CHAPTER 14

Integral Calculus:
The Indefinite
Integral

14.1 INTEGRATION
Chapters 3 to 6 were devoted to differential calculus, which measures the rate of change of
functions. Differentiation, we learned, is the process of finding the derivative F⬘(x) of a function F(x).
Frequently in economics, however, we know the rate of change of a function F⬘(x) and want to find
the original function. Reversing the process of differentiation and finding the original function from
the derivative is called integration, or antidifferentiation. The original function F(x) is called the
integral, or antiderivative, of F⬘(x).

EXAMPLE 1. Letting f (x) ⫽ F⬘(x) for simplicity, the antiderivative of f (x) is expressed mathematically as

冕 f (x) dx ⫽ F(x) ⫹ c

Here the left-hand side of the equation is read, ‘‘the indefinite integral of f of x with respect to x.’’ The symbol 兰
is an integral sign, f (x) is the integrand, and c is the constant of integration, which is explained in Example 3.

14.2 RULES OF INTEGRATION

The following rules of integration are obtained by reversing the corresponding rules of
differentiation. Their accuracy is easily checked, since the derivative of the integral must equal the
integrand. Each rule is illustrated in Example 2 and Problems 14.1 to 14.6.

Rule 1. The integral of a constant k is

冕 k dx ⫽ kx ⫹ c

326
CHAP. 14] INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL 327

Rule 2. The integral of 1, written simply as dx, not 1 dx, is

冕 dx ⫽ x ⫹ c

Rule 3. The integral of a power function xn, where n ⫽ ⫺1, is given by the power rule:

冕 xn dx ⫽
1
n⫹1
xn⫹1 ⫹ c n ⫽ ⫺1

Rule 4. The integral of x⫺1 (or 1/x) is

冕 x⫺1 dx ⫽ ln x ⫹ c x⬎0

The condition x ⬎ 0 is added because only positive numbers have logarithms. For negative numbers,

冕 x⫺1 dx ⫽ ln 兩 x 兩 ⫹ c x⫽0

Rule 5. The integral of an exponential function is

冕 akx dx ⫽
akx
k ln a
⫹c

Rule 6. The integral of a natural exponential function is

冕 ekx dx ⫽
ekx
k
⫹c since ln e ⫽ 1

Rule 7. The integral of a constant times a function equals the constant times the integral of the
function.

冕 kf (x) dx ⫽ k 冕 f (x) dx

Rule 8. The integral of the sum or difference of two or more functions equals the sum or difference
of their integrals.

冕 [ f (x) ⫹ g(x)] dx ⫽ 冕 f (x) dx ⫹ 冕 g(x) dx

Rule 9. The integral of the negative of a function equals the negative of the integral of that
function.

冕 ⫺ f (x) dx ⫽ ⫺ 冕 f (x) dx

EXAMPLE 2. The rules of integration are illustrated below. Check each answer on your own by making sure that
the derivative of the integral equals the integrand.

i) 冕 3 dx ⫽ 3x ⫹ c (Rule 1)

ii) 冕 x2 dx ⫽
1
2⫹1
1
x2⫹1 ⫹ c ⫽ x3 ⫹ c
3
(Rule 3)
328 INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL [CHAP. 14

iii) 冕 5x4 dx ⫽ 5 冕 x4 dx (Rule 7)

冢5 x ⫹c 冣
1
⫽5 5
1 (Rule 3)

⫽ x5 ⫹ c
where c1 and c are arbitrary constants and 5c1 ⫽ c. Since c is an arbitrary constant, it can be ignored in the
preliminary calculation and included only in the final solution.

iv) 冕 (3x3 ⫺ x ⫹ 1) dx ⫽ 3 冕 x3 dx ⫺ 冕 x dx ⫹ 冕 dx (Rules 7, 8, and 9)

⫽ 3(1–4x4) ⫺ 1–2x2 ⫹ x ⫹ c (Rules 2 and 3)

⫽ 4x ⫺ 2x ⫹ x ⫹ c
3– 4 1– 2

v) 冕 3x⫺1 dx ⫽ 3 冕 x⫺1 dx (Rule 7)

⫽ 3 ln 兩 x 兩 ⫹ c (Rule 4)

冕
3x
2
vi) 23x dx ⫽ ⫹c (Rule 5)
3 ln 2

vii) 冕 9e⫺3x dx ⫽
9e⫺3x
⫺3
⫹c (Rule 6)

⫽ ⫺3e⫺3x ⫹ c

EXAMPLE 3. Functions which differ by only a constant have the same derivative. The function F(x) ⫽ 2x ⫹ k
has the same derivative, F⬘(x) ⫽ f (x) ⫽ 2, for any infinite number of possible values for k. If the process is
reversed, it is clear that 兰 2 dx must be the antiderivative or indefinite integral for an infinite number of functions
differing from each other by only a constant. The constant of integration c thus represents the value of any
constant which was part of the primitive function but precluded from the derivative by the rules of
differentiation.
The graph of an indefinite integral 兰 f (x) dx ⫽ F(x) ⫹ c, where c is unspecified, is a family of curves parallel
in the sense that the slope of the tangent to any of them at x is f (x). Specifying c specifies the curve; changing c
shifts the curve. This is illustrated in Fig. 14-1 for the indefinite integral 兰 2 dx ⫽ 2x ⫹ c where c ⫽ ⫺7, ⫺3, 1, and
5, respectively. If c ⫽ 0, the curve begins at the origin.

