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Water Quality and Physiological Parameters of Common Carp Fingerling Fed

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Polytechnic VOL.6 No. 3 October 2016

1
Water Quality and Physiological Parameters of Common
Carp Fingerling Fed on Jerusalem artichoke Tubers

Siraj Muhammed Abdulla Goran *, Samad Sofy Omar **, Ayub Youns Anwer**
*Dept. Environmental Sciences, College of Science, Salahaddin University
**Dept. Fish Resources & Aquatic Animals, College of Agriculture, Salahaddin University
Email: siraj.abdulla@su.edu.krd

Abstract
Water quality assessment for well water and pond water for rearing Cyprinus carpio in cage
system conducted weekly from 5th May 2016 to 5th July 2016 and some parameters including pH, EC,
water temperature and DO were monitored daily during the entire periods of study. The mean values
of total hardness, alkalinity, ammonia and nitrate for studied water samples in pond water were
116±7.21 (mg.CaCO3.l-1), 145 ± 10.35 (mg.CaCO3.l-1), 0.75± 0.04 (ppm) and 10 ± 5.78 respectively.
Furthermore, the concentration of sodium and potassium in well water and aquaculture in the study
area were 69±4.20, 72 ± 3.45 for sodium and 2.1±0.14 and 0.5 ± 0.10 for potassium respectively.
Water temperature, EC, SO4 and DO were suitable for C. carpio aquaculture. The design of this
experiment were made of a control group which found to be three replicate cages and three
treatments each with three replicate cages feed with Jerusalem artichoke tubers in concentrations 5,
10 and 15 g/Kg-1 for treatments 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Each cage contains 10 fingerlings of C.
carpio.
Significant correlation coefficient was found between performed control and treatment cages
for both hematolgical and biochemical testes. The growth of carp in treatments was accompanied by
increase in RBCs, WBC and hemoglobin content. Significant increase in cholesterol, triglyceride and
glucose were recorded. The level of serum electrolytes particularly sodium ions were increased,
however potassium ions were decreased.

Keywords: Water Quality, physiological Parameters, Jerusalem artichoke, common carp.

Introduction:
Water is one of the most important requirements for fish farming. Quality and quantity of
water is important for aquaculture (Summerfelt, 2000). Fish species release various waste products,
such as ammonium, carbon dioxide, and organic material containing nutrients, while they remove
oxygen and particulate organic material (plankton and bacterioplankton) from the system. The effect
of feeding will affect the physical and chemical condition of water in the tank. Feed will pollute the
water directly and indirectly: left-overs of feed, as well as excrements produced by fish, supplied
organic matter to the water, which, on decomposition, consumed oxygen and released ammonia (Val,
et. al., 2006).
The most serious threat to fish production is poor water quality and lack of our acceptable quantity of
water (Bert, 2007).
Physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water in the fish ponds offers the most
suitable conditions for the existence of fish as well as other organisms which constitute essential
components of the food chain. Water quality status is essential for both survival and optimum growth
of organisms (Gupta and Gupta, 2006).

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Cyprinus carpio is tolerant to a variety of conditions but generally prefer large water systems
with sufficient flowing. Carp can survive temperatures between 3 and 35oC, and can thrive in large
turbid water. They are omnivorous fish species, feeds on aquatic plants and animals. The optimal PH
range for C. carpio is 6.5 to 9.0 and can survive low values of oxygen (0.3-0.5ppm) as well as super
saturation (Billard, 1995).
Fishes have low blood volume than other vertebrate organisms and fluctuated between 30 to
40 ml/kg in bony fishes. Erythrocytes and white blood cells are the main constitutes of fish blood. Red
blood cell of fishes are oval, nucleated and ranging 12 to 14 microns in length and 8.5 to 9.5 microns
in width (Moyle and Cech, 2004).
C. carpio is adapted to drastic environments particularly physical and chemical parameters of
water body. Hematological and biochemical parameters of blood were also changed (Moyle and Cech,
2004).
Hematological parameters are important tools for assaying pathological and physiological changes
(Gabriel et al., 2011). Hematological analysis provides valuable information for effectively controlling
of conditions in wild and cultured fishes and to determine relationship among certain species and to
obtain important data on their health and physiology under unfavorable conditions (Vazquez and
Guerrero, 2007). Recently blood biochemical parameters were considered as indexes for the
physiological state of fish (Edsall, 1999) and monitoring the physiological status and health condition
of fish (Svetina et al., 2002), furthermore, white blood cell count (WBC), red blood cell count (RBC),
hemoglobin concentration (Hb), hematocrit (PCV), and erythrocyte indexes (MCV, MCH, MCHC) are
used as hematological parameters (Campbell, 2015).
Probiotics are provided through diet or in the rearing water that benefit the host fish, fish
farmer or fish consumer, at least in part, by improving the microbial balance of the fish (Daniels et al.,
2010). Probiotic supplementation in aquaculture has been recorded to improve growth performance,
intestinal balance, enhance immune responses and disease resistance (Zhang et al., 2014). It is
present as a reserve carbohydrate in the roots and tubers of plants such as Jerusalem artichoke (Chi
et al., 2011).
The most important aims of this study are to determine the role of J. artichoke Tubers in the
growth of common carp fingerlings and to determine hematological and biochemical parameters to
establish normal ranges for blood parameters in C. carpio in Kurdistan and to evaluate environmental
status in aquaculture for fish survival and to diagnose diseases of the carp.

