® VIDYA PRASARAK MANDAL'S

K.G. JOSHI COLLEGE OF ARTS &

N.G. BEDEKAR COLLEGE OF COMMERCE, THANE
Accredited 'A' Grade by NAAC in Third Cycle (2016)
Best College Award (University of Mumbai) (2011-2012)
Community College (University of Mumbai)
ISO 9001: 2015

UGC SPONSORED
TH
14 NATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON

Smart Cities in India: The Road Ahead

19th and 20th January 2018

Venue
Kattyayan
Commerce Building, Third Floor,
K.G. Joshi College of Arts &
N.G. Bedekar College of Commerce,
Chendani , Bunder Road,
Thane 400 601, (MS), India.

Organized by
Department of Self Finance Courses
VPM’s Joshi-Bedekar College
“Jnanadweepa”, Thane College Campus,
Chendani, Bunder Road,
Thane 400 601, (MS), India,
Website : www.vpmthane.org

i
 Steering Committee
Dr. (Mrs.) Suchitra A. Naik I/c Principal & Chairperson
Mr. Subhash Shinde Vice Principal
Mrs. Monica Deshpande Vice Principal
Mr. Narayan S. Barse Librarian
Dr. (Mrs.) Rashmi Agnihotri Co-ordinator (M.Com Courses)
Dr. Mahesh Patil Co-ordinator (BMM/MACJ Courses)
Mrs. Mrunmayee Thatte Co-ordinator (BBI/BFM Courses)
Mr. Nitin Pagi Co-ordinator (BMS Courses)
Ms. Neelam Shaikh Convener & Co-ordinator (BAF Courses)

Editorial Committee
Dr. (Mrs.) Suchitra A. Naik Editor-in-Chief
Ms. Neelam Shaikh Editor
Dr. Anil Dhawale Co-Editor
Mrs. Mugdha Keskar Co-Editor
Mrs. Sangita Mohanty Co-Editor
Mrs. Archana Nair Co-Editor
Mrs. Vimukta Raje Co-Editor

Please Note: Published by :

The Authors of the papers are alone Vidya Prasarak Mandal’s
K. G. Joshi College of Arts &
responsible for technical content of the
N. G. Bedekar College of Commerce, Thane
papers and references cited therein “Jnanadweepa”, Chendani, Bunder Road,
Thane (W) 400 601. Maharashtra
Cover Page Design : Tel. : 2533 24 12 Fax : 2533 24 12
Mr. Pranav Waidande (SYBMM) Website : www.vpmthane.org
Printed at
Perfect Prints
22, Jyoti Industrial Estate,
Nooribaba Darga Road, Thane 400 601.
Tel. : 2534 1291 / 2541 3546
Email : perfectprints@gmail.com

ii
Sponsorship Committee Technical Committee
Mr. Narayan S. Barse - Chairperson Ms. T.N. Nadgauda - Chairperson
Mr. Subhash Shinde - Member Dr. Sagar Thakkar - Member
Dr. Shirish Patil - Member Mr. Shashikant Waghere - Member
Mr. Yogesh S. Prasade - Member Mr. Ranjeet Varma - Member
Ms. Neelam Shaikh - Member
Mrs. Mrunmayee Thatte - Member Publicity Committee
Dr. Mahesh Patil - Member Mr. Santosh Rane - Chairperson
Mr. Nitin Pagi - Member Dr. Mahesh Patil - Member
Mr. Prashant Dharmadhikari - Member
Certificate Preparation Committee
Mrs. Mugdha Keskar - Chairperson Stage & Hall Arrangement Committee
Mrs. Mohini Kulkarni - Member Mrs. Archana Doifode - Chairperson
Mrs. Dipti Chindarkar - Member Mr. Prakash Jangale - Member
Mrs. Kalpana Ramdas - Member
Registration Committee Dr. Vinod Chandwani - Member
Mrs. Sindu P. Natuvetty - Chairperson Ms. Rasika Desai - Member
Mr. Nitin. R. Wadhvinde - Member
Mrs. Kalpana Nayar - Member Catering Committee
Mr. DattaPrasad Ghadi - Member Dr. (Mrs.) Indrani Roy - Chairperson
Mrs.Ruchita Gavhale - Member Mrs. Swati Bhalerao - Member
Mrs. Trupti Kautikwar - Member
Anchoring Committee Mrs Shefali Kondewar - Member
Dr. (Mrs.) Suja Roy Abraham - Chairperson Ms. Manisha Pandey - Member
Mrs. Archana Nair - Member
Ms. Jharna Tolani - Member Accounts Committee
Mrs. Neha Malkhare - Member Mrs. Manali Ambokar - Chairperson
Mrs. Vimukta Raje - Member Mr. Sanjay Patil - Member
Ms. Vedavati Pranjape - Member Mr. Parag Shinde - Member
Mr. Rupesh Zagade - Member
Reception Committee
Dr. (Mrs.) Rashmi Agnihotri - Chairperson Exhibition Committee
Mrs. Mugdha Bapat - Member Mrs. Sangita Mohanty - Chairperson
Mr. Yatin Pandit - Member Ms. Prachi Nitnaware - Member
Mrs. Mugdha Desi - Member Mr. Manish Gosavi - Member
Mr. Mahesh Dudhbhate - Member
Hospitality Committee
Discipline Committee
Dr. Anil Dhawale - Chairperson
Mr. Praful Bhosale - Member Dr. Pramod Kharate - Chairperson
Mr. Avinash Waghmare - Member Mr. Rohidas Vaje - Member
Ms. Atul Raut - Member Mr. Nitin Ingawale - Member
Mrs. Urmila Shetve - Member Mrs. Sipra Routaray - Member
Mrs. Aditi Patgaonkar - Member

iii
Chairman’s Message
I am very pleased to note that the Department of Self Finance courses,
VPM’s Joshi Bedekar College,Thane is organizing a two day National
Conference on ‘Smart Cities in India: The Road Ahead’ on 19th and 20th
January, 2018.
Indian economy today is on a new growth trajectory. It is the right time for
holding this conference, as the Smart Cities Mission of the Government is
ushering in a new phase of urbanization and urban renewal in India.
The idea of a Smart city encompasses Smart solutions in the sectors of
affordable housing transportation, electric supply, IT connectivity, sanitation,
health, safety and security. It is expected to improve the standard of living of
people and create growth opportunities for the economy.
I am happy to see the concept being adopted as the theme of the conference.
This is a concept that has captured the imagination of planners and policy
makers and percolating it further into the minds of academicians and student
researchers is an effort worth accolades.
I congratulate the Principal, the Conference Convener, and the Organizing
Committee and wish them success in this endeavor.
Dr. Vijay V. Bedekar
Chairman
Vidya Prasarak Mandal, Thane, Maharashtra, India.

iv
 From the Principal’s Desk
“What is the City but the People”
William Shakespeare
This year more and more cities have started on the road getting smarter. Smart
Cities is all about using information and communication technology in a more
intelligent and efficient manner resulting in cost and energy savings improved
service delivery and quality of life. It is also about protecting environment and
ensuring balance in everything.
But once a city becomes “Smart” does that end one’s journey? No! I don’t
think so.
As Ogwo David Emenike says “Smart is not just a word: it is an attitude’.
The really smart city is one that has put in place soft and hard infrastructures
that can be used in a continuous process of fulfillment of common good.
Rapid urbanization is a complex challenge today and developing holistic
ecosystems that offer inclusive and high standards of living even in the face of
expansion is of great value. In all the abilities that we are putting in is a home
grown approach which emphasises on culture, communities and connectedness
that lends a warmth of purpose to our smart cities.
I congratulate the Department of Self Financing Courses and the Conference
Convener Prof Neelam Shaikh and all Co-ordinators for their efforts in
transforming this conference dream into reality. Hope that the conference will
provide platform for the intelligentsia to interact and discuss the process,
implementation and solution to Smart Cities.
I wish all concerned with the conference a great success and Good luck!
Dr. (Mrs) Suchitra Naik
I/c Principal

v
 Convener’s Message
The Department of Self Financing Courses, VPM’s Joshi Bedekar College
proudly presents Two Day National Conference on “Smart Cities in India:
The Road Ahead” on January 19th and 20th, 2018.
This pet project of Govt of India has garnered a lot of attention from planners,
policy makers, media and technology companies, entrepreneurs and society
in general. On the one hand, smart cities hold the promise to potentially
make the growing number of the cities around the globe more efficient, more
tech savvy, more wired and with all that they can hopefully improve the
quality of life for citizens.
Technological innovations are inevitable component to a city’s development
project planning. Best fit frugal solutions across all basic infrastructure sectors
must be identified and acknowledged so that cities can keep up to the fast
evolving world of technology and can also adopt the most viable and efficient
technology to make the city smart and connected.
Smart Cities Mission is one of the key initiatives wherein innovative solutions
will be introduced to recast the urban landscape of the country and make the
cities more inclusive and livable and with a steady economic growth.
This conference aims to deliberate on the adoption of newer technologies
and innovations, discussion on facets of urban planning, sustainable
development. It aims to bring together the key decision makers and the
industry to a common platform to encourage fruitful dialogues and
collaborations. This will help us to make the journey of urbanization as fruitful
as its SMART Destination.
Miss. Neelam Shaikh
Convener

vi
 CONTENTS
Technical Session I- Social and Economic Impact in Cities / Smart Society and Economy
1. Green Jobs : A Study on Opportunities and Challenges in India ........................................................ 3
Mrs. Sunita Saini
2. A Review of Smart Cities’ Mission Statement & Guidelines ............................................................. 9
Mrs. Archana Doifode
3. Understanding the Importance of People-Centric Smart City Initiatives .......................................... 16
Dr. Sagar Thakkar
4. Exploring Scope of Social Entrepreneurs and Postal Banking in Smart City Project ....................... 20
Dr. Sunil Kulkarni and Mrs. Archana Nair
5. Smart Cities – The Road Towards Sustainable Growth .................................................................. 24
CA (Dr.) Leena Mahesh Gadkari and Mr. Raiju Hassan
6. Does Smart City Improve Urban Social Sustainability? .................................................................. 30
Ms. Neelam Shaikh
7. Rural Urban Linkages for Sustainable Development ....................................................................... 33
Ms. Kinjal Sanghavi
8. n`©Q>Z g§YrMo CJdVo ñWmZH$ - ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r R>mUo .................................................................... 37
Mrs. Vimukta Raje

9. Zm{eH$ eha dmhVyH$ ì`dñWoÀ`m {Z`moOZmV g‘mQ>© {gQ>r `moOZmMo ‘hÎd .......................................... 42
Mr. Balasaheb Chakor

10. ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r EH$ ZE ^maV H$m {Z‘m©U: gm‘m{OH$ gÝX^© ............................................................ 45
Dr. Anil Dhawale

11. ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r g§H$ënZm ~Zm‘ ‘hmZJar` g§dXo Zm ...................................................................... 48

Dr. (Ms) Jayshree Singh

Technical Session II- Smart Mobility, Smart Data Technology And Cyber Security
12. Evaluating Accessibility for Places of Origin to Metro stations: A Case Study of Faridabad, India ... 55
Mr. Vibhore Bakshi
13. Bridges as Smart Public Spaces, Not just links .............................................................................. 67
Dr.(Mrs) Priyamvada Chitale and Mrs. Shilpa Kshirsager
14. A Study on Impact of Integrated and Smart Mobility in Development of Rural Tourism .................. 72
Mrs.Urmila Shetve and Dr (Mrs) Seethalekshmy N.
15. Contribution Of Smart City Development Program Towards Development Of Smart Tourism ........ 79
w.r.t Tourists’ Welfare
Mrs. Mugdha Shripad Bapat
16. Smart Banking an Essential for Smart City ..................................................................................... 84
Mr. Gajanan V. Godbole

vii
17. Smart Cities Abounded With a Career Opportunities to IT Professionals ....................................... 89
Ms. Taranum Shaikh
18. Usage Of Smart Phones Among College Students: Revolving Smart Citizens And Exploring ........... 93
The Way To Smart City
Dr. (Mrs) Sadhana Singh
19. Smart Solutions for Better Management of Traffic Violations .......................................................... 99
Mr. Vidyadhar Prabhudesai
Technical Session III- Smart Environment
20. “TOD” for Smart Cities in the Indian Context .............................................................................. 105
Mrs. Laxmi Nagaraj
21. Green Building and Sustainable Habitat ........................................................................................ 109
Dr. (Mrs.)Vandana N. Purav
22. Smart Waste Management Practices ............................................................................................. 112
Mr. Vidyadhar A. Walavalkar
23. Smart Water management in India : Case of Gujarat ..................................................................... 115
Mrs. Kalpana P. Nayar
24. A Study on How Smart Water Management and Waste Disposal Management Using .................118
IOT is Going to Improve Quality of Life
Mrs. Sujatha Sundar Iyer
25. Impact of Build Environment on Well-Being: Building Better Space for Smart Cities ..................... 123
Ms. Manisha Pandey
26. Digitalisation of Health Care Centres: an Overview ...................................................................... 128
Mrs. Shilpa Hatewar
Technical Session IV- Safe City and Resilience
27. An Approach to Rejuvenation: The City of Cuttack ..................................................................... 135
Mrs. Dharitri Das
28. Urbanization In India: w.r.t The Concept Of Smart Cities ............................................................. 139
Mr. Rajendra Kanhu Doifode
29. Smart City-Youth Social Capital of Urban Open systems ............................................................. 146
Ms. Shweta Dubey and Ms. Shilpi Jawake
30. A Study on Impact Of Smart City as Urbanization with reference to Mumbai Region ................... 151
Dr. Vinod S. Chandwani and Mr. Nitin B. Pagi
31. Reviewing the Challenges in Making Smart Cities in India ............................................................ 154
Ms. Tabassum Shaikh
32. Recognizing the Need for Integrating Women Safety While Crafting Smart Cities ......................... 159
C.S (Mrs) Lalita Mutreja

viii
 Technical Session I
Social and Economic Impact in Cities /
Smart Society and Economy

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 1

2 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 Green Jobs : A Study on Opportunities and Challenges in India
Prof. Sunita Saini
Assistant Professor
Pillai College of Arts, Commerce & Science
Email id: sunitas@mes.ac.in , sunitasaini987@yahoo.com
Abstract : Green Jobs have become an emblem of a more sustainable economy and a society that preserves the
environment for present and future generations and is more equitable and inclusive of all people and all countries.
The rationale for green growth and clean development has mostly been presented as a win-win situation for the
environment and for economic development. Relatively little and superficial attention has been paid to the social
dimension of sustainable development, in particular to the implications for employment and for decent work.
Environmental degradation, including the deterioration and exhaustion of natural resources are among the most
serious threats to economic and broader sustainable development. To overcome these difficulties a new concept
has born in the present globalized world. This concept is named as ‘Green jobs’. The paper is an attempt to
provide highlights of the concepts related to Green Jobs, and why Green jobs are important in today’s economy.
The paper also explores the green jobs opportunities and challenges in India. The paper also describe the
tremendous potential for future Green Jobs and also Key factors of Green in forstering economic development and
sustainability Jobs in India.
Keywords: Green jobs, Sustainability, Key Factors of Green Jobs.