Fig. 14-1
CHAP. 14] INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL 329

14.3 INITIAL CONDITIONS AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

In many problems an initial condition (y ⫽ y0 when x ⫽ 0) or a boundary condition (y ⫽ y0 when
x ⫽ x0) is given which uniquely determines the constant of integration. By permitting a unique
determination of c, the initial or boundary condition singles out a specific curve from the family of
curves illustrated in Example 3 and Problems 14.3 to 14.5.

EXAMPLE 4. Given the boundary condition y ⫽ 11 when x ⫽ 3, the integral y ⫽ 兰 2 dx is evaluated as

follows:

y⫽ 冕 2 dx ⫽ 2x ⫹ c

Substituting y ⫽ 11 when x ⫽ 3,
11 ⫽ 2(3) ⫹ c c⫽5
Therefore, y ⫽ 2x ⫹ 5. Note that even though c is specified, 兰 2 dx remains an indefinite integral because x is
unspecified. Thus, the integral 2x ⫹ 5 can assume an infinite number of possible values.

14.4 INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION

Integration of a product or quotient of two differentiable functions of x, such as

冕 12x2(x3 ⫹ 2) dx

cannot be done directly by using the simple rules above. However, if the integrand can be expressed
as a constant multiple of another function u and its derivative du/dx, integration by substitution is
possible. By expressing the integrand f (x) as a function of u and its derivative du/dx and integrating
with respect to x,

冕 f (x) dx ⫽ 冕冢 u
du
dx 冣
dx

冕 f (x) dx ⫽ 冕 u du ⫽ F(u) ⫹ c

The substitution method reverses the operation of the chain rule and the generalized power function
rule in differential calculus. See Examples 5 and 6 and Problems 14.7 to 14.18.

EXAMPLE 5. The substitution method is used below to determine the indefinite integral

冕 12x2(x3 ⫹ 2) dx

1. Be sure that the integrand can be converted to a product of another function u and its derivative du/dx
times a constant multiple. (a) Let u equal the function in which the independent variable is raised to the
higher power in terms of absolute value; here let u ⫽ x3 ⫹ 2. (b) Take the derivative of u; du/dx ⫽ 3x2. (c)
Solve algebraically for dx; dx ⫽ du/3x2. (d ) Then substitute u for x3 ⫹ 2 and du/3x2 for dx in the original
integrand:

冕 12x2(x3 ⫹ 2) dx ⫽ 冕 12x2 · u ·
du
3x2
⫽ 冕 4u du ⫽ 4 冕 u du

where 4 is a constant multiple of u.

2. Integrate with respect to u, using Rule 3 and ignoring c in the first step of the calculation.

4 冕 u du ⫽ 4(1–2 u2) ⫽ 2u2 ⫹ c

330 INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL [CHAP. 14

3. Convert back to the terms of the original problem by substituting x3 ⫹ 2 for u.

冕 12x2(x3 ⫹ 2) dx ⫽ 2u2 ⫹ c ⫽ 2(x3 ⫹ 2)2 ⫹ c

4. Check the answer by differentiating with the generalized power function rule or chain rule.
d
[2(x3 ⫹ 2)2 ⫹ c] ⫽ 4(x3 ⫹ 2)(3x2) ⫽ 12x2(x3 ⫹ 2)
dx
See also Problems 14.7 to 14.18.

EXAMPLE 6. Determine the integral 兰 4x(x ⫹ 1)3 dx.

Let u ⫽ x ⫹ 1. Then du/dx ⫽ 1 and dx ⫽ du/1 ⫽ du. Substitute u ⫽ x ⫹ 1 and dx ⫽ du in the original
integrand.

冕 4x(x ⫹ 1)3 dx ⫽ 冕 4xu3 du ⫽ 4 冕 xu3 du

Since x is a variable multiple which cannot be factored out, the original integrand cannot be transformed to a
constant multiple of u du/dx. Hence the substitution method is ineffectual. Integration by parts (Section 14.5) may
be helpful.

14.5 INTEGRATION BY PARTS

If an integrand is a product or quotient of differentiable functions of x and cannot be expressed
as a constant multiple of u du/dx, integration by parts is frequently useful. The method is derived by
reversing the process of differentiating a product. From the product rule in Section 3.7.5,
d
[ f (x) g(x)] ⫽ f (x) g⬘(x) ⫹ g(x) f ⬘(x)
dx
Taking the integral of the derivative gives

f (x) g(x) ⫽ 冕 f (x) g⬘(x) dx ⫹ 冕 g(x) f ⬘(x) dx

Then solving algebraically for the first integral on the right-hand side,

冕 f (x) g⬘(x) dx ⫽ f (x) g(x) ⫺ 冕 g(x) f ⬘(x) dx (14.1)

See Examples 7 and 8 and Problems 14.19 to 14.24.

For more complicated functions, integration tables are generally used. Integration tables provide
formulas for the integrals of as many as 500 different functions, and they can be found in mathematical
handbooks.

