—_ Transformer Protection 12.1, INTRODUCTION ‘The two major items of equipment in a power system are the generators and transformers. Chances of fault occurrence on them are very rare as compared to on lines, but the damaged caused by the faults usually takes much more tinte aud money to repair than are required to repair the damage caused by the faults on the lines. Rapid reclosing of circuit beakers is feasible on tines and it helps in saving the amount of damage while a fault in a generator/transtormer aways requires some attention of the supervisory staff. Fast slearing of faults, however, assists in reducing the damage ‘0 the equipment and also reduces the interruption in power ‘ewvice caused by drop in voltage and from instability. Power transformers are static devices, totally enclosed ‘4 ‘ually oil immersed, and therefore, chances of fault Sccurrence on them are very rare. But the consequences of i222 Tar fault may be very serious unless the transformer patitkly disconnected trom the system. Hence auiouatic Fattion of transformers against possible faults is essential nd of utmost importance. The faults occurring in power transformers are open- rr Fats (an open circuit in one phase uf a 3-phase fae earth faults, phase-to-phase faults, inter-turn td Overheating from overloading or trom sum Toei’ Such a8 core heating. frequen Phase (phase-to-phase) short circuits Se ae interphase” e845 Of three-phase transformers, while INE satise Short citeuits within the windings ae 0 Pobabi Earth faults and inter-turn faults have the hig! 4 ility on the formers. Winding sho! Sec power trans! st From! ‘so called the internal faults, generally re Core-Batance Leakage Protection 124, F Transto 12:9. Differential Mz "rotection System System 12.14, Restricted “earn yee a eee rslection 12.13, Gonerator-Tianstormer Unit Protection 12.14. Types of Prot 257 — CHA, PTER Mi Cissed Diferenial Protection 127. Harmonie Receee wath Fault Protection 12.12. Frame Leakage ‘Transformers. tection for Power failure of insulation due to temperature rise or deterioration of transformers oil. An open circuit in one phase of a 3-phase wansformer may cause undesirable heating but this condition is relatively harmless and so no relay protection is required ‘against open circuits. On the occurrence of such a fault, the transformer can be disconnected manually from the system. AAs already mentioned above, the most common types of internal winding faults are earth taults and inter-turn faults. Since the inter-tumn faults develop rapidly into earth faults, only earth fault protection is essentially provided. The choice of a protective gear for a transformer ‘depends upon several factors such as (i) type of transformer ie,, distribution transformer or power transformer (i) size of the transformer (iii) type of cooling (iv) system where used i.e. its electrical location in the network and (v) the importance of service for which itis required. For distribution transformers employed in rural area the normal practice is to use the fuses for its protection against external faults but for urban distribution networks, ‘where discrimination is absolutely necessary, fuses will mt serve the purpose. For power transformers, the protection is to be provided ous overloads and excessive temperature loads may be due wo external faults oF Ue fmnernal ones. External fants, however, are cleared by tbe Wy i ihin the shortest possi system outside the transformer wi ee eae In order to avoid any danger tothe transformer doe rs for intemal faults isto fats Hee he pete i ie mt in such transformers. Diferetial Pr neal important typeof protection wsed usually against dange rise, Dangerous over ——EEE— |paste art phase och tlt The Ne www systems sat preetn naar gas aot Free Buehhlr protection’, owe tance feakage eet cae mst aka att edt extn reste vt DedectonDatterent preston ays coy use (04 protection of tranatirers wil be tacts Here 12.2, BUCHROLE PROTECTION ‘On the oosurrene of intemal taut an ollstmamierned PONE transformer gas is usually generates, slowly fora (elplent fault couch ax sparking. small avon, boos commento (W conducting path ete.) amt viotently for eayy’ faults, Most short cireuits cauved either by inyputse breakitow between adjacent turns at the end tums of the wvialiny OF As POO tial point contact which will innnediately: heat to aren