Introduction as the move toward a low-carbon and more sustainable

economy gathers momentum. Although winners are
The Green Jobs initiative is a joint initiative by
likely to far outnumber losers, some workers may be
the ILO, the United Nations Environment Programme,
hurt in the economic restructuring toward sustainability.
the International Organization of Employers and the
From a broad conceptual perspective, employment will
International Trade Union Confederation, which
be affected in at least four ways as the economy is
supports a concerted effort by governments, employers,
oriented towards greater sustainability:
and trade unions to promote environmentally
sustainable decent jobs in a climate-challenged world,
Additional jobs will be created – as in the
and it seeks to facilitate a “just transition” that reflects manufacturing of pollution-control devices added
the environmental, economic and social pillars of to existing production equipment.
sustainable development. As a part of the global

Some employment will be substituted – as in
initiative, the ILO has launched a “Green Jobs
shifting from fossil fuels to renewable, or from
Program” and the ILO Regional Office for Asia and
truck manufacturing to rail car manufacturing, or
the Pacific and the Sub-regional/Country Offices in
from land filling and waste incineration to
this region have developed demonstration programmes
recycling.
in Bangladesh, China and India. In India, the pursuit
of an inclusive growth strategy for poverty reduction
Certain jobs may be eliminated without direct
and the search for environmentally sustainable paths replacement – as when packaging materials are
are key concerns in the country’s development discouraged or banned and their production is
trajectory. With the Green Jobs Initiative, the ILO and discontinued.
its partners seek to address and build on the relation
between these goals, by promoting economies and
Many existing professions (such as plumbers,
enterprises with a reduced environmental impact that electricians, metal workers, and construction
generate meaningful employment and the regeneration workers) will simply be transformed and redefined
of natural resources. as day-to-day skill sets, work methods, and profiles
are greened.
According to a report commissioned by the UN
Environment Programme under a joint Green Jobs Concept of Green Jobs
Initiative with the International Labour Oorganization Green jobs are decent jobs that contribute to
(ILO), growing number of green jobs will be created preserve or restore the environment, be they in

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 3

traditional sectors such as manufacturing and Objectives of the Study:
construction, or in new, emerging green sectors such
1. To gain knowledge about the green jobs opportunities
as renewable energy and energy efficiency or services
and challenges in India.
such as audit and rating of green activities.
2. To know the key factors of Green Jobs in India.
Green jobs reduce the environmental impact of
enterprises and economic sectors, ultimately to levels Key Factors of Green Jobs in India
that are sustainable. Specifically, but not exclusively,
this includes jobs that help to protect ecosystems and Estimates suggest that India needs approximately
biodiversity; reduce energy, materials, and water 70 million new jobs by 2017 to maintain a relatively
consumption through high efficiency strategies; de- low unemployment rate in the country. Thus, the rise
carbonize the economy; and minimize or altogether in green jobs could aid in keeping unemployment in
avoid generation of all forms of waste and pollution. check as well as provide livelihood opportunities to a
Green jobs in emerging economies and developing vast segment of the population. Unlike the IT sector
countries include opportunities for managers, scientists boom in the country which saw a rapid growth in white
and technicians, but the bulk of the required work can collar jobs, a steadily growing green economy has the
benefit a broad cross-section of the population which potential to create medium and low-skilled jobs in
needs it most i.e. youth, women, farmers, rural sectors like waste management and recycling,
populations and slum dwellers of Urban area. mechanics in clean technology industries, energy,
transport and workers in the construction and
Green jobs help: maintenance of green building projects. Thus, by
catering to the bottom of the pyramid population, green
• Improve energy and raw materials efficiency
jobs could also help to reduce poverty in the long-term.
• Limit greenhouse gas emissions
• Green Policy: In 2006, the government of India
• Minimize waste and pollution
came out with a new environment policy called
• Protect and restore ecosystems the National Environment Policy (NEP). The main
• Support adaptation to the effects of climate change objectives of this policy are conserving critical
environment resources, livelihood security for the
According to International Labour Organisation poor, integration of environmental concerns in
“A green job is one that helps bring about and maintain economic and social development and maintaining
a transition to environmentally sustainable forms of efficiency in environment resource use.
production and consumption.” Chart 1. which is the
schematic of “green/decent jobs” in four quadrants • Green Education and Training: In 2010, the
matrix illustrates linkages between green and decent Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)
jobs i.e. started working on a plan to launch several short-
term diplomas and technical training courses in
(i) Green and decent, nor decent. the renewable and clean energy sector to prepare
(ii) Green but not decent, a technically skilled workforce for the coming
(iii) Decent but not green and years. In addition, academic and research institutes
(iv) Neither green nor decent. have started courses and programmes for teaching
green skills all across the country.
Chart 1.
• Green Sectors: India’s lowcarbon technology
market is estimated to reach USD 135 billion by
2020, making the country one of the most lucrative
destinations for investment. Growth in the
renewable energy sector has been significant over
the past few years and with abundant renewable
resources available in India, the growth is expected
to continue in the future.

4 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
Green Jobs Opportunities in Various Occupations operations on the overall environment.
1. Management Occupations • Conservation scientists manage the use and
development of natural resources. Some will work
• Sustainability managers are responsible for
to conserve and restore public and private lands.
developing and implementing an organization’s
sustainability plans and presenting these plans to • Environmental scientists use their knowledge of
senior staff. the natural sciences to protect the environment
by identifying problems and finding solutions that
• Chief executives include high-level positions, such
minimize hazards to the health of the environment
as chief sustainability officer, environmental vice
and the population.
president, and director of corporate responsibility.
These executives develop and direct sustainability • Microbiologists study microscopic organisms, such
strategies. as bacteria and viruses. Many bacteria or other
microscopic organisms can be used to clean up
• General and operations managers work to ensure
pollution, or using bacteria, yeast, or other microbes
that sustainability strategies are implemented in
to develop new bio-fuels, the need to use fossil
day-today operations and that any sustainability
fuels can be reduced.
measures are incorporated into the production
process. • Soil and plant scientists study local plants and the
soil that supports them. They look for diseases or
• Industrial production managers plan, direct, and
chemicals present in the plants and soil that results
coordinate the production activities required to
from pollutants and study ways to remove these
produce a vast array of manufactured goods.
pollutants and to prevent further pollution.
These managers may also be responsible for
improving the industrial production process and to 3. Engineering Occupations
find ways to reduce waste and improve efficiency,
Engineers who work in sustainability devise
while remaining in budget.
technical solutions for reducing waste and cutting costs.
• Transportation, storage, and distribution managers They also might be responsible for developing methods
are vital to finding ways to reduce waste and make to increase safety and to reduce the risk of illness and
movement of goods more sustainable, because injury for a company’s employees.
transportation, storage, and distribution are very
• Chemical engineers work to minimize the
energy intensive and require many resources.
environmental impact of chemicals used by a
2. Science Occupations company in production processes.
Scientists who work in sustainability devise • Civil engineers are involved in green building and
technical solutions for reducing waste and cutting costs. designing structures that will operate efficiently,
They assist in the development of strategies to increase reduce pollution, and decrease carbon output.
safety and to reduce the risk of illness and injury for a They also design water supply and sewage
company’s employees. treatment facilities.
• Biochemists and biophysicists study the chemical • Environmental engineers use the principles of
makeup of organisms. They may also study the biology and chemistry to develop solutions to
effects of pollution on these organisms and environmental problems. They are involved in
determine ways to reduce the impact of pollution, water and air pollution control, recycling, waste
as well as ways to reduce its effects. disposal, and public health issues.
• Chemists and materials scientists develop new Other sustainability occupations in addition to
chemicals or materials that have a lower managers, scientists, and engineers, many other
environmental impact than materials used in occupations are involved in the sustainability field.
current operations. Atmospheric scientists study These include accountants and auditors, business
the effects of air pollution and Company’s operations specialists, and compliance officers.

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 5

o Accountants and auditors measure the impacts • Few metropolitan cities such as Delhi and
of sustainability programs. They determine the Bangalore are in the process of developing their
monetary savings and costs associated with these transit oriented policies and plans for the city to
programs and may measure non-monetary promote mixed land use and increase densification
aspects, such as environmental performance and in the cities. The URDPFI guidelines, currently
the amount of waste reduction. being revised, recommend the same approach;
other cities should learn from these examples.
o Business operations specialist is a broad category
that includes recycling coordinators and energy • Emphasis should be increased on local development
auditors. regulations and densification of land uses through
o Recycling coordinators coordinate recycling ongoing efforts on Transit oriented development.
programs for governments and private firms. Firms • Cities can utilize central government funding for
recycle many of the materials used in production the preparation of plans and the prioritization of
and operations, such as excess packaging, office long term infrastructure improvement; e.g. the
paper, used chemicals, and scrap metal. Ministry of Urban Development provides funds
o Cost estimators accurately forecast the cost, size, under the National Urban Information Systems
and duration of sustainability projects. They program to develop Master Plans on a GIS
develop the cost information that business owners platform.
and managers need to decide on the profitability • Application of GIS in Master Planning processes
of sustainability projects. can be used to record plot by plot data on land
o Human resources specialists are responsible for use, transportation, storm water system and solid
the workforce needs of an organization. waste management etc.

o Logisticians analyze and coordinate an • The Union government’s announcement of 100

organization’s supply chain–the system that moves Smart Cities programme can be tapped as an
a product from supplier to consumer. They find opportunity for all cities to leverage innovative
ways to reduce the amount of waste in the process approaches for industrial development.
of storing and transporting goods. Increased
Green Jobs Challenges
efficiency in these areas will reduce waste,
emissions, and costs. Evaluating the current and future trends of the
Urban Land Use and Density sector led to the
o Occupational health and safety specialists and
identification of challenges that already are or could in
technicians help prevent harm to workers,
the future hinder or even prevent cities from seizing
property, the environment, and the general public.
the opportunities aforesaid, thus precluding a transition
They may design safe work spaces, inspect
to Green Growth. These challenges are:
machines, and test air quality.
• Limited technical capacities of local agencies that
Green Jobs Opportunities
prevent Transferable Development Rights, Public
By recognising planning and development control Private Partnership (PPPs) and town planning
regulations as key requisites for a sustainable future schemes from being properly utilized as land
and keeping in view the consequences of unplanned management practices.
development, the High Powered Expert Committee and
the McKinsey Global Institute have recommended • Lack of monitoring of Master Plan violations, non-
several initiatives to be taken up for effective land use coordination of an excessive number of agencies
planning, such as upgrading planning technology (GIS involved, political interference etc.
maps and economic projections, transportation, and • Non-functioning of Metropolitan Planning
affordable housing) etc. and preparation of effective Committees and District Planning Committees,
20 year Master Plans with integrated content; the which have a major decision making role as per
Government of India is currently addressing this. the 74th constitutional amendment. The non-
implementation of the act is one of the major

6 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 barriers for cities to take coordinated decisions In Transport sector the pace of job creation is
for longer term development. slow and patchy, but in view of increasing demand of
retro-fitting and use of CNG fuel, hybrid electrical
Potential for Future Green Jobs
buses, trucks and passenger cars, so there is huge
It is estimated that the demand for green requirement of mechanical and related jobs. Only in
professionals and workers could grow by 55-60 per Delhi, the Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) urgently
cent in the coming years in India. Creating skilled requires over 17,000 jobs. Public transport contributes
manpower for green jobs will thus be the main priority to green growth and jobs in many different ways: it is
of the government and private sector in the future. a source of a diverse range of green and local jobs; if
The government will need new policy measures on offers good training and qualifications (notably for
wage rate, working conditions, employee benefits etc. drivers); it provides new opportunities for specialist
to foster green job growth and to create enabling suppliers; and it encourages better connectivity within
environment for green workers. Also, India will require cities. UITP’s strategy for the public transport sector
a separate department to implement and execute sets out the aim to double the market share of public
polices related to green jobs as well as cater to green transport worldwide by 2025. Achieving this aim would
professionals. In addition, emerging green occupations further develop employment in the public transport
call for the need of new training programs and sector-it would for instance double the number of jobs
upgrading the skills of workers in response to adoption at public transport operating companies- and would
of new technologies. To increase the accessibility of support the healthy development of cities.
training and skill development, foundations and NGOs
If one were to see the market potential for green
can introduce programmes for women, marginalised
buildings in India, green construction don’t even
groups and rural communities in remote villages of the
account for 5 per cent of the current stock. Hence,
country.
there is a huge potential. According to Dodge Data &
Given the population growth rate, India needs to Analytics World Green Building TrendsSmartMarket
create 10 million new jobs every year. Analysis carried Report, by 2018 the green building industry in India
out by the Council on Energy, Environment and Water will grow 20 per cent driven largely by environmental
(CEEW) and the Natural Resources Defense Council regulations and demand for healthier neighbourhoods.
(NRDC) estimates that more than 1 million full-time Findings in the report point out that new, high-rise
equivalent jobs would be created by the solar residential communities and mixed-use development
deployment industry alone, between now and 2022. are expected to be the top three sectors for green
These would include over 210,000 skilled plant design building growth in India that would fuel the demand of
and site engineering jobs, 18,000 highly skilled jobs in skilled and semi-skilled jobs in this segment. Since 75
business development and over 80,000 annual jobs for per cent of the buildings that will exist in 2030 are yet
performance data monitoring. to be built, this will provide increased job opportunities
in the green buildings segment.
Analysis based on survey responses from 40 solar
companies in India highlights the current unavailability Employment opportunities in India’s renewable
of appropriately skilled manpower for construction and energy sector are going to almost double by 2022,
commissioning of solar units as a significant challenge according to the International Renewable Energy
to the solar industry. Similarly, wind sector respondents Agency (IRENA).
suggested that the current skilling programmes needed
Conclusion
to be made more relevant and accessible, such that
companies are assured of the high quality of training. India is keen to attempt to work towards a low
This is where the ambitious renewable energy target of carbon emission pathway while simultaneously
the country interlinks with the Skill India initiative, which endeavouring to meet all the developmental challenges.
aims to skill 400 million people by 2022. It will be crucial The Intended Nationally Determined Contribution
to develop standardized training programmes that can (INDC) is taking forward the Prime Minister’s vision
be implemented through institutes around the country, of a sustainable lifestyle and climate justice to protect
with training institutes being set up in areas with the the poor and vulnerable from adverse impacts of climate
most renewable energy potential and upcoming capacity. change. India’s INDC centres around its policies and

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 7

programmes on promotion of clean energy, especially • Green jobs in Nepal: Green jobs a dual challenge
renewable energy, enhancement of energy efficiency, ( International Labour Organisation)
development of less carbon intensive and resilient urban
centres, promotion of waste to wealth, safe, smart and • Green jobs : Facts and figures (International
sustainable green transportation network, abatement Labour Organisation)
of pollution and India’s efforts to enhance carbon sink • Green Jobs and policy Measures for a Sustainable
through creation of forest and tree cover. India, at COP Agriculture (Adele Bianco 2015)
21 in Paris, declared a voluntary goal of reducing the
emissions intensity of its GDP by 33–35%, over 2005 • “Green Economy: challenges and responses to
levels by 2030. India has adopted several ambitious changing condition”, 14-15 December 2009,
measures for clean and renewable energy, energy NISTADS, New Delhi
efficiency in various sectors of industries, achieving
lower emission intensity in the automobile and transport • http://www.ilo.org/newdelhi/whatwedo/projects/
sector, non-fossil based electricity generation and WCMS_123411/lang—en/index.htm
building sector based on energy conservation. Thrust • http://blog.ficci.com/green-jobs-naina-lal-kidwai/
on Renewable Energy, Promotion of Clean Energy, 7385/
Enhancing Energy Efficiency, Developing Climate
resilient Urban Centres and Sustainable Green • http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/
Transport Network are some of the measures for green-energy-can-create-58000-jobs-in-india-by-
achieving this goal. 2022/article9711818.ece
References: • https://governancetoday.co.in/green-jobs-
challenges-prospects-india/
• Looking for green jobs: The impact of green
growth on employment by Alex Bowen and • https://www.cbd.int/financial/monterreytradetech/
karlygash Kuralbayeva india-greenjobs.pdf