EXAMPLE 7. Integration by parts is used below to determine

冕 4x(x ⫹ 1)3 dx

1. Separate the integrand into two parts amenable to the formula in (14.1). As a general rule, consider first
the simpler function for f (x) and the more complicated function for g⬘(x). By letting f (x) ⫽ 4x and
g⬘(x) ⫽ (x ⫹ 1)3, then f ⬘(x) ⫽ 4 and g(x) ⫽ 兰 (x ⫹ 1)3 dx, which can be integrated by using the simple
power rule (Rule 3):

g(x) ⫽ 冕 (x ⫹ 1)3 dx ⫽ 1–4(x ⫹ 1)4 ⫹ c1

CHAP. 14] INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL 331

2. Substitute the values for f (x), f ⬘(x), and g(x) in (14.1); and note that g⬘(x) is not used in the formula.

冕 4x(x ⫹ 1)3 dx ⫽ f (x) · g(x) ⫺ 冕 [g(x) · f ⬘(x)] dx

⫽ 4x[1–4(x ⫹ 1)4 ⫹ c1] ⫺ 冕 [1–4(x ⫹ 1)4 ⫹ c1](4) dx

⫽ x(x ⫹ 1)4 ⫹ 4c1 x ⫺ 冕 [(x ⫹ 1)4 ⫹ 4c1] dx

3. Use Rule 3 to compute the final integral and substitute.

冕 4x(x ⫹ 1)3 dx ⫽ x(x ⫹ 1)4 ⫹ 4c1 x ⫺ 1–5(x ⫹ 1)5 ⫺ 4c1 x ⫹ c

⫽ x(x ⫹ 1)4 ⫺ 1–5(x ⫹ 1)5 ⫹ c
Note that the c1 term does not appear in the final solution. Since this is common to integration by
parts, c1 will henceforth be assumed equal to 0 and not formally included in future problem solving.
4. Check the answer by letting y(x) ⫽ x(x ⫹ 1)4 ⫺ 1–5(x ⫹ 1)5 ⫹ c and using the product and generalized power
function rules.
y⬘(x) ⫽ [x · 4(x ⫹ 1)3 ⫹ (x ⫹ 1)4 · 1] ⫺ (x ⫹ 1)4 ⫽ 4x(x ⫹ 1)3

EXAMPLE 8. The integral 兰 2xex dx is determined as follows:

Let f (x) ⫽ 2x and g⬘(x) ⫽ ex; then f ⬘(x) ⫽ 2, and by Rule 6, g(x) ⫽ 兰 ex dx ⫽ ex. Substitute in (14.1).

冕 2xex dx ⫽ f (x) · g(x) ⫺ 冕 g(x) · f ⬘(x) dx

⫽ 2x · ex ⫺ 冕 ex · 2 dx ⫽ 2xex ⫺ 2 冕 ex dx

Apply Rule 6 again and remember the constant of integration.

冕 2xex dx ⫽ 2xex ⫺ 2ex ⫹ c

Then let y(x) ⫽ 2xex ⫺ 2ex ⫹ c and check the answer.

y⬘(x) ⫽ 2x · ex ⫹ ex · 2 ⫺ 2ex ⫽ 2xex

14.6 ECONOMIC APPLICATIONS

Net investment I is defined as the rate of change in capital stock formation K over time t. If the
process of capital formation is continuous over time, I(t) ⫽ dK(t)/dt ⫽ K ⬘(t). From the rate of
investment, the level of capital stock can be estimated. Capital stock is the integral with respect to time
of net investment:

Kt ⫽ 冕 I(t) dt ⫽ K(t) ⫹ c ⫽ K(t) ⫹ K0

where c ⫽ the initial capital stock K0.

Similarly, the integral can be used to estimate total cost from marginal cost. Since marginal cost
is the change in total cost from an incremental change in output, MC ⫽ dTC/dQ, and only variable
costs change with the level of output

TC ⫽ 冕 MC dQ ⫽ VC ⫹ c ⫽ VC ⫹ FC
332 INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL [CHAP. 14

since c ⫽ the fixed or initial cost FC. Economic analysis which traces the time path of variables or
attempts to determine whether variables will converge toward equilibrium over time is called
dynamics. For similar applications, see Example 9 and Problems 14.25 to 14.35.

EXAMPLE 9. The rate of net investment is given by I(t) ⫽ 140t 3/4, and the initial stock of capital at t ⫽ 0 is 150.
Determining the function for capital K, the time path K(t),

K⫽ 冕 140t 3/4 dt ⫽ 140 冕 t 3/4 dt

By the power rule,

K ⫽ 140(4–7 t 7/4) ⫹ c ⫽ 80t7/4 ⫹ c
But c ⫽ K0 ⫽ 150. Therefore, K ⫽ 80t7/4 ⫹ 150.

Solved Problems

INDEFINITE INTEGRALS
14.1. Determine the following integrals. Check the answers on your own by making sure that the
derivative of the integral equals the integrand.

a) 冕 3.5 dx
冕 3.5 dx ⫽ 3.5x ⫹ c (Rule 1)

b) 冕 ⫺ 1–2 dx

冕 ⫺ 1–2 dx ⫽ ⫺ 冕 1
– dx
2 ⫽ ⫺ 1–2x ⫹ c (Rules 1 and 9)

c) 冕 dx

冕 dx ⫽ x ⫹ c (Rule 2)

d) 冕 x5 dx

冕 x5 dx ⫽ 1–6x6 ⫹ c (Rule 3)

e) 冕 4x3 dx

冕 4x3 dx ⫽ 4 冕 x3 dx (Rule 7)