temperature, The heat generated by the lange fal currents causes the transformer oil ty lecompse atl geterite BANOS, which ean be used in detection of wirading tats, ‘The rekiys based on this principle are (i) pressure nehans ant PESSHE relief devices which act on the measurement vf the total accumulated pressure, (i) rate ef pressure rive relays which acts on the measurement of the rate of formation of the Bas ‘and (iii) gas accumulator relay most commonly KNOWN Ws Buchholz relay, actuated! by the gas formed Buchholz protection employing Buchhole relay’ Ws te simplest form of protection and is most commonly’ used on all oil-immersed transformers provided with conservator, For details refer to Art, 9.9, 12.3, CORE-BALANCE LEAKAGE PROTECTION An earth fault usually involves a partial breakdown of wind= {ng insulation w ground, The resulting leakage current is quite small as compared to short-citouit current, The earth fault may continue for a long time and cause considerable damage before it ultimately develops into a short circuit and removed from the system, Under suct circumstances it is advisable to provide earth fault protection in order to censure that the earth fault or teak is removed in the carly stages. An earth fault relay used for it is essentially an ‘overcurrent relay of low setting and operates as soon as earth fault or leak develops. One method of protection against earth faults in transformers is the core-balance leak- age protection shown in Fig. 12.1, This system consists of three primary conductors surrounded by the magnetic circuit of a current transformer, This has a single secondary winding which is connected to the relay operating coil. Under normal conditions ie., when there is no earth fault the Instantaneous sum of the currents in the three phases is always zero, and there is no resultant flux in the core ot the CT no matter how much the load is out of balance, Thus no current flows through the relay operating coil and trip circuit remains open. When an earth fault occurs, the sum of the three currents is no longer zero and a current is induced in the secondary of the CT causing the trip relay to operate and isolate the transformer from the bus-bars. +e 99000 | Us o00090* eons! | eonna005y oa iy. 1241, Core-Balance Leakage Protection 42.4, COMBINED LEAKAGE AND OVERLOAD PROTECTION ‘The eore-balance protection described above sutfers fog the disadvantage that if the fault occurs between phases te relay does not operate, This shortcoming is overcome ty employing three separate CTs. In this system of pres two overload relays and one earth leakage relay xx connected, as shown in Fig. 12.2. The overload relays we tae high current sotting ones and are arranged to oper ‘against phaso-toxphase faults while the earth fault rely bs Tow current setting and operates under earth or labs faults only. ‘The two overlond relays are sufficient to protect lle Uhuee phases while the curth-fault or leakage fault rey» energized by the resultant currents from all the three CT ease of leakage fut, The trip contacts of the ovels! relays and earth-fault or leakage relay are connestal¢ parallel, as illustrated in the figure. So the circuit bee will trip in the event of energisation of either overload oof leakage relay. Thus the protection against tau short circuits either to earth or between phases is ache 12.5. DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS: The differential protection used for power transform ° based on Merz-Price circulating, current principle SY protection provides protection against intemal Po phase and phase-to-earth faults and is generally transformers of rating exceeding 2 MVA. This PE, system as applied t0 power transformers is nda, the same as that for generators but with cert & features not encountered in the generator anni Figure 12.3 shows the Merz-Price protectio? bet) applied to a staridcla power transformer. TH protection is provided by the use of overload pilot wires between the three paits of CTS overload blows a fuse one of the pair of CTS SEE yt from the retay which receives the current from thE Tage CTs. The balance is thus disturbed and the rl) ‘Thus a backup protection is provided. fl fuss weton a R o—TOHVOT POWER TRANSFORMER ‘OVERLOAD RELAY RESISTANCE, ee : Fig. 122, Combined Leatage cincum stan. os i ty 8 tol. ly T nd ‘and Overload Protection A__DEUIACONNECrED cn snracen cowecreo ec cacur . | neAKER — [DOR re e [te . 