8 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 A Review of Smart Cities’ Mission Statement & Guidelines
Archana Rajendra Doifode
Asst. Prof. & Head, Dept. of Geography,
VPM’s Joshi-Bedekar College, Thane
Email: archana.dfd@gmail.com
Abstract : The Indian government had launched the Smart Cities Mission in June 2015 with the aim of providing
a better quality of life to the citizens in 100 cities of the country. This paper describes the main features of the
Mission and attempts to explain the challenges in the way forward. An important step in this direction has been
the concept of ‘smart city’ envisioned by Government of India. A ‘smart city’ can be defined as an urban region
which is highly advanced in terms of overall infrastructure, sustainable real estate communication and market
viability. In this city Information and Communication technology is the principal infrastructure and basis for
providing essential services to citizens. The need for development of ‘smart city are from factors such as ensuring
good infrastructure; providing smart solutions; promoting development activities and provision of housing for
all. The concept however, faces a number of challenges. But the point to be remembered is that the concept has a
lot of potential and much depends on how they are managed and promoted. Section four provides detailed
information about India’s Smart Cities Mission including the process followed in the selection of cities, the plan
preparation and implementation strategy. Then, an assessment of the relevance and soundness of the Mission is
proposed in the fifth section. It also identifies the main dimensions and elements characterizing a smart city. The
different metrics of urban smartness are reviewed to show the need for a shared definition of what constitutes a
smart city, what are the mission statement and guidelines of the smart cities. What are its features, and how it
performs in comparison to traditional cities.
Keywords: Urbanization, Smart City, Mission Statement and Guidelines, Sustainability, Digital Technology, ICT.

Introduction frequent occurrence of violence between religious

communities. Ahmadabad (Gujarat) is a notable
A visit to any Indian city reveals the general state
example where religious violence between the Hindus
of affairs. The entire urban landscape looks rather like
and Muslims has erupted on numerous occasions. Such
an unplanned sprawl with built up residential and
incidents have created an environment of fear among
commercial structures mushrooming haphazardly.
the masses, and led to social polarization (PRIO and
Maintenance and upkeep of public places is generally
ORF, 2016; Rediff.com, 2014). Thus, Indian cities do
lacking. A closer assessment shows noticeable
not represent examples of planned, equitable, safe and
imbalances in physical development and in the level of
sustainable development. This current state of affairs
basic infrastructure and services within and between
can be attributed to the fact that many parts of the
cities. While the rich live in planned and well-serviced
urban setting remain completely ungoverned and
gated complexes, households belonging to the low
unregulated, and thus a large number of citizens/
income group reside in informal settlements and slums
informal sector workers/commercial establishments
with insufficient or no access to civic services. Mobility
utilize public spaces and drive their motor vehicles in a
is severely impaired due to insufficient public facilities,
disorganized manner. It is pertinent to gain a deeper
and irregularities in traffic management often result in
and wider understanding of the difficulties that beset
road accidents. When it rains, water logging happens
India’s urban sectors.
at many places, which further restricts mobility.
The Challenge of Urbanization
As urbanization has brought together people from
diverse social, cultural, economic and religious Cities are engines of growth for the economy of
backgrounds, the problem of stress, violence and crime every nation, including India. Nearly 31% of India’s
is rising. Assault on women has emerged as a major current population lives in urban areas and contributes
problem. In this respect, data released by the National 63% of India’s GDP (Census 2011). With increasing
Crime Records Bureau show Jodhpur (Rajasthan), urbanization, urban areas are expected to house 40%
Delhi and Gwalior (Madhya Pradesh) as the top three of India’s population and contribute 75% of India’s GDP
Indian cities, which are most unsafe for women (The by 2030. This requires comprehensive development
Indian Express, 2016b). Another problem is the of physical, institutional, social and economic

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infrastructure. All are important in improving the quality 1. Adequate water supply,
of life and attracting people and investments to the
2. Assured electricity supply,
City, setting in motion a virtuous cycle of growth and
development. Development of Smart Cities is a step 3. Sanitation, including solid waste management,
in that direction. 4. Efficient urban mobility and public transport,
What is a ‘Smart City?’ 5. Affordable housing, especially for the poor,
• The first question is what is meant by a ‘Smart 6. Robust IT connectivity and digitalization,
City’. The answer is, there is no universally 7. Good governance, especially e-Governance and
accepted definition of a Smart City. It means citizen participation,
different things to different people. The
conceptualization of Smart City, therefore, varies 8. Sustainable environment,
from city to city and country to country, depending 9. Safety and security of citizens, particularly
on the level of development, willingness to change women, children and the elderly, and
and reform, resources and aspirations of the city
residents. A Smart City would have a different 10. Health and education.
connotation in India than, say, Europe. Even in India, • As far as Smart Solutions are concerned, an
there is no one way of defining a Smart City. illustrative list is given below. This is not, however,
• Some definitional boundaries are required to guide an exhaustive list, and cities are free to add more
cities in the Mission. In the imagination of any applications.
city dweller in India, the picture of a Smart City Smart Solution
contains a wish list of infrastructure and services
that describes his or her level of aspiration. To E-Governance and Citizen Services
provide for the aspirations and needs of the 1. Public information, Grievance redressal
citizens, urban planners ideally aim at developing
2. Electronic service delivery
the entire urban eco-system, which is represented
by the four pillars of comprehensive development, 3. Citizen engagement
institutional, physical, social and economic 4. Citizens- city’s eyes and ears
infrastructure. This can be a long term goal and 5. Video crime monitoring
cities can work towards developing such
comprehensive infrastructure incrementally, adding Waste Management
on layers of ‘smartness’. 1. Waste to energy and fuel
• In the approach to the Smart Cities Mission, the 2. Waste to compost
objective is to promote cities that provide core 3. Waste water to treated
infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to
its citizens, a clean and sustainable environment 4. Recycling and reduction of C and D waste
and application of ‘Smart’ Solutions. The focus is Water Management
on sustainable and inclusive development and the
idea is to look at compact areas, create a replicable 1. Smart meters and management
model which will act like a light house to other 2. Leakage identification, preventive maintains
aspiring cities. The Smart Cities Mission of the 3. Water quality monitoring
Government is a bold, new initiative. It is meant
to set examples that can be replicated both within Energy Management
and outside the Smart City, catalyzing the creation 1. Smart meters and management
of similar Smart Cities in various regions and parts
2. Renewable sources and energy
of the country.
3. Energy efficient and green buildings
• The core infrastructure elements in a Smart City
would include:

10 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
Urban Mobility 4. Preserving and developing open spaces — parks,
playgrounds, and recreational spaces in order to
1. Smart parking
enhance the quality of life of citizens, reduce the
2. Intelligent traffic management urban heat effects in Areas and generally promote
3. Integrated multi model transport eco-balance;
Others 5. Promoting a variety of transport options — Transit
Oriented Development (TOD), public transport
1. Tele medicine and tele education
and last mile para-transport connectivity;
2. Incubation/ trade facilitation centers
3. Skill development centers 6. Making governance citizen-friendly and cost
effective — increasingly rely on online services
Accordingly, the purpose of the Smart Cities to bring about accountability and transparency,
Mission is to drive economic growth and improve the especially using mobiles to reduce cost of services
quality of life of people by enabling local area and providing services without having to go to
development and harnessing technology, especially municipal offices; form e-groups to listen to people
technology that leads to Smart outcomes. Area-based and obtain feedback and use online monitoring of
development will transform existing areas (retrofit and programs and activities with the aid of cyber tour
redevelop), including slums, into better planned ones, of worksites;
thereby improving livability of the whole City. New
areas (Greenfield) will be developed around cities in 7. Giving an identity to the city — based on its main
order to accommodate the expanding population in economic activity, such as local cuisine, health,
urban areas. Application of Smart Solutions will enable education, arts and craft, culture, sports goods,
cities to use technology, information and data to improve furniture, hosiery, textile, dairy, etc;
infrastructure and services. Comprehensive 8. Applying Smart Solutions to infrastructure and
development in this way will improve quality of life, services in area-based development in order to
create employment and enhance incomes for all, make them better. For example, making Areas less
especially the poor and the disadvantaged, leading to vulnerable to disasters, using fewer resources, and
inclusive Cities. providing cheaper services.
Smart City Features Coverage and Duration
Some typical features of comprehensive The Mission will cover 100 cities and its duration
development in Smart Cities are described below. will be five years (FY2015-16 to FY2019-20). The
1. Promoting mixed land use in area-based Mission may be continued thereafter in the light of an
developments — planning for ‘unplanned areas’ evaluation to be done by the Ministry of Urban
containing a range of compatible activities and land Development (MoUD) and incorporating the learning
uses close to one another in order to make land into the Mission.
use more efficient. The States will enable some Strategy
flexibility in land use and building bye-laws to adapt
to change; The strategic components of Area-based
development in the Smart Cities Mission are city
2. Housing and inclusiveness — expand housing improvement (retrofitting), city renewal
opportunities for all; (redevelopment) and city extension (Greenfield
3. Creating walkable localities — reduce congestion, development) plus a Pan-city initiative in which Smart
air pollution and resource depletion, boost local Solutions are applied covering larger parts of the city.
economy, promote interactions and ensure security. Below are given the descriptions of the three models
The road network is created or refurbished not of Area-based Smart City Development:
only for vehicles and public transport, but also for 1. Retrofitting will introduce planning in an existing
pedestrians and cyclists, and necessary built-up area to achieve Smart City objectives,
administrative services are offered within walking along with other objectives, to make the existing
or cycling distance;

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 area more efficient and livable. In retrofitting, an reducing average commute time or cost to citizens
area consisting of more than 500 acres will be will have positive effects on productivity and
identified by the city in consultation with citizens. quality of life of citizens. Another example can be
Depending on the existing level of infrastructure waste water recycling and smart metering which
services in the identified area and the vision of can make a substantial contribution to better water
the residents, the cities will prepare a strategy to management in the city.
become smart. Since existing structures are largely
The Smart City proposal of each shortlisted city
to remain intact in this model, it is expected that
is expected to encapsulate either a retrofitting or
more intensive infrastructure service levels and a
redevelopment or greenfield development model, or a mix
large number of smart applications will be packed
thereof and a Pan-city feature with Smart Solution (s).
into the retrofitted Smart City. This strategy may
It is important to note that pan-city is an additional
also be completed in a shorter time frame, leading
feature to be provided. Since Smart City is taking a
to its replication in another part of the city.
compact area approach, it is necessary that all the city
2. Redevelopment will effect a replacement of the residents feel there is something in it for them also.
existing built-up environment and enable co- Therefore, the additional requirement of some (at least
creation of a new layout with enhanced one) city-wide smart solution has been put in the
infrastructure using mixed land use and increased scheme to make it inclusive.
density. Redevelopment envisages an area of more
For North Eastern and Himalayan States, the area
than 50 acres, identified by Urban Local Bodies
proposed to be developed will be one-half of what is
in consultation with citizens. For instance, a new
prescribed for any of the alternative models -
layout plan of the identified area will be prepared
retrofitting, redevelopment or Greenfield development.
with mixed land-use, higher FSI and high ground
coverage. Two examples of the redevelopment Financing of Smart Cities
model are the Saifee Burhani Upliftment Project
in Mumbai (also called the Bhendi Bazaar Project) The Smart City Mission will be operated as a
and the redevelopment of East Kidwai Nagar in Centrally Sponsored Scheme and the Central
New Delhi being undertaken by the National Government proposes to give financial support to the
Building Construction Corporation. Mission to the extent of Rs. 48,000 crores over five
years i.e. on an average Rs. 100 crore per city per
3. Greenfield development will introduce most of year. An equal amount, on a matching basis, will have
the Smart Solutions in a previously vacant area to be contributed by the State/ Urban Local Bodies;
(more than 250 acres) using innovative planning; therefore, nearly Rupees one lakh crore of
plan financing and plan implementation tools (e.g. Government/ Urban Local Bodies funds will be
land pooling/ land reconstitution) with provision for available for Smart Cities development.
affordable housing, especially for the poor.
Greenfield developments are required around cities The project cost of each Smart City proposal will
in order to address the needs of the expanding vary depending upon the level of ambition, model and
population. One well known example is the GIFT capacity to execute and repay. It is anticipated that
City in Gujarat. Unlike retrofitting and substantial funds will be required to implement the
redevelopment, Greenfield developments could be Smart City proposal and towards this end, Government
located either within the limits of the ULB or within grants of both the Centre and State will be leveraged
the limits of the local Urban Development to attract funding from internal and external sources.
Authority. The success of this Endeavour will depend upon the
robustness of SPV’s revenue model and comfort
4. Pan-city development envisages application of provided to lenders and investors. A number of State
selected Smart Solutions to the existing city-wide Governments have successfully set up financial
infrastructure. Application of Smart Solutions will intermediaries (such as Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Orissa,
involve the use of technology, information and data Punjab, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and
to make infrastructure and services better. For Bihar) who can be tapped for support and other States
example, applying Smart Solutions in the transport may consider some similar set up in their respective
sector (intelligent traffic management system) and States. Some form of guarantee by the State or such a

12 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
financial intermediary could also be considered as bilateral and multilateral agencies and urban
instrument of comfort referred to above. It is expected planning experts may be invited with the approval
that a number of schemes in the Smart City will be of the Chair.
taken up on PPP basis and the SPVs have to

