= 1.1 cm (c) Magnification of mirror M=?
Object distance ‘do’= 7.5 cm
Solution by mirror equation
1/f = 1/di + 1/ do or 1/ di= 1/f – 1/ do
Taking LCM 1/ di= 𝒇𝒅𝒐
or di= 𝒅 --------------- (1)
𝒐−𝒇
(a) Image distance
𝟐 𝒄𝒎×𝟎.𝟗 𝒄𝒎
Putting values in equation 1 di= 𝟎.𝟗 𝒄𝒎
− 𝟐 𝒄𝒎
Therefore di= ̶ 1.64 cm Answer
(b) Height of image is
𝒉𝒊 𝒅𝒊 𝒅𝒊
= or hi = × 𝒉𝒐
𝒉𝒐 𝒅𝒐 𝒅𝒐
𝟏.𝟔𝟒
Putting the values hi = × 𝟏. 𝟏
𝟎.𝟗
hi = 2 cm Answer
74
(c) The magnification of mirror is

𝒉
M = 𝒉𝒊
𝒐
𝟐
Putting the values M =
𝟏.𝟏
M = 1.8 Answer
***********
EXASMPLE 12.2:REAR VIEW MIRROR
An external rearview car mirror is convex with a radius of curvature of 16 m.
Determine (a) the focal length of a mirror (b) location of the object (c) its magnification
for an object 10 m from the mirror.
Given Required
Object distance ‘do’= 10 m (a) focal length ’f ’=?
Radius of curvature = R= 16 m (b) image distance ‘di’=?
(c) Magnification ‘M’= ?
Solution
𝟏
(a) by using the equation f = − 𝑹
𝟐
𝟏
Putting the values f= −𝟐
𝟏𝟔 𝒎
Therefore f = −𝟖𝒎 Answer
Negative sign indicates that the center of curvature of a convex mirror is behind the
mirror.
(b) by mirror equation
1/f = 1/ di + 1/ do or 1/ di = 1/f – 1/ do
Taking LCM 1/ di = 𝒇𝒅𝒐
or di = 𝒅 ---------------- 1
𝒐−𝒇
Putting values in equation 1

−𝟖 𝒎×𝟏𝟎 𝒎 𝟖𝟎 𝒎𝟐
di = 𝟏𝟎 𝒎− (− 𝟖 𝒎) or di= − 𝟏𝟖 𝒎
Therefore di = −𝟒. 𝟒𝒎 Answer

The negative sign shows that the image is behind the mirror.
(c) For convex mirror the magnification is
𝒅
M = − 𝒅𝒊
𝒐
(−𝟒.𝟒𝒎)
Putting the values M = − 𝟏𝟎 𝒎
Therefore M = + 0.44 Answer

The magnification is positive so the image is upright.
***********
75
ASSIGNMET 12.2: IMAGE IN A SECURITY MIRROR

A convex security mirror in a warehouse has ̶ 0.50 m focal length . A 2 m tall forklift
is 5 m from the mirror. What is the image position and image height?
Given Required
Focal length ‘f’ = ̶ 0.50 m (a) image distance ‘di’=
Object distance ‘do’= 5 m (b) height of image ‘hi’= ?
Solution
by mirror equation
1/f = 1/di + 1/ do or 1/ di= 1/f – 1/ do
𝒅𝒐−𝒇 𝒇𝒅
Taking LCM 1/ di= or di= 𝒐 ---------------- (1)
𝒇𝒅𝒐 𝒅𝒐−𝒇
a) Image distance

−𝟎.𝟓 𝒎× 𝟓 𝒎
di=
𝟓 𝒎– (−𝟎.𝟓𝒎)
Therefore di= ̶ 0.45 m Answer
(b) Height of image
𝒉𝒊 𝒅 𝒅
𝒉𝒐
= 𝒅𝒊 or hi = 𝒅 𝒊 × 𝒉𝒐
𝒐 𝒐
𝟎.𝟒𝟓
Putting the values hi = 𝟓
× 𝟐
hi = 0.18 m Answer
Therefore the image will be virtual, upright, reduced in size and behind the mirror.
**********
EXAMPLE 12.3:SPEED OF LIGHT IN WATER
What speed of light in water having index of refraction as 1.33?
Given
Speed of light in a vacuum ‘c’= 3 x 108 m/s
Index of refraction for water ‘n’= 1.33
Required
Speed of light in water ‘v’= ?
Solution
The index of refraction is
𝑪 𝑪
n=𝑽 or V= 𝒏
𝟑 ×𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝒎/𝒔
Putting the values v= 𝟏.𝟑𝟑
Therefore v = 2.26 x 108m/s Answer