1655+ sot Ute : t a . ae oventono te v = pauanoing ‘USES. puotwnes RESTORE 389 ox #68 Uses | Fig. 123, Schematio Diaglam of Diforental Protection as Applied oa StarDeta Power Transformer me sage” cneiation of transformer the tensent irash of lagnetising current flowing into the transformer may be as deet g times full-load current and it decays relatively SONI. Since the large magnetising current flows only i tle wdings, it causes dlffereuce in CTs outpnt ‘and Bike te diferental protection of transformer terrae ly. Tn order to prevent operation of differential ion due to inrush of magnetising current, the Tay SE Brovded across the relay coils, #» shown a3: These fuses are ofthe time-limit type with an Ine Switen te and do not operate in short-time uration of the nin sarge. Under sustained taut coniins fom the Fuses operate (blow off) and the full nr syne MOU the relay coils and operate the Pros Ta™ This scheme affects the relay setting and 19 "et fanegl™@¥gements are sometimes made to have We ick in circuit only during the period of switching im fuses” ‘This problem can also be overcome by using a relay with an inverse and definite minimum time characteristic instead of an instantaneous type. ‘The circulating current protection system also provides protection against inter-turn faults. Short circuit between fumns on the same phase alters the turn-ratio of the power transformer and so causes imbalance between CT pairs and sakes the protection system to operate, However, the change in the turn ratio of the transformer must be considerable 30 as 1w of sufficient current into the relay to operate Such short circuits are dealt with more efficiently by Buchholz protection, already discussed in Art. 12.2. ‘There are two basic requirements which 76 eee differential relay connections. The differential re by diterperte on overon extra ub a Ut ‘operate on severe internal faults. to cause fl0\is an inherent phase displacement fing voltage induced in high oltage windings having same CT Connections. ‘There between phasors represen voltage windings and low ¥ nding wea leter and corresponding neutral points, : ae sransformets. Hence the foad currents onthe hv side sre displaced in phase with respect 1v load currents of orresponding phase onthe Jv side. The power transformers tre grouped, according to the phase displacement, as follows. Group 1(Star-stat) Zero phase displacement Group 2 (Star-stat) + T8O° phase displacement Group 3 (Delta-star) : 30° lay phase displacement Group 4 (Delta-star) : 30° lead phase displacement In the circulating current differential protection, the phase displacement in line currents on the two sides, introduces phase difference in the secondary currents of CTS on two sides. The results that even if CTs of proper turm-ratio are used a differential current will low through the relay ‘operating coil under normal operating conditions and cause the relay operation. The correction for phase difference is affected by appropriate connections of CTs. The connections of CTs should be such that the resultant currents fed into the pilot wires from either sides are displaced in phase by an angle equal to the phase shift between the primary and secondary currents. As a general rule, the CTs on any star winding of a power transformer are connected in delta and that the CTs on any delta winding are connected in star. Table 12.1 shows the type of connections to be used for CTs in order to compensate for the phase difference in the primary and secondary currents ‘of powcr transformer. ‘Table 12.1 y SAP 200 rt, CT Ratios. It is noteworthy that the CurreOes i the py, Sou secondary windings of a poser transformer ar ny and. therefore. use of identical CTD (Of waibe tath-raie, give differential curent and operate the relay even sag foad condition. The difference in the magnitude of 2. ° eid secondary currents is compensated by using (7 different wrn-ratios. The tum-ratio of CTS used on « Sides of a power transformer should be sack Secondaries have equal currents uring normal cpr, “Thus in star-star transformer with a ratio of 33 kV/) CTs must have 2 turn-ratio of 132/33. 42.5.1. Problems Associated With The ication of Differential Protection ,, Power Transtormers Simple differential prosection system is inadequate tr, of its following inherent drawbacks. 