There will be a National Mission Director, not
accomplish this.
below the rank of Joint Secretary to Government
The GOI funds and the matching contribution by of India who will be the overall in-charge of all
the States/ Urban Local Bodies will meet only a part activities related to the Mission. A Mission
of the project cost. Balance funds are expected to be Directorate will take support from subject matter
mobilized from: experts and such staff as considered necessary.
The key responsibilities of the Mission Directorate
I. States/ Urban Local Bodies own resources from
are given below.
collection of user fees, beneficiary charges and
impact fees, land monetization, debt, loans, etc. State Level
II. Additional resources transferred due to There shall be a State level High Powered
acceptance of the recommendations of the Steering Committee (HPSC) chaired by the Chief
Fourteenth Finance Commission. Secretary, which would steer the Mission Programme
in its entirety. The HPSC will have representatives of
III. Innovative finance mechanisms such as municipal
State Government departments. The Mayor and
bonds with credit rating of Urban Local Bodies,
Municipal Commissioner of the ULB relating to the
Pooled Finance Mechanism, Tax Increment
Smart City would be represented in the HPSC. There
Financing.
would also be a State Mission Director who will be an
IV. Other Central Government schemes like Swachh officer not below the rank of Secretary to the State
Bharat Mission, AMRUT, National Heritage City Government, nominated by the State Government. The
Development and Augmentation Yojana. State Mission Director will function as the Member-
Secretary of the State HPSC.
V. Leverage borrowings from financial institutions,
including bilateral and multilateral institutions, both City Level
domestic and external sources.
A Smart City Advisory Forum will be established
VI. States/UTs may also access the National at the city level for all 100 Smart Cities to advise and
Investment and Infrastructure Fund, which was enable collaboration among various stakeholders and
announced by the Finance Minister in his 2015 will include the District Collector, MP, MLA, Mayor,
Budget Speech, and is likely to be set up this year. CEO of SPV, local youths, technical experts,
VII.Private sector through PPPs. Convergence with Other Government Schemes
Mission Monitoring Comprehensive development occurs in areas by
integrating the physical, institutional, social and
National Level economic infrastructure. Many of the sectoral schemes
An Apex Committee (AC), headed by the of the Government converge in this goal, although the
Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) path is different. There is a strong complementarily
and comprising representatives of related Ministries between the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban
and organizations will approve the Proposals for Smart Transformation (AMRUT) and Smart Cities Mission
Cities Mission; monitor their progress and release in achieving urban transformation. While AMRUT
funds. This Committee will meet periodically, as follows a project-based approach, the Smart Cities
considered necessary. The AC will consist of the Mission follows an area-based strategy.
following indicative members: Similarly, great benefit can be derived by seeking

The Representatives of stakeholders like UN convergence of other Central and State Government
Habitat, World Bank, TERI, Centre for Programs/Schemes with the Smart Cities Mission. At
Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), the planning stage itself, cities must seek convergence
Centre for Smart Cities (CSC), Bangalore or other in the SCP with AMRUT, Swachh Bharat Mission,

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 13

National Heritage City Development and Augmentation • Smart city plans should also contain
Yojana (HRIDAY), Digital India, Skill development, recommendations on managing neglected
Housing for All, construction of Museums funded by problems, such as public safety and security; living
the Culture Department and other programs connected and livelihood of poor and vulnerable persons, and
to social infrastructure such as Health, Education and migrants; unemployment; water, drainage and
Culture. sanitation deficiencies; traffic congestion and
vehicular emissions.
Conclusion
The present leadership of India has launched the • Manpower, financial and technical capabilities of
Smart Cities Mission in June 2015 with the aim of giving traditional urban local institutions should be
a better quality of life to the citizens in 100 existing strengthened by organizing useful training
cities covering all States and Union Territories in the programmes.
country. A five-year timeline has been kept for • Civic agencies should be adequately empowered
completing the development projects proposed for each for project implementation and enforcement of
city. During the past one year, preparatory work has laws.
been done at the national, state and local level to take
the Mission agenda forward. As per the current status • State and local governments should be assisted in
of the Mission, some cities have prepared their smart increasing their tax and non-tax revenues for day-
city plans and constituted Special Purpose Vehicles to-day city management, as well as for meeting
for implementing the projects. The Union Urban the costs involved in implementing new
Ministry is urging governments at the State/UT/local development projects.
level to take pro-active steps in mobilizing matching
• Efficiently managed services (both online and
amount of funds, as well as in preparing and
offline) should be made available to citizens for
implementing the projects on time, so that the
reporting complaints, such as water logging, broken
completion deadlines are met. The ADB and World
road, power failure, etc, and such problems should
Bank have also agreed to extend a loan for the
be resolved in a time-bound manner by the
implementation of bankable projects.
concerned agencies.
An appraisal of India’s Smart Cities Mission
attempted in this paper reveals that after the launch • Sufficient awareness should be generated among
of the Mission statement and guidelines, the process the unemployed persons about various career
of physical transformation of cities is yet to begin. options, and they should be assisted in starting
Hence, it may be concluded that only when the projects various kinds of income-generating activities.
begin to be implemented, it will be clear how much • Greater funds should be allocated for improving
and by when success is achieved. For the success of the capacity of existing urban planning education
the Mission, this study lists down the following institutions, and new institutions should be build
propositions: for increasing the number of urban planners and
• Government departments and residents in India managers in Indian cities.
will have to respond in a proper and responsible References
manner if the vision is to be achieved.
• Aijaz, Rumi and Kristian Hoelscher. ‘India’s Smart
• Centre, State and local leadership must work Cities Mission: An Assessment’. RF Issue Brief.
together to find ways to deal with the complicated No. 124, December 2015.
political environment that currently hampers urban
development in a big way • Aijaz, Rumi. Democracy and Urban Governance
in India. New Delhi: Academic Foundation, 2012.
• Opportunities should be created for a continuous
exchange of ideas and experiences, and the • Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD). E-
knowledge thus generated should be utilized in Book. Available from: http://moud.gov.in/sites/
refining the smart city strategy. MoUDEBook/moudEbook.html#p=1, May 2016.

14 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
• Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD). Smart • Ahluwalia, I. J., R. Kanburand P. K. Mohanty”
Cities – Mission Statement and Guidelines. New Challenges of Urbanisation in
Delhi: Government of India, 2015. India.”Urbanisation in India.Eds.Ahluwalia, I.J.,
R. Kanbur, and P. K. Mohanty. New Delhi, Sage
• Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD). India, 2014.
National Urban Water and Sanitation
Awards, 2010.Available from: http:// • Anthopoulos, Leonidas G. “Understanding Smart
www.waterawards.in/nuwa-winners.php City Domain.” Transforming City Government
for Successful Smart Cities. (Ed) Bolivar, M P
• Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD). R. London, Springer, 2015.
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal
Mission - Overview, 2005. • Guidelines for Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)
2014.Govt. of India, Ministry of Urban
• Narain, V., P. Anand and P. Banerjee. Development.http://moud.gov.in/sites/upload_files/
‘Periurbanization in India: A Review of the moud/files/SBM_Guideline.pdf.
Literature and Evidence’, Report for the Project
– Rural to Urban Transitions and the Peri-urban
Interface. SaciWATERs. India, 2013.

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 15

 Understanding the Importance of People-Centric Smart City Initiatives
Dr. Sagar Thakkar
Assistant Professor, Department of Economics,
VPM’s Joshi-Bedekar College, Thane, Maharashtra, India.
Email: thakkarsagar86@gmail.com
Abstract : The Concept of Smart City has got different perspectives in different time frames. Traditionally, use of
technology for better governance, creating facilities for public and facilitating administration are considered as
smart city development initiatives. However, this view focused more on developing sophisticated technology,
creating and maintaining data-base, advanced computing etc which is part of ‘Internet of Thing’ (IoT). Such
approach however, has resulted into involvement of high cost and less returns, leading to under-delivery of
potential benefits of smart city concept especially for the general public.
In order to reach its full potential, the smart city initiatives requires more and more a people-centric initiatives
which is about citizens living in there and which is centered around their needs and problems which they face. The
smart city initiatives studied here are about reaping full potential of digital technology centered around public.
These public centric initiatives are about involvement of public in its development and implementation. These
public centric initiatives are also cheaper, modular and they seek solution to the problems faced by general public.
In other words, these people centric smart city initiatives are about ‘collaborative technology’ that brings about
collaboration among urban communities, citizens and city governments.
This paper is an attempt to study the importance of such people centric smart city initiatives in the context of
Government of India’s Smart City Mission and find out whether this mission has made any provision for the
people centric smart city initiatives
Keywords: Smart city, Government of India, People Centric Initiatives

1. Introduction: • The territorialisation of practices that brings ICTs

and people together to enhance the innovation and
Even though there is no single definition of Smart
knowledge that they offer.
City available, Government of India’s Smart City
Mission defines Smart City in this following manner: Currently, the concept of Smart City has
“Smart city’ is a city equipped with basic infrastructure generated high level interest in India with government
to give a decent quality of life, a clean and sustainable projecting ‘The Smart City Mission’ as a much sought
environment through application of some smart way of economic growth. The Smart City project is
solutions. Creating smart cities would entail hailed as an engine of growth for the Indian economy.
development of basic infrastructure like adequate water One of the major causes behind this notion is rapid
supply, electricity supply, sustainable sanitation and solid urbanization that is taking place in India. According to
waste management mechanism, efficient urban census 2011, nearly 31% of India’s population lived in
mobility, affordable housing and ensuring robust IT urban areas and contributed about 63% of India’s GDP.
connectivity and e-governance.” With current rate of urbanization, urban areas in India
are expected to accommodate about 40% of India’s
Another important definition given by Deakin and
population and contribute nearly 75% to India’s GDP
Al Wear lists following four important factors that
by the year 2030. This rapid urbanization will requires
contribute to the definition of a smart city:
comprehensive development of physical, institutional,
• The application of a wide range of electronic and social and economic infrastructure in the urban areas
digital technologies to communities and cities to improve the quality of life of people and to attract
investments in the city. Smart City development can
• The use of ICT to transform life and working be considered as a step towards this direction.
environments within the region
2. Research problem:
• The embedding of such Information and
Communications Technologies (ICTs) in The Concept of Smart City has got different
government systems perspectives in different time frames. Traditionally, use
of technology for better governance, creating facilities

16 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
for public and facilitating administration are considered 5. Overview of Government of India’s Smart City
as smart city development initiatives. However, this Mission:
view focused more on developing sophisticated
The Government of India’s flagship “Smart Cities
technology, creating and maintaining data-base,
Mission” was launched on June 25, 2015, to create
advanced computing etc which is part of ‘Internet of
100 Smart Cities in India and announced the first list
Thing’ (IoT). Such approach however, has resulted
of 20 cities in January 2016. It then offered a special
into involvement of high cost and less returns, leading
fast-track window for 23 cities that were rejected in
to under-delivery of potential benefits of smart city
the first round to upgrade their proposals, out of which,
concept especially for the general public.
13 cities were selected on May 24, 2016. In the second
In order to reach its full potential, the smart city round, 27 more smart cities were announced in
initiatives requires a people-centric initiative about September 2016. The list of smart cities in the third
citizens living in there and their needs and problems. round was announced on June 23, 2017. A total of 45
The smart city initiatives studied here are about reaping cities have participated in the third round of Smart City
full potential of digital technology centered around challenge, of which 30 will be selected to be developed
public. These public centric initiatives are about as smart cities. The names of 30 new cities will take
involvement of public in its development and the total smart cities count to 90.
implementation. These public centric initiatives are also
The Smart Cities Mission has adopted Area-
cheaper, modular and they seek solution to the problems
Based Development (ABD) in which it includes 4
faced by general public. In other words, these people
strategic components to prepare :
centric smart city initiatives are about ‘collaborative
technology’ that brings about collaboration among urban A. City improvement (retrofitting): Identify an
communities, citizens and city governments. area of more than 500 acres and prepare a plan to
make it more efficient and liveable with citizens’
This paper is an attempt to study the importance
participation.
of such people centric smart city initiatives in the
context of Government of India’s Smart City Mission B. City renewal (redevelopment): Replace existing
and to find out whether this mission has made any built-up area (50 acres) and prepare a new layout plan
provision for the people centric smart city initiatives with enhanced infrastructure by way of mixed land
use.
3. Objectives:
C. City extension (Greenfield development):
The study attempts to understand provisions of
Introduce smart solutions in an area of 250 acres by
Smart City Mission of Government of India to find out
using innovative planning
points related to development of people-centric Smart
City initiatives and study the importance of having such D. A pan-city initiative: In this initiative smart
initiatives from the point of view of Government’s solutions are applied covering larger parts of the city.
mission of development of Smart Cities. Use technology, information and data to make existing
city-wide infrastructure and services better. For
4. Research Methodology:
example, initiating waste water recycling and smart
The present study study is related to the provisions metering which can make a substantial contribution to
of Government of India’s Smart City Mission and find better water management in the city.
out whether there are provisions regarding
Despite above it is needed to be noted that, the
development of People Centric Smart City initiatives.
government does not prescribe any particular model
Further, the paper makes a point to know the
to be adopted by the Smart Cities. The approach is not
importance of developing such people centric initiatives.
‘one-size-fits-all’. Each city has to formulate its own
Thus, the source of data used for the study is purely
concept, vision, mission and plan (proposal) for a Smart
secondary which includes Government of India’s Smart
City that is appropriate to its local context, resources
City Mission Documents; scholarly articles published
and levels of ambition.
in Journals, newspaper etc., informative websites and
so on.

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 17

 Given below is the selection process of the Smart Cities:

Thus, Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD),

only selects names of the Smart Cities and the
implementation needs to be done by city government
itself with Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) to implement
Smart City Plan (SCP). The SPV plans, appraises,
approves, releases funds, implements, manages,
monitors and evaluate the Smart City projects. Each
smart city has a SPV headed by a full time CEO and
has nominees of Central government, state government
and Urban Local Body on its Board.
As far as financing is concerned, the SCM is
operated as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) and
the Central Government proposes to give Rs 48,000 Table given below shows the details of how much
crores over five years, with an average Rs 100 crore amount has been approved for the 60 cities selected
per city per year. As States/ULBs have to contribute under Smart City Mission:
a matching amount, total amount likely to be allocated
Selection Total Total urban Total cost of
for Smart Cities development will be about Rs one
Rounds cities population Projects
lakh crore. The project cost of each SCPs varies
impacted (in Cr.)
depending upon the level of ambition, model and
capacity to execute and repay. The funds from the Round 1 20 37,308,257 48,064
Centre and the matching contribution by the States/
Fast track 13 9,451,131 30,229
ULB will meet only a part of the project cost. Balance
funds are expected to be mobilised from private sector Round 2 27 25,506,844 55,471
through public-private partnerships (PPPs). The chart
given below explains distribution of funds for the Smart Total 60 7,22,66,232 1,33,764
City Mission:
From the above analysis of the Smart City Mission
of Government of India, it becomes clear that he

18 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
scheme speaks nothing clearly about the development of public infrastructures and urban facilities, reporting
of people-centric technological initiatives. It neither of incidents by citizens, etc. E.g. ‘Wheelmap’ is one
makes any provision regarding the same nor does it such initiative in which people update the places suitable
compel city government to do so. However, current for wheelchair in their area on given map.
world Smart City experience has proved that people-
G. Reducing the gap between the government and
centric technological initiatives are the best solution to
citizens: The smart city concept necessarily
involve citizens in Smart City development.
emphasises the inclusion of ICT solutions as part of its
6. Importance of People-centric Smart City entire proposal. There are lot of People-centric
Initiatives: initiatives in the form of apps and online platforms which
are available to facilitate citizen participation in
A. Support in decision-making: People-centric
government efforts even in India, some of which are
Smart City Initiatives facilitates the identification of
the Swachh Bharat Clean India mobile app,
the needs of the city population through their
IPaidABribe.com, Safecity India, Next Bengaluru and
involvement in day to day governance of the city and
Kumbhathon etc. Cities become more dynamic by the
the approach for new services to provide them with
use of such platforms.
the support of city population.
7. Conclusion:
B. Creation of Smart Citizens: The success of Smart
City requires active involvement of citizens especially, If a developing country like India wants to become
smart citizens so that they can get maximum benefit a successfully developed country using Smart City
out of smart initiatives. The People-centric Smart City Mission then its citizens also require themselves to be
Initiatives can provide an opportunity to create smart upgraded and update themselves to be smart citizens.
citizens. Smart city initiatives also require such smart citizens
to use such technologies. Thus, the most vital aspect
C. Promotes innovation: People-centric Smart City
under Smart City Mission should be the citizens who
Initiatives provides an ideal platform for innovating,
live and work in these cities and they must be integral
incubating new ideas and, in general, promoting social
to the implementation process as well. The success of
developments which can beneficial to large proportion
the Smart City Mission is heavily dependent in smart
of population. Eg. Vertical building garden in Paris was
citizens but further, for developing true smart citizens,
outcome of People-centric Smart City Initiatives called
development and awareness about smart solutions in
‘Madame Mayor I have an idea’ in which people
the form of People-centric initiatives plays crucial role.
can give suggestions to the mayor of the city directly.
References:
D. Improved efficiency and quality of services:
It makes it possible to manage resources more • http://smartcities.gov.in/content/innerpage/what-
efficiently and improve the quality of the services can is-smart-city.php
be provided when there is involvement of citizens is a
smart way. • Deakin, Mark; Al Waer, Husam. (2011) “From
Intelligent to Smart Cities”. Journal of Intelligent
E. Provides information in real time: People-centric Buildings International: From Intelligent Cities
initiatives enhance the awareness of citizens about the to Smart Cities. , Great Britain.
environment in which they live by providing information
that flows in real time and, at the same time, improves • http://smartcities.gov.in/writereaddata/
the transparency of the administration. SmartCityGuidelines.pdf