The speed of light in water is 2.26 x 108 m/s.
76
ASSIGNMET 12.3: INDEX OF FRFRACTION FOR IKEROSENE OIL

If the speed of light in kerosene oil is 2.08 x 108 m/s, calculate the index of refraction.
Given
Speed of light in a vacuum ‘c’= 3 x 108 m/s
Speed of light in Kerosene oil v = 2.08 x 108 m/s
Required
Index of refraction for water ‘n’= ?
Solution
The index of refraction is
𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐢𝐫/𝐯𝐚𝐜𝐮𝐮𝐦
n=
𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐞𝐝 𝐨𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐦𝐞𝐝𝐢𝐚
𝑪
or n=
𝑽
𝟑×𝟏𝟎𝟖
Putting the values n=
𝟐𝟎.𝟖×𝟏𝟎𝟖
Therefore n = 1.44 Answer

Hence, the index of refraction of kerosene oil is 1.44.
***********
EXAMPLE 12.4: CROWN GALSS AND WATER
Light travels from crown glass (ng = 1.52) in to water (nw = 1.33). The angle of incidence
in crown glass is 40o. What is the angle of refraction in water?
Given
Index of refraction for crown glass ‘ng’= 1.52
Angle of refraction for water ‘nw’= 1.33
Angle of incidence Өg = 40o
Required
angle of refraction in water ‘Өw’=?
Solution
by Snell’s law
n1sinӨ1= n2sinӨ2
or ngsinӨg = nwsinӨw
𝒏
sinӨw = 𝒏𝒈 sinӨg
𝒘
𝟏.𝟓𝟐
Putting values sinӨw = 𝟏.𝟑𝟑
sin40o
or sinӨw = 0.735 and Өw = sin-10.735

o
Hence Өw = 47.3 Answer
Note that Өw>Өg since the light is moving to an optically lighter medium.
***********
77
ASSIGNMET 12.4: INDEX OF REFRACTION FOR UNKNOWN MEDIUM

Find the index of refraction for medium 2, if medium 1 is air with index of refraction na
= 1 , the incident angle is 30o and the angle of refraction is 22o. Compare the result
with the table and identify the nature of medium
Given
Index of refraction of medium 1 ‘n1’= 1
Angle of refraction for medium 2 Ө2 = 22o
Angle of incidence for medium 1 Ө1 = 30o
Required
Index of refraction of medium 2 n2 =?
Solution
by Snell’s law
n1sinӨ1= n2sinӨ2
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉
or n2 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉𝟏 × 𝐧𝟏
𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟑𝟎𝐨
Putting the values n2 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐𝟐𝐨 × 𝟏
𝟎.𝟓
n2 = 𝟎.𝟑𝟕𝟓 × 𝟏
Hence n2 = 1.33 Answer

The result conformed that the second medium is water because from the table 1.33 is
the index of refraction of water.
***********
EXAMPLE 12.5: CRITICAL ANGLE
Find the critical angle for light traveling from glass (n = 1.502) to (a) air (n = 1.002) and
(b) water (n = 1.332).
Given
Index of refraction for ordinary glass ‘ng’ = 1.502
Required
critical angle Өc= ?
Index of refraction for air ‘na’ = 1.002
Index of refraction for water ‘nw’ = 1.332
Solution
The critical angle is
𝒏 𝒏
sinӨc = 𝒏𝟐 or Өc = sin-1𝒏𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
(a) When light goes from glass to air the critical angle is
𝒏
Өc = sin-1𝒏𝒂
𝒈
𝟏
Putting values Өc = sin-1
𝟏.𝟓
Өc = 41.8o Answer
78
(b) When light goes from glass to water the critical angle is
𝒏
Өc = sin-1𝒏𝒘
𝒈
𝟏.𝟑𝟑
Putting values Өc = sin-1 𝟏.𝟓
Өc = 62.5o Answer
Note that the difference in index of refraction of glass – air is greater than glass –
water.
***********
ASSIGNMET 12.5 CRITICAL ANGLE FOR POLYSTYRENE
What is the critical angle for light travelling in a polystyrene (a type of plastic with
index of refraction for polystyrene as 1.49) pipe surrounded by air (take index of
refraction of air to be 1)?
Given Required
Index of refraction for glass ‘ng’ = 1.49 critical angle Өc=?
Index of refraction for air ‘na’ = 1.002
Solution
The critical angle is
𝒏 𝒏
sinӨc = 𝒏𝟐 or Өc = sin-1𝒏𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
(a) When light goes from glass to air the critical angle is
𝒏
Өc = sin-1 𝒂
𝒏𝒈
𝟏
Putting values Өc = sin-1𝟏.𝟒𝟗
Өc = 42.2o Answer
***********
EXAMPLE 12.6: IMAGE DISTACE IN CONVEX LENS
A converging lens of focal length 10 cm forms images of an object situated at various
distances. (a) if the object is placed 30 cm from the lens, locate the image, state
whether it’s real or virtual, and find its magnification. Repeat the problem (b) when
the object is at 20 cm and (c) When the object is 15 cm from the lens (d) When the
object is 10 cm from the lens and (e) When the object is 5 cm from the lens.
Given Required
Focal length ‘f’ = 10 cm (a) Image distance ‘di’ =?
(a) Object distance ‘do’ = 30 cm Magnification M =?
(b) Object distance ‘do’ = 20 cm (b) Image distance ‘di’ =?
(c )Object distance ‘do’ = 15 cm Magnification M =?
(d) Object distance ‘do’ = 10 cm (c) Image distance ‘di’ =?
(e) Object distance ‘do’ = 5 cm Magnification M =?
(d) Image distance ‘di’ =?
Magnification M =?
(e) Image distance ‘di’ =?
Magnification M =?
79
Solution
by mirror equation
1/f = 1/di + 1/ do or 1/ di= 1/f – 1/ do
1/ di = or di = ……………. 1
𝒇𝒅𝒐 𝒅𝒐−𝒇
a) To get image distance putting values in equation 1

𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎× 𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒎
di = 𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒎−𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎
𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟐
or di= 𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎
Therefore
di = +𝟏𝟓𝒄𝒎 Answer
The magnification formula is
𝒅 𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎
M = − 𝒅 𝒊 = − 𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒎
𝒐
Therefore M = −𝟎. 𝟓 Answer

It is confirmed from the answer that when the object distance is greater than twice
the focal length (do> 2f), for convex lens
• The image distance is less than twice the focal length, (i.e 15 cm < 20 cm)
• The image is real ( distance positive)
• The image is inverted, (magnification negative)
• The image is smaller than the object. (magnification less than 1)
(a) To get image distance putting values in equation 1
𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎× 𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎
di = 𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎−𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎
𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟐
or di=
𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎
Therefore
di = +𝟐𝟎𝒄𝒎 Answer
𝒅𝒊 𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎
M=− =−
𝒅𝒐 𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎
Therefore M = −𝟏 Answer
The image distance is equal to twice the focal length (do = 2f) it is confirmed that for
convex lens
• The image distance is equal to twice the focal length (20 cm)
• The image is real (distance positive)
• The image is inverted (magnification negative)
• The image is the same size as the object (magnification is equal to 1)
(c) To get image distance putting values in equation 1
80
𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎× 𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎
di =
𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎−𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎
𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟐
or di= 𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Hence
di = 𝟑𝟎𝒄𝒎 Answer
𝒅𝒊 𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒎
M=− =−
𝒅𝒐 𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Therefore M = −𝟐 Answer
When the image distance is less than twice the focal length and greater than the focal
length (2f < do< f) it is confirmed that for convex lens.
• The image distance greater than twice the focal length (30 cm > 20 cm)
• The image is real (distance positive)
• The image is inverted (magnification negative)
• The image is greater than the object (magnification is greater than 1)
(d) To get image distance putting values in equation
𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎× 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎
di = 𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎−𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟐
or di= 𝟎 𝒄𝒎
Hence
di = ∞ Answer
𝒅𝒊 ∞𝒄𝒎
M=− =−
𝒅𝒐 𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎
Therefore M=∞ Answer

Hence the result confirms that when the object distance is equal to the focal length
(do = f) for convex lens:
• No image exists because the refracted rays are parallel and the image lies at
infinity.
(e) To get image distance putting the values in equation 1
𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎× 𝟓 𝒄𝒎
di = 𝟓 𝒄𝒎−𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎
𝟓𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟐
or di= −𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Hence
di = −𝟏𝟎𝒄𝒎 Answer
𝒅𝒊 −𝟏𝟎𝒄𝒎
M=− =−
𝒅𝒐 𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Therefore M = +𝟐 Answer
81
Hence the result confirms that when the object distance is less than the focal length
but greater than zero (f > do> 0) for convex lens:
• The image distance is greater than the object distance (10 cm > 5 cm)
• The image is virtual (distance negative)
• The image is upright (magnification positive)
• The image is larger than the object (magnification is greater than 1)
***********
ASSIGNMET 12.6: LENS COMPARISION
An object is placed 30 cm in front of a converging lens and then 12.5 cm in front of a
diverging lens. Both lenses have a focal length of 10 cm. For both cases, find the image
distance and the magnification. Describe the images.
Given Required
Focal length ‘f’ = 10 cm (a) Image distance ‘di’ = ?
(a) Object distance ‘do’ = 30 cm Magnification M = ?
(b) Object distance ‘do’ = 12.5 cm (b) Image distance ‘di’ = ?
Magnification M = ?
Solution
by mirror equation
1/f = 1/di + 1/ do or 1/ di= 1/f – 1/ do
1/ di = 𝒇𝒅𝒐
or di = 𝒅 ……………. 1
𝒐−𝒇
(a) To get image distance putting values in equation 1

𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎× 𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒎 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎𝟐
di = 𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒎−𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎
or di= 𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎
Therefore di = +𝟏𝟓𝒄𝒎 Answer

𝒅𝒊 𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎
M=− =−
𝒅𝒐 𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒎
Therefore M = −𝟎. 𝟓 Answer

It is confirmed from the answer that when the object distance is greater than twice
the focal length (do> 2f), for convex lens
• The image distance is less than twice the focal length, (i.e 15 cm < 20 cm)
• The image is real ( distance positive)
• The image is inverted, (magnification negative)
• The image is smaller than the object. (magnification less than 1)
(b) To get image distance putting values in equation 1
−𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎× 𝟏𝟐.𝟓 𝒄𝒎 −𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎𝟐
di = or di=
𝟏𝟐.𝟓 𝒄𝒎−(−𝟏𝟎 𝒄𝒎) 𝟐𝟐.𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Therefore di = −𝟓. 𝟓𝟔𝒄𝒎 Answer

82
𝒅𝒊 −𝟓.𝟓𝟔 𝒄𝒎
M=− =−
𝒅𝒐 𝟏𝟐.𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Therefore M = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟓 Answer

The concave lens (which is also called diverging lens) does not depend upon the object
distance no matter where the object is,
• The image will be formed between F and O.
• The image virtual and upright.
• The image will be on the side of the object.
• The image is smaller in than the object size as the object (magnification is less
than 1)
***********
EXAMPLE 12.7: INSECT EZAMINATION
A biologist with a near point distance of N = 26 cm, examines an insect wing through
a magnifying glass whose focal length is 4.3 cm. Find the angular magnification when
the image produced by the magnifier is (a) at the near point (b) at infinity.
Given
Focal length of magnifying glass ‘f’= 4.3 cm
Near point distance of N = 26 cm
Object distance do= 1.1 cm
Required
Angular magnification mo= ?
Solution
The magnification when the image is at near point for magnifying glass is
𝑵
mo= 𝒇 + 𝟏
𝟐𝟔 𝒄𝒎
Putting values mo=𝟒.𝟑 𝒄𝒎 + 𝟏
Hence mo = 7 Answer
The magnification when the image is at infinity is
𝑵
mo=
𝒇
𝟐𝟔 𝒄𝒎
Putting the values mo=𝟒.𝟑 𝒄𝒎
Hence mo = 6 Answer
The relaxed eye results in decrease in the magnification of 1.0 from 7.0 to 6.0.
***********
ASSIGNMET 12.7: JEWELER’S LOUPE
An 8 cm focal length converging lens is used as a jeweler’s loupe, which is a magnifying
glass. Estimate the magnification.
(a) When the eye is relaxed, and
(b) If the eye is focused at its near point.
Given
Focal length of magnifying glass ‘f’= 8 cm
83
Required
Angular magnification mo= ?
Solution
(a) The magnification when the eye is relaxed
𝑵
mo= 𝒇
𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Putting the values mo= 𝟖 𝒄𝒎
Hence mo = 3.1 Answer

(b) The magnification when the image is at near point for magnifying glass is
𝑵
mo= + 𝟏
𝒇
𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Putting values mo= + 𝟏
𝟖 𝒄𝒎
Hence mo= 4.1 Answer