Material and Methods

Four experimental diets were formulated to contain J. artichoke as supplementary feed diets
for the carp as follows; 0 control, 5, 10 and 15 g /Kg-1, contain crude protein 28%, 8% crude lipid.
The experiment was carried out in Aquaculture breeding unit, Girdarasha station, Agriculture College,
University of Salahaddin, Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq.
A total of 120 fish were randomly put into each of 12 cages (0.2 m3) 10 fish in each cages.
Each diet was fed to triplicate cage for 49 days. Flow-through aeration was provided by electrical
aerator (Prefix manufacturing, Submersible water pump, Veronella (VR), Italy). The diets were hand-
fed to the fish twice a day at 9:00 am and 5 pm, at 2.5 % of fish body weight.
Water samples were collected weekly from both artesian well (Source of water) and cement
pond (Aquaculture) for evaluation of physical and chemical properties of water according to standard
procedures of APHA (1998) and Maiti (2004).
Water samples were collected using 1.5 liter acid washed polypropylene containers and taken
to the laboratory for analysis. Water samples were collected for 8 weeks from June to the end of July
2016. Water samples were analyzed for pH (hydrogen ion concentration), turbidity, EC (electrical
conductivity), TDS (total dissolved solids), total hardness, chloride, total alkalinity, sodium, potassium,
magnesium and calcium. pH, EC and TDS parameters were measured directly in the field by portable
device (Hanna, HI98129, CE; Made in Mauritius), dissolved oxygen by portable DO-meter model (AZ
8403) (electrometric method), water temperature by mercury thermometer and total ammonia by a

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Polytechnic VOL.6 No. 3 October 2016

field kit (Hach Chemical Co., Loveland, CO, USA). Turbidity was measured with a HACH. 2100N
Turbidimeter, chloride by argentometric method. Sodium, Calcium and Potassium were determined by
(Jenway PFP7, Flame Photometer). pH, water temperature and DO were recorded daily from 5th May
2016 to 5th July 2016.
Hardness was analyzed by titration method through using 2Na-EDTA, alkalinity by titration
method and nitrate by Ultraviolet (UV) Spectrophotometric Screening Method model (Cecil
instruments, CE 7200).
The blood was obtained from the caudal vein by the needle from ventral body wall (Campbell,
2015). The blood samples were taken in Heparinized vials as an anticoagulant agent (Blaxhall and
Daisley, 1973) and other tubes with gel for biochemical testing. Blood samples then centrifuged at
3000 rpm (Round per minute) for 5 min and plasma was separated for determination of biochemical
parameters. RBC s, WBC, MCV, Hb, HCT and PCT s were measured in Alfa Medical laboratory by
coulter made in Swedish by Orphee company (Mythic 18), morever serum biochemical tests (Total
Serum Proteins (TP), Serum Glucose, Total Cholesterol, Total Triglycerides, Lipase, Amylase, Alanine
Aminotransferase (GPT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (GPT), High Density Lipids (HDL), Low Density
Lipids (LDL), Urea, Creatinine and Ferrum) were measured by Accent 200 (CORMAY) in Alfa Medical
laboratory for Disease Diagnosis in Erbil city. Serum electrolytes (Sodium, potassium, chloride and
calcium) were measured in collected serum samples by serum electrolyte analyzer (Optiline).

Statistical Analysis
Statistical techniques such mean, standard deviation and multiple correlation coefficient were
adopted through using SPSS program version 19 to determine statistical differences between
treatment cages at P<0.05 and P<0.01.