F. Management of the city’s infrastructures: • https://atelier.bnpparibas/en/smart-city/article/

People-centric initiatives also help in management of parisians-encouraged-part-planning-city-s-future
public buildings and building automation, management
• https://wheelmap.org/en/map#/?zoom=14

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 19

 Exploring Scope of Social Entrepreneurs and Postal
Banking in Smart City Project
Dr. Sunil Kulkarni
Associate Professor, VESIM, Mumbai
Ph.D Guide, Uni. of Mumbai
Email-sunilkulkarni65@yahoo.com
Archana Nair
Assistant professor,
Research Scholar, Uni.of Mumbai
Email-archana.sunilnair@gmail.com
Abstract : Since long, in India, social entrepreneurs have made a large contribution in the development of the
country. It is a sheer tradition which they have followed perhaps taking the reins from freedom fighters, who have
equally contributed even by sacrificing their lives for the country. It is possible only in India that, someone just
rises up from a non-descriptive background and decides to devote his/her life to the development of the society.
The smart-city mission project is a new idea (under the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs) which involves
initially developing 20 cities and reaching up to 90 cities with a total outlay of Rs.189155 crores. The project
includes Retrofitting, Re-development and Green city development. This is the first time that such a big program
is based on the spirit of competition and co-operative federalism.
Local social entrepreneurs can play a major role in the execution of smart city projects, although they may not have
played a role, while conceptualizing the smart-city project. This kind of an initiative, allowing social entrepreneurs
a role in smart city project, can also be treated as a gesture of honor, from the government, to social entrepreneurs
towards their un-relented past contribution in the growth of the country. For a country like India, which is
geographically essentially a rural economy, where even today, almost 50 per cent of the big company’s (HUL, P&G,
ITC) revenue comes from rural sector, rural development remains the key issue in the country’s growth. The rural
market being scattered across 6.3 lakh villages; the model of social entrepreneurship has been found to be
effective in creating the necessary social impact.
Currently there are limited Mainstream/Commercial funding options available for a Social Entrepreneur. The
researchers propose the Postal Banking as an effective source of financing to them.
Keywords: Smart City, Social Entrepreneur, Postal Banking

Introduction: exclusively or at least in some prominent

way.2)show(s)a capacity to recognize and take
Development of SMART cities offers business
advantage of opportunities to create that
opportunities worth billions of dollars to companies in
value(envision).3)employ(s) innovation, ranging from
each and every sector. A total of Rs.80 billion (USA$14
outright invention to adapting someone else’s novelty,
BILLION) has been approved by the Indian cabinet
in creating and /or distribution social value 4)is/are
for developing 100 smart cities and rejuvenation of 500
willing to accept an above-average degree of risk in
others. For the smart city mission, Rs.480 billion
creating and disseminating social value and 5)is/are
(US$7.1 BILLION) and for the Atal Mission for
unusually resourceful in being relatively undaunted by
Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation(AMRUT) a
scarce assets in pursuing their social ventures.
total funding of Rs.500 billion(US$74billion) has been
created. The single most important of these criteria is the
first in that it serves, conceptually, to distinguish social
It is in this context, that the role of social
entrepreneurship from other forms. There is no exact
entrepreneurs and postal banking, both catering to the
way of fixing the border below which the importance
development at grassroots level needs to be examined.
of social goals fails to qualify something as social
Who is a Social Entrepreneur? entrepreneurship. It is a commitment to providing social
value that marks the divide between social and other
Social entrepreneurship is exercised where some forms of entrepreneur. All of the characteristics
person or group-1)aim(s)at creating social value, either

20 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
mentioned above are characteristics that may be had Social entrepreneurs are generally individuals with
to a greater or lesser degree. Some are specified to be innovative solutions to society’s most pressing problems.
‘greater than average ‘in amount, but there is no way They are ambitious and persistent, tackling major social
of indicating exactly the point, at which this qualifying issues and offering new ideas for a wide scale change.
standard is reached or exceeded. As in the case of the Rather than leaving society’s needs to the government
social aspect of the target concept, this list represents or business sector, social entrepreneurs find, what is
a catalogue from which particular users of the notion not working, and solve the problem by changing the
will choose somewhat selectively both, as to what they system, spreading the solution and persuading entire
include and how they weight the factors. Arguably, societies to take new leaps.
this variability simply reflects the absence of sharp
Social entrepreneurs as individuals often seem to
boundaries in trying to define the phenomena.
be possessed by their ideas, committing their lives to
Objectives: changing the direction of their field. They are both-
visionaries and ultimate realists, concerned with
1. Exploring the scope of Social Entrepreneurship
practical implementation of their vision above all else.
for Smart Cities
Each social entrepreneur presents ideas that are user-
2. Understanding the funding options of Social friendly, understandable, ethical and engage widespread
Entrepreneurship support in order to maximize the number of local people
that will standup, seize the idea and implement it. In
3. Examining Postal Banking for Institutional Finance other words, every leading social entrepreneur is a mass
for social entrepreneurs to help them create the recruiter of local change makers-a role model proving
impact in Smart cities. that, citizens who channel their passion into action can
Research Methodology do almost anything.

Exploratory Research based on Secondary Data Over the past two decades, the citizen sector has
and intuitive discussions. discovered what the business sector learned long ago.
There is nothing as powerful as a new idea in the hands
Literature Discussion of a first-class entrepreneur.
It is easy to assume, and the literature often seems Historical examples of Leading Social
to reflect this assumption, that social entrepreneurship Entrepreneurs -
is exercised by individuals. As Thompson (2002) has
reminded us, it would be a mistake to accept this 1) Susan Anthony(US)-Fought for women’s rights
generalization. Entrepreneurship is best thought of as in the US, including the right to control property
an extended activity which may well be carried out by and helped spearhead adoption of the 19 th
a team or a group of people (Stewart,1989). Others amendment.
have pointed out that, entrepreneurship may find a place 2) Vinoba Bhave(India)-Founder and leader of the
in cultural settings where collective, rather than Land Gift movement, he was instrumental in
individualistic thinking prevails(Peterson,1988). redistribution of more than 70 lakh acres of land
Peredo(2003; Peredo & Christman,2006)actually to aid India’s untouchables and landless.
describes a situation in which plausible to speak of a
community, acting collectively to exercise an 3) Florence Nightingale(UK)-Founder of modern
entrepreneurship which is plainly social in many of its Nursing, she established the first school for nurses
aspects. To be an entrepreneur may therefore mean and fought to improve hospital conditions.
being an individual, a member of a group, or an
4) Margaret Sanger(US)-Founder of planned
organization who/which carries out the work of
parenthood federation of America, she led the
identifying and creatively pursuing a social goal.
movement for family planning efforts around the
All above makes a significant contribution to world.
understanding the complex phenomenon of social
5) John Muir (US)-Naturalist and conservationist,
entrepreneurship as directing organizational activity
he established the National Park system and
toward the achievement of social purposes.
helped form the Sierra Club.

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 21

6) Jean Monnet(France)-Responsible for the Different Types of Social Enterprise Models and
reconstruction of the French Economy, following How They Raise Funds
world war II, including the establishment of the
An initial assessment of the SE financing
European Coal and Steel Company(ESCS). The
landscape indicates that, the key sources of capital for
ESCS and the European common market were
SEs are non-institutional debt, equity (mostly self-
direct precursors of the EU.
finance), Institutional debt, and grants. The key sources
India’s top 8 social Entrepreneurial Heroes- of equity in the SE space are early stage impact
investors or entrepreneur’s capital (both equity and
1) Mahatma Gandhi-rightly called the Father of
debt). Traditional private equity investments in SEs are
Nation, dedicated his life, first to get freedom from
rare, and are largely limited to the more developed
the Britishers, in non-violent ways and secondly
sectors such as Microfinance, Health, and
to establish a free society based on values of truth.
Agribusiness. This is primarily due to the fact that,
2) Dr. Varghese Kurien-Father of the India’s Milk since the markets are developing, business models are
Revolution-dedicated his life to improving the just starting to show proof of success of the concept,
standard of living of poor farmers, by providing hence transaction costs are high for investors, plus
them an alternative source of income by buying there is limited data available to help understand the
their milk, and further giving them their rightful space.
position, by giving membership/ownership of the
‘The Beyond Profit India Social Business Survey’
co-operative thus formed.
revealed that, there is a clear divide between those
3) Anilkumar Gupta-IIMA professor and founder of that have access to mainstream and/or commercial
Honeybee Network-Dedicates his life to creation funds and those that rely on personal connections and
of sustainable social entrepreneurship by using grants/donations to raise money. The ratio is about 50/
Technology extensively, at the same time spreading 50. The Survey further stated that, Forty-five percent
this message through his students at IIMA. of respondents obtained funds from commercial
sources whereas 21% of respondents source their
4) Dr. Venkatswamy-founder of Arvind Eye funds from personal connections such as family
Hospitals-realizing the need of cheaper eye care members and friends; another 21% rely on grants and
in rural India, dedicated his life to providing it donations from charitable organizations.
through a chain of hospitals, all over the country
and providing the same quality of eye care. It has Role of Postal Banking in Funding Social
even caught the attention of foreigners now, Entrepreneur
coming to avail these facilities from India.
India has the largest number of post offices in
7) Sunil Bharti Mittal-founder Airtel-having started the world. At the time of Independence, there were
from a background of a bicycle spares shop, 23,344 post offices in the country, mostly in Urban
becoming the top mobile service provider, in the areas and some larger villages. The number of post
process changing the traditional almost non- offices as on March 31, 2000 was 1,54,551 of which
reachable rural landscape into a vibrantly urban 1,38,149 post offices were in rural areas, which amounts
connected landscape, thus bridging the typical gap to 89.38% of the total. The Department of Posts,
between Bharat and India. (recently gave Rs.7000 because of its wide reach is utilized by other
crore plus for philanthropy). departments of the central government and state
governments to perform several functions on their
8) Sam Pitroda-father of IT revolution-Once an behalf. The India Post has already started with
advisor to the then prime minister of India, the Payment Bank. A gradual evolution into full-fledged
father of India’s IT revolution has totally changed banking is in the pipeline. Considering the fact that
the rural landscape of communication, in the Social Entrepreneurs emerge from rural, semi urban
meantime also creating job opportunities for small backgrounds, what they require is micro finance and
retailers in rural India, thus overall improving the small term loans at comparatively low rates of interest.
knowledge and lifestyle standards of ruralites. The commercial banks operating in a much competitive
environment refuses to indulge in these unprofitable

22 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
ventures to a large extent. Here is an opportunity where city projects mission. Their expertise in running the
a full-fledged postal bank can foray and tap the social movement with bare necessities may help the
untapped market. Small Term loans, Working Capital smart city project either save money or help complete
loans and Cash Credits with lower interest rate margins the project within shorter duration of time, which either
and flexible repayment options may be designed to fund way saves the project cost. The conceptualization of
the social entrepreneurs in their ventures and offer full-fledged postal banks can definitely aid social
them the comfort of sound institutional finance. entrepreneurs further.
Suggestions: Let us hope the social entrepreneurs get an
opportunity to be associated with smart city projects
1. Schemes to benefit social entrepreneurs may be
first, subsequently Postal Banks will provide them the
included in the smart city convergence scheme.
funding, thereby making sustainable development
2. Local entrepreneurs need to be identified in the possible in smart cities and the tertiary area of adjoining
scheme of Startup India Stand-up India rural pat.
3. Innovation and incubation centers should be References-
established in each smart city were in local youth
• Kulkarni S.V. (2015). The world may be Flat,
who have ideas smart city SPV will incubate their
Bumpy or Oval, but Bharat and India has to come
ideas like T-HUB in Telangana.
together to be fully included in globalization
4. Use of ICT in branding and marketing like tie ups process, JADBM, Sept, Vol.-I, Issue3 (Pages 247-
with e-tailors like amazon, flip kart etc. to be 250) ISSN 2395-7328
encouraged. Flipkart already has ‘Flipkart
Kaarigar ka Dwaar’ for Varanasi weavers. • Ana Maria P. and Mueith McLean (2006). Social
Entrepreneurship: A Critical Review of the
5. Full-fledged conversion of post offices in to banks Concept –-Journal of Business 41(2006)-56-65
must be pushed so that they can concentrate
funding similar ground level projects in the area • Book of Information 2011 – 12 - Department of
of SE. Post, Ministry of Communications and Information
Technology, Government of India (http://
Conclusion: www.indiapost.gov.in)
Although smart city as a concept deals with • India Post (2012), “Book of Information”.
primarily the urban area of the country, if we closely Financial Services: Policy Issues and Asian
look at the first 20 cities taken for implementation, we Experiences in the Use of the Postal Infrastructure
find that many of them are Tier 2 or Tier 3 cities, which for Savings Mobilization
are located somewhere in between the typical village
and a big city. Traditionally, India’s social entrepreneurs • www.schwabfoundation.org
have either started their work from rural area or are
• www.ashoka.org
working in rural areas, hence they are largely aware
of the ground level issues in rural development. Hence • www.smartcity.gov.in
they could be made as a major stakeholder in smart

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 23

 Smart Cities – The Road Towards Sustainable Growth
CA (Dr.) Leena Mahesh Gadkari
Assistant Professor, Thakur Institute of Management Studies and Research,
Kandivali East, Mumbai
Email: leena.gadkari@thakureducation.org
Raiju Hassan
Senior Manager, Reliance Infrastructure Limited
Mumbai
Email: raijuhassan04@icloud.com
Abstract: People are moving towards cities every single day and half of the world’s population lives in cities.
Country like India may face critical challenges in managing rapid growth in urbanization. Rural to urban accelerating
pattern and unplanned urbanization may lead to several constraints to sustainable growth.India has recently
committed to the development and construction of 100 Smart Cities to meet the demands of its rapidly growing
and urbanizing population. The Smart City is a concept which uses basic infrastructure more efficiently to provide
high quality life, a clean and sustainable environment through application of smart solutions to make infrastructure
and services better. Smart solutions can be helpful in controlling the ever increasing population in the cities. Smart
City integrates information and communication technology (ICT) and the Internet of things (IOT) technology in
order to improve the efficiency of city operations and services with connectivity to people of India. Smart City
results in reduced usage of environmental capital and support smart growth. This paper focuses on concept of
sustainability through various requirements of smart cities, infrastructure development for smart urban development
in India, advantages and disadvantages of smart cities, challenges ahead for smart cities which government
envisioned and the role of innovation, science and technology in Smart City project. This paper also tries to focus
on key areas for development of Smart Cities in India as the Government of India had launched the Smart City
project. A road map to the to the sustainable growth through the Smart City is also suggested.
Keywords: Smart Cities, Sustainable growth