The relaxed eye results in decrease in the magnification of 1.0 from 4.1 to 3.1.
***********
EXAMPLE 12.8: BILOGY LABORATORY
In a biology class a student with a near point distance of N = 25 cm uses a microscope
to view an amoeba. If the object has a focal length of 1 cm, the eye piece has a focal
length of 2.5 cm and the amoeba is 1.1 cm from the objective, what is the
magnification produced by the microscope?
Given
Focal length of eyepiece fe = 2.5 cm
Focal length of objective fo = 1.0 cm
Object distance do = 1.1 cm
Required
Total magnification m = ?
Solution
by lens formula
1/fo = 1/di + 1/ do or 1/ di= 1/fo – 1/ do
𝒅𝒐−𝒇𝒐 𝒇 𝒅𝒐
1/ di = 𝒇𝒐 𝒅𝒐
or di = 𝒅 𝒐 …………… 1
𝒐−𝒇𝒐

𝟏.𝟏 𝒄𝒎× 𝟏 𝒄𝒎 𝟏.𝟏 𝒄𝒎𝟐
di = 𝟏 𝒄𝒎– 𝟏.𝟏 𝒄𝒎
or di= −𝟎.𝟏 𝒄𝒎
di = −11cm
The magnification formula for compound microscope is
𝒅𝒊 𝑵
m=− ×
𝒇𝒐 𝒇
84
𝟏𝟏𝒄𝒎 𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Putting values m=− ×
𝟏 𝒄𝒎 𝟐.𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Therefore m = −𝟏𝟏𝟎 Answer

Thus the amoeba appears 110 times larger and is inverted.
***********
ASSIGNMET 12.8: EYE PIECE FOCAL LENGTH
If the focal length of eyepiece is increased, does the magnitude of the magnification
increase or decrease? Check your response by calculating the magnification when the
focal length of the eye piece is 3.5 cm.
Given
Focal length of eyepiece fe = 3.5 cm
Focal length of objective fo = 1.0 cm
Object distance do = 1.1 cm
Required
Total magnification m = ?
Solution
by lens formula
1/fo = 1/di + 1/ do or 1/ di= 1/fo – 1/ do
𝒅𝒐−𝒇𝒐 𝒇 𝒅𝒐
1/ di = 𝒇𝒐 𝒅𝒐
or di = 𝒅 𝒐 …………… 1
𝒐−𝒇𝒐

𝟏.𝟏 𝒄𝒎× 𝟏 𝒄𝒎 𝟏.𝟏 𝒄𝒎𝟐
di = 𝟏 𝒄𝒎– 𝟏.𝟏 𝒄𝒎
or di= −𝟎.𝟏 𝒄𝒎
di = −11cm
The magnification formula for compound microscope is
𝒅𝒊 𝑵 𝟏
m=− × ..................1 or m∝
𝒇𝒐 𝒇𝒆 𝒇𝒆
Equation 1 shows that focal length of the eye piece is inversely proportional to
magnitude. Therefore by the increasing the focal length the magnitude will decrease.
So, calculating the magnification for fe= 3.5
𝟏𝟏𝒄𝒎 𝟐𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Putting values m = − 𝟏 𝒄𝒎 × 𝟑.𝟓 𝒄𝒎
Therefore m = −𝟕𝟗 Answer

The result shows that the magnification is reduced by 31 from 110 to 79.
***********
EXAMPLE 12.9: WORD’S LARGEST TELESCOPE
The largest optical refractive telescope in the world is located at the Yerkes
observatory in Wisconsin. The objective lens has a focal length of 19m, and the eye
piece has a focal length of 10cm. (a) calculate the total magnifying power of this
telescope. (b) Estimate the length of the telescope.
85
Given
Focal length of objective fo= 10cm
Focal length of eye piece fe = 19m
Required
(a) Angular magnification mӨ= ?
(b) Approximate length L = ?
Solution
𝒇𝒐
(a) The magnification of telescope is mo = −
𝒇𝒆
𝟏𝟗𝒎
Putting values mo = −
𝟎.𝟏𝒎
Therefore mo = −𝟏𝟗𝟎 Answer
(b) The distance between the two lenses is thus
L = fo + fe = 19m + 0.1 m
Therefore L = 19 m Answer
This is essentially the length of telescope.
***********
ASSIGNMET 12.9: ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE
An astronomical telescope has the following specifications, fo= 985mm and fe=5 mm.
From these data points, find
(a) The angular magnification
(b) The approximate length of this telescope
GIVEN
Focal length of objective fo= 5 mm
Focal length of eye piece fe = 985 mm
Required
(a) Angular magnification mӨ= ?
(b) Approximate length L = ?
Solution
(a) The magnification of telescope is
𝒇𝒐
mo = −
𝒇𝒆
𝟗𝟖𝟓 𝒎𝒎
Putting values −
mo =
𝟓 𝒎𝒎
Therefore mo = −𝟏𝟗𝟕 Answer
(b) The distance between the two lenses is thus
L = fo + fe = 985 mm + 5 mm
Therefore L = 990 mm Answer
This is essentially the length of telescope.
***********
86
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

