1.

1 History of Architecture
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1. History of A record of man's effort to build beautifully. It 14. Factors Climate

Architecture traces the origin, growth and decline of affecting the
architectural styles which have prevailed land style of
and ages. Architecture
2. History A systematic, often chronological narrative of 15. Prehistoric Pertaining to or existing in the prior to the
significant events as relating to a particular recording of human events, knowledge of
people, country or period, often including an which is gained mainly through archeological
explanation of their causes. discoveries, studies and research.
3. Civilization An advance state of human society marked by 16. Stone Age The earliest known period of human culture,
a relatively high level of cultural, technical and preceding the Bronze Age and the Iron Age
political development. and characterized by the use of stone
implements and weapons.
4. Society An enduring and cooperating large-scale
community of people having common 17. Neolithic Relating to the last phase of the Stone Age,
traditions, institutions and identity whose characterized by the cultivation of grain
members have developed collective interests crops, domestication of animals, settlement
and beliefs through interaction with one of villages, manufacture of pottery and
another. textiles, and use of polished stone
implements: thought to have begun c9000-
5. Culture The integrated pattern of human knowledge,
8000 BC.
beliefs and behaviors built up by a group of
human beings and transmitted from one 18. Lascaux
generation to the next. Caves
6. Style A particular or distinctive form of artistic
expression characteristic of a person, people
or period.
7. Expression The manner in which meaning, spirit or
character is symbolized or communicated in
the execution of an artistic work.
A cave in Lascaux, France, containing wall
8. Historic The particular method and the characteristics, paintings and engravings thought to date
styles of manner of design which prevails at a certain from c13,000-8500 BC.
Architecture place and time.
19. Mesopotamia An ancient region in Western Asia between
9. Factors History the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, comprising
affecting the lands of Sumer and Akkad and occupied
the style of successively by the Sumerians, Babylonians,
Architecture Assyrians, and Persians: now part of Iraq.
10. Factors Society 20. Fertile
affecting Crescent
the style of
Architecture
11. Factors Religion
affecting
the style of
Architecture
12. Factors Geography
affecting An agricultural region arching from the
the style of eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea in
Architecture the west to Iraq in the east: the location of
humankind's earliest cultures.
13. Factors Geology
affecting
the style of
Architecture
21. Catal Huyuk 28. Megalith

A Neolithic settlement in Anatolia, dated

6500-5000 BC. One of he world's earliest
cities. It had mud-Brick fortifications and
houses, frescoes shrines, a fully developed A vary large stone used as found or roughly
agricultural, and extensive trading obsidian, dressed, esp. In ancient construction work.(either
the chief material for tool-making. alone or together with other stones)
22. Anatolia A vast plateau between the Black, 29. Monolith
Mediterranean, and Aegean seas, synonymous
with the peninsula of Asia Minor: today
comprises most of turkey.
23. Bronze Age A period of human history that began c4000-
3000 BC. Following the Stone Age and
preceding the Iron Age, characterized by the
use of bronze implements.
24. Sumerian The architecture developed by the Sumerians
Architecture who dominated the southern Mesopotamia
from the 4th to the end of the 3rd millennium
BC. Characterized by monumental temples of
sun-dried brick faced with burnt or glazed
brick, often built upon the ruins of their A single block of stone of considerable size, often
predecessors. in the form of an obelisk or column.

25. Sumer An ancient region in southern. Mesopotamia, 30. cairn

where a number of independent cities and
city-states were established as early as
5000BC. A number of its cities, Eridu, Uruk
and Ur are major archeological sites.
26. Tell An artificial mound accumulated from the
remains of one or more ancient settlements:
often used in the Middle East as part of a
place name.
27. Architectural Megalith (large stones)
character of
Pre-Historic
Architecture
A heap of stones piled up as a monument,
tombstone or landmark.
31. Passage 34. Dromos
grave
(passage
tomb)

A megalith tomb of the Neolithic and early Bronze

Ages found in British Isles and Europe, consisting
of a roofed burial chamber and narrow entrance
passage, covered by a tumulus: believe to have
A long, deep passageway into an ancient
been used for successive family or clan burials
subterranean tomb.
spanning a number of generations. Also called
"chamber grave". 35. Materials of Animal skin, Wooden Frames & Bones
Pre-Historic
32. Shaft
Architecture
grave
36. Menhir

A tomb of the Aegean civilizations consisting of a

deep rectangular cut into sloping rock and roof of Single, large upright monolith. Sometimes in
timber or stone. parallel rows reaching several miles.

33. Beehive 37. Menhir

tomb

A prehistoric monument consisting of an

upright megalith, usually standing alone but
A stone-built subterranean tomb of the sometimes aligned with others.
Mycenaean civilization consisting of a circular
38. Dolmen
chamber covered by a corbeled dome and
entered by a walled passage through a hillside.
Also called "Tholos".

Pre-Historic tomb of standing stone usually

capped with large horizontal slab.
39. Dolmen 43. Cromlech

A prehistoric monument consisting of two or

more large upright stones supporting a
horizontal stone slab, found esp. in Britain and
France and usually regarded as a tomb.
40. Trilithon A pre-historic enlcosure formed by huge stones
planted on the ground in circular form.
44. Cromlech

A circular arrangement of megaliths enclosing a

Two upright megaliths supporting a horizontal Dolmen or burial mound.
stone.
45. Tumulus
41. Stonehenge An example of cromlech. (plural:
at England tumuli)
(2000 BC)
42. Stonehenge

A dominant type of tomb in pre-historic

architecture.
46. Tumulus

A megalith monument erected in the early

Bronze Age c2700 BC. on Salisbury Plain,
Wiltshire, England consisting of four
concentric rings of trilithons and menhirs An artificial mound of earth or stone, esp. over
centered around an altar stone: believed to an ancient grave. Also called barrow.
have been used by a win cult or for 47. House A building in which people live.
astronomical observations.
48. Shelter Something beneath, behind or within which a
person is protected from storms or other
adverse conditions.
49. Hut 53. Yurt

A small, simple dwelling or shelter esp. One

made of natural materials. A circular tent like dwelling of the Mongol nomads
50. Pit of Central Asia, consisting of cylindrical wall of
Dwelling poles in a lattice arrangement with a conical roof
of poles, both covered by felt or animal skin.
54. Teepee

A primitive form of shelter consisting of a pot

excavated in the earth and roofed over.
51. Longhouse A tent of the American Indians, made usually from
animal skin laid on a conical frame of long poles
and having an opening at the top for ventilation
and a flap door.
55. Wigwam

A communal dwelling characteristic of many

early cultures esp. That of he Iroquois and
various other North American Indian peoples,
consisting of a wooden bark covered framework
often as much as 100 ft. (30.5m) in length.
52. Igloo

An American Indian dwelling, usually made of

round or oval shape, formed of poles overlap with
bark, Rush mats or animal skin.
56. Hogan

An Eskimo house, usually Built of blocks of hard

snow or ice in the shape of a dome, or when
permanent, of sod, wood, or stone.