1. Difference in Length of Pilot Wires om Either Sie y Relays. As already explained in Art. 11.3. this dffican overcome by inserting balaxing resistances in seve vz the pilot wires. These are adjusted on site to get eqaizremns points on pilot wires. 2. Different CT Characteristics. Unless satsratos avoided, the difference in CT characteristics doe wo dia ratios being required in circuits of different vokages mx cause appreciable difference in the respective secoaix ‘currents on occurrence of nrough faults.” This probéer + aggravated in the case of power transformers dae teat ratio CTs being used on either side of the power wana A source of ratio error which results in circulating === under through-fault condition is the unequal bordes iene on the CTs due to unequal lead length. _ The above problem is overcome by using 2 bust! ferential relay, already explained in Ar 9.192 1S [Power Transformers Carreat Tanai No Primary | Secondary | on Primary | on Secondary = Sdein | sidein starwin | Deta Dela sar Neutral Earthod 2 [Dela Sta With Neural — | Sur a Eanted 3. [Star Siar with | Dela my Newall Barthod 4 [Data Delta om i ‘SarWih | DekaWith | Dela a Newal | Earthing Eanhed | ‘Transformer on Secondary © | Str ‘Starwitha | Deka a Teriary Winding “A through faut is one which is beyond the protected zone of the — . 3. Tap Changing. Jn most of te wanhiames Se * wovision for tap changing wo tate veage cas Dy mignon hep de sytem vohage wee = 1ap changing voltage ratio differs from te 0 ores lec he operation of the feed differential relay eee pee 4. Mognetiing Inrush Current. 59 conditions ier cel aca the magnetising cnrrent is very semall. HOM hen a transformer is energized after it has boca 2h aed ising incuch current can be 2°) Uatee (as large 28 10 times fall-load curves for 3 2° 7 (S10 10 cycles somenne as cures CCS sometimes at Lange a #1 6 ee There are + number of mays of overconsiee 8 problem. Firstly the relay may be provides #2 2 than the maximum imrush canicat: 320007 = may be mad long enough forthe esseCSF eM | FF b _apgeoPioeones —__ __ cmcun —oran. = SnEaKEn cone CTED CTs DELIA-SIDE. SEA CONNECTED, Roa oF Fe STAR-SIDE * scmcur T meatth vee] so—talot + oh Tre con RESTRANING Cons tH) — Ta —| orenaiing cons’ rele > lore fo o—felo}iele i he Jey Fig. 12.4. Biased Differential Protection For Power Transformers to subside (fall below the primary operating current) before ihe relay operates. But for EHV transformers these simple remedies are not incompatible. The third alternative is the use of second harmonic restraint relay.* 12.6, BIASED DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION In order to avoid undesirable operation on heavy external faults due to CT's errors and ratio change as a result of tap 1a use of biased or percentage differential relay (already described in Art. 9.19.2) is made, restraining winding being energized by the through current. Figure 12.4 shows the arrangement of percentage differential relaying fur power transforms. ‘The power transformer is star connected on one side and delta connected on the other. The CTs on the star-com sted side are deta-connected and those on delta-connected side are star-conneeted. The neutrals of CT star and power \ransformer star connections are grounded. The restraining, Gsils are connected across the secondary windings of CTS operating coils are connected between the tapping points on the: estraining coils and the star point of the cT scone windings. The operating coils normally carry no curren! e ‘hey are balanced on both sides of the CTs. On the ccurtence eiittemal fault in the power transformer windings a 's disturbed and the operating coils of the difert cal’ cttry current corresponding to the difference = between the two sides of the power transformers set the relays to trip the main circuit breakers 0° — Of the power transformer. ted Amato 12.1, a s-phase, Gov/11 KY star-delta CONT ‘rosorme is protected by Mera-Prce stems The CTS °° 5 _ Refertoan. 