Results
Temperature of studied water samples (well water and cement pond) were ranged between
(19.6 in well water and 24.51 in pond) during the study period, while mean DO concentrations in well
and pond water were 4.11 and 7.44 respectively (Table 1 and Figure 1). Dissolved oxygen content
significantly differs (p<0.05) between the pond and well water. The mean turbidity values in the
studied water samples were ranged from 4.35 to 57 NTU in well water and pond respectively. Chloride
and sulphate values in pond water was low and the mean values were 26 and 133.4 ppm respectively.
The mean values of total hardness, alkalinity, ammonia and nitrate for studied water samples in pond
water were 116±7.21 (mg.CaCO3.l-1), 145 ± 10.35 (mg.CaCO3.l-1), 0.75 ± 0.04 (ppm) and 10 ± 5.78
respectively (Table 1 and Figure 1). In addition, the concentration of sodium and potassium in well
water and Girdarasha aquaculture in the study area were 69±4.20, 72 ± 3.45 for sodium and 2.1 ±
0.14 and 0.5 ± 0.10 for potassium. Magnesium ion were higher than calcium ion in all studied
samples. Generally, well water and pond water were differed significantly (p<0.01). Correlation
coefficient was found between well water and pond water
The results showed significant differences between control and treatments in the species
considered.
Significant differences in glucose and lipase levels were found among all treatments and
control. The mean total serum cholesterol in control, T1, T2 and T3 were 147.00 ± 1.75, 154.66 ±
4.07, 157.50 ± 0.23 and 169.33 ± 2.36 mg/dL (Table 2 and Figure 2). HDL values in treatment cages
were lower than LDL and vice versa in control cages. Negative correlation were found between HDL
and cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, total protein and Lipase. Mean values of urea in control cages were
higher than treatment cages. Significant differences at P<0.05 were found between ALP and total
protein. The values obtained for various blood biochemical parameters in the present study for the
fresh water C. carpio fingerlings were found to be normal values indicating healthy condition of the
fish and the fishes see to be thriving well in the aquatic body with favorable environmental conditions.
Results of present study showed significant differences between GPT and pH of blood serum and
negative correlation with TP, lipase, amylase, LDL, sodium, chloride and calcium.
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The results obtained for the blood serum point out that in the control samples the absolute
values for calcium, sodium and chloride are significantly lower (Р<0.05) (Table 2) compared to those
in treatment cages.
Red blood cells and HbG parameters fluctuated from 0.99 ± 0.19 × 106 /µL and 9.50 ± 0.18
g/dL in control experiment to 1.34 ± 0.09 × 106/µL and 10.40 ± 0.35 g/dL in treatment 2 throughout
the experimental period (Table 3 and Figure 3). Fluctuation of these parameters were followed by an
increase in the percentage of HCT (Table 3). White blood cell levels were low in control groups but
significantly increased in treatment groups. The leukocyte count in carp fish at treatments 1, 2 and 3
feed with J. artichoke tubers reached the levels that was significantly higher than control.
Significant differences were not found between platelet count and other parameters and
between control and treatment groups (Table 3), however, negative correlation were detected
between platelet count and RBCs, HCT, MCV, and lymphocyte count.

Table 1. Mean values for water quality parameters.

No. Parameters Well water Cement pond water Normal range

1 Turbidity NTU 4.35±0.66 57 ±6.71 -

2 pH 8.00±0.15 8.51 ± 0.07 6.0 to 9.0

3 EC mS.cm-1 0.452±0.05 0.328 ± 0.03 0.1-1.5 mS.cm-1

4 TDS ppm 289±6.5 209 ± 8.45 -

5 Chloride ppm 27±1.75 26 ± 3.15 -

6 Sodium ppm 69±4.20 72 ± 3.45 -

7 Potassium ppm 2.1±0.14 0.5 ± 0.10 -

8 Calcium ppm 18±1.2 4± 1.55 4.0 to 160 ppm

9 Magnesium ppm 143±3.13 106 ± 5.18 -

Total Alkalinity
10 204±9.00 145 ± 10.35 50-500 mg.CaCO3.l-1
mg.CaCO3.l-1

11 Nitrate ppm 18±2.55 10 ± 5.78 50 ppm

12 Sulphate ppm 137±2.69 133.4± 3.70 -

13 Ammonia ppm ND 0.75± 0.04 <1.0 ppm

Total Hardness
14 188±5 116±7.21 >15ppm
mg.CaCO3.l-1

15 DO ppm 4.11±0.14 7.44±0.26 -

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Water Temperature
16 o 19.6±0.12 24.51±0.327 10-25
C

DO=dissolved oxygen; EC=electrical conductivity; TDS=total dissolved solids

Physico-Chemical Parameters
600

500

400

300

200

100

Well water Cement pond water

Figure 1: Comparison between mean physic-chemical values of well and cement pond
water.

Table 2. Mean values ± SD for biochemical parameters in blood samples.

Unit of Total
No. Parameters Control T1 T2 T3
Measurement Mean

1 Cholesterol mg/dL 147.00±1.75 154.66±4.07 157.50±0.23 169.33±2.36 157.13

2 Triglyceride mg/dL 122.00±9.20 158.33±13.88 149.66±15.69 145.00±2.03 143.75

3 HDL mg/dL 36.00±0.21 32.00±0.57 34.66±0.38 32.33±1.71 33.75

4 LDL mg/dL 33.20±1.56 43.76±3.30 49.93±4.71 51.20±0.89 44.53

5 Urea mg/dL 11.00±0.14 9.33±0.19 9.33±0.69 9.33±0.19 9.75

6 Total protein g/dL 2.90±0.08 2.89±0.05 1.66±0.52 2.90±0.002 2.59

7 pH - 7.264± 0.03 7.158± 0.09 7.251667±0.03 7.231± 0.04 7.23

8 ALP (GOT) U/L 67.00±8.50 65.00±7.86 43.00±11.31 74.33±17.13 62.33

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9 ALT (GPT) U/L 28.00±0.76 15.00±1.00 24.50±2.12 25.66±0.51 23.29