A Navaho Indian dwelling, constructed usually of

earth and logs and covered with mud and sod.
57. Sod 60. Plank
house house

A house built of strips of sod, laid like brickwork, A large, usually rectangular house of timber planks,
and used esp. By settlers on the Great Plains when built and used by Indians and, less frequently, by
timber was scarce. Eskimos.

58. Totem 61. Trullo

pole

A circular stone shelter of the Apulla region of

southern Italy, roofed with conical constructions of
corbels dry masonry, usually whitewashed and
painted with figures or symbols. Usually located
among vineyards to serve as storage structures or
as temporary living quarters during harvest.
A pole or post carved and painted with totemic
62. Pueblo
figures, erected by Indians of the northwest coast of
North America esp. In front of their houses.
59. Totem

A communal dwelling and defensive structure of the

Pueblo Indians of the southwestern US., built of
Adobe or stone typically many-storied and terraced
with entry through the flat roofs of the chambers by
ladder. Built on the dessert floor, in valleys or in the
more easily defended cliff walls of mesas.

An animal, plant or natural object serving as an

emblem of a family or clan by virtue of ancestral
relationship.
63. Mesa 71. Egyptian The architecture of the ancient civilization that
Architecture flourished along the Nile river in northwest
Africa from before 3000 BC. To its annexation
by Rome in 30 BC., characterized esp. by the
axial planing of massive masonry tombs and
temples, the use of trabeated construction
with precise stonework and decoration of
battered walls with pictographic carvings in
relief. A preoccupation with eternity and
afterlife dominated the building of these
A natural flat-topped elevation with one or more funerary monuments and temples, which
clod like sides. Common in arid and semiarid reproduced the features of domestic
parts of the southwestern US and Mexico. architecture but in a massive scale using stone
for permanence.
64. Kiva
72. Egyptian Centralized omnipotent authority of the
History pharaoh (king), seen as a god dwelling on
earth, and sole master of the country and
inhabitants. They have significant Knowledge
in astronomy, mathematics, philosophy and
music.
73. Pharaoh

A large underground or partly underground

chamber in a Pueblo Indian village, used by the
men for religious ceremonies or council.
65. Primitive Natural and artificial caves
dwellings
66. Primitive Beehive hut such as "Khirokitia".
dwellings
67. Primitive Trullo, conical in shape that could be found in
dwellings apulin region, Italy.
68. Primitive Wigwam or teepee Any of the rulers of ancient Egypt who where
dwellings believed to be Devine and had absolute
69. Primitive Hogan, Navaho indian dwelling made up of earth power.
dwellings & logs with mud and sod roof. 74. Egyptian Cult of many gods representing nature. They
70. Primitive Igloo, Eskimo house Religion wished for a fine burial embalmment and
dwellings funeral rites, a permanent tomb or "eternal
dwelling".
75. Egyptian Travel and trade route through Nile river
Geography
and
Geology
76. Egyptian Spring and summer with brilliant sunshine.
climate
77. Architectural Monumental, immortal, permanent
character of
Egyptian
Architecture
78. Construction 86. Sandstone A sedimentary rock consisting of sand, usually
system of Quartz, cemented together by various
Egyptian substances, as silica, clay or calcium carbonate:
Architecture
87. Alabaster

Columnar and trabeated A finely granular form of pure gypsum, often

79. Materials of Stone: abundant in variety and quantity, white and translucent, used for ornamental
Egyptian Softstone: limestone, sandstone, alabaster, objects and work.
Architecture Hardstone: granite, quartzite, basalt. 88. Granite
80. Stone Rock or a piece of rock quarried and worked
into a specific size and shape for a particular
purpose.
81. Rock Solid mineral matter. Naturally formed by the
action of heat or water and occurring in
fragment or large masses.
82. Sedimentary A class of rock formed by the disposition of
rock sediment, as limestone, sandstone or shale.
83. Metamorphic A class of rock that has undergone a change A very hard, coarse-grained igneous rock
rock in structure, texture or composition due to composed mainly of quartz, feldspar and mica
natural agencies, as heat and pressure, esp. or other colored minerals.
when the rock becomes harder and more 89. Quartzite
crystalline.
84. Igneous rock A class of rock formed by the crystallization
of molten magma, as granite.
85. Limestone

A compact, granular metamorphic rock

consisting essentially of quartz derived from
sandstone.
90. Trabeate Of pertaining to a system of construction
employing beams or lintels.
91. Capital The distinctively treated upper end of a column,
A sedimentary rock formed chiefly by the
pillar, or pier, crowning the shaft and taking the
accumulation of the organic remains, as shells
weight of the entablature or the architrave.
and coral, consisting mainly of calcium
carbonate, and uses as a building stone in the
manufacture of lime.
92. Egyptian 95. Egyptian
capitals capitals

Lotus capital
93. Lotus capital

Palm capital
96. Palm capital An ancient Egyptian capital shaped like the
crown of a palm tree.
97. Column A rigid, relatively slender structural member
designated primarily to support axial,
compressive loads applied at the members
ends.
98. Pillar

An ancient Egyptian capital having the shape

of a lotus bud
94. Egyptian
capitals

An upright, relatively slender shaft or

structure, usually of brick or stone, used as a
building support or standing alone as a
monument.
99. Egyptian Polygonal column
Papyrus capital columniation
100. Egyptian Palm-type column
columniation
101. Egyptian Bud-and-bell column
columniation
102. Egyptian Foliated capital column
columniation
103. Egyptian Hathor-headed column
columniation
104. Hathor- Noting an ancient Egyptian column having as its 113. Egyptian "Gorge" or "hollow and roll" moldings,
headed capital the head of Hathor, the Egyptian goddess decoration Hieroglyphics, Sphinxes, Solar disc and culture
of love and happiness, often represented with the with spread wings, Scarab-symbol of
head or horns of a cow. Also "Hathoric". resurrection, Papyrus, Lotus and palm
symbolizing fertility, Grapes symbolizing
105. Egyptian Square pillar
eternity.
pillars
114. Sphinx
106. Egyptian Osiris pillars
pillars
107. Osirian An ancient Egyptian column incorporating the
column sculptures figure of Osiris, the Egyptian goddess
of death and resurrection.
108. Egyptian
roof

A figure of an imaginary creature having the

body of a lion and the head of a man, armor
hawk, commonly placed along avenues leading
to ancient Egyptian temples or tombs.
115. Egyptian Towards cardinal points.
structure
Flat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude heat orientation
109. Egyptian 116. Mastaba
wall

Batter wall
Rectangular flat-topped funerary mound, with
110. Batter
battered side, covering a burial chamber below
wall
ground, 2 doors: one for the rituals and a false
door for the spirits, offering chapel-serdab
(contains statue of deceased), offering room
with stele (stone with name of deceased
inscribed), and offering table.