127, side have a ratio of 420/5A. Find the ratio of the CTs on the It side, (Pb. Unlu Switchgear & Protection Sepiember 1988: September 1987: October 1986: U.PS.C. LES. Electrical Engineering M2008) Solution : For tar-delta power transformers, CTs willbe connected, in delta on etar side of power transformer (re. an 66 EV cise) and in star on delta side of power transformer (i..,0n 11 KV side), as shown in Fig. 125, aa " FFERENTAL j mor Fig. 125 fe that line cutent on 11 KV side ix 420.8 Bx11000%20 9p x 60m Assum ‘Then line current on 66 KY side current of star connected CTs on 11 KV side connected CTs on 11 RV side = 5A Obviously. CTson + Line "= Phase current of star ow through the pilot wires jg eurent of $A will Tow thous i anata ene the 65 RV sie. earn CTs0n 66KV = 5A ‘x, Line curent of sf delta-connected33,000/6,600 V transformer js ‘protecting current transformer See ae ‘of 3005, What will be the saecre carrent transformer on the high-voltage side ? ‘Solution : On low-voltage side of transformer the main transformer ‘winnings arc connected in deta ‘So voltage per phase = Line voltage = 6,600 V Current transformers on low voltage i-c., 6,600 V side are ‘connected in star and the ratio is 300V5 ie. 60 ‘On high-voltage side of transformer, the main wansformer ‘The turn-rtio ofthe main transf ‘Curreat transformers on high voltage side are connected in delta ‘igh voliage side current ransformer rai 1 ~ox 1-28: 60x lps 208: 1 Ane Example 123. A 3-phase, 200 MVA. 11/04 KY transformer is connected as deta/star. The protection transformer on the 0.4 kV side has turn ratio of S005. What will be CT ratio on the high ‘voltage side? Also obtain the cireulating current when the fault of 750 A of the following types occur on the low voltage side: @ Earth fault within the protection zone (ii) Earth fanlt outside the protection zone (iii) phase-to-phase fault within the protection zone (i) phase-to-phase fault outside the protection zone. Solution : On low-voltage side of transformer the main transformer Sing we comes So ine wlage volage = WHEE. 24 9231 Wy Pasevolnge = EA (0m high-voltage side of wansformer, the min transformer windings Comedia aso Phase voltage = Line voltage = 11 kV -JLe Tetum ato ofan raseemer = HL =7.63 Current transformers on low-voltage i.e, on 0.4 kV side are comes in etd be a= 5 00 igh voltage side CTs turn-ratio __ Tum-ratio of CTs on low-voltage side “Torn-rtio af main transformer 100 = ypgg 21 de, DAT Ams, (The cant faut is within the protection zone and since the primary i jolated therefore, on ero sequence current wll low in the primary. ‘The line current 00 hv side (windings connected i dclia) corresponding 19730 A o4 =750x 94 $4 = 27.274 Switchgear and Pioigy “The current ratio of CTs on hv ca e2tih, Socrmagae zx current theough the relay will be Sous Fig. 12.6 (a) Gi) When there is an earth fault outside the protection zn distribution of current on the hv side remain the same as inca, tami Ua ‘osx —t L_rpxseer—t orenanne Fig. 12.6 (6) ‘The secondary current in CTs on Iv side will 750x5/500=758 ‘the direction of flow of current is shown in Fig. 12.6 () __ Thecurrentin plot wires =7.5 x V3 = 12:99 A,CTeeabs# being connected in delta. ‘Thus the relay will carry nv ct us Ue cient forthe rghit il no olathe aeserme (itt) When there is a phase-to ee Be )-phase fault within protect Wt causes flow of current in the two phases of the Iv win oh newt za tyseE any gt ee a ro gt i sofadeeser earl eonng phases o are nat atte ate eh ops iat SAR ssl ONEANRE TNS note Rtas Ne bonatinmnes will ge alent ow Fig 61) lo) Whenthere isa phasotoophase faut outside the protection gon peso Sabato oN a fostrate in F126 ann fever fgare np current wilt ow through the operating Sieg and so the tenstormer will notte asconnected form NER Bangle 14 A 100 MVA A/Y-comnected, 11/220 KY» ‘pantormer sto be protected by pereentage differential scheme, ‘Tthoed are of ratio Q0OUS and SOUT respectively. Draw te ‘usc complete scheme, Relays are rated up to TAL ‘Soon Rated curvent for star @2ORV) side wvarasing 10% _ _tooscto® * nox ‘Read current fordetea (UU RV) side = Transformation ratio x Yeside current 162A Loy saver OPERATING ‘cons RNs cons ee ' — so will how ot cuttontinsltthettieephaes Nillte retuced futher by using sucg ne eee debalanced (in phas Relays ave cated up to 1 A hence Meco cteg 4 a0 tanec neavnel innominate ee Borneemat oper oreratve Te 1A cate fo the ate cut in tanner Salary CY we bse sult te oa en ‘On by side we compensate - compensate pit difeence bo ‘Connection of transformer through using au Mose con eh wing autary CT eee atio requined is ¥3. x 0.873 = 1.52, Example 125, A 50 MVA, 132/66 kV, A/V, three-phase power transformer is protected by percentage differential relays. If the ‘current transformers (CTs) located on delta and wye sides of the power transformer are 300/5 A and 1.200/5 A respectively. Aetermine (a) the output current at ful load (5) the relay current at full-oad (¢) the minimum relay current setting to permit 25% overload. 