⫽ 4(1–4x4) ⫹ c ⫽ x4 ⫹ c

冕
(Rule 3)
2/3
f) x dx

冕 x2/3 dx ⫽ 3–5x5/3 ⫹ c (Rule 3)

g) 冕 x⫺1/5 dx

冕 x⫺1/5 dx ⫽ 5–4x4/5 ⫹ c (Rule 3)

CHAP. 14] INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL 333

h) 冕 4x⫺2 dx

冕 4
4x⫺2 dx ⫽ ⫺4x⫺1 ⫹ c ⫽ ⫺ ⫹ c
x
(Rule 3)

i) 冕 x⫺5/2 dx

冕 2
x⫺5/2 dx ⫽ ⫺ x⫺3/2 ⫹ c ⫽
3
⫺2
3兹x3
⫹c (Rule 3)

14.2. Redo Problem 14.1 for each of the following:

a) 冕 dx
x

冕 冕 dx
x
⫽
1
x
dx ⫽ ln 兩 x 兩 ⫹ c (Rule 4)

b) 冕 5x⫺1 dx

冕 5x⫺1 dx ⫽ 5 ln 兩 x 兩 ⫹ c (Rules 7 and 4)

c) 冕 1
3x
dx

冕 1
3x
dx ⫽
1
3 冕 1
x
1
dx ⫽ ln 兩 x 兩 ⫹ c
3
(Rules 7 and 4)

d) 冕 兹x dx
冕 兹x dx ⫽ 冕 x1/2 dx ⫽ 2–3x3/2 ⫹ c (Rule 3)

e) 冕 dx
x4

冕 冕 dx
x4
⫽
1
x⫺4 dx ⫽ ⫺ x⫺3 ⫹ c
3
(Rule 3)

f) 冕 dx
3
兹x

冕 dx
兹x
3 ⫽ 冕 3
x⫺1/3 dx ⫽ x2/3 ⫹ c
2
(Rule 3)

g) 冕 (5x3 ⫹ 2x2 ⫹ 3x) dx

冕 (5x3 ⫹ 2x2 ⫹ 3x) dx ⫽ 5 冕 x3 dx ⫹ 2 冕 x2 dx ⫹ 3 冕 x dx (Rules 7 and 8)

⫽ 5(1–4x4) ⫹ 2(1–3x3) ⫹ 3(1–2x2) ⫹ c (Rule 3)

⫽ 4 x ⫹ 3x ⫹ 2x ⫹ c
5– 4 2– 3 3
– 2
334 INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL [CHAP. 14

h) 冕 (2x6 ⫺ 3x4) dx

冕 (2x6 ⫺ 3x4) dx ⫽ 2–7 x7 ⫺ 3–5 x5 ⫹ c (Rules 3, 7, 8, and 9)

14.3. Find the integral for y ⫽ 兰 (x1/2 ⫹ 3x⫺1/2) dx, given the initial condition y ⫽ 0 when x ⫽ 0.

y⫽ 冕 (x1/2 ⫹ 3x⫺1/2) dx ⫽ 2–3 x3/2 ⫹ 6x1/2 ⫹ c

Substituting the initial condition y ⫽ 0 when x ⫽ 0 above, c ⫽ 0. Hence, y ⫽ 2–3 x3/2 ⫹ 6x1/2.

14.4. Find the integral for y ⫽ 兰 (2x5 ⫺ 3x⫺1/4) dx, given the initial condition y ⫽ 6 when x ⫽ 0.

y⫽ 冕 (2x5 ⫺ 3x⫺1/4) dx ⫽ 1–3 x6 ⫺ 4x3/4 ⫹ c

Substituting y ⫽ 6 and x ⫽ 0, c ⫽ 6. Thus, y ⫽ 1–3 x6 ⫺ 4x3/4 ⫹ 6.

14.5. Find the integral for y ⫽ 兰 (10x4 ⫺ 3) dx, given the boundary condition y ⫽ 21 when x ⫽ 1.

y⫽ 冕 (10x4 ⫺ 3) dx ⫽ 2x5 ⫺ 3x ⫹ c

Substituting y ⫽ 21 and x ⫽ 1, 21 ⫽ 2(1)5 ⫺ 3(1) ⫹ c c ⫽ 22

y ⫽ 2x ⫺ 3x ⫹ 22
5

14.6. Redo Problem 14.1 for each of the following:

a) 冕 24x dx b) 冕8x dx

冕 24x dx ⫽
24x
4 ln 2
⫹c (Rule 5) 冕 8x dx ⫽
8x
ln 8
⫹c

c) 冕 e5x dx d) 冕 16e⫺4x dx

冕 e5x dx ⫽
e5x
5
⫹c (Rule 6) 冕 16e⫺4x dx ⫽
16e⫺4x
⫺4
⫹ c ⫽ ⫺4e⫺4x ⫹ c

⫽ 1–5 e5x ⫹ c

e) 冕 (6e3x ⫺ 8e⫺2x) dx

冕 (6e3x ⫺ 8e⫺2x) dx ⫽
6e3x 8e⫺2x
3
⫺
⫺2
⫹ c ⫽ 2e3x ⫹ 4e⫺2x ⫹ c

INTEGRATION BY SUBSTITUTION
14.7. Determine the following integral, using the substitution method. Check the answer on your
own. Given 兰 10x(x2 ⫹ 3)4 dx.
CHAP. 14] INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL 335

