VIETNAM OIL & GAS GROUP

PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY

MASS TRANSFER
PPR13305

Lecturer : Dr. Truong Thanh Tuan

Email : tuantt@pvu.edu.vn
 CONTENT

• OVERVIEW

• TOPICS COVERED

• ASSESEMENT

• RULES

Dr. Truong Thanh Tuan 2

 OVERVIEW

❖ Course number and name: PPR13305 - Mass Transfer

❖ Credit: 3 (Engineering topics)

❖ Textbook:

a. Required:
- Coulson J.M. & Richardson J.F., Chemical Engineering, Volume 1,
six edition, ELBS, Pergamon Press. 2002.
- Coulson J.M. & Richardson J.F., Chemical Engineering, Volume 2,
fifth edition, ELBS, Pergamon Press. 2002.
b. Additional Textbooks (Optional):
- Mass Transfer Operations for the Practicing Engineer. Louis
Theodore and Francesco Ricci, ISBN 978-0-470-57758-5

Dr. Truong Thanh Tuan 3

 OVERVIEW
❖ Course Learning Outcomes
Student
At the end of the course, students will be able to
Outcome No.
LO.01 - Understand the underlying mass transfer and
1
thermodynamics principles of separation processes.
LO.02 - Identify, analyze, and solve equilibrium and rate-
based separation problems including distillation, absorption, 1
adsorption, and extraction processes.
LO.03 - Implement selection and calculation of separation
1
processes for a specified feed and desired product streams

❖ Student Outcomes
At the
Chemical engineering graduates must have
No.
an ability to identify, formulate, and solve chemical engineering
1 problems by applying principles of engineering, science, and
mathematics;

Dr. Truong Thanh Tuan 4

 Topic Covered

❖ 1. Introduction to Mass Transfer

❖ 2. Modes and Diffusion

❖ 3. Gas Absorption

❖ 4. Distillation

❖ 5. Adsorption

❖ 6. Liquid Extraction

❖ 7. Drying

Dr. Truong Thanh Tuan 5

 ASSESSMENT

1. 25% (presentation mark with rubrics)

2. MIDTERM TEST (25%)

3. FINAL TEST – MCQ (50%)

Dr. Truong Thanh Tuan 6

 RULES

Dr. Truong Thanh Tuan 7

Dr. Truong Thanh Tuan 8
 VIETNAM OIL & GAS GROUP
PETROVIETNAM UNIVERSITY

MASS TRANSFER
PPR13305

Lecturer : Dr. Truong Thanh Tuan

Email : tuantt@pvu.edu.vn
 TẬP ĐOÀN DẦU KHÍ VIỆT NAM
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DẦU KHÍ VIỆT NAM

Mass Transfer

Chapter 1: Introduction to Mass

Transfer

CBGD : Dr Truong Thanh Tuan

Email : tuantt@pvu.edu.vn
Website : www.pvu.edu.vn/tuantt
10
 Objectives

End of this chapter, you should be able to identify:

1.1 Conceptual understanding of the diffusion process
1.2 Fick’s law
1.3 Modes of diffusion

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 11

 Diffusion

Diffusion process concerned with:

How matter gets transported from one part of the
system to another due to random molecular
Due to
Random molecular motion
Diffusion
Describes the net movement of molecules from a
region of their high concentration to low concentration

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 12

 Diffusion

1. Molecules have kinetic energy

2. Molecules move in random direction
3. If there is a greater number of molecules A in region (1)
then more molecules of A will transfer to region (2).
4. Net diffusion of A will be from high concentration
(region 1) to low concentration (region 2)
Diffusion experiment:
Diffusion of gases; hydrochloric acid reacts with ammonia
to make ammonium chloride:

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 13

 Diffusion

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 14

 Fick’s First Law of Diffusion

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 15

 Fick’s First Law of Diffusion
Diffusive transport: rate = constant * driving force
= diffusivity * concentration gradient

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 16

 Mass transfer coefficients

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 17

 How get value of D ?