1GATE 1991) Solution : Rated current for primary (A-connected side) MVA niting x10° 50X10 aie 7 a ane, ~ Bx Px 132,000 (ay Rated curvent for secondary (¥ connected side) 9 = OHIO 2ag74a am Ex 66,000 3 i 22187 x 2=3615 a Current in ivside CTs = 218.7 x 33.645, 5 2 Cumentin lvside CTs = 4874 gp = 158224 (@) Relay curtent at full oul = 3.645 — 1822 JF = 0489 Ans. “Assuming slay rating 1 A TPeroontage setting = 50% (With 25% overload Tine cutent in sccondaies of CTs connected om hv site etccamines of CTS Line cue nan le saeent 6 3615 2Sgonfvade= {5 ISD x12S= 391A - Relay current =/ 16 - 3.94 = 0.62.4 ie ap cesian os als cape aaah Brn ti care iewiesuitctaaergnie es ‘current and celay setting current is 5A. anor sa erase 2004051 sain traneme gotution : On towrvolags sie of ne Sanaings are connected in eT oe Sovoage ee tree a ‘on igholtage side of transform — windings are cones i8 ts 2kV pansoemet 2Switehgear ing 264 Sovotageps pine = MACOS. 2 yy 2278 137 Tura of main tantormer= 127 = 0962 Lettecure smfnnannio fT onow-vag istry ‘hen CT rato on high voltage side willbe os Rated current for primary (star-connected side) 40108 Vix 1,000 Rated current for secondary (delta-connected: 104.97 4 | 40108 = tel its J9 x19 x10" ‘Current in hy side Crs = 10497... 1002 at k/0.952 x8 Curentinty side Cts = 1745 4 Relay coon at utd ~ 1749510812 _ 6583 6583 Relay tie 115 of a eae = SS 752 a k ok = B24 3 ‘ce, Transformation ratio of CTs onside is 757. and tha of CTs 75.15 782 on hy side is 787U5-5 ;.¢, 78:7 y Ans. oar? hfe Ts A 12.7. HARMONIC RESTRAINT RELAY The operation of the relays because of magnetising inrush ck fuses across the relay 12.3) or nsing relays with inverse and definite (IDMT) characteristics, as mentioned in Act. 125.1 (4). However, for FHV transformers, the relay current and time ratings necessary to ensure stability on the magnetising inrush current caused by switching-in the transformer are not adequate for providing high speed protection. A high speed biased differential relay incorporating a harmonic restraint feature is immune to the saguctising inrush current. The magnetising inrush currents have a high componett uf eveu aid wdd larmonles (about 63 % of second harmonics and 26.8 % of third harmonics) while harmonic ‘component of stiuit-itcuit currents ts negligible, Ihe use ot these facts is made for restraining the relay from operation during initial current inrush. The harmonic restraint differential relay is sensitive to fault currents but is immune to the magnetising cutents. The operating coil of the relay carries only the funclamental component of current only while the restraining coil canies the’ sum of the fundamental and ‘harmonic components. ofan harmonte restraint dit 12.8. The restraining coil jee ty ct current proportional 1 is Winding exces lirect current due to harmonies. Harmonic ys "la from the tuned circuit (Xe~X,) that alloys =r fundamental component of eurtent to enter ne.” circuit. The de and higher harmonies (moa? harmonics) are diverted into the rectifier bridge ange! restraining coil. The relay is adjusted sothatit warner 2 | when the harmonic current exceeds 15% of the fangs Current. Both the de and higher harmonics are gre | cnantiods ting exngeting Sea. he ‘The relay may fil f0 operate due to harmonic ea | feaie if an internal fault has considerable harmony maybe present inthe faut curtent itself de to antec to saturution of CT. Also, if a fault exists a he ints | energization of transformer harmonics present is magnedsing current may prevent he operation ofthe ris This problem can be overcome by providing instants, overcurrent relay n the dferential clrcult which i setaine the maximum inrush current but will operate in les hace eyeieon intemal feuts. Thus fast tripping is ensued internal faults. ‘The other ‘method used is harmonic blocking. ns hethod the harmonic component of magnetising irs | current is used for blocking a separate relay, called | blocking relay, whose contacts are in series with the conic | ofthe differential relay. The blocking relay contains 2 IE | blocking filter