SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY Basically, these technologies are for
security and protection
|CHAPTER 1 Conservation of Life
HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN THE COURSE OF Developments in the field of medicine to
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY prevent and/or cure illnesses
Architecture and Engineering
The developments in science and technology were For better transportation, establishment
brought about by gradual developments to earlier of structures, protection from human
works from different time periods and have evolved invasion, animal attacks, and natural
incrementally over human history. The major reasons disasters
for this significant progress are mainly pointed to the This established the unique identity of a
desire to raise the quality of life of the people. nation with their designs and symbols
Considered a status symbol among
|ANCIENT TIMES nations of how sophisticated their
In the earlier times, people were more concerned technology is
with transportation, navigation, communication, Mass production
record- keeping, mass production, security and Along with the increase of population, the
protection, as well as health, aesthetics, demand for supplies also increased
engineering and architecture. Aesthetic Purposes
Transportation Beautifying one’s appearance to be more
People travel for a better settlement virtually presentable and appealing
In search for food by adding decorations in people’s body
Trade – exchange of goods Beauty was regarded as holy
In land and in water – speed of travelling in
rivers depended much on the direction of the |SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
journey, the strength of the wind and the - Southernmost region of ancient Mesopotamia
current, the boat itself and its crew (Modern day Iraq and Kuwait)
Communication - considered the cradle of civilization; found between
Used to facilitate trade and prevent possible two great rivers (Tigris and Euphrates)
conflicts and misunderstandings Cuneiform
Documentation – record-keeping was Comes from Latin word cuneus for ‘wedge’
essential. It was also vital to keep records of owing to the wedge-shaped style of writing
their history, culture, tradition, rituals, Writing system of the Sumerians – this utilizes
literatures to establish their identities word pictures and triangular symbols
Weapons and Warfare which are carved on clay using wedge
It was important to develop armories and instruments and then left to dry.
weapons as people tried to establish new This allowed the Sumerians to keep records of
settlements and form new alliances with events with significant historical value
other tribes “the Epic of Gilgamesh” was known as the
There was always the risk of conflicts due to oldest type of literature written in cuneiform
variation in culture and orientations and which was an epic tale that tells the life
origin of Gilgamesh, the hero king of Uruk, and
For defense, weapons and armories were used his adventures
to defend territories and properties as well as Uruk City
for survival Considered to be the first true city
For offense, weapons and armories were used It was founded by King Enmerkar around 4500
by stronger nations to invade weaker ones so BCE
they could take over more resources and Famous for its great king Gilgamesh
territories The first to display architectural work that
made use of clay, mud, sun-baked bricks
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It was highly significant as a symbol of Made up of sun-baked bricks that the people
power because this was where the laid on the ground. A black sticky substance,
very first empire was established by bitumen, which is similar to asphalt
King Eannutum was poured to smoothen the roads
The Great Ziggurat of Ur This was very useful especially during the rainy
Also called the Mountain of God season that made roads muddy thereby
This consisted of successively smaller traveling was made difficult
platforms that had a solid core of
mud- brick which was covered by burnt |BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
brick Founded by the Amorites
This was built and dedicated to the moon Situated also in the Mesopotamia
god Nanna, who was the patron deity of The Hanging Gardens
the city Built by King Nebuchadnezzar II (r. 605-
This structure served as representation of 562 BCE) as a gift to his wife, Amytis
the homes of the Sumer Considered to be one of the Seven
Irrigation and Dikes Wonders of the Ancient World
Through these structures, the Sumerians A structure made up of layers upon layers
were able to enjoy year long farming and of gardens that contained several species
harvesting, which increased food of plants, trees, and vines
production Code of Hammurabi
This also posed solutions to the problem of Sets of laws in the Ancient Babylon
flooding, and problems on water concerning religion, agriculture,
scarcity administration and business
Sailboats It was codified by Hammurabi
The main transportation for the It contains laws concerning marriage,
Sumerians were waterways i.e. rivers and divorce, property, contract, trade and
seas so they had to develop means to commerce, religion. Also criminal
transport large quantities of goods and be laws relating to murder, theft,
able to cover large distances treachery, dishonesty, and negligence of
Also essential in fostering culture, duty
information, and technology together “An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth”
with the trading system Treated to be the ‘First Law Book of the
Wheel World’
The first wheels were not intended for Empowered women’s right over property
transportation but for farm work and Religion
food processes Babylonians were polytheists
With the use of wheel and axle, mass They believed that the gods and
production was made easier. Farmers goddesses take birth, come
were able to mill grains with less under sorrows, sufferings and
effort and time happiness, and death
Plow In order to facilitate faster and easier travel, the
A farm technology that enables the Sumerians developed the first roads
Sumerian farmers to dig the ground
where seeds would be planted.