Introduction cities, farms, and energy systems right, we don’t have

to choose between continued economic growth and
India’s economy is expanding rapidly. It is on the
other priorities like health or the environment. If in
verge of a decisive moment in its growth path. People
response to the rapid urbanization,India improves the
are moving towards cities every single day and half of
quantity and quality of energy for all its citizens,
the world’s population lives in cities.The world’s most
manages the natural resources that support lives and
populous democracy, home to 1.2 billion people, is also
livelihoods, plans for the housing, improves its
one of the fastest growing economies. Its GDP is the
infrastructure and balances the resource planning, the
7th largest globally, according to the latest world bank
possibility of sustained and sustainable growth is within
figures. But benefits of faster GDP growth in recent
its grasp.Hence, there was a need to adopt an approach
years are being undermined by harmful consequences
to reduce the gap between demand and supply of
of the current growth aspects such as air/water/noise
services to fulfil the goal of making cities compact,
pollution and their health impacts, lack of effective usage
livable and sustainable.
of natural resources, rising energy insecurity due to an
increasing share of energy imports, excessive Smart Cities Mission is an urban renewal and
drawdown of groundwater in agriculture, rapid but retrofitting programme by the Government of India with
unplanned urbanization, lack of effective infrastructure the aim to develop 100 cities (the target has been
etc. The rising urbanization demands appropriate revised to 109 cities) all over the country making them
infrastructure. This phenomenon is promoting an urban citizen friendly and sustainable. The thought of Smart
sprawl as the city cores are becoming congested and City is still quite new in India, although it has received
have seen degrading living quality. a lot of attention in the recent years. A Smart City
leads to the integration of technology into a strategic
Thankfully, the negative consequences of our
approach to sustainability.With the extensive and
current growth model are avoidable. If we build our
continuous urbanization in India, the government urban

24 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
planning authorities are looking for innovative of electronic data collection or sensors to transmit
technologies and solutions to manage the growing information for managing assets and resources. Data
demands on city infrastructures and to ensure inclusive is collected from citizens, devices, and assets that is
growth as well as social well-being. further processed and analyzed to monitor and manage
multiple key areas such as traffic and transportation
Research Methodology
systems, power plants, water supply networks, waste
The present research is a descriptive study based management, law enforcement, information systems,
on the secondary data collected from various research schools, libraries, hospitals, and other community
studies, newspapers, journals and websites. services. Smart City will be an upgraded city whose
core is spatial technology - based infrastructure and
Scope of Study services that enhance city’s intelligence, quality of life
The present study overviews the smart cities as and other attributes (i.e., environment, entrepreneurship,
a road towards sustainable growth. education, culture, transportation etc.), as opposed to
the conventional definition of roads, bridges, water and
Significance of Study power supplies and buildings.
The present study will help academicians, policy Public information, grievance redressal, electronic
makers, corporate and other organisations and the service delivery, citizens’ engagement, waste to energy
society in general to get insights in to the role of Smart & fuel, waste to compost, effective treatment of waste
cities in the sustainable growth. water, smart meters & management, monitoring water
Limitations of Study quality, renewable source of energy, efficient energy
and green building, smart parking, intelligent traffic
The study is purely based on the secondary data management system are some of the applications of
and is restricted to the broad aspects about the role of smart solutions in order to give decent quality of life, a
smart cities in the sustainable growth. clean and sustainable environment.
Sustainable growth Literature Review
The concept of sustainability is comprised of three 1. Somayya Madakam and Prof. R. Ramaswamy,
pillars: economic, environmental and social - also known 2016 in their article “Smart Cities - Six
informally as profits, planet and people. Sustainable Dimensions” stated that Smart Cities are basically
growth is the one that fulfils the needs of the current built up by Internet of Things (IoT) technologies.
generation without compromising the capability of The vision of the Smart City concept is to improve
coming generations to accomplish their own needs. the capabilities and simplify numerous problems
More inclusive and more sustainable growth has of the city through optimized energy consumption,
become a very prominent goal for India recently. carbon emission mitigation, maximum recycling,
What is Smart city? smart transportation, intelligent security and 24×7
services for inhabitants. This article is emphasizing
As there is no common definition of the ‘Smart the vital role of smart cities in the world and then
City’ the conceptualisation of Smart City, varies from Smart City six axes or dimensions i.e. Smart
city to city and country to country, depending on the Economy, Smart Mobility, Smart Environment,
level of development, willingness to change and reform, Smart People, Smart Living and Smart
resources and aspirations of the city residents. Even Governance.
in India, there is no one way of defining a Smart City.
2. M. F. Jawaid and Saad A. Khan, 2015 in their
In general, a ‘Smart City’ is an urban area or study “Evaluating the need for Smart Cities in
region that is highly advanced in terms of overall India” analyze and evaluate the need for the
infrastructure, sustainable real estate, communications development and planning of Smart City projects
and market viability. Smart City has Information in the country in line with various ongoing projects
technology embedded across all city functions and is and the government’s proposal for development
the primary infrastructure used for providing essential of the 100 Smart Cities throughout the country.
services to residents. It efficiently uses different types The analysis indicates that the cities are expanding

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 25

 and new cities are being formed mainly by • To improve the quality of life of people by enabling
transformation and growth from villages and towns local area development and harnessing technology,
due to rapid urbanization. But these cities lack basic especially technology that leads to Smart
infrastructural services and other amenities due outcomes.
to various reasons ranging from lack in
administrative and service delivery mechanism to • To ensure area-based development which will
lack of proper planning vision, investment, transform existing areas (retrofit and redevelop),
management, and to some extent changing lifestyle, including slums, into better planned ones, thereby
etc. Some green field development like GIFT, improving liveability of the whole City.
Lavasa, Kochi Smart city and Nano City have • To develop new areas (greenfield) around cities
started but are far from satisfactory to cater to to accommodate the expanding population in urban
the demands of the sustainable cities and urban areas.
centers, hence there is an urgent need to plan for
both green and brown field sustainable urban • To apply Smart Solutions which will enable cities
developments in form of eco-city or smart city or to use technology, information and data to improve
similar projects to bring out a balanced urban infrastructure and services.
growth and development.
• To improve quality of life, create employment and
3. Anuj Tiwari and Dr. Kamal Jain, 2014 in their enhance incomes for all, especially the poor and
paper “GIS Steering Smart Future for Smart the disadvantaged through comprehensive
Indian Cities” describes Smart City projects in development leading to inclusive Cities.
India and thoroughly explores the existing and
extended capability of GIS to include modeling and Role of innovation, science and technology in
visualization in order that decision makers will be Smart City project:
able to see the state of the resources separately Some typical features of comprehensive
in three pillar of smart development model with development in Smart Cities as described by the
the impacts of their decisions and the future state Government of India under its Smart Cities Mission
of resources. are as follows:
Smart City Mission of Government of India: • Promoting mixed land use in area based
India has witnessed massive urban developments–planning for ‘unplanned areas’
transformation.The aim of the Smart Cities Mission is containing a range of compatible activities and land
to promote cities that provide core infrastructure and uses close to one another to make land use more
give a decent quality of life to its citizens, a clean and efficient. The States will enable some flexibility in
sustainable environment and application of ‘Smart’ land use and building bye-laws to adapt to change;
Solutions. The focus is on sustainable and inclusive • Housing and inclusiveness - expand housing
development and the idea is to look at compact areas, opportunities for all;
create a replicable model which will act like a light
house to other aspiring cities. The Smart Cities Mission • Creating walkable localities –reduce congestion,
of the Government is a bold, new initiative. It is meant air pollution and resource depletion, boost local
to set examples that can be replicated both within and economy, promote interactions and ensure security.
outside the Smart City, catalysing the creation of similar The road network is created or refurbished not
Smart Cities in various regions and parts of the country. only for vehicles and public transport, but also for
The total cost of the projects will be Rs. 189155 crores pedestrians and cyclists, and necessary
and the urban population to get impacted is 95,955,046 administrative services are offered within walking
as per the Indian Government expectations. or cycling distance;
The broad objectives of the Smart Cities Mission • Preserving and developing open spaces - parks,
are as follows: playgrounds, and recreational spaces to enhance
the quality of life of citizens, reduce the urban heat
• To drive economic growth
effects in areas and generally promote eco-balance;

26 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
• Promoting a variety of transport options - Transit • Giving an identity to the city - based on its main
Oriented Development (TOD), public transport economic activity, such as local cuisine, health,
and last mile para-transport connectivity; education, arts and craft, culture, sports goods,
furniture, hosiery, textile, dairy, etc;
• Making governance citizen-friendly and cost
effective - increasingly rely on online services to • Applying Smart Solutions to infrastructure and
bring about accountability and transparency, services in area-based development to make them
especially using mobiles to reduce cost of services better. For example, making Areas less vulnerable
and providing services without having to go to to disasters, using fewer resources, and providing
municipal offices. Forming e-groups to listen to cheaper services.
people and obtain feedback and use online
The Smart City initiatives of Government can be
monitoring of programs and activities with the aid
mapped to the sustainability as follows:
of cyber tour of worksites;

Three Pillars of Sustainability

Economic Environmental Social

Better Public Administration
Efficient Land Use
Housing opportunities for all

Boosting Local Economy
Reduction of congestion
Enhancement of quality of life

Giving an identity to the city -
Reduction of air pollution
Green buildings, green spaces,
based on its main economic smart growth
activity

Applying Smart Solutions to
Reduction of resource depletion
Improved security
infrastructure and services in
area-based development to
Reduction of urban heat effects
Efficient Public Transport,
make them better.

Better Governance
Promotion of eco-balance
Transit Oriented Development
(TOD)

Availability of open data,
Lesser vulnerability to disasters
Efficient water, air, energy and
big data, bandwidth, mobility, and climate change waste management
cloud computing, security,
business intelligence, etc.
Provision of administrative
services

Citizen-friendly & cost-effective
governance

Accountability and transparency
due to online services

Formation of e-groups to listen to
people, Better interactions

The advantages of Smart Cities were envisaged
Reduction in resource consumption

as follows:

Better services to its citizens

Efficient operations with the help of technology

Reduction in greenhouse emissions

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 27


Reduction in energy consumption 6. How far P.P.P. model shall be successful in
developing Smart Cities is also a challenge in the

Improved waste management
Indian context.

Improved infrastructure and other facilities
7. Some of the green field development in the name
According to many experts, there are a few of sustainable and smart cities in India such as
disadvantages such as: Lavasa, Gift City (Ahmedabad), Kochi Smart
City, Nano City etc are being conceptualized as
• The basic urban problems in existing cities such Smart Cities. But they are far from satisfactory
as haphazard growth patterns and poor in terms of numbers and scale to meet the pace
neighbourhood design may not get resolved. of urbanization and demand in the country.
• Basic issues such as wrong building location and 8. The migration of people from rural to urban areas
sub - standard architecture may not get addressed is one of the main reasons for the growth of urban
completely population, and failed regional planning is often
attributed as the main reason for it. Whether the
• The reliance on constant monitoring and analysis
envisioned type and number of Smart Cities will
of data that may not work if there is a technology
be able to give a solution for the same is a
failure.
challenge.
• The constant monitoring can have negative
Comprehensive development in Smart Cities to
implications on citizen morale as the technology
ensure a sustainable growth - few suggestions
may be considered an intrusion of privacy.

The Smart City is a concept which uses basic
• Misuse of data related to citizens may be difficult infrastructure more efficiently to provide high
to avoid. quality life, a clean and sustainable environment
Smart Cities envisioned by the government – the through application of smart solutions to make
challenges: infrastructure and services effective.

1. In India, there is no one way of defining a smart
Smart solutions can be helpful in fulfilling the needs
city. For accomplishing the goal of Smart City, of the ever-increasing population in the cities.
there is a need for its standard connotation. Smart City integrates information and
communication technology (ICT) and the Internet
2. Under the prevailing urban development, the of things (IOT) technology in order to improve
feasibility of developing a city which will provide the efficiency of city operations and services with
equal opportunities for investment, employment connectivity to people of India.
and quality life at a very competitive rate is a
significant issue.
Smart City will lead to a reduced usage of
environmental capital and support smart growth.
3. Shortage of qualified human resource for telecom,
electricity, health and education is a big challenge
The planning of unplanned areas will ensure
before the government / urban authorities. effective utilization of a very important resource
such as land. The range of compatible activities
4. How the city be identified for development as and land uses close to one another can ensure
“Smart City”, itself will be a big challenge under capacity building and efficient application of
the present urban development scenario. resources to the citizens of the country.
5. Government of India is inviting foreign countries’
People concerned about smart development
participation in the process of development of suggest that meeting the needs of the future
Smart Cities of India. Can foreign involvement depends on how well we balance social, economic,
justify and will maintain social aspect of Indian and environmental objectives or needs when
cities for which they are famous is a debatable making decisions today. The expansion of housing
question. activities for all will ensure the wellbeing of the
countrymen.