in operating coil and 50 Fz blocking fit: the restraining coil. During inrush currents the sec! | harmonic component is predominant and the blocking | is blocked. The blocking relay contacts remain op! | During short circuit, fundamtental component i pedi nant, so blocking relay operates and relay contact cis | closed. Fig. 128, Basie Cireuit of Harmonic Restraint KetsyFo. SELF BALANCE PROTECTION SYSTEM nvaelf balance protection system discussed earlieg Hi) forthe protection af altemnators tan sing yed to power transformers without any modifienieg epi the same type of equipment has tw be employed oth primary and secondary sides. The promege of gormers (CTS) can be located inthe oil of the transformer ‘his system of protection of power transformers ix na mt used because it cannot provide protection ny jmafnmer terminals and the connected cables up to itch DIFFERENTIAL MAGNETIC BALANCE PROTECTION SYSTEM Imis system is necessarily a combination of circulating feurent and self balance protection systems. The main aivantages of this protection system are increased stability ‘and sensitivity and its application to power transformers provided with load tap changers. Figure 12.9 illustrates scheme representing a power transformer having primary (low-voltage) side connected in delta and secondary (high ‘oltge) side connected in star. pl Fe 129, Single Line Diagram of Differential Magnetic Balance (Provecaon Scheme The current transformers used are bus type and are rotection. Their current provide equal secondary fed from another flux of side CT the urns of Lethe equipotenial point of the pilot wires is Winding on hv side CT (CT) Since the Core (C10 is more because ofits more ampere 4urns. TCH as pee sy ee ‘magnetising current and provide am accursie iro emnencac es re cmc caine Tn ott ores he ia atc 12.40. SELF STABILISING MAGN! BALANC! ETIC PROTECTION SYSTEM . For the protection of power tra Necessary that the protective CT) must also be capable of changing itv cor Whenever power transformer tappings ae changed Le. CT, Windings need some modification. This is explained belon? tn Fig. 12.10 (a) plain magnetic balance protection System discussed in Art. 12.9 is illustrated. the relay connections ate not showin for sake of simplicity. CTs used are bus-bar type. In Fig. 12.10 (b) self stabilizing circuit for ‘magnetic balance protection system 1 shown, In this circ the magnetic core of CTs divided into two halves P, and P, and the secondary winding 1s so wound that the fluz developed by the two halves P, and P, is equal and opposing ech other. Thus in nounal uperating conditions 10 emt 1s induced in the secondary coil remains inoperative. sformer having tappings itis CT connected on hv side (i (0) Magnetic Bolance Relay Without Stabilization Cireit (Self Sabiing Cnet For Magnetic Balance Protection Setem a c) Modified Circit For Sl Stabilizing Magnes ‘Balance wee re 0 Tin operating nde seer endl ase jing full-load currents, the flux coi en eal and rl) wining cl developed By "Row when the tapping of is onceners es Mops mom te 0 a e8 a tansfrmer a -¢ normaltes ase yang ues Suna 0p geese eH 2 open ajo med yen 920 0 UES OFM ss Nousaipua sinva Kiva aaIORUISAe FEET = sammich a Y “EES. yETL : sorte fr eat faut cuent of the onder of 15% ot current, Such setting protects restricted portion nding, hence the name restricted earth fault f F500 | FAULT Q RELAY Restricted Earth Fault Protection of Star-Connected gant ron ane i ay ese sh aly ENB 10 Be eo este nd por re, operate for spurious signals, exte as , herefoTe, OPE ignals, external faults ing resistor id ng urges. Hence the relay is set as per Peco or is connected in series withthe relay {0 avoid magnet core, ing ineush eurent and also saturation of CF 12.42, FRAME LEAKAGE PROTECTION ‘The transformer is “ illusory ont if Mound insulted trom the ground, as 12.14. The transformer tank is connected to ‘conecreo — yconeereo Twnanne “Swnnner” TRNSGAWER i IT —o 4 1~w0000|-0 WOT — THT 0 a concaere “Samrat eee cimat| PRESET TSE Fig. 1214, Frame Leakage Protection cearth through a CT to which an instantaneous earth fault relay 4s connected. In the case of an earth fault in the transformer (breakdown of insulation in any winding of the transformer), there 1s a flow uf cuuient to the earth over this connection ‘causing the relay to operate. Such an arrangement is usually provided where banked traneformers are provided with 2 single overall differential protection and itis difficult to find as (o which transformer is faulty. 