It can cultivate larger parcels of land at a
faster rate thereby increasing crop
production
Roads
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- Dependent on the annual inundation of the Nile
|EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION River to support its agricultural needs
- Civilization in northeastern Africa that dates from the
14th millennium BCD The Pyramids
One of the most magnificent man-made
structures in history
These were built as tombs for the pharaohs Carved at the walls of the pyramids and other
and their queens structures
Its designs reflect the unique role of the Keep records of Egyptians’ history and culture
pharaoh in Egyptian society Composed of three basic types of signs:
The pyramid’s smooth, angled sides Logograms (representing words); phonograms
symbolized the rays of the sun and were (representing sounds); and determinatives
designed to help the pharaoh’s soul ascend to
heaven and join the gods, particularly the sun
god Ra.
The Great Pyramid of Giza – This was built for
the pharaoh Khufu and the only surviving
structure out of the famed seven wonders of
the ancient world
Mummification
The preservation of the body
The science of mummification was much more
of a common practice throughout history and
it was practiced by various cultures all around
the world. However, mummification was very
sacred in the lives of the Ancient
Egyptians since they believed that after
their life had ended on Earth, they
would start a long journey into the
afterlife. In order for the dead to arrive in the
afterlife safe and unharmed, it is necessary
that the deceased body were treated with
the utmost respect and kept as close as
possible to the original representation of the
body
Papyrus
From Cyperus papyrus
For record-keeping and communications
For easier safe-keeping of records that were
often destroyed by raiders
Ink
Combination of soot with different chemicals
to produce ink of different colors
The ink must withstand the elements of
nature since it was used to record history,
culture and codified laws
Hieroglyphics
Egyptians believed that this was provided to
them by the gods thus referred to as
“Holy Writing”
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(placed at the end of the word to clarify the
meaning of the word) Alarm Clock
Cosmetics and Wigs Used to tell an individual when to stop or
It was regarded for both health and aesthetic when to start
purposes It was made with the use of water or
Egyptians wore Kohl around the eyes to sometimes sand or pebbles that dropped into
prevent and even cure eye diseases. Kohl was drums which sounded the alarm
a mixture of soot or malachite with galena Plato was believed to have used the alarm
Wearing make-up was believed to be for clock to signal the start of his lecture
protection against evil spirits and that beauty Water Mill
was a symbol for holiness Commonly used in agricultural processes like
Wigs were used for protection from sun’s rays milling of grains which was necessary form of
and for prevention of head lice infestation food processing. This in turn led to production
Water Clock/Clepsydra of edible food stable like beaten rice, cereals
This utilizes gravity that affects the flow of Odometer
water from vessel to the other Used to measure distances
The amount of water remaining in the device Olympics
determines how much time has elapsed since Ancient Olympic games were primarily a part of
it is full a religious festival in honor of Zeus
Games were held at Olympia
|GREEK CIVILIZATION Geometry
- known as the birth place of western philosophy One of the oldest branches of mathematics
- Some of its in-depth contributions were on Geometric facts for Greeks must be
philosophy and mathematics established by deductive reasoning
Medicine Provided easier access to government
Back then, illnesses were believed to have information
been caused by evil spirits and Codex
punishments by gods and goddesses and Bound books
treatments were surrounded by Caesar started stacking up papyrus to form
superstitions. Until Hippocrates started to pages of a book. Later, they provided cover to
make observations and experimentations the book made of wax and was then replaced
regarding the human body and that diseases by animal skin
were caused by natural processes Roman architecture
Hippocrates – Father of Medicine; Believed to be a contribution of Greek
“Hippocratic Oath” – Ethical standards architecture, thus, the resemblance
followed by physicians Cathedrals, basilicas, coliseums, aqueducts,
He was the first to describe symptoms of amphitheaters, and residential houses
pneumonia, epilepsy, etc. Roman Numerals
Number system developed to aid with high
|ROMAN CIVILIZATION calculation requirements due to the
- Perceived to be the strongest political and social increasing rate of communication and
entity in the west trade among nations
- considered to be the cradle of politics and Julian Calendar
governance for their legislative laws and codified laws
Newspaper (Acta diurna)
Known as the Acta diurna or the Daily Acts
The first newspapers, known as gazettes,
contained announcements of the Roman
Empire to the people
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sun and stars movements have impacts to Once believed to be the only man-made
human lives and events structure that could be seen from the
outer space
|CHINESE CIVILIZATION It was built to keep out foreign invaders and
- considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia control the borders of China
- also known as the middle kingdom Made with stone, brick, wood, and other
- Surrounded by great river systems, the Yellow River materials
to the north (which is also known as the Cradle Approximately 21, 196 km long
of Chinese Civilization) and the Yangtze River to the Today, it still continues to be a world
south attraction due to its historical significance and
Silk Production architectural grandeur