(MCQ’s)
1. If the angle of incident is 300 the angle of reflection will be
A. 300 B. 450
0
C. 90 D. 2100
2. When r is the radius of curvature of concave mirror. Real diminished image
will be formed when the object is at
A. d0> r B. d0 = r
C. r >d0 > f D. d0 = f
3. The focal length of convex mirror with radius of curvature 10 cm is
A + 10cm B. + 5cm
C. -10cm D. - 5cm
4. An object is placed 7cm from concave mirror whose radius of curvature is
10 cm, the image formed will be
A. real and upright B. virtual and upright
C. real and inverted D. virtual and inverted
5. Which one of the following materials will refracted light more
A. Water B. glass
C. air D. diamond
6. A convex lens with focal length 8.00 cm has the power of lens
A. 2.05 D B. 4.00 D
C. 12.5 D D. 16.0 D
7. If the distance from your eye’s lens to retina is shorter than for a normal
eye, you will struggle to see objects that are
A. nearby B. colorful
C. far away D. moving fast
8. Who benefits more from using a magnifying glass, a person whose near point
is located at a distance away from the eyes of?
A. 75 cm B. 50 cm
C. 35 cm D. 25 cm
9. The human eye forms the image of an object at its
A. Iris B. retina
C. pupil D. cornea
***********
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
87
1. A 1.50 cm high object is placed 20.0 cm from a concave mirror with radius of
curvature 30.0 cm. Determine (a) the position of the image, and (b) its draw the
diagrams size, also.
Given
Height of object = ho =1.5cm
Distance of object = do = 20cm
Radius of curvature = R = 30 cm
𝑹 𝟑𝟎
Focal length = f = = = 15cm
𝟐 𝟐
Required
a) Position of image = di=?
b) Size of image = hi=?
Solution
(a) To find the position of image (di)
We know that,
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝒇 𝒅𝒐 𝒅𝒊
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= −
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= −
𝒅𝒊 𝟏𝟓 𝟐𝟎
𝟏 𝟒−𝟑
=
𝒅𝒊 𝟔𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
=
𝒅𝒊 𝟔𝟎
𝒅𝒊 = 60cm
(b) To find the Size of image (hi)
As we know that,
𝒉𝒊
M= -------- (1)
𝒉𝒐
𝒅𝒊
Also M= 𝒅𝒐
-------- (2)
Comparing eq (1) and eq (2)
We get,
𝒉𝒊 𝒅
𝒉𝒐
= 𝒅𝒊
𝒐
𝒅𝒊𝒉𝒐
hi = 𝒅𝒐
𝟔𝟎 𝑿 𝟏.𝟓
hi = 𝟐𝟎
𝟗𝟎
hi= 𝟐𝟎
hi = 4.5cm Answer
88
1. A candle of height 8.0 cm is located at a distance of