10 Creatinin mg/dL 0.41±0.04 0.303±0.06 0.240±0.06 0.293±0.04 0.31

11 Lipase U/L 15.20±0.90 28.30±8.38 13.55±0.49 14.66±1.05 17.93

12 Amylase U/L 28.00±10.40 100.00±22.41 56.00±25.93 96.00±18.80 70.00

13 Ferrum µg/dL 67.50±3.46 67.63±2.02 71.30±4.81 76.10±5.28 70.63

14 Glucose mg/dL 74.00±5.23 70.66±8.48 83.00±2.83 78.33±3.72 76.50

15 Sodium mmol/L 124.60±0.44 134.06±0.97 132.73±0.82 134.90±0.10 131.58

16 Potassium mmol/L 4.01±0.16 2.85±0.30 4.05±0.27 3.05±0.04 3.49

17 Calcium mg/dL 9.76±0.04 9.98±0.06 10.16±0.09 9.88±0.02 9.95

18 Chloride mmol/L 103.80±0.99 106.26±1.01 109.03±1.05 107.76±0.31 106.72

Biochemical Parameters of Blood

200

150

100

50 T2
0 C

C T1 T2 T3

Figure 2: Biochemical parameters of C. carpio blood in control and treatment cages.

Table 3: Mean values for hematological parameters in C. carpio blood.

Total
Parameters Unit Control T1 T2 T3
mean

WBC 103/µL 76.00±3.77 103.05±8.73 99.33±5.06 105.07±1.10 95.86

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LYM 10 3/µL 58.30±2.91 90.65±5.83 89.43±5.95 98.47±1.10 84.21

MON 10 3/µL 10.50±0.35 8.30±1.48 7.23±0.48 5.27±0.04 7.83

GRA 10 3/µL 6.40±1.04 4.10±1.41 2.63±0.46 1.37±0.04 3.63

LYM % 74.00±1.78 88.30±1.84 89.57±1.55 93.70±0.09 86.39

MON % 13.00±0.36 7.90±0.78 7.57±0.91 5.00±0.06 8.37

GRA % 8.50±1.02 3.80±1.06 2.87±0.64 1.30±0.03 4.12

RBC 106/µL 0.99±0.19 1.11±0.16 1.34±0.09 1.16±0.00 1.15

HGB g/dL 9.50±0.18 10.20±0.21 10.40±0.35 9.67±0.11 9.94

HCT % 18.50±1.72 20.70±3.54 27.17±1.79 23.63±0.28 22.50

MCV µm3 203.30±4.93 185.80±5.23 203.90±5.57 204.30±2.17 199.33

MCH Pg 98.90±7.21 96.85±15.87 78.97±2.94 83.57±0.78 89.57

MCHC g/dL 48.60±1.68 52.70±10.04 38.90±1.95 40.90±0.32 45.28

RDW % 9.60±0.84 7.50±0.57 5.73±0.25 6.00±0.12 7.21

189.60±18.4 141.35±56.7 104.10±25.5 103.13±21.3

RDW-SD µm 3 134.55
4 5 3 7

PLA 103/µL 24.00±3.59 40.50±18.03 24.33±2.04 15.00±3.18 25.96

MPV µm3 6.00±0.45 6.40±0.92 5.73±0.27 5.75±0.16 5.97

PCT % 0.03±0.00 0.03±0.02 0.01±0.00 0.01±0.00 0.02

PDW % 7.50±0.34 8.90±0.42 6.97±0.18 7.60±0.52 7.74

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Hematological Parameters
250

200

150

100

50

0
WBC LYM MON GRA LYMP MONP GRAP RBC HGB HCT MCV MCH MCHC

Control T1 T2 T3

Figure 3: Studied Hematological parameters in C. carpio of control and treatment cages.