Let u ⫽ x2 ⫹ 3. Then du/dx ⫽ 2x and dx ⫽ du/2x. Substituting in the original integrand to reduce it to
a function of u du/dx,

冕 10x(x2 ⫹ 3)4 dx ⫽ 冕 10xu4

du
2x
⫽5 冕 u4 du

Integrating by the power rule, 5 冕 u4 du ⫽ 5(1–5 u5) ⫽ u5 ⫹ c

Substituting u ⫽ x2 ⫹ 3, 兰 10x(x2 ⫹ 3)4 dx ⫽ u5 ⫹ c ⫽ (x2 ⫹ 3)5 ⫹ c

14.8. Redo Problem 14.7, given 兰 x4(2x5 ⫺ 5)4 dx.

Let u ⫽ 2x5 ⫺ 5, du/dx ⫽ 10x4, and dx ⫽ du/10x4. Substituting in the original integrand,

冕 x4(2x5 ⫺ 5)4 dx ⫽ 冕 x4 u4
du
⫽
1
10x4 10 冕 u4 du

Integrating,
1
10 冕 u4 du ⫽
10 5冢 冣
1 1 5
u ⫽
1 5
50
u ⫹c

Substituting, 冕 x4(2x5 ⫺ 5)4 dx ⫽

1 5
50
u ⫹c ⫽
1
50
(2x5 ⫺ 5)5 ⫹ c

14.9. Redo Problem 14.7, given 兰 (x ⫺ 9)7/4 dx.

Let u ⫽ x ⫺ 9. Then du/dx ⫽ 1 and dx ⫽ du. Substituting,

冕 (x ⫺ 9)7/4 dx ⫽ 冕 u7/4 du

Integrating, 冕 u7/4 du ⫽
4 11/4
11
u ⫹c

Substituting, 冕 (x ⫺ 9)7/4 dx ⫽
4
11
(x ⫺ 9)11/4 ⫹ c

Whenever du/dx ⫽ 1, the power rule can be used immediately for integration by substitution.

14.10. Redo Problem 14.7, given 兰 (6x ⫺ 11)⫺5 dx.

Let u ⫽ 6x ⫺ 11. Then du/dx ⫽ 6 and dx ⫽ du/6. Substituting,

冕 (6x ⫺ 11)⫺5 dx ⫽ 冕 u⫺5

du 1
6
⫽
6 冕 u⫺5 du

Integrating,
1
6 冕 u⫺5 du ⫽ 冢
1 1 ⫺4
6 ⫺4
u
1
冣
⫽ ⫺ u⫺4 ⫹ c
24

Substituting, 冕 (6x ⫺ 11)⫺5 dx ⫽ ⫺ ––

24 (6x ⫺ 11)
1 ⫺4
⫹c

Notice that here du/dx ⫽ 6 ⫽ 1, and the power rule cannot be used directly.

14.11. Redo Problem 14.7, given

冕 x2
(4x3 ⫹ 7)2
dx

冕 x2
(4x ⫹ 7)2
3
dx ⫽ 冕 x2(4x3 ⫹ 7)⫺2 dx
336 INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL [CHAP. 14

Let u ⫽ 4x3 ⫹ 7, du/dx ⫽ 12x2, and dx ⫽ du/12x2. Substituting,

冕 x2 u⫺2
du
⫽
1
12x2 12 冕 u⫺2 du

Integrating,
1
12 冕 u⫺2 du ⫽ ⫺
1 ⫺1
12
u ⫹c

Substituting, 冕 x2
(4x3 ⫹ 7)2
dx ⫽ ⫺
1
12(4x3 ⫹ 7)
⫹c

14.12. Redo Problem 14.7, given

冕 6x2 ⫹ 4x ⫹ 10
(x3 ⫹ x2 ⫹ 5x)3
dx

Let u ⫽ x3 ⫹ x2 ⫹ 5x. Then du/dx ⫽ 3x2 ⫹ 2x ⫹ 5 and dx ⫽ du/(3x2 ⫹ 2x ⫹ 5). Substituting,

冕 (6x2 ⫹ 4x ⫹ 10)u⫺3
du
3x2 ⫹ 2x ⫹ 5
⫽2 冕 u⫺3 du

Integrating, 2 冕 u⫺3 du ⫽ ⫺u⫺2 ⫹ c

Substituting, 冕 6x2 ⫹ 4x ⫹ 10
(x3 ⫹ x2 ⫹ 5x)3
dx ⫽ ⫺ 3
1
(x ⫹ x2 ⫹ 5x)2
⫹c

14.13. Redo Problem 14.7, given

冕 dx
9x ⫺ 5

冕 dx
9x ⫺ 5
⫽ 冕 (9x ⫺ 5)⫺1 dx

Let u ⫽ 9x ⫺ 5, du/dx ⫽ 9, and dx ⫽ du/9. Substituting,

冕 u⫺1
du 1
9
⫽
9 冕 u⫺1 du

Integrating with Rule 4, 1–9 兰 u⫺1 du ⫽ 1–9 ln 兩 u 兩 ⫹ c. Since u may be ⭵0, and only positive numbers have logs,
always use the absolute value of u. See Rule 4. Substituting,