Silk trade opened China to the outside world Gun powder
having opened the Silk Road other nations It was developed by Chinese alchemists to
brought about exchange of achieve immortality
culture, knowledge, information, and goods Mixture of charcoal, sulfur, and potassium
Tea Production nitrate
The invention of wheel-based machine that Used to propel bullets from guns and cannons
could shred tea leaves into strips made way in Preferred by raiders who plan to attack at a
the increase of tea production thereby leading distance
to raise in trade with other nations Used to dissipate attempts of invasion
Great Wall of China Used in fireworks during significant events in
China, to celebrate blessings and drive
away evil spirits
Known as Republican calendar |M|||MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES
Lunar calendar that followed the phases of t-hBeet -Between the fall of the Roman Empire and
the
moon beginning of the Renaissance
Significant in tracking seasonal changes; and in - Marked by massive invasions and migrations
astrology where they believed that the moon, - Wars were prevalent during this time
- Developments were geared towards weaponry, Holland
navigation, mass food and farm production, Galileo Galilei (1609) – known as the Father of
and health Modern Science - first used the telescope
Printing Press in astronomy
Developed by Johann Gutenberg It opened new insights of outer space
Utilized wooden machine that extracted juices
explorations
from fruits, attached to them a
War weapons
metal impression of the letters and pressed
Made for offensive and defensive techniques
firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper
Includes cross bows, long bows for long ranges
which made an exact impression on paper
attacks
Microscope
Body armors were also made for protection in
Developed by Zacharias Janssen
close range hand-to-hand combat
Guided by the principles used for the
invention of eyeglasses in earlier years
|MODERN TIMES/INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Used for observation of organisms that were - With the increase of population demanded
normally unseen by the naked eye more
Used to discovering new means of preventing goods to be produced at a faster rate, more
and curing various illnesses efficient means of transportation, more effective
Refracting Telescope communication means, and more
First discovered by Hans Lippershey (1608) of developments in health and education
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- Industrial revolution was the transition to This created many changes and additions to
new manufacturing processes in the period from technology including steam-powered
about locomotives
1760 to sometime between 1820-1840 Pasteurization
Steam Engine Process of heat processing a liquid or a food to
Invented in 1698 but credited to James Watt in kill pathogenic bacteria to make the food safe
1763
to eat
This was a way to turn heat into motion
Developed by Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
This has helped reduce transmission of
diseases i.e. typhoid fever,
tuberculosis, dysentery, etc.
Oil Refinery
World’s first oil refinery in Romania (1856)
Samuel M. Kier – first to invent kerosene by
refining petroleum
It was first used to illuminate homes
At present, petroleum is widely used in
powering automobiles, factories,
power plants and others
Telephone
Developed by Alexander Graham Bell (1876)
Maintained connection and communication
with each other in real time
It allowed daily discussions be addressed at
the fastest time possible especially
government concerns
Mechanical Calculator
Credited to Blaise Pascal (1642)
Creation of modern calculators paved way for
easier arithmetic calculations and also
resulted in the development of more complex
processing machines like computers
Electricity
William Gilbert first coined the word
‘electricus’ in the year 1600 to
describe the force that certain
substances exert when rubbed against
each other
Benjamin Franklin did experimentations
on electricity and published in his book
“Experiments and Observations on
Electricity Made at Philadelphia
in America” e.g. lightning rod
|PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS
- Despite being considered as a developing
country, the Philippines also contributes to
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the global advancement of science and technology
Kampilan
Filipino sword Environment-friendly since it does not emit
Considered to be the national weapon of any smoke and noise
the Moros of Sulu and Mindanao
Used by Datus and Sultans as a symbol of
power, wealth and status
Baybayin
Used as indigenous scripts of pre-colonial
Philippines
Influenced many historical events and
agencies i.e. the flag of the Katipunan
carrying a symbol which is a Baybayin
character; the emblem of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines; seal of
the Philippine Army and the Logo of
the Cultural Center of the Philippines
Erythromycin
Antibiotic useful for the treatment of
bacterial infections
Discovered by Dr. Abelardo Aguilar in 1949
Salamander Amphibious Tricycle
By Dominic Chung and Lamberto Armada
Mode of transport both in land and in water
SALt Lamp
Sustainable Alternative Lighting Lamp
By Aisa Mijeno
Environment-friendly light source that runs on
saltwater
No risk of fire and no emission of toxic gases
Beneficial for far-flung barrios by mixing two
tablespoons of salt and a glass of tap water
Medical Incubator
By Dr. Fe Del Mundo
She devised a medical incubator made by
putting native laundry basket inside a bigger
one
Hot water bottles were inserted between the
baskets to provide warmth
Mosquito Ovicidal/Larvicidal Trap System
User and environment friendly
The idea is to attract Aedes aegypti to lay their
eggs on the paddle
The trap creates optimum conditions for the
mosquito to lay their eggs
E-Jeepney
Utilizes electricity instead of diesel
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