Discussion
Water quality for aquaculture refers to the quality of water system that allow growth and
production of the suitable organisms. The maintenance of good quality is essential for growth, survival
and production of fish species. Physico-chemical parameters recorded for the fishpond were favorable
for fish culture and it’s within the standard range already documented. Water temperature varies with
the season, length of the day, water depth and meteorological condition. In the present study, water
temperature varied from 21.4 to 26.7 °C with a total mean of 24.51 °C (Table 1 and Figure 1).
Water temperature is one of the most important factors affecting pond dynamics and water
temperature in fishponds related to environmental temperature (Bert, 2007). In the present study,
mean water temperature was 24.51 ± 0.327°C and favorable for fish culture as described by Bred
(2007). Results of current study came in agreement with results obtained by Hassan (1974). Mean
turbidity value for fishpond was 57 ± 6.71 NTU, however in well water was 4.35 ± 0.66 NTU. The
waste products generated by the caged fish should not be allowed to cause a decline in the water
quality in the lake that would make it unsuitable for caged fish. The waste products from caged fish
can cause a form of cultural eutrophication (Val et al., 2006) hence; it's being fairly turbid (Ugwumba
and Ugwumba, 1993).
All residing organisms are dependent upon oxygen in a single form or some other to hold the
metabolic processes that produce power for growth and reproduction (Sawyer et al., 2003),
furthermore DO had been used by the fish constantly. Mean DO value in C. carpio pond was 7.44 ±
0.26 ppm and substantially correlated with other parameters of water, furthermore the lowest
concentration of dissolved oxygen pronounced in well water, while in pond water, DO values were
higher and sufficient for fish production due to the presence of aeration system. pH and dissolved
oxygen concentrations had been depend upon water temperatures (Sawyer et al., 2003)
The average pH value of 8.51 ± 0.07 recorded in water of fishpond during the entire period of
this study (Table 1 and Figure 1). According to Billard (1995) pH 6.0 to 9.0 is suitable for fish pond
culture and the result of our study is within this range. So, it is estimated that the cement fishpond
have suitable pH ranges for C. carpio culture.

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The EC mean values for current study ranged from 0.328 ± 0.03 to 0.452 ± 0.05 ms.cm-1 for
fishpond and well water respectively. According to the result of our study, the estimated values in
cement pond and well water were within the standard ranges (0.4 to 0.75 ms.cm-1) of Billard (1995).
The mean alkalinity of 145 ± 10.35 mg.CaCO3.l-1, total hardness 116 ± 7.21 mg.CaCO3.l-1
recorded in fishpond and agreed with the range values demonstrated by James (2000) and Swingle
(1967), (50-300 mg.CaCO3.l-1 for alkalinity) and (>15 mg.l-1) for natural waters and agreed with
results obtained by Zafar et al. (2015) for alkalinity but differs for hardness. Values of alkalinity and
hardness in fishpond were lower than that of well water. Calcium and magnesium values were
decreased in fishpond in comparison with well water, because it is necessary for animal nutrition and
is an essential component of fish Bones and structure (APHA, 1998). Levels of sodium were increased
in fishpond; however, potassium levels were decreased. The internal sodium and chloride are
constantly being exchanged by simple diffusion, but sodium is also actively extruded by a mechanism,
which uses energy and apparently involves the absorption of an equivalent amount of potassium from
the medium (Shulman et al., 1999).
Nitrate and ammonia levels were (10 ± 5.78 ppm and 0.75± 0.04 ppm) below permissible
limits for fishponds 50 and 1 ppm respectively. No huge fluctuations in sulphate levels were
demonstrated.
The values of ammonia in this experiment were low (0.75 ± 0.04 ppm) compared to the values
calculated by Moogouel et al. (2010). This could be traced to reduction of dissolved oxygen in
fishpond that may create a stress on fish. Biochemical components of fish within the blood are full-
size hobby for their specificity concerning food values of fish and evaluating their physiological desires
at specific period of existence.
Blood glucose in remedy samples (treatments) (77.33 mg/dL) were higher than that of control (74.00
mg/dL) due to the presence of Inulin, which considered as a critical prebiotic substrate and act as a
reserve of carbohydrate (Chi et al., 2011 and Watzl et al., 2005).
Carbohydrate functions in metabolism as a fuel to be oxidized and provide energy for other
metabolic process. Both fructose and galactose are converted into glucose by the liver and
carbohydrate is utilized by the cells in the form of glucose. Once in blood, glucose travels throughout
the body. It comes in contact with the cells. Results of present investigation disagree with results
18.00 - 29.0 mg/dl obtained by Kulkarni and Bedjargi (2016).
Significant correlation were found between GPT and pH and between GOT and total protein.
Morever, significant correlation (P<0.05) was found between urea and sodium in studied blood
samples of C. carpio. Urea and trimethylamine oxide form a significant component of the plasma
osmotic solutes, the gills and integument being relatively impermeable. As stated by Hoar and
Randall (1969) there is reciprocal relationship between plasma Na+ and urea concentrations.
Negative correlation was found between creatinine and sodium ions, the polysaccharide in
feeding that was replacing xylose, sucrose, and creatinine (Farrell, 2011). Results of current study
agreed with Farrell (2011)
The levels of ferrous increased in blood samples of remedies (treatments) with the mean value
71.68 µg/dL because negatively charged phosphates attract calcium, magnesium, zinc, and different
multivalent metal cations (e.g., ferric iron) via ionic interactions happening in the bloodstream (Farrell,
2011). The reversible binding of oxygen by using hemoglobin for that during unfastened heme
corporations, iron ought to oxidize to ferric iron (Farrell, 2011).
The imply values of Lipase enzyme are excessive in treatments (18.84 U/L) than that of
controls (15.20 U/L) but not significantly differed. Fats is digested with the aid of the enzyme lipase
into fatty acids and glycerine before absorption. A high-fat weight will stimulate higher lipase
secretion. The relationship between an excessive-carbohydrate food regime and an amylase secretion
is more complex (Farrell, 2011).
Levels of amylase enzyme increased in treatment cages to mean value 84 U/L, which fed on J.
artichocke tubers. Because the carbohydrates are absorbed by the tract and there will be considerable
enzyme activity to Hydrolyze starch into di- and trisaccharides (Hoar and Randall, 1969). Amylase
activities of pancreatic tissue and intestinal contents show great variation. In some fish species,
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Polytechnic VOL.6 No. 3 October 2016