Literature values = measurements then can check with

handbook of Transport Property Data

Or can estimate from physical characteristics

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 18

 Fick’s First Law of Diffusion

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 19

Oxygen gas is flowing through a 10m long circular pipe
with a radius of 16 cm. The concentrations of Oxygen at the
ends of the pipe are 30 kg/m3 and 10kg/m3. The diffusion
constant for O2 at 20oC is 1.8 ˣ 10-5 m2/s.
(a) Calculate the diffusion flow rate.
(b) How many kg of oxygen will flow through this pipe in
15 minutes?
(c) Calculate the concentration gradient
(d) What is the concentration of Oxygen 2m away from the
end of the pipe at high concentration?
(e) How long will take 100kg of Oxygen to travel through
this pipe ?

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 20

 (a) Calculate the diffusion flow rate.

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 21

 (a) Calculate the diffusion flow rate.
D = 1.8ˣ10-5 m2/s
J = amount of material/time = kg/s
J = DˣA [C1 – C2] / L
J = (1.8ˣ10-5 m2/s) ˣ (pi * (0.16m2)2) ˣ (30-10) kg/m3 / 10m
J = m2/s ˣ m2 ˣ kg/m3 ˣ 1/m = kg/s
J = 2.9 ˣ 10-6 kg/s

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 22

 (b) How many kg of oxygen will flow through this
pipe in 15 minutes?

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 23

 (b) How many kg of oxygen will flow through this pipe in
15 minutes ?
15min/1 ˣ 60s/min ˣ 2.9 ˣ10-6 kg/1s = 2.61 ˣ 10-3 kg

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 24

 (c) Calculate the concentration gradient?

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 25

 (c) Calculate the concentration gradient?

detal C / L = (30-10) / 10m = 20 kg/m3 / 10m = 2 kg/m4

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 26

 (d) What is the concentration of Oxygen 2m away from the end
of the pipe at high concentration?
detal C / L = (30-10) / 10m = 20 kg/m3 / 10m = 2 kg/m4

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 27

 (d) What is the concentration of Oxygen 2m away from the end
of the pipe at high concentration?
detal C / L = (30-10) / 10m = 20 kg/m3 / 10m = 2 kg/m4

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 28

 (e) How long will take 100kg of Oxygen to travel through this
pipe ?

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 29

 (e) How long will take 100kg of Oxygen to travel through this
pipe ?

100 kg /1 ˣ 1s / 2.9ˣ10^-6kg ˣ 1min/60s ˣ 1h/60min ˣ 1day/24hour

=399.1 days

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 30

 Convection and Diffusion

(1) Convective transport:

v (m/s): Flux velocity, NA (mol/m2,s)
C (mol/m3) Concentration

(2) Diffusive transport:

(3) Total trp = Diffusion + Convection

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 31

 Convection and Diffusion

(1) Total mass transport is the concentration ˣ mass transfer

velocity
(2) What is the velocity ?
Ntot is the movement of A plus the movement of B

This means that mass transfer velocity (V) =

CA: molar concentration of A (kmol/m3)

cA: mass concentration of A (kg/m3)

(3) Rearrange this:

CA/Ctot = yA molar fraction of

component A
Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 32
 Convection and Diffusion

(1) Total diffusion equation in mole fraction form

(2) Two special cases:

Equimolar counter diff.

 The entire convective part disappears that called equimolar counter

diffusion
Diff. in stagnant component

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 33

 Convection and Diffusion

(1) Two special case

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 34

 Equimolar Counter Diffusion

The same number of moles that diffuses out must also diffuse
in. Each Br2 molecule that diffuses out, one air molecule must
diffuse in

The entire parenthesis disappears, so there is no convection

Then you get the simple equation

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 35

 Equimolar Counter Diffusion

We can integrate the equation

Then you get this equation

Concentration gradient ? (A is the substance diffusing out) What does it look

like ?