28 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
Conclusion • Dr. T. N. Boob, 2015 Transformation of Urban
Development in to Smart Cities: The Challenges,
Country like India may face critical challenges in
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering
managing rapid growth in urbanization. Rural to urban
(IOSR-JMCE), Volume 12, Issue 3 Ver. II (May.
accelerating pattern and unplanned urbanization may
-Jun. 2015), PP 24-30
lead to several constraints to sustainable growth. India
has recently committed to the development and • Madakam, Somayya. (2014). Smart Cities - Six
construction of 100 Smart Cities to meet the demands Dimensions (A Scholarstical Articles Review).
of its rapidly growing and urbanizing population.A International Journal Of Advances In Computer
Smart City is the integration of technology into a Science And Its Applications. 4. 20-23. 10.3850/
strategic approach to sustainability. 978-981-07-8859-9_09.
To cope with the crisis within the constrained • M. F. Jawaid1, Saad A. Khan, 2015,
budget is an upcoming challenge which could only be EVALUATING THE NEED FOR SMART
met with the meticulous, coordinated and planned CITIES IN INDIA, International Journal of
development of new urban centers and cities or Advance Research In Science And Engineering
development of the satellite towns which are also IJARSE, (Vol. No.4, Special Issue (01), March
technologically advanced, self-sustaining and 2015)
ecological.
• Mrs. S. Selvakanmani, 2015, Smart City– The
To ensure a sustainable growth, there is a need Urban Intelligence of India, International Journal
to apply an all-inclusive systematic approach towards for Research in Applied Science & Engineering
the balanced development of cities.The Smart City
concept is one such upcoming concept which is • Technology (IJRASET), Volume 3 Issue VI, June
deemed to be the solution for the present-day problems 2015
as well as the sustainable future.To ensure better living
environment within the context of rapid urban • http://www.ijarse.com
population growth a new phenomenon of Smart City • http://smartcities.gov.in/content/
appeared.
• h t t p s : / / w w w. i n v e s t o p e d i a . c o m / t e r m s / s /
Government of India has rightly planned to sustainability.asp
develop our cities in smarter ways is really a good
intention in spite of so many challenges ahead in the • https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India-will-
process of development. Government has to enact new have-7-mega-cities-by-2030-Delhi-to-remain-2nd-
urban laws for better development and their strict most-populous-city/articleshow/54039460.cms?
enforcement to get positive results. To get positive
result citizens of the country shall have to be smart • http://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/columns/
and government has to implement scheme, training building-a-sustainable-future-for-india/story/
programme to help them to become smart citizens. 253118.html

References: • https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/03/
worlds-biggest-economies-in-2017/
• AmanRandhawa, Ashwani Kumar, 24 September
2017, Exploring sustainability of smart development • www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/
initiatives in India, International Journal of 3015/what-is-sustainable-development/
sustainable built environment
• Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain, 2014, GIS Steering
Smart Future for Smart Indian Cities, International
Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,
Volume 4, Issue 8, August 2014

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 29

 Does Smart City Improve Urban Social Sustainability ?
Asst.Prof. Neelam Shaikh
K.G Joshi College of Arts and N.G. Bedekar College of Commerce
shaikhneelam21@gmail.com
Abstract : Sustainability is an established goal of future urban developments. Very recently, the smart city
concept has been employed to address issues associated with negative environmental externalities. The topics
are associated to people and communities, in the context of smart cities, have been neglected on the expense of
a deeper understanding of the technological aspect of smart. The premise of a smart city is that by having the right
information at the right time, citizens, service providers and city government alike will be able to make better
decisions that result in increased quality of life for urban residents and the overall sustainability of the city.
This research explores the concept of smart city through the lens of sustainability particularly on social issues.
The driving questions is, then, do smart cities deliver on the broad goals of sustainability? And if not, how might
they be deployed to extend these goals using smart city approaches? The main objective of the researcher is to
find whether the increasingly popular concept of smart cities can truly be applied as an approach for improving
the social sustainability of cities.
Keywords: Smart City, Social Sustainability, Smart Initiative, Urban Development

Introduction the problems in relation between smart city and

different aspects of sustainability as outlined in the
The proposed research addresses one of the
literature, and identify the gaps that will need to be
emerging phenomena of the recent times the “Smart
addressed in order to robustly understand the full impact
City” and finding whether this new concept can
of smart city on urban sustainability.
improve the sustainability criteria of cities or not.
Interventions like Smart City are, for the most part, a Objectives of the study
matter of incremental enhancement through existing
procurement channels, serviced via conventional 1. To understand the concept of social sustainability.
contracts, tacked onto spatial and institutional 2. To study the potentials of smart technologies in
arrangements that already exist. Hundreds of improving social quality of life of population and
municipalities on the planet have embraced some kind approaching sustainability goals.
of official smart-city scheme or initiative in the past Research Methodology
few years, and their numbers grow with every passing
month. Tens of millions of people are affected by such The source of data used for the study is purely
initiatives. Furthermore, an inconsiderable portion of secondary and the methodology used in this paper
the total available budgetary resources, hundreds of is desk research. Through that, a variety of
billions of rupees, are spent by cities annually on these bibliographic materials was scanned and a limited
initiatives. Finally, and perhaps most importantly of number of documents have been reviewed and
all, is the amount of human resources and energy that critiqued. The documents have been selected from
will be devoted to the effort to integrate networked varied urban disciplines- including urban design,
information technology into the management of the urban planning, urban sociology and urban policy
cities over the next decade. And all of this activity will as among the articles published in Journals,
take place under the banner of the Smart City. These newspaper etc., informative websites and so on.
shows there is an explicit need to understand the impact Literature Review
of smart cities on urban environmental, social and
economic sustainability from a holistic perspective. 1. J. Agyeman (2014) According to him an
environment for human interaction, communication
Statement of the Problem and cultural development with improvements in
The idea of smart specialization of cities and the quality of life, creates a condition for social
regions is spreading fast and has successfully become sustainability. Cities have always been to facilitate
a platform for community development. Through this human gatherings. He argues that “cities are
paper researcher tries to find out actually social search engines that help like-minded

30 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 people find each other and do stuff. People who management of natural resources, through
live in cities can connect with a broader range of participatory governance. There are numerous
friends whose interests are well matched with their definitions for the term “smart city” that each of them
own”. Smart cities structurally have the potential emphasize on a particular aspect more: intelligent city,
to impact or improve the mentioned qualities: information city, knowledge city or techno city and
Information and communication technologies help many more. However, the availability and quality of
people to connect, collaborate and share. Social the IT infrastructure is not the only definition of smart
networks are very popular means for bridging city. The focus of this paper is on the social dimension
online and offline lives to facilitate the congregation of the smart city rather than finding a definition for
of people to share interest and hobbies. the “smart city” term. Although addressing the topic
of people and communities as part of smart cities is
Agyeman suggests that the ‘Sharing Cities’
critical, it traditionally has been neglected on the
concept should become the guiding purpose of the
expense of understanding more technological and
politics, planning and policymaking for the future
policy aspects of smart cities. Social infrastructure
city as it prioritizes social justice and increases
(intellectual capital and social capital) is indispensable
trust and collaboration. Adopting the ‘sharing
endowment to smart cities. That infrastructure is about
paradigm’ offers cities the opportunity to lead the
people and their relationship.
transition to just sustainability.
Smart city is about a mix of education/training,
2. M. Townsend (2013) believes that in megacities
culture/arts, and business/commerce . A smart city is
which host millions of people, urban sociability is
a humane city that has multiple opportunities to exploit
experiencing a new scale. New technologies are
its human potential and lead a creative life. The smart
vital to helping people navigate the vast sea of
people concept comprises various factors like affinity
opportunities for social interaction. Interactive
to life-long learning, social and ethnic plurality,
platforms for citizen engagement amplify urban
flexibility, creativity, cosmopolitanism or open-
sociability. However digital cities developed by
mindedness, and participation in public life. The label
various organizations have different characteristics
smart city therefore points to clever solutions by
problems. In any case, it is not easy to design and
creative people. The human factors also includes social
maintain digital cities that benefit all participants.
inclusion of various urban residents in public services,
Those started from a grass-roots activity depend
soft infrastructure (knowledge networks, voluntary
on volunteers and often face financial and
organizations, crime-free environments), urban
management problems. The non-profit associations
diversity and cultural mix, social/human/relational
yield regional information spaces at relatively low
capital, and knowledge base such as educational
cost, but there is difficulty in maintaining adequate
institutions and Research & Development capacities.
leadership and social responsibility.
Smart city and Attributes of Urban Social
On the other hand, digital cities assisted by public
Sustainability
administrations can utilize their funds and facilities,
but a strong bias toward regional economic Empowering people to participate in influencing
development or bureaucratic improvement, can choices for development and in decision-making is one
hinder more active social participation. In the case of the criteria of a society being sustainable. Smart
of Private Finance Initiative, the initial investment interventions can also become the tools for a better
can be effectively reduced. In the case of Public- satisfaction of citizens’ needs and helpful interaction
Private Partnership, fund raising is rather easy in among them if they are based on the application of
the initial stages, but difficulty exists in establishing citizen-centric and participatory approaches to the co-
a sustainable budget structure. design. Accordingly, development and production of
services should balance the technical proficiency of
Smart Cities And The Human Dimension
infrastructure with softer features such as social
A city is smart when investments in human and engagement, social empowerment and people
social capital and traditional (transport) and modern interaction in physical and virtual settings. In this
(ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable context, technology can play crucial roles in social and
economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise political processes that can propose scenarios of a

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 31

better efficiency of functional performance of city Conclusion:
services and also give people the possibility of imagining
The paper emphasizes on the fact that a city will
new approaches and solutions for collaboration and
be smart not to covering ultra-wideband but for
empower them to create opportunities to co-design and
responding the needs of the population. The social factor
co-production. Smart technologies can create platforms
of smart city and the new opportunities that smart city
in which people in a society can interact and
can bring to improve the quality of life for citizens.
communicate with their authorities and administrations.
Considering the real needs of the society is a starting
A smart city has definitely the potential to become a
point to choose tools and appropriate operational actions.
permanent platform used by all different groups such
But even recognition of the needs of a community and
as the community, public authorities, activists, hackers,
designing an appropriate action to address that, do not
designers and companies to interact, communicate and
guarantee of being it productive and efficient. For this a
discuss challenges and find solutions in a co-create
very first important step is recovering development
process. However creating such a platform is not a
strategies that improve technological malfunctions sector,
straight forward job and the essentials for that are
but in a broader context, in which the smart city becomes
strongly contextual that differ from one city to another.
an opportunity to rethink the city as a whole and redefine
But overall, the followings are the stakeholders politics. Therefore, it is necessary that the public actors
to be involved in order to initiate engagement and co- redefines its coordinating role and pilotage and strengthen,
design process: especially compared to the big private players (the big
players in the field of ICT for example). This step is

The local community of citizens and non ICT
essential to ensure a return of plans and projects in terms
businesses, including the third sector.
of smart enhancement of human and socio-spatial justice

Municipal government and the various public and inclusion (and not only of technological innovation
agencies and administrations that play a role in and economic efficiency), both to ensure the participation
policy making and service provision. of all the local players (not only the stronger ones)

Available physical and technological infrastructures.
References
Smart city and Measurement Framework of social
sustainability A. M. Townsend, Big data, civic hackers and the
quest for a new utopia, Norton & Company, New
Regarding social equity (access to services, York, 2013.
facilities and opportunities) is one of the qualities of
B. T. Ishida, Digital city Kyoto. Communications of
social sustainability and attention to the equitable
the ACM, 45(7) 2002 78-81.
distribution of opportunities and acknowledging cultural
and community diversity are the main features and C. N. B. Dempsey, The social dimension of
the key themes encompassed by the Concept of social sustainable development, Sustainable
sustainability. Therefore, from one hand free and Development, 19(5) (2009) 289-300.
ubiquitous Internet access is not yet available D. S. Graham, Bridging Urban Digital Devide? Urban
everywhere and there is no infrastructure that covers Polarization and Information and Comunications
all regions and social areas. This doesn’t apply only to Technologies (ICTs), Urban Studies, 39(1) (2002) 33 56.
developing or poor countries. Even this coverage merely E. J. Agyeman J., Smart Cities’ Should Mean
exists in advanced countries like Germany or Italy. On ‘Sharing Cities’, 2014. available at: http://
the other hand, there is the issue of knowledge to use julianagyeman.com/tag/sharing-cities
new technologies that is not equal among different
F. http://www.engagingcommunities2005.org/
demographic aspects such as age, gender, income or
abstracts/Bartlet- Leofinal.pdf.
education. The key question, then, is clear and stark:
“can we generalize and democratize the opportunities G. http://www.triplepundit.com/2015/08/smart-cities-
that come with the high-tech urban revolution? Can enable-urban-sustainability/
we found more equitable ways of developing cities H. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/
and settlements in an electronically mediated age?” 10986/18748

32 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 Rural Urban Linkages for Sustainable Development
Prof. Kinjal P. Sanghavi
Assistant Professor,
MKS Sanghavi College of Commerce ( Ritambhara College), Andheri – W
E-mail - profkinjal@gmail.com
Abstract : “India lives in villages”, out of Total population of 121 crores, 83.30 crores live in rural areas as per
census of India, 2011. Notably this 30% of population is growing by utilising resources, labours and other
amenities supplied by rural areas, but they themselves are starving for basic necessities also. The present paper
majorly focuses on the various challenges and problems faced by rural villages and suggest ways for the sustainable
development of underdeveloped areas of our country. The findings of paper also indicate means with which
urban-rural linkages can be created for rural empowerment and economic development in total.
Keywords : Sustainable development, Rural empowerment, Urban-Rural linkages, Economic development

Introduction Research Methodology

Have we ever thought who’s working hard for The Research aims to analyse the complications
our food requirements? From where we are getting all of urban and rural population in India by considering
the necessary resources required for our business? the areas like Education, Literacy, gender issues,
Who is taking care of our heritage of Ayurveda and Competition etc. and exploring the means with which
spices? The answer is rural population. More than half such issues can be minimised. The study is applied
of the population lives in rural areas of our country, research based on the existing primary data available
which are still not aware of the terms globalisation, in research articles, journals, websites, Government
development or technology. And that is the reason for publications and magazines.
them to migrate to such urban areas which can provide
Issues faced by urban and rural areas -
them with better opportunities for their jobs, careers
and talents. Growth of the country is not possible It’s not only rural area but also urban cities that
without developing such untouched areas, so the face problems because of urban-rural diversification.
responsibility lies on the government to remove such Such as-
bifurcation and provide opportunities on an equal basis.
Issues with Rural areas-
Research Objectives
1) Illiteracy-
1) To identify the major challenges faced by rural
population. >ŝƚĞƌĂĐLJZĂƚĞƐŝŶ/ŶĚŝĂŽǀĞƌƚŚĞLJĞĂƌƐ
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4) To explore the ways to reduce dichotomy in urban- ZƵƌĂůͲDĂůĞ ZƵƌĂůͲ&ĞŵĂůĞ hƌďĂŶͲDĂůĞ hƌďĂŶͲ&ĞŵĂůĞ
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rural areas for sustainable development.
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Limitation of the study

Lack of sufficient resources for education and
As there exists a sizable body of primary research development is the major concern for the rural
on the topic, study was conducted on the basis of population. Even if schools or colleges are available,
secondary sources and available research work. their standard of education is very low as compared to
Further, this paper hasn’t addressed the issues of the urban and international level. This creates a huge gap
influence of caste and community, specially the of knowledge, skills, ideas, confidence in between rural-
problems of lower castes. urban population.