300 mm from a convex mirror, its virtual image is
formed behind the mirror at a distance of 3.0 cm from
the pole (or vertex).Find the focal length of the mirror
and height of the image formed.
Given
Height of object = ho =8.0cm
Distance of object = do = 300mm = 300/10 = 30cm
Distance of image = di = -3cm
Required
a) Focal length of convex mirror= f =?
b) Size of image = hi=?
Solution
(a) Focal length of convex mirror(f)
We know that,
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝒇 𝟑𝟎 −𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 − 𝟏𝟎
=
𝒇 𝟑𝟎
𝟏 −𝟗
=
𝒇 𝟑𝟎
𝟑𝟎
𝒇=− 𝟗
𝒇 = −𝟑. 𝟑𝟑 cm Answer.
(b) To find the Size of image (hi)
We know that,
𝒉
M = 𝒉 𝒊 -------- (1)
𝒐
Also
𝒅
M = 𝒅 𝒊 -------- (2)
𝒐
Comparing eq (1) and eq (2) we get,
𝒉𝒊 𝒅
𝒉𝒐
= 𝒅𝒊
𝒐
𝐝𝐢 𝐡𝐢
hi = 𝐝𝐨
Putting values
−𝟑 𝑿 𝟖
hi = 𝟑𝟎
−𝟐𝟒
hi= 𝟑𝟎 hi = −𝟎. 𝟖𝒄𝒎 Answer.
89
3. Calculate the speed of light in zircon with index of refraction n=1.923, a material
used in jewelry to replicate diamond.
Given
Speed of light in air = c = 3 x 108m/s
Refractive index of zircon = n = 1.923
Required
Speed of light in zircon = v =?
Solution
We know that,
𝐜
n=
𝐯
𝐜
V=𝐧
𝟑 𝑿 𝟏𝟎𝟖
V = 𝟏.𝟗𝟐𝟑
V = 1.56 x 108m/s Answer.
***********
4. Alight ray strikes an air/water surface at an angle of 460 with respect to the normal.
The refractive index for water is 1.33. Find the angle of refraction when the direction
of the ray is (a) from air to water and (b) from water to air.
Given
Incidence angle = 1= 460
Refractive index of air = nair= 1.00
Refractive index of water = nwater= 1.33
Required
a) Angle of refraction = 2=r=?
(In case from air to water)
b) Angle of refraction = 2=r=?
(In case from water to air we put)
Solution
a) To find angle of refraction = 2=r=?
(In case from air to water)
By Snell’s law,
n1sin1=n2sin2
𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 = 𝟏 𝒏 𝟏 ------------- (1)
𝟐
From air to water, we put in eq (1)
n1 = nair, n2 = nwater,1=i and 2=r
𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉𝐢
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐫 = 𝐧𝐚𝐢𝐫
𝐰𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫
𝟏.𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝟔𝒐
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐫 = 𝟏.𝟑𝟑
𝟏.𝟎𝟎 𝑿 𝟎.𝟕𝟐
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐫 = 𝟏.𝟑𝟑
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐫 = 0.54
𝐫= sin-1(0.54)
90
𝐫= 330
(b). To find angle of refraction = 2=r=?
(In case from water to air we put)
n1 = nwater, n2 = nair,1=i and 2=rineq (1)
𝒏𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒊
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐫 =
𝒏𝒂𝒊𝒓
𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 𝑿 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟒𝟔𝒐
𝟏. 𝟎𝟎
𝟏. 𝟑𝟑 𝑿 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐
𝟏. 𝟎𝟎
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐫 = 0.96
𝐫= sin-1(0.96)
𝐫= 740 Answer
***********
5. An optical fiber is made from flint glass with index of refraction 1.66 and is
surrounded by a cladding made of crown glass with index of refraction 1.52. What is
the critical angle?
Given
Refractive index of optical fiber = n1 = 1.66
Refractive index of crown glass = n2 = 1.52
Required
Critical angle = 𝐜=?
Solution
We know that,
𝐧
sin𝐜= 𝐧𝟐
𝟏
𝟏.𝟓𝟐
sin𝐜=
𝟏.𝟔𝟔
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐜 = 0.91566265
𝐜= sin-1(0.91566265)
𝐜= 66.30 Answer
***********
6. Suppose the book page is held 7.50cm from a concave lens of focal length 10.0cm
and convex lens of focal length 10cm. what magnification is produced in each case?
Given
Distance of object (book) = do = 7.50cm
Focal length of convex lens= f = 10cm
Focal length of concave lens= f = -10cm
Required
(a) Magnification in case of convex lens =M=?
(b) Magnification in case of concave lens =M=?
Solution
(a) To find magnification in case of convex lens (M)
91
We know that,
𝒅
M = − 𝒅 𝒊 ------------ (1)
𝒐
First we calculate the image distance (di) of book from convex lens by using lens
formula.
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= +
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= −
𝟏 𝒅𝒐 − 𝒇
=
𝒅𝒊 𝒇𝒅𝒐
𝒇𝒅𝒐
𝒅𝒊 = 𝒅 − 𝒇 -------------- (2)
𝒐
Put do =7.50, and f = 10 in eq (2)
𝟕.𝟓𝟎 𝐗 𝟏𝟎
𝒅𝒊 =
𝟕.𝟓𝟎−𝟏𝟎
𝟕𝟓
𝒅𝒊 =−𝟐.𝟓
𝒅𝒊 = −𝟑𝟎𝒄𝒎
Putting di = -30cm and d0 = 7.50cm in eq (1)
we get,
−𝟑𝟎
M = − 𝟕.𝟓𝟎
M=4 Answer.
***********
b) To find magnification in case of convex lens (M)
For concave lens Put do =7.50, and f = -10 in eq (2)
𝟕.𝟓𝟎 𝑿(− 𝟏𝟎)
𝒅𝒊 = 𝟕.𝟓𝟎−(−𝟏𝟎)
−𝟕𝟓
𝒅𝒊 = 𝟕.𝟓𝟎+𝟏𝟎
−𝟕𝟓
𝒅𝒊 =
𝟏𝟕.𝟓
𝒅𝒊 = −𝟒. 𝟐𝟗 𝒄𝒎
Put di = -4.29cm and d0 = 7.50cm in eq (1)
we get,
−𝟒.𝟐𝟗
M = − 𝟕.𝟓𝟎
M = 0.572 Answer
***********
7. Gulalai is viewing a flea using a magnifier with f = 3.0cm. If her near point is at N =
25cm then calculate the maximum magnification she can get.
Given
Focal length = f = 3cm
Near point distance= N = 25cm
Required
Maximum magnification = M=?
92
Solution
For Maximum magnification we have
𝑵
M= 𝒇 + 𝟏
𝟐𝟓
M= 𝟑 + 𝟏
M= 8.33 + 1
M = 9.33 Answer
***********
8. A telescope has a magnification of 40.0 and a length of 1230 mm. what are the focal
lengths o the objective and eyepiece?
Given
Magnification of telescope = M = 40
Length of telescope = L = 1230mm
Required
(a) Focal length of objective = fo= ?
(b) Focal length of eye piece = fe= ?
Solution
We know that the magnification of telescope is,
𝒇
M= 𝒇𝒐
𝒆
𝒇𝟎 = 𝑴𝒇𝒆 ------------ (1)
Also the length of telescope is given by,
L = 𝒇𝒐 + 𝒇𝒆 ------------ (2)
Putting eq (1) in eq (2)
we get
L = 𝑴𝒇𝒆 + 𝒇𝒆
L = (M + 1)𝒇𝒆
𝑳
𝒇𝒆 = 𝑴+𝟏 --------------- (3)
Putting the values of “M” and “L” in eq (3)
we get,
𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟎
𝒇𝒆 = 𝟒𝟎+𝟏
𝟏𝟐𝟑𝟎
𝒇𝒆 =
𝟒𝟏
𝒇𝒆 = 𝟑𝟎𝒎𝒎----------- (4)
Putting eq (4) in eq (1) we get,
𝒇𝒐 = 𝟒𝟎 𝑿 𝟑𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝒇𝒐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
Focal length of objective = 𝒇𝒐 = 1200 mm Answer
Focal length of eye piece = 𝒇𝒆 = 30mm Answer
***********
93