A wall diminishing in width towards the top

111. Batter A backward slope of the face of a wall as it rises
112. Egyptian No windows: skylights, roof slits, clerestories.
openings
117. Serdab 121. Mastaba

An ancient Egyptian tomb made of mud

brick, rectangular in plan with a flat roof and
sloping sides, from which a shaft leads to
A small chamber inside a Mastaba containing a underground burial and offering chambers.
statue of deceased. 122. Mastaba of
118. Stele Zoser(djoser;
Step
pyramid)

123. Mastaba of ...

Aha-Sakkara
(saqqara)
124. Mastaba of ...
Thi-Sakkara
An upright stone slab or pillar with a carved or
125. Mastaba at ...
inscribed surface, used as a monument or
Giza
marker, or as a commemorative tablet in the
face of the building. 126. Mastaba at ...
Beit Khallaf
119. Uraeus
127. Pyramid Massive funerary structure of stone or brick
with square plan and four sloping triangular
sides meeting at apex, walled enclosure with
an offering chapel (north or east side);
mortuary chapel; raised and enclosed
causeway leading to west; valley building for
embalmment and internment rites
The figure of the sacred asp, depicted on the (types:step,slope,bend).
headdress of ancient Egyptian rulers and deities
as an emblem of supreme power.
120. Necropolis A historic burial ground, esp. A large, elaborate
one of an ancient city.
128. Pyramid A massive masonry structure having a 136. Propylon A freestanding gateway having the form of a
rectangular base and four smooth, steeply pylon and preceding the main gateway to an
sloping sides facing the cardinal points and ancient Egyptian temple or sacred enclosure.
meeting at an apex, used in ancient Egypt as a
137. Hypostyle
tomb to contain the burial chamber and the
hall
mummy of the pharaoh. It is usually part of a
complex of buildings within a walled enclosure,
including mastabas for the members of the royal
family, an offering chapel and a mortuary
temple. A raised causeway led from the
enclosure down to a valley temple on Nile,
where purification rites and mummification were
A large hall having many columns in rows
performed.
supporting a flat roof and sometimes a
129. Syrinx A narrow rock-cut corridor in an ancient clerestory: prevalent in ancient Egyptian and
Egyptian tomb. Achaemenid architecture .
130. Causeway A raised passageway ceremonially connecting 138. Rock-cut A tomb hewn out of native rock, presenting
the valley temple with an ancient Egyptian tomb only an architectural front with dark interior
pyramid. chambers, of which the sections are supported
131. Cult An ancient Egyptian temple for the worship of a by masses of stone left in the form of solid
temple deity, as distinguished from a mortuary temple. pillars.

132. Mortuary An ancient Egyptian temple for offerings and 139. Pycnostyle Having an intercolumniation of 1 1/2 diameter
temple worship of a deceased person, usually a deified 140. Systyle Having an intercolumniation of 2 diameters
King. In the new kingdom, cult and funerary
141. Eustyle Having an intercolumniation of 2 1/4 diameters
temples had many features in common: an
avenue of sphinxes leading to a tall portal 142. Diastyle Having an intercolumniation of 3 diameters
guarded by a towering pylon, an axial plan with
143. Araeostyle Having an intercolumniation of 4 diameters
a colonnaded forecourt and a hypostyle hall set
before a dark, narrow sanctuary in which stood 144. Cavetto
a statue of the deity, and walls lavishly
decorated with pictographic carvings in low or
sunken relief. Many of the major temples grew
by accretion due to the pious ambitions of
successive pharaohs, who believed in the
afterlife and were determined to create an
enduring reputation through their buildings.
133. New The period in the ancient Egypt, c1550-1200 BC.,
Kingdom comprising the 18th to 20th dynasties:
characterized by the dominance of its capital at
Thebes.
A concave molding having an outline that
134. Obelisk A tall, four-sided shaft of stone that tapers as it approximates a quarter circle
rises to a pyramidal point, originating in ancient
Egypt as a sacred symbol of the sun -God Ra
and usually standing in pairs astride temple
entrances.
135. Pylon A monumental gateway to an ancient Egyptian
temple, consisting either of a pair of tall
truncated pyramids and doorway between them
or of one such masonry mass pierced with a
doorway, often decorated with painted reliefs.
145. Cavetto 152. Lamassu
cornice

A characteristic cornice of Egyptian buildings,

consisting of large Cavetto decorated with
vertical leaves and a roll molding below.
146. Cavetto
cornice The monumental stone sculptures of human-
headed, winged Bulls or lions that guarded the
entrances to Mesopotamian palaces and temples
153. Megaron

Also called Egyptian gorge

A building or semi independent unit of a building,
147. Temple An edifice or place dedicated to the worship Or typically having a rectangular principal chamber
presence of a deity with a center hearth and a porch, often of
columns in antis: believe to be the ancestor of
148. Sacred Of or pertaining to religious objects, rites, or
Doric temple.
practices. As opposed to the secular or profane
154. Greek
149. Secular Of or pertaining to the temporal or worldly rather
temple
than the sacred or spiritual. Also profane
150. Ziggurat A temple-tower in Sumerian and Assyrian
architecture, built in diminishing stages of mud
brick with buttressed walls faced with bunt brick,
culminating in a summit shrine or temple reached
by a series of ramps
151. Tower A temple built as a shrine to the Ancient Greek
of god or goddess to whom it was dedicate
Babel 155. Greek It stood on a stylobate of three or more steps,
temple with a cella containing the statue of the deity and
front and rear porticoes, the whole being
surmounted by a low gable roof of timber,
covered in terra cotta or marble tiles.

A temple tower presumed to be the great ziggurat

at Babylon
156. Altar 164. Stereobate Also called Podium
165. Tabernacle The portable sanctuary in which the Hebrews
carried the ark of covenant through the desert
until the building of the temple Jerusalem by
Solomon
166. Holy of The innermost chamber in the biblical
holies tabernacle and the temple in Jerusalem where
the ark of the covenant was kept
167. Holy of Also called sanctum sanctorum
holies
168. Ark of the The chest containing two stone tablets
covenant inscribed with the 10 commandments, carried
An elevated place or structure upon which by the Hebrews during their desert wandering
sacrifices are offered or incense burned in after the exodus
worship, or before which religious rites are
169. Agora
performed
157. Cella

A market place or public square in an Ancient

The principal chamber or enclosed part of a Greek city, usually surrounded with public
classical temple, where the cult image was buildings and porticoes and commonly used
kept. as a place for popular or political assembly
158. Cella Also called Naos 170. Stoa
159. Pediment