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 36

 Equimolar Counter Diffusion
Concentration gradient ? (A is the substance diffusing out) What does it
look like ?

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 37

 Equimolar Counter Diffusion (Example)

Do an example looking at two containers. Both containing gas. One with only
ammonia and one with 50% ammonia and 50% air. Your task: calculate the initial
mass transfer rate.

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 38

 Equimolar Counter Diffusion (Example)

The equation can be integrated. We have concentration and we have gases. How
do we deal with that ?

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 39

 Equimolar Counter Diffusion (Example)

The equation can be integrated. We have concentration and we have gases. How
do we deal with that ?

We use the ideal gas law:

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 40

 Equimolar Counter Diffusion (Example)

The equation can be integrated. We have concentration and we have gases. How
do we deal with that ?

We use the ideal gas law:

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 41

 Diffusion through stagnant

We have concentration and we have gases. How do we deal with that ?

We use the ideal gas law:

=>

𝑃
yA= 𝑃𝐴 ⇒ 𝑦𝐴⨯PT=PA ⇒ dyA ⨯PT=dPA
𝑇

=>

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 42

 Diffusion through stagnant
Concentration gradient ? (A is the
substance diffusing out) What does it look
like ?

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 43

 Diffusion through stagnant

Concentration gradient ? (A is the substance

diffusing out) What does it look like ?

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 44

 TẬP ĐOÀN DẦU KHÍ VIỆT NAM
TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC DẦU KHÍ VIỆT NAM

Mass Transfer

Chapter 2: Modes of diffusion

CBGD : Dr Truong Thanh Tuan

Email : tuantt@pvu.edu.vn
Website : www.pvu.edu.vn/tuantt
45
 Objectives

End of this chapter, you should be able to identify:

1. Multi-components mixture, correction of diffusivity
2. Diffusion in varying cross section area
3. Diffusivity coefficient in liquid and gas
4. Mass transfer theory

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 46

 Modes of diffusion

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 47

 Modes of diffusion

Stagnant diffusion (Mass transfer through a stationary second component):

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 48

 Modes of diffusion

Stagnant diffusion (Mass transfer through a stationary second component):

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 49

 Modes of diffusion

Stagnant diffusion (Mass transfer through a stationary second component):

Dalton's Law of partial pressures:

is known as the drift factor.

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 50

 Modes of diffusion

Example: Ammonia gas is diffusing at a constant rate through a layer of stagnant

air 1 mm thick. Conditions are such that the gas contains 50 percent by volume
ammonia at one boundary of the stagnant layer. The ammonia diffusing to the
other boundary is quickly absorbed and the concentration is negligible at that plane.
The temperature is 295 K and the pressure atmospheric, and under these
conditions the diffusivity of ammonia in air is 0.18 cm2/s. Estimate the rate of
diffusion of ammonia through the layer.

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 51

 Modes of diffusion

If the subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the two sides of the stagnant layer and the
subscripts A and B refer to ammonia and air respectively, then the rate of diffusion
through a stagnant layer is given by:

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 52

 Maxwell’s Law for multicomponent mass
transfer
Example: A sphere of naphthalene having a radius of 2 mm is suspended in a large
volume of still air at 318 K and 101.3 kPa. The surface temperature of naphthalene
can be assumed to be 318 K and its vapour pressure at this temperature is 0.555
mmHg. The diffusivity of naphthalene in air at 318 K is 6.92 * 10-6 m2/s. Calculate
the rate of naphthalene evaporation from surface.

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 53

 Maxwell’s Law for multicomponent mass
transfer
Example: A sphere of naphthalene having a radius of 2 mm is suspended in a large
volume of still air at 318 K and 101.3 kPa. The surface temperature of naphthalene
can be assumed to be 318 K and its vapour pressure at this temperature is 0.555
mmHg. The diffusivity of naphthalene in air at 318 K is 6.92 * 10-6 m2/s. Calculate
the rate of naphthalene evaporation from surface.