intestinal amylase activity correlates positively with dietary carbohydrate level and feeding intensity in
herbivorous and omnivorous fish (Farrell, 2011).
No significant changes in cholesterol and triglyceride levels were noted in present work and
same results were obtained by Svetina et al. (2002) in C. carpio . Levels of cholesterol and triglyceide
were high in treatment cages with mean values 160.50 and 151 mg/dL if compared with control
groups 147 and 122 mg/dL respectively, because fish of treatment groups were fed on J. artichoke
tubers, which acts as a probiotic and increase weights of fish, which in turn increase levels of
cholesterol and triglyceride. Total cholesterol is the sum of HDL, LDL. Body makes some triglycerides,
which come from the food through using carbohydrate calories for immediate energy and left over
calories are turned into triglycerides and stored in fat cells for later use (Boyd et al., 1974).
In present study the percentages of lymphocytes was modified extensively from 74 to 90.52%,
which in turn increases in total proteins and glucose (Metwally and Fouad, 2008). The stages of total
protein (2.59 g/dL) in studied samples had been agreed with consequences aquired by Kulkarni and
Bedjargi (2016) (2.9 to 3.59g.dL) in freshwater carp except for T2 which confirmed decrease values.
Mean levels of Na+ in control and treatment groups were 124.60 ± 0.44 and 134.90 ± 0.10
mmol/L, while Cl- ranged from 103.80 ± 0.99 to 109.03 ± 1.05 mmol/L respectively. The levels of
Na+, and Cl- were much higher than those in control groups and ranged from. These elements are
important factors in determining O2/CO2 transportation and osmotic pressure (Randall and Perry
1992). In O2/CO2 transportation, the hydrogen ion is buffered by the complex buffer system of
bicarbonate, protein, phosphate, and ammonia. Moreover, the function of the erythrocyte is
maintained with the aid of pH levels. In CO2 transportation, a chloride shift is brought on by the fluxes
of Cl- with the antiporter of the erythrocyte membrane. Gill actively takes Cl- through Na+ and Cl-
antiporter, consequently, plasma Na+, Cl-, and blood pH of the commonplace carp have been strictly
managed during resting conditions. Present results no longer agreed with consequences received by
Tavares-Dias et al. (2007) who studied serum electrolytes in freshwater fish Piaractus mesopotamicus
and Colossoma macropomum species.
Table 3 shows the blood cell parameters (RBC and WBC count platelet content). With respect
to RBC count for the blood of common carp fish that were cultivated in fresh water aquarium showed
mean numbers of ( 1.11 to 1.34 × 106/µL ) in T2 and T3 cages were higher than that of the fish that
were exist in control groups (0.99 ± 0.19 × 106/µL) (Table 3 and Figure 3).
As to WBC count, C. carpio showed also numbers (99.33 to 105.07 103/µL) which was higher
than that of carp fish in control groups (76 × 103/µL ) .While hemoglobin value for the blood of carp
fish at control cages (9.50 g/100 ml ) showed lower levels than that of T2 and T3 (10.40 and 9.67 g/
100 ml) respectively. Results of present investigation agreed with results obtained by Radu et al.
(2009) on carps in HB%, RBCs and MCH and different in HCT, MCHC and MCV. Many hematological
indexes differed significantly among the C. carpio of different cages with the exception of MCHC and
RWDSD. During the present study WBC counts particularly lymphocyte cells were high (88.30 ± 1.84,
89.57 ± 1.55 and 93.70 ± 0.09 %) in blood of C. carpio at all treatments (T1, T2 and T3) respectively
than levels of lymphocytes at control groups (74.00 ± 1.78 %), however, levels of monocytes and
granulocytes were higher in control groups than of treatment groups. The number of blood cells (RBC
and WBC) were significantly high in treatments than that of control group. Inulin is one of the
components of J. artichoke tuber used in aquaculture to stimulate beneficial bacteria in gut, suppress
pathogens and enhance the immune response through increasing blood cells (Ringo et al., 2010). The
higher concentration of dietary supplementation in T1 (5 g.kg-1), T2 (10 g.kg-1) and T3 (15 g.kg-1) and
induced growth performance in C. carpio. Result of present study was in agreement with results on
Oreochromis niloticus, Nile tilapia (Ibrahem et al., 2010); Psetta maxima (Mahious et al., 2006).
The effect of age, length and weight on blood parameters particularly lymphocytes is reported
to be an essential component of immune system in the first stages of growth (Aldrin et al., 1982) and
increases levels of Hb and RBC in Capoeta trutta as stated by Orun and Erdeml (2002) and in C.
carpio, as recorded by Svetina et al. (2002).
Hematological properties of C. carpio between control and treatment cages indicated that
intensive growth occurring in treatment cages and considerable increase in red blood cell counts at
511
Polytechnic VOL.6 No. 3 October 2016