A wide, low-pitched gable surmounting a An Ancient Greek portico, usually detached

colonnade or a major division of a facade and of considerable length. Used as a
promenade or meeting place around public
160. Tympanum The triangular space enclosed by the
places
horizontal and taking cornices of a pediment,
often recessed and decorated with sculpture
161. Stylobate A course of masonry forming the foundation
for a row of columns, esp. The outmost
colonnade of a classical temple
162. Stereobate A solid mass of masonry visible above ground
level and serving as the foundation of a
building eap. The platform forming the floor
and substructure of a classical temple.
163. Stereobate Also called Crepidoma
171. Temenos 179. Antefix

An upright ornament at the waves of a tile

A piece of ground reserved and enclosed as a roof concealing the foot of a row of convex
sacred place in Ancient Greece tiles that cover the joints of the flat tiles

172. Epinaos 180. Atlas A sculptured figure of man used as a column

in Greece
181. Atlas A support sculpted in the form of a man,
which may take the place of a column, a pier
or a pilaster. In Greece
182. Telamon A Roman sculptured figure of man used as a
column
The rear vestibule of a classical temple 183. Caryatid
173. Epinaos Also called opisthodomos
174. Epinaos Also called prosticum
175. Pronaos

An open vestibule before the cella of a

classical temple
A sculptured female figure used as a column
176. Pronaos Also called anticum in greece
177. Acroterion A pedestal for a sculpture or ornament at he 184. Canephora A sculptured female figure with a basket on
the apex or at each of the lower corners of a her head used as a column
pediment
185. Synagogue A building or place of assembly for Jewish
178. Acropolis worship and religious instruction
186. Bimah/bema The platform in a synagogue from which
services are conducted
187. Almemar The platform in a synagogue from which
services are conducted
188. Holy ark The cabinet in a synagogue in which the
scrolls of the Torah are kept, set into or
against the wall that faces toward Jerusalem

A fortified high area or citadel of an Ancient

Greek city
189. Temple The first temple of Jerusalem, completed c950 196. Arch A curved structure capable of spanning a
of B.C. By Phoenician artisans under the direction of space while supporting significant
Solomon King Solomon and destroyed by King
197. Architrave Formalized lintel, the lowest member of the
Nebuchadnezzar II in 586 B.C.
classical entablature. Also the moulded frame
190. Temple A temple what was Oblong in shape and of a door or window (often borrowing the
of consisted of three main parts: an outer hall profile of a classical architrave).
Solomon (ulam), the main sanctuary (hekhal), and the holy
198. Arris Sharp edge where two surfaces meet at an
of holies (debir), all decorated with massive
angle such as the corner of a square column
carvings in ivory, gold and Cedar
or shaft.
191. Basilica
199. Arrowslit A thin vertical aperture in a fortification
through which an archer can launch arrows.
200. Articulation It is the manner or method of jointing parts
such that each part is clear and distinct in
relation to the others, even though joined.
201. Ashlar Masonry of large blocks cut with even faces
and square edges
A large oblong building used as a hall of justice 202. Atrium Inner court of a Roman or C20 house; in a
and public meeting place in Ancient Rome multi-story building, a toplit covered court
192. Aisle rising through all stories.
203. Attic Small top story within a roof above the
uppermost ceiling. The story above the main
entablature of a classical façade.
204. Bahut A small parapet or attic wall bearing the
weight of the roof of a cathedral or church.
205. Balconet A false balcony, or railing at the outer plane
of a window
the body of a building, separated from it by
columns, piers, or posts. 206. Ball flower An architectural ornament in the form of a ball
inserted in the cup of a flower, which came
193. Apron raised panel below a window or wall monument
into use in the latter part of the 13th, and was
or tablet.
in great vogue in the early part of the 14th
194. Apse Vaulted semicircular or polygonal end of a century.
chancel or chapel. That portion of a church,
207. Baluster A Small moulded shaft, square or circular, in
usually Christian, beyond the "crossing" and
stone or wood, sometimes metal, supporting
opposite the nave. In some churches the choir is
the coping of a parapet or the handrail of a
seated in this space.
staircase
195. Arcade
208. Bargeboard A board fastened to the projecting gables of a
roof.
209. Barrel vault An architectural element formed by the
extrusion of a single curve along a given
distance.
210. Bartizan An overhanging, wall-mounted turret
projecting from the walls, usually at the
corners, of medieval fortifications or churches.
211. Basement Lowest, subordinate storey of building often
Passage or walkway covered over by a either entirely or partially below ground level;
succession of arches or vaults supported by the lowest part of classical elevation, below
columns. Blind arcade or arcading: the same the piano nobile.
applied to the wall surface.
212. Basilica Originally a Roman, large roofed hall erected 222. Bulwark Barricade of beams and soil used in 15th-
for transacting business and disposing of legal and 16th-century fortifications designed to
matters.; later the term came to describe an mount artillery. On board ships the term
aisled building with a clerestory. refers to the woodwork running round the
ship above the level of the deck. Figuratively
213. Battlement A parapet (i.e., a defensive low wall between
it means anything serving as a defence.
chest-height and head-height), in which
rectangular gaps or indentations occur at 223. Buttress Vertical member projecting from a wall to
intervals to allow for the discharge of arrows stabilize it or to resist the lateral thrust of an
or other missiles. arch, roof, or vault. A flying buttress transmits
the thrust to a heavy abutment by means of
214. Bays Internal compartments of a building; each
an arch or half-arch.
divided from the other by subtle means such
as the boundaries implied by divisions marked 224. Cancellus Barriers which correspond to the modern
in the side walls (columns, pilasters, etc.) or balustrade or railing, especially the screen
the ceiling (beams, etc.). Also external dividing the body of a church from the part
divisions of a building by fenestration occupied by the ministers hence chancel.
(windows). The Romans employed cancelli to partition
off portions of the courts of law
215. Bay Window of one or more storeys projecting
window from the face of a building. Canted: with a 225. Capital The topmost member of a column (or
straight front and angled sides. Bow window: pilaster).
curved. Oriel: rests on corbels or brackets and
226. Caryatid A sculpted female figure serving as an
starts above ground level;
architectural support taking the place of a
216. Bellfry Chamber or stage in a tower where bells are column or a pillar supporting an entablature
hung. The term is also used to describe the on her head.
manner in which bricks are laid in a wall so
227. Caulicus Stalks (eight in number) with two leaves from
that they interlock.
which rise the helices or spiral scrolls of the
217. Boss 1. Roughly cut stone set in place for later Corinthian capital to support the abacus.
carving.
228. Chalcidicum In Roman architecture, the vestibule or
2. An ornamental projection, a carved keystone
portico of a public building opening on to
of a ribbed vault at the intersection of the
the forum, as in the basilica of Eumachia at
ogives.
Pompeii, and the basilica of Constantine at
218. Bossage Uncut stone that is laid in place in a building, Rome, where it was placed at one end.
projecting outward from the building, to later
229. Chancel In church architecture, the space around the
be carved into decorative moldings, capitals,
altar at the east end of a traditional Christian
arms, etc.
church building, including the choir and
219. Bossage These are rustic work, consisting of stones sanctuary.
which seem to advance beyond the surface of
230. Chandrashala The circular or horseshoe arch that
the building, by reason of indentures, or
decorates many Indian cave temples and
channels left in the joinings; used chiefly in the
shrines.
corners of buildings, and called rustic quoins.
The cavity or indenture may be round, square, 231. Chimera Chimera, as an architectural feature, means a
chamfered, beveled, diamond-shaped, or fantastic, mythical or grotesque figure used
enclosed with a cavetto or listel. for decorative purposes.