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer

 Modes of diffusion
Counter diffusion:
i. Equimolecular counter diffusion:

equimolecular counter diffusion:

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 55

 Modes of diffusion

Example: In an air-carbon dioxide mixture at 298 K and 202.6 kPa, the

concentration of CO2 at two planes (3 mm) apart are 15 vol.% and 25 vol.%.
The diffusivity of CO2 in air at 298 K and 202.6 kPa is 8.2*10-6 m2/s. Calculate
the rate of transfer of CO2 across the two planes, assuming:
a. Equimolecular counter diffusion.
b. Diffusion of CO2 through a stagnant air layer.

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 56

 Modes of diffusion

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 57

 Modes of diffusion
Counter diffusion:
i. Equimolecular counter diffusion:
ii. Unequimolecular counter diffusion:

unequimolecular counter diffusion:

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 58

 Modes of diffusion

Species A in a gaseous mixture diffuses through a (3 mm) thick film and reaches a
catalyst surface where the reaction A → 3B takes place. If the partial pressure of A
in the bulk of the gas is 8.5 kN/m2 and the diffusivity of A is 2*10-5 m2/s. Find the
mole flux of A, given the pressure and temperature of the system are 101.3 kPa
and 297 K, respectively.

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 59

 Modes of diffusion

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 60

 Maxwell’s Law for multicomponent mass
transfer

Applied to the diffusion of a constituent of a multicomponent gas.

The transfer of component A through a stationary gas consisting of components B,
C, D, ... etc

Where: DAm is the effective diffusivity of A in the mixture

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 61

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 62
Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 63
 Maxwell’s Law for multicomponent mass
transfer
Example: Nitrogen is diffusing under steady condition through a mixture of 2% N2,
20% C2H6 , 30% C2H4 and 48% C4H10 at 298 K and 100 kPa. The partial pressure
of nitrogen at two planes (1 mm ) apart are 13.3 & 6.67 kPa, respectively.
Calculate the rate of N2 across the two planes. The diffusivity of N2 through C4H10 ,
C2H6 and C2H4 may be taken as 9.6*10-6 m2/s , 14.8*10-6 m2/s and 16.3*10-6
m2/s, respectively.

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 64

 Maxwell’s Law for multicomponent mass
transfer

1.196 x 10-5

3.56 x 10-5

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 65

 Mass transfer theory

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 66

 Mass transfer theory

The Two-Film Theory

The rate of mass transfer per unit area in terms of the two-film theory for
equimolecular counter diffusion is given for the first phase as:

In the form of partial pressure:

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 67

 Mass transfer theory

The rate of mass transfer per unit area from the gas film

The rate of mass transfer per unit area from the liquid film:

Where:

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 68

 Mass transfer theory

Since the film thickness Zg Where:

and ZL are difficult to define
or estimate, then we rewrite
the above equations as
follow:

But: PAi and CAi are difficult to

measure, therefore we define
the overall mass transfer
coefficient:

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 69

 The Relationships between the various mass transfer coefficients

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 70

 The Relationships between the various mass transfer coefficients

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 71

 The Relationships between the various mass transfer coefficients

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 72

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 73
 Process Control
Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 74
Example: For a system in which component (A) is transferring from the liquid to
the gas phase, the equilibrium is given by yA* = 0.75 xA. At one point in the
apparatus the liquid contain 90 mol% of (A) and gas contain 45 mol% of (A). The
individual gas film mass transfer coefficient at this point in the apparatus of
0.02716 kmol/m2.s , and 70% of the overall resistance to mass transfer is known
to be encountered in the gas film: determine:
1. The molar flux of (A).
2. The interficial concentration of (A).
3. The overall mass transfer coefficient for liquid and gas phases.

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 75

 (1)

Giải thích vấn đề dừng lại trước khi kết thúc tiết học trước:
Sử dụng pt (1) vì đơn vị KOG đang làm kmol/m2.s

Truong Thanh Tuan, PhD Mass Transfer 76