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Genius Physics 10th Geometrical Optics

vi) Focal point of convex mirror

Q.4: Describe the image formation and

Image formation through convex mirror

It is the required mirror formula for a concave mirror.

Q.8: Explain refraction of light? State the laws of refraction.

Conditions for total internal reflection of light

Q.13: What is Endoscope?

Q.17: Define the main terminologies used in lenses?

The distance between the optical center and focal point

(ii) The O- ray (origin ray or its extrapolation) of light

Image formation through concave lens

It is the required lens formula for a convex lens.

center ‘C’ of the convex lens. Now, a ray of

In figure A, the right angle triangle gives,

For small angle tan/≈/

According to the lens formula

The negative sign shows that the image is inverted.

Put these values in eq (2) we get

1. The light ray must go from a denser medium to a rare medium.

EXAMPLES AND ASSIGNMENTS

(a) Putting values in equation 1

Therefore d1= 10 cm Answer

Therefore d1= 15 cm Answer

The image distance is greater than the object distance.

(c) The magnification of mirror is

Putting values in equation 1

Therefore di = −𝟒. 𝟒𝒎 Answer

Therefore M = + 0.44 Answer

ASSIGNMET 12.2: IMAGE IN A SECURITY MIRROR

Putting values in equation 1

Therefore v = 2.26 x 108m/s Answer

ASSIGNMET 12.3: INDEX OF FRFRACTION FOR IKEROSENE OIL

Therefore n = 1.44 Answer

or sinӨw = 0.735 and Өw = sin-10.735

ASSIGNMET 12.4: INDEX OF REFRACTION FOR UNKNOWN MEDIUM

Hence n2 = 1.33 Answer

a) To get image distance putting values in equation 1

Therefore M = −𝟎. 𝟓 Answer

Therefore M=∞ Answer

(a) To get image distance putting values in equation 1

Therefore di = +𝟏𝟓𝒄𝒎 Answer

Therefore M = −𝟎. 𝟓 Answer

Therefore di = −𝟓. 𝟓𝟔𝒄𝒎 Answer

Therefore M = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟓 Answer

Hence mo = 3.1 Answer

Hence mo= 4.1 Answer

Putting values in equation 1

Therefore m = −𝟏𝟏𝟎 Answer

Putting values in equation 1

Therefore m = −𝟕𝟗 Answer

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. A candle of height 8.0 cm is located at a distance of

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