冕 dx 1
⫽ ln 兩 9x ⫺ 5 兩 ⫹ c
9x ⫺ 5 9

14.14. Redo Problem 14.7, given

冕 3x2 ⫹ 2
4x3 ⫹ 8x
dx

Let u ⫽ 4x3 ⫹ 8x, du/dx ⫽ 12x2 ⫹ 8, and dx ⫽ du/(12x2 ⫹ 8). Substituting,

冕 (3x2 ⫹ 2)u⫺1
du
⫽
12x ⫹ 8 4
2
1
冕 u⫺1 du

Integrating,
1
4 冕 u⫺1 du ⫽
1
4
ln 兩 u 兩 ⫹ c
CHAP. 14] INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL 337

Substituting, 冕 3x2 ⫹ 2
4x3 ⫹ 8x
1
dx ⫽ ln 兩 4x3 ⫹ 8x 兩 ⫹ c
4

4
14.15. Use the substitution method to find the integral for 兰 x3 ex dx. Check your answer.
Let u ⫽ x4. Then du/dx ⫽ 4x3 and dx ⫽ du/4x3. Substituting, and noting that u is now an exponent,

冕 x3 eu
du 1
⫽
4x3 4 冕 eu du

Integrating with Rule 6,

1
4 冕 eu du ⫽
1 u
4
e ⫹c

Substituting, 冕 x3 ex dx ⫽
4 1 x4
4
e ⫹c

2
14.16. Redo Problem 14.15, given 兰 24xe3x dx.
Let u ⫽ 3x2, du/dx ⫽ 6x, and dx ⫽ du/6x. Substituting,

冕 24xeu
du
6x
⫽4 冕 eu du

Integrating, 4 冕 eu du ⫽ 4eu ⫹ c

Substituting, 冕 2
24xe3x dx ⫽ 4e3x ⫹ c
2

14.17. Redo Problem 14.15, given 兰 14e2x⫹7 dx.

Let u ⫽ 2x ⫹ 7; then du/dx ⫽ 2 and dx ⫽ du/2. Substituting,

冕 14eu
du
2
⫽7 冕 eu du ⫽ 7eu ⫹ c

Substituting, 冕 14e2x⫹7 dx ⫽ 7e2x⫹7 ⫹ c

14.18. Redo Problem 14.15, given 兰 5xe5x ⫹3 dx.

2

Let u ⫽ 5x2 ⫹ 3, du/dx ⫽ 10x, and dx ⫽ du/10x. Substituting,

冕 5xeu
du
⫽
10x 2
1
冕 eu du

Integrating,
1
2 冕 eu du ⫽
1 u
2
e ⫹c

Substituting, 冕 5xe5x ⫹3 dx ⫽
2 1 5x2⫹3
2
e ⫹c

INTEGRATION BY PARTS
14.19. Use integration by parts to evaluate the following integral. Keep in the habit of checking your
answers. Given 兰 15x(x ⫹ 4)3/2 dx.
338 INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL [CHAP. 14

Let f (x) ⫽ 15x, then f ⬘(x) ⫽ 15. Let g⬘(x) ⫽ (x ⫹ 4)3/2, then g(x) ⫽ 兰 (x ⫹ 4)3/2 dx ⫽ 2–5 (x ⫹ 4)5/2. Sub-
stituting in (14.1),

冕 15x(x ⫹ 4)3/2 dx ⫽ f (x) g(x) ⫺ 冕 g(x) f ⬘(x) dx

⫽ 15x [2–5(x ⫹ 4)5/2] ⫺ 冕 5 (x ⫹ 4) 15 dx

2– 5/2
⫽ 6x(x ⫹ 4)5/2 ⫺ 6 冕 (x ⫹ 4)5/2 dx

Evaluating the remaining integral,

冕 15x(x ⫹ 4)3/2 dx ⫽ 6x(x ⫹ 4)5/2 ⫺ 12

–– (x ⫹ 4)7/2 ⫹ c
7

14.20. Redo Problem 14.19, given

冕 2x
(x ⫺ 8)3
dx

Let f (x) ⫽ 2x, f ⬘(x) ⫽ 2, and g⬘(x) ⫽ (x ⫺ 8)⫺3; then g(x) ⫽ 兰 (x ⫺ 8)⫺3 dx ⫽ ⫺1–2 (x ⫺ 8)⫺2. Substituting
in (14.1),

冕 2x
(x ⫺ 8) 3
1
冤
dx ⫽ 2x ⫺ (x ⫺ 8)⫺2 ⫺
2 冥 冕 1
⫺ (x ⫺ 8)⫺2 2 dx ⫽ ⫺x(x ⫺ 8)⫺2 ⫹
2 冕 (x ⫺ 8)⫺2 dx

Integrating for the last time,

冕 2x
(x ⫺ 8)3
dx ⫽ ⫺x(x ⫺ 8)⫺2 ⫺ (x ⫺ 8)⫺1 ⫹ c ⫽
⫺x
⫺
1
(x ⫺ 8)2 x ⫺ 8
⫹c

14.21. Redo Problem 14.19, given

冕 5x
(x ⫺ 1)2
dx

Let f (x) ⫽ 5x, f ⬘(x) ⫽ 5, and g⬘(x) ⫽ (x ⫺ 1)⫺2; then g(x) ⫽ 兰 (x ⫺ 1)⫺2 dx ⫽ ⫺(x ⫺ 1)⫺1. Substituting
in (14.1),

