The document summarizes the evolution of politics and governance in the Philippines from pre-Hispanic times to present. It discusses the political systems that existed before and during Spanish colonization, the revolutionary movements against Spain, the American colonial period, the Japanese occupation, post-war governments, the Marcos martial law era, the People Power Revolution, and concludes with the current Duterte administration. Key events mentioned include the establishment of the barangay system, the Katipunan revolution, the founding of the Philippine Commonwealth, the Japanese puppet state, EDSA People Power Revolution, and restoration of democracy.
The document summarizes the evolution of politics and governance in the Philippines from pre-Hispanic times to present. It discusses the political systems that existed before and during Spanish colonization, the revolutionary movements against Spain, the American colonial period, the Japanese occupation, post-war governments, the Marcos martial law era, the People Power Revolution, and concludes with the current Duterte administration. Key events mentioned include the establishment of the barangay system, the Katipunan revolution, the founding of the Philippine Commonwealth, the Japanese puppet state, EDSA People Power Revolution, and restoration of democracy.
The document summarizes the evolution of politics and governance in the Philippines from pre-Hispanic times to present. It discusses the political systems that existed before and during Spanish colonization, the revolutionary movements against Spain, the American colonial period, the Japanese occupation, post-war governments, the Marcos martial law era, the People Power Revolution, and concludes with the current Duterte administration. Key events mentioned include the establishment of the barangay system, the Katipunan revolution, the founding of the Philippine Commonwealth, the Japanese puppet state, EDSA People Power Revolution, and restoration of democracy.
The document summarizes the evolution of politics and governance in the Philippines from pre-Hispanic times to present. It discusses the political systems that existed before and during Spanish colonization, the revolutionary movements against Spain, the American colonial period, the Japanese occupation, post-war governments, the Marcos martial law era, the People Power Revolution, and concludes with the current Duterte administration. Key events mentioned include the establishment of the barangay system, the Katipunan revolution, the founding of the Philippine Commonwealth, the Japanese puppet state, EDSA People Power Revolution, and restoration of democracy.
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Evolution of Philippine Politics and Governance
In the Pre-historic period, before the arrival of Spaniards in the year 1521, the Philippines had already established a Political System using an independent and self-reliant Political unit called the Barangay. Every unit is led by a Datu (Chief), and is composed of a stratification based on class starting with the Nobility (Maharlika), Freeman (Timawa), the Serf (Aliping Namamahay), and ending with the lowest class, the Slaves (Aliping Sagigilid).
Upon the Arrival of the Spaniards there started the growth of the Spanish Colony. The Spanish Colony created a centralized government by uniting the previously established Political Units. The Government was then led by the Governor-General. To create peace between the natives, the Government-General appointed the Chieftains as the Cabeza de Barangay. The united Barangays composes of towns (pueblos) and are then led by the Little Governor or the Gobernadorcillo. These towns then form into provinces which are categorized into two; Alcadia that is fully dominated and controlled and is led by the Alcalde Mayor and the Corregimiento that is not in full control of the Spaniards and was led by the Corregidor, while the Royal Audencia is an independent body that was solely created for solving and hearing cases.
During the Philippine Revolution then started the Propaganda Movement that advocated reforms that the Filipinos should be granted the same rights and freedom that Spain is enjoying. This movement was led by Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena. This propaganda however failed in reforming the society. This led to the creation of a secret association called the KKK or The Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan. The KKK created their own form of government which had national and local levels. The KKK was led anf governed by; Supreme Council (Kataastaasang Sanggunian) that was composed of the president, secretary/ies, treasurer and fiscal, the Provincial Council (Sangguniang Balangay), Popular Council (Sangguniang Bayan), and the Judicial Council (Sangguniang Hukuman). The KKK was then divided into two factions, the Magdalo and the Magdiwang. In the year 1897, March 22, Aguinaldo was elected as President which led to the creation of the BIAK-NA- BATO REPUBLIC which declared the creation of an independent Philippine state.
During the American War signed the Treaty of Paris which ended the Spanish-American war. It involved the payment of 20 million dollars of America to Spain in exchange for all the imperial possessions including Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines. William H. Taft became the Philippines' first Civil Governor. The Civil Governor acted as head of the executive branch and also exercised legislative influence. Powers as the president of the Philippine Commission, the legislative body of which all members were appointed. In the year 1902, the Cooper Act was enacted which provide or the creation of a Philippine legislature and in the year 1916, the Jones Law provided for the re-organization of the Philippine legislature into a fully elected and Filipino controlled bicameral body. Up until the year 1934, Tydings-McDuffie (Philippine Independent Act) was ratified by the Congress of U.S.A which created the Philippine Commonwealth in a 10-year transition period to prepare Filipinos for self-governance. The first Commonwealth Government was then led by President Manuel Quezon and Vice President Sergio Osmena.
The arrival of the Japanese signaled the establishment of the Japanese Military Administration on January 3, 1942. The Japanese Military forces an establishment called the Philippine Executive Commission (PEC) that will temporarily serve as a civil government to rule the Philippines. In the year 1943, a new constitution was promulgated and the Japanese sponsored Philippine Republic was established. Jose P. Laurel served as its president, also called the Second Republic which is commonly referred to as a PUPPET GOVERNMENT.
After the war, the structure of the Post war Philippine Politics and Government was founded on the constitution in the year 1935 which was led by the first president, Manuel Roxas, followed by Elpidio Quirino, Ramon Magsaysay, Carlos P. Garcia, Diosdado Macapagal and the first term of Ferdinand Marcos.
The term of Ferdinand Marcos started the Martial Law Era and the Fourth Republic. Ferdinand Marcos was elected to the presidency in the year 1965. his administration was characterized by; Increased Agricultural Productivity, Massive Infrastructure Development and Defining Diplomatic Policy. However, the country was going through a down-grade of their economic condition, the lack of peace and order circulating, and the growing discontent of the Filipinos. This started the Edsa People Power which ousted Marcos from his Position.
During the Post-Edsa Republic, also known as the Fifth Republic merely focused on the restoration of democracy. A revolutionary change in the Philippine Government was created leading to the ascension of Corazon Aquino to presidency alongside Vice President Gloria Arroyo. Today, the Philippine Government is led by President Rodrigo Duterte, with him leading the current democratic and republican government.