220. Boutant Type of support. A flying buttress, serves to 232. Cincture Ring, list, or fillet at the top and bottom of a
sustain a vault, and is self-sustained by some column, which divides the shaft from the
strong wall or massive work. Also a large capital and base.
chain or jamb of stone, made to support a
wall, terrace, or vault. The word is French, and
comes from the verb bouter, "to butt" or "abut".
221. Bracket Weight-bearing member made of wood, stone,
or metal that overhangs a wall.
233. Cinque Style which became prevalent in Italy in the 243. Hephaestus the Greek god of blacksmiths, craftsmen,
cento century following 1500, now usually called 16th- artisans, sculptors, metals, metallurgy,
century work. It was the result of the revival of fire and volcanoes. Hephaestus' Roman
classic architecture known as Renaissance, but the equivalent is Vulcan.
change had commenced already a century
244. Vulcan the Roman god of fire including the fire
earlier, in the works of Ghiberti and Donatello in
of volcanoes, metalworking, and the
sculpture, and of Brunelleschi and Alberti in
forge in ancient Roman religion and
architecture.
myth.
234. Cippus A low, round or rectangular pedestal set up by
245. Zeus The Greek god of sky and thunder who
the Romans for military purposes such as a
ruled as the king of gods in mount
milestone or a boundary post. The inscriptions on
Olympus. Zeus' Roman equivalent is
some cippi in the British Museum show that they
Jupiter
were occasionally used as funeral memorials.
246. Jupiter The Roman god of sky and thunder and
235. Cleithral Term applied to a covered Greek temple, in
king of the gods in Ancient Roman
contradistinction to hypaethral, which designates
religion and mythology.
one that is uncovered; the roof of a cleithral
temple completely covers it. 247. Chresmographion Chamber between the pronaos and the
cella in Greek temples where oracles
236. Coffer In architecture, is a sunken panel in the shape of a
were delivered.
square, rectangle, or octagon that serves as a
decorative device, usually in a ceiling or vault. 248. Tarpeian Rock The place of execution for Rome's most
Also called caissons, or lacunar.[ notorious traitors.

237. Cloaca one of the world's earliest sewage systems. 249. Capitoline hill A citadel of the early romans between
maxima Constructed in Ancient Rome in order to drain the Forum and the Campus Martius, it is
local marshes and remove the waste of one of also one of the Seven Hills of Rome.
the world's most populous cities, it carried 250. Campus Martius Also known as "The Field of Mars" is a
effluent to the River Tiber, which ran beside the culturally significant place and was the
city. most populous area in Rome where the
238. Roman is a rectangular plaza surrounded by the ruins of pantheon and Ara Martis or the altar of
forum several important ancient government buildings Mars was situated
at the center of the city of Rome. Citizens of the 251. Accouplement The placement of two columns or
ancient city referred to this space, originally a pilasters very close together.
marketplace,
252. Order Any of five styles of classical
239. Regia originally served as the residence or one of the architecture characterized by the type
main headquarters of kings of Rome and later as and arrangement of columns and
the office of the rex sacrorum and Pontifex entablature employed, as the Doric,
Maximus, the high priest of Roman state religion. ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan, and composite
240. Temple An early Greek Corinthian temple which became orders
of vesta the storehouse for the legal wills and documents 253. Entablature The horizontal section of a classical
of Roman Senators and cult objects such as the order that rests on the columns usually
Palladium. composed of a cornice, frieze and
241. Circus An ancient roman chariot racing stadium and the architrave
Maximus first and largest stadium in ancient Rome and its 254. Cornice The uppermost member of a classical
later Empire. It measured 621 m (2,037 ft) in entablature consisting typically of
length and 118 m (387 ft) in width and could cymatium, corona, and bed molding
accommodate over 150,000 spectators.
255. Cymatium The crowning member of a classical
242. Domus It is the dwelling place of the pontifex Maximus cornice, usually a cyma recta
publicae or the high priest of the college of pontiffs also
256. Corona The projecting, slablike member of a
known as the greatest bridge-builder
classical cornice, supported by the bed
molding and crowned by the cymatium
257. Bed molding The molding or group of moldings 268. Doric order The oldest and simplest of the 5 classical
immediately beneath the corona of a orders, developed in Greece in the 7th
cornice century B.C. And later imitated by the
Romans, characterized by a fluted column
258. Columniation The use or arrangement of columns in a
having no base, a plain cushion-shaped
structure
capital supporting a square abacus , and an
259. Frieze The horizontal part of a classical entablature consisting of a plain architrave, a
entablature between the cornice and frieze of triglyphs and metopes, and a
architrave, often decorated with cornice, the corona of which has Mutules on
sculpture in low relief its soffit.
260. Architrave The lowermost division of a classical 269. Doric order In Roman order, the columns are more
entablature rating directly on the slender and usually have bases, the
columns capitals and supporting the channeling is sometimes altered or omitted,
frieze and the capital consists of a band like
261. Column A cylindrical support in classical necking, an echinus, and a molded abacus
architecture consisting of a capital, shaft 270. Dado The part of a pedestal between the base and
and usually a base either monolithic or the cornice or cap. Also called die
built up of drums the full diameter of
271. Plinth The usually square slab beneath the base of
the shaft.
a column, pier or pedestal
262. Capital The distinctively treated upper end of a
272. Distyle Having two columns on one or each front
column, pillar or pier, crowning the
shaft and taking the weight of the 273. Tristyle Having three columns on one or each front
entablature or architrave
274. Tetrastyle Having four columns on one or each front
263. Shaft The central part of the column or pier
275. Pentastyle Having five columns on one or each front
between the capital and the base
276. Hexastyle Having six columns on one or each front
264. Base The lowermost portion of a wall
column, pier or other structure usually 277. Heptastyle Having seven columns on one or each front
distinctively treated and considered as 278. Octastyle Having eight columns on one or either front
an architectural unit
279. Enneastyle Having nine columns on one or each feont
265. Pedestal A construction upon which a column,
280. Decastyle Having ten columns on one or each front
statue, memorial shaft or the like is
elevated usually consisting of a cornice 281. Dodecastyle Having twelve columns on one or either
or a cap, a dado and a base front