冕 5x
(x ⫺ 1)2
dx ⫽ 5x[⫺(x ⫺ 1)⫺1] ⫺ 冕 ⫺ (x ⫺ 1)⫺1 5 dx ⫽ ⫺5x(x ⫺ 1)⫺1 ⫹ 5 冕 (x ⫺ 1)⫺1 dx

Integrating again,

冕 5x
(x ⫺ 1)2
dx ⫽ ⫺5x(x ⫺ 1)⫺1 ⫹ 5 ln 兩 x ⫺ 1 兩 ⫹ c ⫽
⫺5x
x⫺1
⫹ 5 ln 兩 x ⫺ 1 兩 ⫹ c

14.22. Redo Problem 14.19, given 兰 6xex⫹7 dx.

Let f (x) ⫽ 6x, f ⬘(x) ⫽ 6, g⬘(x) ⫽ ex⫹7, and g(x) ⫽ 兰 ex⫹7 dx ⫽ ex⫹7. Using (14.1),

冕 6xex⫹7 dx ⫽ 6xex⫹7 ⫺ 冕 ex⫹7 6 dx ⫽ 6xex⫹7 ⫺ 6 冕 ex⫹7 dx

Integrating again,

冕 6xex⫹7 dx ⫽ 6xex⫹7 ⫺ 6ex⫹7 ⫹ c

CHAP. 14] INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL 339

14.23. Use integration by parts to evaluate 兰 16xe⫺(x⫹9) dx.

Let f (x) ⫽ 16x, f ⬘(x) ⫽ 16, g⬘(x) ⫽ e⫺(x⫹9), and g(x) ⫽ 兰 e⫺(x⫹9) dx ⫽ ⫺e⫺(x⫹9). Using (14.1),

冕 16xe⫺(x⫹9) dx ⫽ ⫺16xe⫺(x⫹9) ⫺ 冕 ⫺ e⫺(x⫹9) 16 dx ⫽ ⫺16xe⫺(x⫹9) ⫹ 16 冕 e⫺(x⫹9) dx

Integrating once more,

冕 16xe⫺(x⫹9) dx ⫽ ⫺16xe⫺(x⫹9) ⫺ 16e⫺(x⫹9) ⫹ c

14.24. Redo Problem 14.23, given 兰 x2 e2x dx.

Let f (x) ⫽ x2, f ⬘(x) ⫽ 2x, g⬘(x) ⫽ e2x, and g(x) ⫽ 兰 e2x dx ⫽ 1–2 e2x. Substituting in (14.1).

冕 x2 e2x dx ⫽ x2 (1–2 e2x) ⫺ 冕 1

– e2x(2x) dx
2 ⫽ 1–2 x2 e2x ⫺ 冕 xe2x dx (14.2)

Using parts again for the remaining integral, f (x) ⫽ x, f ⬘(x) ⫽ 1, g⬘(x) ⫽ e2x, and g(x) ⫽ 兰 e2x dx ⫽ 1–2 e2x.
Using (14.1),

冕 xe2x dx ⫽ x(1–2 e2x) ⫺ 冕 1

– e2x dx
2 ⫽ 1–2 xe2x ⫺ 1–2(1–2 e2x)

Finally, substituting in (14.2),

冕 x2 e2x dx ⫽ 1–2 x2 e2x ⫺ 1–2 xe2x ⫹ 1–4 e2x ⫹ c

ECONOMIC APPLICATIONS
14.25. The rate of net investment is I ⫽ 40t3/5, and capital stock at t ⫽ 0 is 75. Find the capital
function K.
K⫽ 冕 I dt ⫽ 冕 40t3/5 dt ⫽ 40(5–8 t8/5) ⫹ c ⫽ 25t8/5 ⫹ c

Substituting t ⫽ 0 and K ⫽ 75,

75 ⫽ 0 ⫹ c c ⫽ 75
Thus, K ⫽ 25t8/5 ⫹ 75.

14.26. The rate of net investment is I ⫽ 60t1/3, and capital stock at t ⫽ 1 is 85. Find K.

K⫽ 冕 60t1/3 dt ⫽ 45t4/3 ⫹ c

At t ⫽ 1 and K ⫽ 85,
85 ⫽ 45(1) ⫹ c c ⫽ 40
Thus, K ⫽ 45t 4/3
⫹ 40.

14.27. Marginal cost is given by MC ⫽ dTC/dQ ⫽ 25 ⫹ 30Q ⫺ 9Q2. Fixed cost is 55. Find the (a) total
cost, (b) average cost, and (c) variable cost functions.

a) TC ⫽ 冕 MC dQ ⫽ 冕 (25 ⫹ 30Q ⫺ 9Q2) dQ ⫽ 25Q ⫹ 15Q2 ⫺ 3Q3 ⫹ c

With FC ⫽ 55, at Q ⫽ 0, TC ⫽ FC ⫽ 55. Thus, c ⫽ FC ⫽ 55 and TC ⫽ 25Q ⫹ 15Q2 ⫺ 3Q3 ⫹ 55.