treatment cages and decrease in MCHC , RDW and RDW-SD, however platelet count were increased
at T1 when 5 g.kg-1 of J. artichoke tuber while decreased when higher concentration is used in
feeding. Erythrocytes involves an increase in cell size and hemoglobin content in C. carpio, where the
mature cells show higher MCV and MCHC levels. Erythrocyte numbers of fish ranged between 1.0 and
3.0 × 106/mm3 but its content changed according to species, Environmental stress, and temperatures
(Campbell, 2015).

Conclusions and Recommendations

Water temperature significantly affects some physiological C. carpio processes such as growth
and metabolism. Water quality parameters were suitable for fish production. Turbidity in fishpond is
high due to feeding and fish activity. Ammonia levels in fish pond is low and agreed with reference
ranges.The blood electrolyte level has been studied in treated C. carpio with J. artichoke tubers, the
results indicates that the values of sodium and chloride are more in comparison with control cages.
Fishes found to be healthy and are having normal physiological parameters. Levels of cholesterol and
triglyceride are high in treated cages with high feeding levels for J. artichoke.
Red blood cells and white blood cells are high in treatments with higher concentration of J.
artichoke. Pond water quality should be monitored regularly. Turbidity of cement pond should be
controlled. For further researches, it is proposed to use higher concentration of J. artichoke tubers in
feeding of fish to identify its effects on biochemical and hematological parameters. Using different
temperatures to explore its effects on water quality, hematological and biochemical tests are
suggested.

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‫جؤرى ئاو و خةسلةتى فيسيؤلؤجي لة ثةجنة ماسى كارث كة سيَوى ذيَر زةوى خواردووة ‪Jerusalem‬‬
‫‪artichoke‬‬

‫ثوختة‬

‫هةلَسةنطاندى جؤرى بؤ ئاوى بري و ئاوى طؤميَك بة سيستةمى قةفةزى تيَيدا ماسى كارث بةخيَودةكرا‬
‫(‪ )Cyprinus carpio‬هةفتانة ئةجنامدرا لة بةروارى ‪ 5‬مايس بؤ ‪5‬ى تةمموز ى ‪ ,6102‬هةنديَك خةسلةت وةك‬
‫ِريَذةى ئايؤنى هايدروجني‪ ,‬توانستى ئاو بؤ طةياندنى كارةبا‪ ,‬طةرمى ئاو و ئؤكسيجينى تواوة لة ئاو ضاوديَرى كران‬
‫رِؤذانة بة دريَذايى ماوةى تويَذينةوةكة‪ .‬تيَكرِاى ناسازى‪ ,‬ترشى و تفتى‪ ,‬ئةمؤنياو نةترات لة منوونةكانى ئاو لة‬
‫طؤمةكة بريتيبوون لة )‪ 145 ± 10.35 (mg.CaCO3.l-1),116 ± 7.21 (mg.CaCO3.l-1‬و ‪0.75 ± 0.04‬‬
‫)‪ (ppm‬و ‪ 10 ± 5.78‬لةدواى يةكرت‪ .‬خةستى سؤديؤم وثؤتاسيؤم لة ئاوى بريةكة و طؤمى ئاوةكة لة شويَنى‬
‫تويَذينةوةكة برييت بوون لة ‪ 72 ± 3.45 ,69 ± 4.20‬بؤ سؤديؤم و ‪ 2.1±0.14‬و ‪ 0.5 ± 0.10‬بؤ ثؤتاسيؤم‬
‫لة دواى يةكرت‪ .‬ثلةى طةرمى ئاو‪ ,‬طةياندنى كارةبا‪ ,‬طؤطردو ئؤكسجينى تواوة شياوبوون بؤ طةورةكردنى ماسى كارث‪.‬‬