42.43. GENERATOR-TRANSFORMER UNIT PROTECTION sansmission the bus-bars are operated at higher voltages Inv te ens {han that of generation; It is common practice to connest the Fig. 12.13 ; Baraat yaw TRANSFORMER GENERATOR eee 1. seounone OT ERATOR = i — 4 ; BORD pas : t j TOBE “seconoant | oT pesinamoie COWS tenet jerneuars on wr Unit son of GeneratorsTransform protection ofenerators directly to step-up transformers. In this protection scheme no circuit breaker is interposed In between 1 enerator and transformer. The main advantage of sue protection is that it simplifies the protection, mainly the differential protection for both generator and transformer can be combined together by employing CIs on the nevual side of the generator and on the hy side of the power transformer. as illustrated in Fig. 12.15. Because of the occurrence of ‘magnetising inrush current transients the relay settings in this protection scheme must be considerably higher than those for protecting a generator only. The zone of differential Protection includes the stator windings of the generator, the step-up transformer and the intervening connections. It is necessary to take care of the phase shift within the power transformer and the connections of CTs. If a unit transformer is tapped off at the generator terminals, this also hs to be taken care of by suitable connections of the CTs for protection. CTs located on the neutral side of the generator fare star-connected while the CTs on the secondary (hv) side of the main transformer are delta-connected so as to cancel the 30° displacement between linc currents introduced by delta-connected primary of the main transformer. ‘he unbalance caused between CT pairs due to load of unit transtormer ts avoided by providing another set of star- connected CTs in the primary leads of the latter. In healthy ‘on the sum of secondary currents of these C1y, ints of the generator Starpoint CT, jg a Haein the pilot wite> from the secondang, Mt the curmnected CTS 07 the SecOndRFY side of ihe epsformer. on occurrence of fault differentia rly watepized, The hy winding of the main transfor” protected against earth faults by the restricted ear," proteetinn scheme. From the schematic diagram of generator-tranfon, unit protection shown in Fig. 12.15, it i obvious tay stator winding of the generator and the Ivor primary wingye Of the main trangformer and wnit transformer* comprig, separate circuit having no electrical connection with crouits, So au earth fault at any point of this separate cing ‘will cause a flow of current through the earth connection xg through a PT couccted in series with it. An alarm cg, connected across the secondary winding of PT will energized and give te necessary signal. 12.14. TYPES OF PROTECTION FOR POWER TRANSFORMERS ‘Types of protection for power transtormers are showa is ‘Tables 12.2 and 12.3. conditi secondary curre ‘Table 12.2 Tae | ‘Small distribution transformers aly vfs or protection gainstca faut and phase sopine Overload protection generally not provided, "For more important transformers of about SOOKVA “Transformer, in important locations, of rating SOOKVA and above Overcurrent relays Instantaneous earth fault relays. Restricted earth fault protection (Qversiment and earth fast pruceion. Buchholz clay prosecton, “Tansformersofrating of2 MVA and above Differential protection. Restricted earth fault prowction. n. Restricted earth fault Overcurrent protection. Buchhloz relay protection ‘Table 123 ‘Abnormal Condition. 5 Type offrotection J = oa | Incipient fats below illevelesulinginde- | Buckbol relay (Gas ctuated rela epchinstcitaisecwcapasses | Suimmransag Te) [Patol shy we ormmonsstot between phase and ground). Pressure elit valve, and above Large imeral faults (phaseto-phase, phase-- | 1. Bucholveay. torground) below oll evel. 2. Percentage ifferental protection Buchholz relay (00 slow and less sensitive Faulsin ap change 3. Highspeedigh-etovercuret rly | Ronee an tet iting MVA and above _ ‘Saturation of magnetic circuit 1. Over tuxng protection. a E 2. Overvoltage protection. rapeaoran generator transformed = Gia tanstormer fs coma wo he gosto crminals Fr supplying. We pOWEr Staton auxiliaries. aVoeN wey \or