340 INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL [CHAP. 14

TC 55
b) AC ⫽ ⫽ 25 ⫹ 15Q ⫺ 3Q2 ⫹
Q Q
c) VC ⫽ TC ⫺ FC ⫽ 25Q ⫹ 15Q2 ⫺ 3Q3

14.28. Given MC ⫽ dTC/dQ ⫽ 32 ⫹ 18Q ⫺ 12Q2, FC ⫽ 43. Find the (a) TC, (b) AC, and (c) VC
functions.

a) TC ⫽ 冕 MC dQ ⫽ 冕 (32 ⫹ 18Q ⫺ 12Q2) dQ ⫽ 32Q ⫹ 9Q2 ⫺ 4Q3 ⫹ c

At Q ⫽ 0, TC ⫽ FC ⫽ 43, TC ⫽ 32Q ⫹ 9Q2 ⫺ 4Q3 ⫹ 43.

TC 43
b) AC ⫽ ⫽ 32 ⫹ 9Q ⫺ 4Q2 ⫹
Q Q
c) VC ⫽ TC ⫺ FC ⫽ 32Q ⫹ 9Q2 ⫺ 4Q3

14.29. Marginal revenue is given by MR ⫽ dTR/dQ ⫽ 60 ⫺ 2Q ⫺ 2Q2. Find (a) the TR function and
(b) the demand function P ⫽ f (Q).

a) TR ⫽ 冕 MR dQ ⫽ 冕 (60 ⫺ 2Q ⫺ 2Q2) dQ ⫽ 60Q ⫺ Q2 ⫺ 2–3 Q3 ⫹ c

At Q ⫽ 0, TR ⫽ 0. Therefore c ⫽ 0. Thus, TR ⫽ 60Q ⫺ Q2 ⫺ 2–3Q3.

b) TR ⫽ PQ. Therefore, P ⫽ TR/Q, which is the same as saying that the demand function and the
average revenue function are identical. Thus, P ⫽ AR ⫽ TR/Q ⫽ 60 ⫺ Q ⫺ 2–3 Q2.

14.30. Find (a) the total revenue function and (b) the demand function, given
MR ⫽ 84 ⫺ 4Q ⫺ Q2

a) TR ⫽ 冕 MR dQ ⫽ 冕 (84 ⫺ 4Q ⫺ Q2) dQ ⫽ 84Q ⫺ 2Q2 ⫺ 1–3 Q3 ⫹ c

At Q ⫽ 0, TR ⫽ 0. Therefore c ⫽ 0. Thus, TR ⫽ 84Q ⫺ 2Q2 ⫺ 1–3 Q3.

TR 1
b) P ⫽ AR ⫽ ⫽ 84 ⫺ 2Q ⫺ Q2
Q 3

14.31. With C ⫽ f (Y), the marginal propensity to consume is given by MPC ⫽ dC/dY ⫽ f ⬘(Y). If the
MPC ⫽ 0.8 and consumption is 40 when income is zero, find the consumption function.

C⫽ 冕 f ⬘(Y) dY ⫽ 冕 0.8 dY ⫽ 0.8Y ⫹ c

At Y ⫽ 0, C ⫽ 40. Thus, c ⫽ 40 and C ⫽ 0.8Y ⫹ 40.

3
14.32. Given dC/dY ⫽ 0.6 ⫹ 0.1/ 兹Y ⫽ MPC and C ⫽ 45 when Y ⫽ 0. Find the consumption
function.

C⫽ 冕冢 0.6 ⫹
0.1
兹Y
3 冣 dY ⫽ 冕 (0.6 ⫹ 0.1Y ⫺1/3
) dY ⫽ 0.6Y ⫹ 0.15Y2/3 ⫹ c

At Y ⫽ 0, C ⫽ 45. Thus, C ⫽ 0.6Y ⫹ 0.15Y2/3 ⫹ 45.

CHAP. 14] INTEGRAL CALCULUS: THE INDEFINITE INTEGRAL 341

14.33. The marginal propensity to save is given by dS/dY ⫽ 0.5 ⫺ 0.2Y⫺1/2. There is dissaving of 3.5
when income is 25, that is, S ⫽ ⫺3.5 when Y ⫽ 25. Find the savings function.

S⫽ 冕 (0.5 ⫺ 0.2Y ⫺1/2) dY ⫽ 0.5Y ⫺ 0.4Y 1/2 ⫹ c

At Y ⫽ 25, S ⫽ ⫺3.5.
⫺3.5 ⫽ 0.5(25) ⫺ 0.4(兹25) ⫹ c c ⫽ ⫺14
Thus, S ⫽ 0.5Y ⫺ 0.4Y 1/2
⫺ 14.

14.34. Given MC ⫽ dTC/dQ ⫽ 12e0.5Q and FC ⫽ 36. Find the total cost.

TC ⫽ 冕 12e0.5Q dQ ⫽ 12
1 0.5Q
0.5
e ⫹ c ⫽ 24e0.5Q ⫹ c

With FC ⫽ 36, TC ⫽ 36 when Q ⫽ 0. Substituting, 36 ⫽ 24e0.5(0) ⫹ c. Since e0 ⫽ 1, 36 ⫽ 24 ⫹ c, and c ⫽ 12.

Thus, TC ⫽ 24e0.5Q ⫹ 12. Notice that c does not always equal FC.

14.35. Given MC ⫽ 16e0.4Q and FC ⫽ 100. Find TC.

TC ⫽ 冕 16e0.4Q dQ ⫽ 16 冢 0.4 冣 e
1 0.4Q
⫹ c ⫽ 40e0.4Q ⫹ c

At Q ⫽ 0, TC ⫽ 100.
100 ⫽ 40e0 ⫹ c c ⫽ 60
Thus, TC ⫽ 40e0.4Q ⫹ 60.