266. Intercolumniation The space between two adjacent 282. Dodecastylar Having twelve columns on one or either
columns, usually the clear space front
between the lower parts of he shafts, 283. Triglyph One of the vertical blocks separating the
measured in diameters metopes in a Doric frieze, typically having
267. Intercolumniation A system for spacing columns in a two vertical grooves or glyphs on its face,
colonnade base on this measurement; and two chamfers or hemiglyphs at the
Pycnostyle(1 1/2), Systyle(2), Eustyle(2 sides
1/4), Diastyle(3), Araeostyle(4) 284. Metope Any of the panels, either plain or decorated,
between triglyphs in the Doric frieze, also
called intertriglyph
285. Taenia/tenia A raised band or fillet separating the frieze
from the architrave on a Doric entablature
286. Regula A fillet beneath the taenia in a Doric
entablature, corresponding to a Triglyph
above and from which a guttae are
suspended. Also called a glutae band
287. Abacus The flat slab forming the top of a 302. Drum Any of several cylindrical stones laid one above
column capital, plain in Doric style the other to form a column or pier
but molded or enriched in other
303. Tuscan A classical order of Roman origin, basically a
styles
order simplified Roman Doric characterized by an
288. Echinus The prominent circular molding influted column and a plain base, capital, and
supporting the abacus of a Doric or entablature having no decoration other than
Tuscan capital moldings
289. Necking The upper part of a column, just 304. Ionic A classical order that developed in the Greek
above the shaft and below the order colonies of Asia Minor in the 6th century B.C.
projecting part of the capital, when Characterized esp. By the spiral volutes of its
differentiated by a molding, groove capital. The fluted columns typically had
or the omission of the fluting molded bases and supported an entablature
consisting of an architrave of 3 fascias, a richly
290. Annulet An encircling band, molding, or fillet,
ornamented frieze, and a cornice corbeled out
on a capital or shaft of a column
on egg-and-dart and dentil moldings.
291. Fluting A decorative motif consisting of a
305. Ionic Roman and Renaissance of this order examples
series of long, rounded, parallel
order are often more elaborate, and usually set the
grooves, as on the shaft of a
volutes of the capitals 45deg. To the architrave
classical column
306. Egg and An ornamental motif for enriching an ovolo or
292. Flute A rounded channel or groove. Also
dart / echinus, consisting of a closely set, alternating
called stria
Egg and series of oval and pointed forms.
293. Stria A rounded channel or groove tongue
294. Soffit The underside of an architectural 307. Dentil Any of a series of closely spaced, small
element, as an arch, beam, cornice or rectangular blocks forming a molding or
staircase projecting beneath the coronas of ionic,
295. Gutta One of a series of small, drop like Corinthian and composite cornices
ornaments, attached to the 308. Fascia One of the three horizontal bands making up the
undersides of the Mutules and architrave in the ionic order
regulae of a Doric entablature. Also
309. Attic A base to a classical column, consisting of an
called drop
base upper and a lower torus separated by a scotia
296. Drop One of a series of small, drop like between to fillets
ornaments, attached to the
310. Scotia A deep concave molding between two fillets.
undersides of the Mutules and
Also called trochilus
regulae of a Doric entablature.
311. Trochilus A deep concave molding between two fillets.
297. Mutule A projecting flat block under the
corona of a Doric cornice, 312. Torus A large convex, semicircular molding,
corresponding to the modillion of commonly found directly above the plinth of the
other orthers. base of a classical column
298. Zophorus/zoophorus A frieze bearing carved figures of 313. Volute A spiral, scroll-like ornament, as on the capitals
people or animals of the ionic, Corinthian and composite orders
299. Trachelium That part of the necking between the 314. Cathetus The vertical guideline through the eye of a
hypotrachelium and the capital of a Volute in an ionic capital, from which the spiral
classical column form is determined
300. Hypotrachelium Any member between the capital and 315. Echinus The circular molding under the cushion of an
the shaft of a classical column ionic capital between the volutes usually carved
with an egg-and-dart pattern. Also called
301. Entasis A slight convexity given to a column
cymatium
to correct an optical illusion of
concavity of the sides were straight 316. Cymatium The circular molding under the cushion of an
ionic capital between the volutes usually carved
with an egg-and-dart pattern.
317. Fillet A narrow part of the surface of a 329. Graffito An ancient drawing or writing scratched on
column left between adjoining flutes stone, plaster or other hard surface
318. Apophyge A small, concave curve joining the 330. Graffiti Inscriptions or drawings spray-painted or
shaft of a classical column to its base. sketched on a public surface, as a
Also called apophysis sidewalk or wall of a building
319. Apophysis A small, concave curve joining the 331. Sgraffito Decoration produced by cutting or
shaft of a classical column to its base. scratching through a surface layer of paint
or plaster to reveal a ground of
320. Composite order One of the five classical orders,
contrasting color
popular esp. Since the beginning of
the Renaissance but invented by the 332. Mosaic A picture or decorative pattern made by
ancient Romans. In which the Inlaying small, usually colored pieces of
Corinthian order is modified by tile, enamel or glass in mortar
superimposing 4 diagonally set ionic
333. Smalto Colored glass or enamel, esp. In the form
volutes on a bell of a Corinthian
of minute squares, used in mosaic work
acanthus leaves.
334. Tessera One of the small pieces of colored marble
321. Bell The underlying part of a foliated
glass, or tile used in mosaic work
capital, between the abacus and the
neck molding 335. Relief The projection of a figure or form from the
flat background on which it is formed
322. Acanthus An ornament, as on the Corinthian
capital, patterned after the large, 336. Cavo-relievo Sculptural relief in which the highest points
toothed leaves of a Mediterranean of the modeled form are below or level
plant of the same name with the original surface. Also called a
sunk relief
323. Modillion An ornamental bracket, usually in the
form of a scroll with acanthus, used in 337. Sunk relief Sculptural relief in which the highest points
series beneath the corona of a of the modeled form are below or level
Corinthian composite, or Roman ionic with the original surface.
cornice 338. Alto-relievo Sculptural relief in which the modeled
324. Helix A spiral ornament, as any of the forms project from the background by at
volutes issuing from a cauliculus in a least half their depth. Also called high
Corinthian capital relief