‫دارِشتنى ئةم تويَذينةوة برييت بوو لة طروثى كؤنرتؤل كة ثيَكهاتبوو لة سىَ قةفةزى دووبارة و سىَ طروثى‬
‫ضارةسةر كةهةريةكيان لة سىَ قةفةز ثيَكهاتبوو وة لةنيَو خواردنةكةيان سيَوى ذيَر زةوى هةبوو بة خةستى ‪10 ,5‬‬
‫و ‪ 15‬غم‪.‬كطم بؤ طروثةكانى ضارةسةرى ‪ 6 ,0‬و‪ 3‬لة دواى يةكرت‪ .‬هةريةك لة قةفةزةكان تةنها ‪ 01‬ثةجنة ماسى‬
‫كارثى (‪ )C. carpio‬تيَدابوو‪.‬‬

‫ثةيوةنديةكى ديارو طرينط لة نيَوان قةفةزةكانى كؤنرتؤل و ضارةسةر بؤ يكردنةوةى هيماتؤلؤذى و‬

‫زيندةكيميايى بةدى كرا‪ .‬طةشةكردنى ماسى كارث لة طروثةكانى ضارةسةر واى كرد ِريَذةى خرِؤكة سورةكان‬
‫‪,‬خرِؤكة سثيةكان وهيموطلؤبني زيادى بكات‪ .‬لةهةمان كاتتدا ِريَذةى ضةورى‪ ,‬ضةورى سيانى و شةكر زيادى‬
‫كردبوو‪ .‬ئاستى ئةليكرتؤاليتى ناو خويَن بةتايبةتى ئايؤنى سؤديؤم زيادى كردبوو‪ ,‬لةطةلَ ئةوةشدا ئايؤنى ثؤتاسيؤم‬
‫كةمى كردبوو‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪Polytechnic‬‬ ‫‪VOL.6 No. 3 October 2016‬‬

‫نوعية املياه و الصفات الفسلجية الصبعيات الكارب الشائعة املتغذية على درنات اخلرشوف ‪Jerusalem‬‬
‫‪artichoke‬‬

‫اخلالصة‬

‫أجريت تقييم لنوعية مياه البئر ومياه الربكة املزروعة بنضام االقفاس اليت حتتوي على امساك الكارب‬
‫(‪ )Cyprinus carpio‬أسبوعيا من ‪ 5‬مايو ‪ 2016‬إىل ‪ 5‬يوليو ‪ 2016‬ومت رصد بعض الصفات مثل درجة‬
‫احلموضة‪ ،‬والتوصيل الكهربائي للماء‪ ،‬ودرجة حرارة املياه واالوكسجني الذائب يوميا طوال فرتات الدراسة‪.‬‬

‫وكانت القيم املتوسطة من العسرة الكلية‪ ،‬القلوية‪ ،‬واألمونيا والنرتات لعينات املياه املدروسة يف مياه الربكة‬
‫كانت ‪( 0.75 ± 0.04 ،(mg.CaCO3.l-1 145 ± 10.35). ،(mg.CaCO3.l-1) 12.1 ± 111‬‬
‫جزء يف املليون) و ‪ 5215 ± 11‬على التوالي‪ .‬لذلك‪ ،‬كان تركيز الصوديوم والبوتاسيوم يف مياه اآلبار وحوض تربية‬
‫األحياء املائية يف منطقة الدراسة ‪ 5205 ± 1. ،02.1 ± 16‬للصوديوم و ‪ 1210 ± .21‬و ‪1211 ± 125‬‬
‫للبوتاسيوم على التوالي‪ .‬درجة حرارة املاء‪ ،‬التوصيلية الكهربائية‪ ،‬الكربيتات واالوكسجني الذائب كانت مناسبة لرتبية‬
‫األحياء املائية الكارب‪ .‬تصميم هذه التجربة يتضمن اجملموعة الضابطة واليت تشمل ثالثة أقفاص متكررة وثالثة‬
‫عالجات لكل منها ثالثة أقفاص متكررة‪ ,‬يتم تغذية االمساك مع درنات اخلرشوف برتاكيز ‪ 5‬و ‪ 10‬و ‪ 15‬غرام‪.‬كغم‬
‫للمعامالت ‪ 1‬و ‪ .‬و ‪ 5‬على التوالي‪ .‬كل قفص حيتوي على ‪ 11‬إصبعيات الكارب‪.‬‬

‫مت العثور على ارتباط كبري بني أقفاص السيطرة وأقفاص املعامالت ألمراض الدم والتااليل البيوكيميائية‪ .‬وقد رافق‬
‫منو الكارب يف املعامالت زيادة يف عدد كريات الدم احلمراء‪ ،‬كريات الدم البيضاء وحمتوى اهليموجلوبني‪ .‬وسجلت زيادة‬
‫كبرية يف نسبة الكولسرتول‪ ،‬الدهون الثالثية واجللوكوز‪ .‬ال سيما زادت مستوى االيونات يف املصل وخاصةأيونات‬
‫الصوديوم‪ ،‬ولكن أيونات البوتاسيوم كان قد اخنفضت خالل هذه التجربة‪.‬‬

‫‪516‬‬

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