325. Cauliculus/caulcole Any of the ornamental stalks rising 339. High relief Sculptural relief in which the modeled
between the acanthus leaves of a forms project from the background by at
Corinthian capital, from which the least half their depth.
Volutes spring 340. Mezzo-relievo Sculptural relief in intermediate between
326. Corinthian order The most ornate of the five classical high relief and Bas-relief. Also called
orders developed by the Greeks in the demirelief, half relief
4th century B.C. But used more 341. Demirelief/half Sculptural relief in intermediate between
extensively in Roman architecture, relief high relief and Bas-relief.
similar in most respects to the ionic
342. Bas-relief Sculptural relief that projects very slightly
but usually of slenderer proportions
from the background. Also called basso-
and characterized esp. By a deep bell-
relievo, low relief
shaped capital decorated with
acanthus leaves and an abacus with 343. Basso- Sculptural relief that projects very slightly
concave sides. relievo/low from the background.
relief
327. Ornament An accessory, article, or detail that
lends grace or beauty to something to 344. Anaglyph An ornament carved or embossed in low
which it is added or of which it is an relief
integral part. 345. Mural A large picture painted on or applied
328. Pictograph A pictorial sign or symbol directly to wall or ceiling surface
346. Fresco The art of technique of painting on a 362. Hexagram A six-pointed starlike figure, forms by
freshly spread, moist plaster surface with extending each of the sides of a
pigments ground up in water or a regular hexagon into equilateral
limewater mixture. Also a picture or triangles
design so painted
363. Glory A ring, circle or surrounding radiance
347. Opus sectile Any mosaic of regularly cut material of light, as a halo, nimbus or aureole
348. Opus A form of opus sectile having a 364. Halo A disk of ring of radiant light around
Alexandrium geometric pattern formed with few or above the head, traditionally
colors, as black and white, or dark green symbolizing the sanctity of a divine or
and red sacred personage in religious
paintings and sculptures. Also nimbus
349. Opus A massacre of tessera arranged in waving
vermiculatum lines or resembling the form or tracks of 365. Aureole A circle of light or radiance
a worm surrounding the head or body in the
representation of a sacred personage
350. Florentine A mosaic made by Inlaying fine,
mosaic delicately colored stones into a white or 366. Vesica piscis An elliptical, pointed figure used esp.
black marble surface In early christian art as an emblem of
Christ. Also called mandoria
351. Applique A decoration or ornament made by
cutting out a design and fastening it to a 367. Mandoria An elliptical, pointed figure used esp.
larger piece of material In early christian art as an emblem of
Christ.
352. Inlay To decorated by setting pieces of wood,
ivory or the like into surface, usually at 368. Chi-Rho A christian monogram and symbol
the same level formed by superimposing the first two
letters of the Greek word for Christ.
353. Emboss To raise, mold or carve a surface design
Also called chrismon
in relief
369. Chrismon A christian monogram and symbol
354. Engrave To carve, cut, or etch designs on hard
formed by superimposing the first two
surface, as of metal, stone or the end
letters of the Greek word for Christ.
grain of wood
370. Table A raised or sunken rectangular panel
355. Intaglio A figure or design incited into the surface
on a wall, distinctively treated or
of a stone or metal plate so hat an
ornamented with inscriptions, painting
impression yields a figure in relief
or sculpture
356. Openwork Ornamental or structural work having a
371. Tablet A flat slab or plaque having a surface
latticelike nature or showing openings
suitable for or bearing an inscription,
through its substance
carving or he like
357. Filigree/filagree Ornamental openwork of delicate or
372. Medallion A usually oval or circular tablet, often
intricate design
bearing a figure or ornament on the
358. Pastiche An artistic composition consisting of relief
forms or motifs borrowed from different
373. Cartouche/cartouch An oval or oblong, slightly convex
sources
surface, usually surrounded with
359. Postiche Artificial, counterfeit, or false, as an ornamental scrollwork, for receiving
architectural ornament that is added in painted or low relief decoration
superfluously or inappropriately
374. Grotesque A decorative style characterized by
360. Star A conventional figure usually having five the fantastic shaping and combining
or more points radiating from a center, of incongruous human and animal
often used as an ornament and symbol forms with foliage or similar figures,
361. Star of A hexagram used as a symbol of Judaism often distorting the natural into
David/Mogen caricature or absurdity
David/Magen 375. Mask/mascaron An often grotesque representation of a
David head or face, used as an architectural
ornament.
376. Griffin/griffon/gryphon A mythological animal typically 390. Diaper A pattern of small, repeated figures connecting
having the head and wings of an or growing out of one another, originally used
eagle and the body and tail of a in the Middle Ages in weaving silk and gold
lion
391. Arris A sharp edge or ridge formed by two surfaces
377. Griffe An ornament projecting from the meeting at an exterior angle. Also called piend
round base of a column toward a
392. Piend A sharp edge or ridge formed by two surfaces
corner of a square or polygonal
meeting at an exterior angle.
plinth. Also called spur.
393. Bullnose A rounded or obtuse exterior angle
378. Spur An ornament projecting from the
round base of a column toward a 394. Splay A surface that makes an oblique angle with
corner of a square or polygonal another
plinth. 395. Fillet A narrow flat molding or area, raised or sunk
379. Ballflower A Medieval English ornament to separate larger moldings or areas. Also
suggesting a flower of three of called a list
four petals enclosing and partially 396. List A narrow flat molding or area, raised or sunk
concealing a ball to separate larger moldings or areas
380. Cross An object or figure consisting 397. Billet Any of series of closely spaced cylindrical
essentially of an upright and a forms ornamenting a hollow molding or
transverse piece at right angles to cornice
each another: often used as a
398. Cove A concave surface or molding esp. at the
symbol of Christianity
transition from wall to ceiling
381. Latin cross A cross having an upright or
399. Cavetto A concave molding having an outline that
vertical shaft crossed near the top
approximates a quarter circle
by a shorter horizontal bar
400. Conge A concave molding having the form of a
382. Celtic cross A cross shaped like a Latin cross
quadrant curving away from a given surface
and having a ring about the
and terminating perpendicular to a fillet
intersection of the shaft and
parallel to that surface
crossbar
401. Ogee A molding having a profile curve in the shape
383. Greek cross A cross consisting of an upright
of an elongated S. Also called gula
crossed in the middle by a
horizontal of the same length 402. Gula A molding having a profile curve in the shape
of an elongated S.
384. Jerusalem cross A cross whose four arms each
terminate in a crossbar, often with 403. Cyma A projecting molding having the profile of of a
a small Greek cross centered in double curve formed by the Union of a convex
each quadrant and concave line
385. Maltese cross A cross formee having the outer 404. Cyma A cyma having the concave part projecting
face of each arm indented in a V. Recta beyond the convex part. Also called. Doric
Cyma
386. Cross fermee A cross having arms equal length,
each expanding outward from the 405. Doric A cyma having the concave part projecting
center Cyma beyond the convex part. Also called

387. Motif A distinctive and recurring shape, 406. Cyma A Cyma having the convex part projecting
form or color in a design Reversa beyond the concave part. Also called Lesbian
Cyma
388. Checker To mark or decorate with a
squared pattern 407. Lesbian A Cyma having the convex part projecting
Cyma beyond the concave part.
389. Reticulate Resembling or covered with a
network of regularly intersecting 408. Beak/Bird's A small pendent molding forming a drip and
lines beak casting a deep shadow, as on the soffit of a
cornice
409. Brace molding A projecting molding having a profile 426. Paternoster A molding having the form of a row of
formed by 2 ogees symmetrically pearls or beads.
disposed about an arris or a fillet. Also
427. Reeding A parallel set of small convex moldings for
called a keel
ornamenting a plane or curved surface
410. Keel A projecting molding having a profile
428. Anthemion A ornament of honeysuckle or palm leaves
formed by 2 ogees symmetrically
in radiating cluster. Also called honey-
disposed about an arris or a fillet.
suckle ornament
411. Profile An outline of an object formed on a
429. Honey- An ornament of palm leaves in radiating
vertical plane passed through the object
suckle cluster
at right angles to one of its principal
ornament
horizontal dimensions (section)
430. Fortification A defensive military work constructed for
412. Molding Any of various long, narrow, ornamental
the purpose of strengthening a position
surfaces w/ uniform cross sections & a
profile shaped to produce modulations 431. Bastion A projecting part of a rampart or other
of light, shade & shadow. The term now fortification, typically forming an irregular
refers to a slender strip of wood or pentagon attached at the base of the main
other mtrl having such a surface & used work
for ornamenting & finishing 432. Ravelin A V-shaped outwork outside the main ditch
413. Half round A molding having a semi-circular cross of a fortress, covering the works between
section the bastions

414. Quarter Round A convex molding whose section is a 433. Outwork A minor defensive position established
quarter circle beyond a main fortified area

415. Ovolo A convex molding having s profile 434. Glacis A slope extending downward in front of a
approximating a quarter section of a fortification in such a way that it brings
circle or elipse advancing enemy soldiers into the most
direct line of fire
416. Boltel/bowtel A convex, rounded molding
435. Escarp/Scarp The inner slope or wall of a ditch
417. Gadroon A convex molding molding elaborately
surrounding a rampart
carved with reeding or intended with
notches 436. Counterscarp The exterior slope or wall of the ditch
surrounding a rampart
418. Aaron's Rod A convex molding having pointed leaves
or scrollwork emerging at regular 437. Circumvallate Surrounded by or as if by a rampart
intervals 438. Sally port A gateway in a fortification permitting a
419. Cable molding A convex molding having a form of a large number of troops to move rapidly
rope from the besieged position and attack the
besiegers
420. Bead A small convex molding usually having
a continuous cylindrical surface 439. Casemate A vault or chamber in a rampart, having
embrasures for artillery
421. Astragal A small convex molding usually semi-
circle in section 440. Curtain An enclosing wall connecting 2 bastions of
a tower
422. Baguette/baguet A small convex molding of semi-circular
section, smaller than an astragal 441. Gorge The rear passageway into a bastion or
similar outwork
423. Bead and reel A convex molding having the form of a
disks alternating with spherical or 442. Terreplein The top platform or horizontal surface of a
elongated beads rampart where guns are mounted

424. Pearl molding A molding having the form of a row of 443. Flank The part of a bastion that extends from the
pearls or beads. Also called bead curtain to the face
molding, Paternoster 444. Shoulder The angle between the face and the flank of
425. Bead molding A molding having the form of a row of a bastion
pearls or beads.
445. Face Either of the 2 outer sides that form the 465. Chemin-de-ronde A continuous gangway
salient angle of a bastion providing a means of
communication behind the
446. Parapet A defensive wall or elevation of earth or
rampart of a fortified wall
stone protecting soldiers from enemy fire
466. Chapel A subordinate or private place
447. Cordon A projecting course of stones below the
of worship or prayer within s
parapet of a rampart
larger complex
448. Berm/Berme A ledge between the exterior slope of a
467. Castle A fortified group of buildings
rampart and the moat of a fortification
usually dominating the
449. Rampart A board embankment of earth raised as a surrounding country and held
fortification around a place and usually by a prince or noble in feudal
surmounted by a parapet times
450. Motte A steep mound of earth surrounded by a 468. Citadel A fortress in a commanding
ditch and surmounted by a timber stockade position in or near a city, used
and tower in the control of the inhabitants
451. Motte and A Norman castle of the 10th through 12th and in defense during attack or
Bailey centuries, consisting of a motte placed within siege
a bailey 469. Ward An open space within or
452. Bailey The outer wall of a castle or the courtyard between the walls of a castle
enclosed by it 470. Barbican/Barbacan An outwork on the approach to
453. Palisade A fence of pales set firmly in the ground for a castle or town, esp. a
enclosure or defense watchtower at the gate or
drawbridge
454. Pale A pointed stick or stake
471. Enciente A fortified wall encircling a
455. Keep The innermost and strongest structure or
castle or town, or the place so
tower of a medieval castle, used as a place
enclosed
of residence, esp. In times of siege. Also
called donjon 472. Battlement/Embattlement A parapet having a regular
alternation of merlons and
456. Donjon The innermost and strongest structure or
crenels, originally for defense
tower of a medieval castle, used as a place
but later used as a decorative
of residence, esp. in time of siege
motif
457. Turret A small tower forming part of a larger
473. Merlon One of the solid parts between
structure, frequently beginning some distance
the crenels of a battlement
above the ground. Also called tourelle
474. Crenel Any of the open spaces
458. Tourelle A small tower forming part of a larger
alternating with the merlons of
structure, frequently beginning some distance
a battlement
above the ground
475. Crenelated Having battlements
459. Bartizan A small overhung turret on a wall or tower,
often at a corner or near a gateway 476. Embrasure An opening, as a loophole or
Crenel, through which missiles
460. Bower A lady's private chamber in medieval castle
may be discharged
461. Postern A small rear door or gate to a fort or castle
477. Loophole A small or narrow opening in a
462. Necessarium The privy of a medieval castle or monastery. wall of a fortification for the
Also called garderobe discharge of missiles
463. Garderobe The privy of a medieval castle or monastery. 478. Eyelet/Oillet/Oyelete A small aperture in the wall of
464. Brattice A temporary wooden fortification in medieval a medieval castle used as a
architecture, erected at the top of a wall window or loophole
during a siege
479. Drawbridge A bridge that can be raised, let down, or drawn aside to prevent access or to permit passage beneath it
480. Machicolation A projecting gallery or parapet at the top of a castle wall, supported by corbel arches and having openings in the
floor through which stones, molten lead or boiling oil could be cast upon an enemy beneath
481. Great hall A large hall serving as the main or central gathering space of a castle
482. Dungeon A dark, often underground prison or cell, as in medieval castle
483. Oubliette A secret dungeon having an opening only in the ceiling, through which prisoners were dropped
484. Portcullis A strong grating of iron or timber hung over the gateway of a fortified place in such a way that it could be lowered
quickly to prevent passage
485. Moat A broad, deep ditch, usually filled with water, surrounding the rampart of a fortified town, fortress or castle as
protection against assault
486. Fernando Architect of admiral apartments (Roxas Blvd)
Ocampo
487. Carlos Architect of Aglipayan church
Arguellas
488. Gabriel P. Architect of Alabang golf & country clubs
Formoso
489. William Architect of Alabang 400
Coscolluela
490. William Architect of atrium
Coscolluela
491. Felipe Architect of assumption college (Antipolo)
Mendoza