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 33

1) Narrow mentality- world has reached to space have started considering addictions as a relief from
and villages are still living with their superstition all strains of life.
and illogical rituals. Due to illiteracy, the level of
7) Lack of Market knowhow – Despite of being a
awareness and knowledge is very low which
major source of all resources or raw materials
results into lack of hygiene, low dependence on
required for the production of goods, villagers are
medication, following harmful rituals, customs like
exploited for the prices and terms & conditions of
child marriage, dowry system etc.
purchase. Suppliers purchase raw materials at
2) Communication issues – There is very low very cheap cost which are been sold at quite a
connectivity between urban and rural areas, as high price in market, due to which farmers stay
communication channels are not available to the far from the benefit of business. Again, there’s no
expected level. This results into having low source of extra income resulting into poor
information of market systems, new techniques conditions of farmers.
of conducting business, developmental activities
Issues of Urban Population –
etc.
Indian Census of 2011 says that 45.36 crore are
3) Poor health status – High cost of medical facilities,
total migrants out of which 68% were from rural areas.
lack of good quality food and water, unawareness
There are lots many ways with which urban population
of diseases and its cure, non – availability of
face problems due to such huge migrations of rural
ambulance facility, unwillingness of qualified
people, few are as follows:
doctors to work in villages, belief in superstitious
activities rather than medical treatments etc. leads 1) Overcrowded areas- The burden of population
to poor health status in rural population. The ratio relocating to achieve their dreams lies on
of women and children dying due to malnutrition developed cities. The congestion can be felt in all
is quite high. basic necessities such as transportation, job
availability, food supply etc. It gives rise to lot many
4) Low media exposure – Media nowadays is a big
evil activities to achieve the dreams of people who
source of information, be it newspaper, TV, social
have left house and families.
medial or websites. Their role is very prominent
in providing whatever new things are coming in 2) Educated Unemployed – As of February 2017,
society, economy or in international market. Due there are 789 universities, 37,204 colleges and
to lack of electric supply, internet facilities and 11,443 stand-alone institutions in India providing
distribution channels, they are not able to reach to knowledge and education to all the young
the changes taking place in economy. demographics but compared to that industries or
businesses to encash their knowledge are not
5) Gender Issues – In the country like India where
available. According to the survey of Labour
goddesses like Durga, Sarswati, Laxmi are praised
Bureau as on Feb. 26, 2016, the unemployment
to the heart, people have separate set of rules for
rate in urban areas is 5.5%. Even the cost of
the females in their houses. Discrimination of
education has increased drastically putting
women against the men exists at a very high rate
restriction on people from taking their desired
especially in rural areas. Though they are employed
streams.
in farms, standard of living, participation in decision
making, educational rate is considerably low. 3) Price Hike – With the increase in demands for
goods, services, transportation or all basic
6) Drug and Alcohol addiction – Drug abuse has led
requirements, prices have increased considerably
to a detrimental impact on the society. With most
making the cost of living of people very high.
drug users being in the productive age group of
Especially prices of real estate, gold or luxuries
18-35 years, the loss in terms of human potential
has touched the sky. This doesn’t allow people to
is quite alarming. The process of urbanisation,
have all basic necessities of life.
westernisation, and migration has led to loosening
of cultural and social values resulting into stresses 4) Market Competition – With the changes in market
and strain of modern life. More and more people due to introduction of LPG in 1991, cut throat

34 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 competition has raised. High population with Handful of intermediaries deal with farmers to
increasing demands with less supply from market provide large scale of agricultural production for
has fetched the attention of global investors, industrial use and urban markets, who are definitely
reducing the capacity of earning of local not disclosing actual market prices. Here
businessmen. Again, competition for job government can play major role to bring two
opportunities has also seen drastic increase due markets closer by removing intermediaries and
to availability of huge educated demographics. providing markets or mandis to farmers for selling
Companies have also started taking advantage of their production directly in urban areas. Again,
the situation by reducing pay scale and job security there is tremendous need of support for
as cheap labours are available in market who are international exports of handicrafts, spices,
ready to work at such a low salary. vegetables, fruits or garments in which they have
5) Pollution & Non-hygiene – Most Indian cities very good potential.
notably exceed levels of pollution due to excess 4) Introducing short courses or training programmes
number of vehicles, industrial sources, biomass – Education is the key to any success. It’s not
burning etc. Around 360 million populations reside easy to fool knowledgeable and well-informed
in slum areas with very poor condition of sanitation person. Introduction of such short courses,
and ventilation. This is plaguing frightful rate of demonstrations, workshops or training
disease and sickness. programmes can create wonders not only for
6) Increase in Criminal activities – Due to ill economic farming but also for non-farm activities or small
conditions and lack of education, people opt for businesses. Even small gifts or food packets can
criminal activities to fulfill their basic requirements. be provided to motivate them to attend
In Overburdened cities like Kerala, Mumbai, Delhi programmes.
etc. eroding of law is very common. Delhi itself 5) Provide Finance – Giving only guidance or ideas
have registered 1, 73, 947 crime cases in 2015 will not serve the purpose; finance is also needed
which is 25% of all the crimes recorded in 53 mega to carry out them into practise. According to
cities. Union Budget 2016, Rs. 87,765 crores has been
Ways for Rural Empowerment - allocated for rural development out of which Rs.
412 crores were spent to encourage organic
Its need of hour to remove rural urban dichotomy farming. On paper government shell out huge
if nation desires sustained development. Development amount for rural development in all budgets but
should reach to each and every household and it’s not helping much in actual.
individuals, then only country will grow in true sense.
Conclusion
1) Growth of Non-Farm activities – Dependence on
agriculture for livelihood is quite high in rural areas It’s not possible to stop migration completely but
i.e. 70% according to Census 2011, which is the the causes of that can be reduced to such an extent
main cause of limited income for farmers. There’s that it changes the mentality of people. Government
immense need of developing non-farm activities should come up with the strategies that provide all the
and businesses which can improve economic basic and developmental provisions to urban and rural
condition of villagers. areas equally. Private entrepreneurs should be
encouraged to invest in infrastructural, education and
2) Modernisation of farming – Farming is the only business oriented projects to create equal opportunities.
source in India of raw materials for business and Leaving behind such a huge population will never lead
food requirements for such a huge population. New to progress of the whole country; development must
technology and modernisation is essential to take place in each and every corner of the nation to
increase the production and fetch more profit to see the real results. It is imperative to look into the
farmers. current status of the economy from the perspective of
the rural-urban disparity. True empowerment is
3) Connectivity with market – Unawareness and
equipping rural India to help itself.
ignorance is the only curse of rural population.

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 35

References
S.Gopalakrishnan Iyer, (2006). ICT in marketing
media for rural marketing India, i4d, www.i4d.

Navaneetham, K, Dharmalingam, A. (2011).
csdms.in
“Demography and Development: Preliminary
Interpretations of the 2011 Census”, Economic &
Eric Denis and Marie – Helene Zerah, (October
Political Weekly, 46(16): 13-17. -2014). Rural-Urban Linkages: India Case Study,
horizon.documentation.ird.fr

Kundu, A., & Saraswati, L. R. (2012). “Migration
and exclusionary urbanisation in India”. Economic
Mayarani Praharaj, (December, 2015). Rural-
& Political Weekly, 47(26): 219–227. Urban Divides in India: Impact on Migration, The
pioneer State editions, Bhubaneshwar

Aggarwal, S. (2014). Do rural roads create
pathways out of poverty? Evidence from India.
Dr. Chandramouli, C., (15th July, 2011), Rural
Working paper extracted from Ph.D dissertation, Urban Distribution of population, Census of India
Santa Cruz University, California. 2011, New Delhi.

Hazell, Peter B.; Haggblade, Steven. (1990). Rural
Ronnie Screwvala, (October 25, 2014), Rural
– urban growth linkages in India. Policy, Research, issues, local solutions, The Indian EXPRESS,
and External affairs working papers; no. WPS indianexpress.com.
430.Washington, DC: WorldBank.

http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/
987381468772797302/Rural-urban-growth-
linkages-in-India.

36 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 n`©Q>Z g§YrMo CJdVo ñWmZH$ - ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r R>mUo
àm. {d‘wº$m amOo
OZg§kmnZ {d^mJ, Omoer-~oS>Ho $a ‘hm{dÚmb`, R>mUo.
gmam§e … H|$Ð gaH$maZo Omhra Ho$boë`m ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r `mXrVrb EH$ eha åhUOo R>mUo. nm`m^yV gw{dYm§À`m AmYmao ñdÀN> d gwX§ a
Ago R>mUo eha ñ‘mQ>© ~Z{dÊ`mMm g§H$ën ‘hmnm{bHo$Zo Ho$bm Amho.
ñ‘mQ>© ehamMr {ZdS> hr eha d nm{bH$m ^mJ ~KyZ Ho$br OmVo. CnbãY Jmoï>tMm A{^Zd nÕVrZo dmna H$ê$Z ZdrZ AmamIS>m
~Z{dbm OmVmo. n`©Q>Z {dH$mgmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Ooìhm R>mUo ehamH$S>o ZOa Q>mH$br, Ë`mdoir `m joÌmV {dH$mgmÀ`m AZoH$
g§Yr Ñ{ï>nWmV Amë`m.
‘yimV R>mUo ehamMr AmoiI Vbmdm§Mo eha Aer Amho. R>mÊ`mVrb `oD$aMm S>mJ| a, R>mÊ`mg bm^bobr ImS>r hr ^m¡Jmo{bH$
{d{dYVm Amho. AZoH${dY nwamVZ dmñVy Ogo H$s, H$m¡{nZoída ‘§{Xa, g|Q´b Oob AWm©V nyduMm R>mUo {H$„m, KmoS>~§Xa {H$„m,
^maVmVrb n{hbr aoëdo YmdÊ`mMm ‘mZ Agbobo aoëdo ñQ>e o Z, JS>H$ar a§Jm`VZ Aer AZoH$ ñWio AmhoV.
Ë`mMà‘mUo ’w$bnmIam§Mo CÚmZ, {d{d`mZm, H$moa‘gmaIo em°qnJ h~, ‘ZmoaO § ZmMr {d{dY gmYZo, Wr‘ nmH©$, A{Ve` lr‘§V
Aer ImÚ g§ñH¥$Vr Aem Jmoï>tMr aobMob R>mUo ‘hmZJamV Amho.
nydunmgyZ Agboë`m `m ñWim§Mo gm¢X`uH$aU d ZyVZrH$aU Ho$ë`mg Am{U ‘yb^yV gw{dYm§Mm `mo½` d ñ‘mQ>© dmna Ho$ë`mg R>mUo
eha ho ’$º$ ‘hmamï´>mVM Zìho Va ^maVmÀ`m Am{U OJmÀ`m ZH$memda n`©Q>ZmV Amnbm R>gm C‘Q>dy eH$Vo.
n`©Q>H$ d n`©Q>Zm‘wio R>mUo ehamg ^anya ‘hgyb {‘iy eH$Vmo. VgoM ñWm{ZH$m§Zm ZmoH$arÀ`m g§Yr CnbãY hmoVrb. n`©Q>H$m§gmR>r
S>po ñQ>Ze
o Z R>mUo Aer Zdr d AmH$f©H$ AmoiI R>mÊ`mg bm^y eH$Vo. åhUyZM n`©Q>ZmVrb CJdVo ñWmZH$ Aerhr AmoiI àmá
hmoBb © . Aem àH$mao {dH$mg Pmë`mg R>mUo ehamg ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r ñnY}V Aìdb ñWmZ I{MVM {‘iy eH$Vo.
ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r g§H$ënmV `mo½` {Z`moOZ, H$‘rV H$‘r Jw§VdUyH$, gm¢X`uH$aU `mÛmao eha n`©Q>ZmÛmao R>mUo ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r nwT>Mm Q>ßnm
JmRy> eH$Vo. Ë`mMm hm AmamIS>m gmXa H$arV Amho.
~rOeãX … n`©Q>Z, ñ‘mQ>©, {gQ>r
àñVmdZm … `mo½` {Z`moOZ, H$‘rV H$‘r Jw§VdUyH$, gm¢X`uH$aU `mÛmao
eha n`©Q>ZmÛmao R>mUo ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r ñnY}V Aìdb R>ê$ eH$Vo.
H|$Ð gaH$maZo Omhra Ho$boë`m ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r `mXrVrb EH$
eha åhUOo R>mUo. ñ‘mQ>© ehamMr {ZdS> hr eha d nm{bH$m C{Ôï>o …
^mJ ~KyZ Ho$br OmVo. 2016 ‘Ü`o H|$Ð gaH$maZo ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r
1) ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r R>mÊ`mV n`©Q>ZmÀ`m Agboë`m g§Yr
`moOZo A§VJ©V XoemVrb 100 eham§Mr {ZdS> Ho$br. ñ‘mQ>©
{gQ>r `moOZo A§VJ©V ñdÀN> nmUr nwadR>m, H$m`©j‘ ehar 2) {d{dY àH$maMo n`©Q>Z
J{VerbVm, gmd©O{ZH$ n[adhZ godm, CÎm‘ XiUdiU 3) H$‘rV H$‘r JwV§ dUwH$sÛmao gm¢X`uH$aU d ZwVZrH$aUmYmao
ì`dñWm, ‘m{hVr V§ÌkmZmMo Omio BË`mXr nm`m^yV gw{dYm§Mm Aën H$mimV R>mÊ`mMm n`©Q>Z H|$Ð åhUyZ {dH$mg.
{dMma Ho$bm OmVmo.
4) R>mÊ`mVrb ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {d{dYVm, nwamVZ d ZdrZ dmñVy,
^maVmV ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r `moOZo A§VJ©V {ZdS>bëo `m eham§nH¡ $s Wr‘ nmH©$, g§ñH¥$Vr BË`mXr d¡{dÜ`nyU© Jmoï>r n`©Q>H$m§gmR>r
H$mhr Am¡Úmo{JH$ ehao AmhoV, H$mhr e¡j{UH$ H|$Ðo AmhoV Va AmH$f©U.
H$mhr n`©Q>Z H|$Ðo AmhoV. {ZdS> Pmboë`m eham§nH¡ $s EH$ R>mUo 5) R>mUo eha ho ñ‘mQ>© n`©Q>ZmgmR>r `mo½`.
eha Amho. R>mUo ehamV CÎm‘ nm`m^yV gw{dYm AmhoV.
Am¡Úmo{JH$, e¡j{UH$, XiUdiU, ‘m{hVr V§ÌkmZ `m gd© n`©Q>ZmMo ñdê$n d ì`már …
joÌmV R>mUo AJ«go a Amho. `m joÌm§gh n`©Q>Z joÌmVrb AZoH$ n`©Q>Z åhUOo ‘mZdmMm {Za{Zamù`m {R>H$mUr hmoUmam
g§Yr R>mUo ehamV CnbãY hmoD$ eH$VmV. ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r‘Ü`o hoVynyd©H$ àdmg d dmñVì`m‘wio Pmbobr EH$ d¡{eïçnyU©

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 37

{H«$`m Amho, Jmoï> Amho. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV n`©Q>Zmbm ‘hÎd n`©Q>ZñWio åhUyZ {dH${gV hmoD$ eH$VmV hm Aä`mgnyU©
àmá Pmbo AgyZ Ë`mMm {dH$mg AË`§V doJmZo hmoV Amho. {dMma ‘m§S>bm Amho. H$maU ehamV ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {d{dYVm,
nwamVZ d Zì`m dmñVy, Ym{‘©H$ ñWio, gm§ñH¥${VH$ {d{dYVm,
ñdê$n …
ImÚ g§ñH¥$VrMr aobMob, ‘m°ëg, hm°pñnQ>ëg, Wr‘ nmH©$
n`©Q>Z CÚmoJ hm OJmVrb {dH${gV d ‘hÎdmMm CÚmoJ Aem AZoH$ Jmoï>r AmhoV.
Pmbm Amho. hm CÚmoJ Agbm Var `mVyZ ‘mbmMo CËnmXZ hmoV
‘yimV AmOn`ªV R>mUo ehamV n`©Q>ZmgmR>r åhUyZ Hw$Ur
Zmhr. `mV godm d amoOJma CnbãY hmoV AgVmo åhUyZ hm BVa
`oV Zmhr. na§Vw doJdoJir hoVy gmÜ` H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmOy~mOyÀ`m
CÚmoJm§nj
o m EH$ d¡{eïçnyU© Agm CÚmoJ Amho. `mV n`©Q>H$ hm EH$
ehamVyZ, amÁ`mVyZ, XoemVyZ VgoM naXoemVyZhr ‘§S>ir R>mÊ`mV
à‘wI KQ>H$ AgVmo. àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ {d{dY H$m‘mgmR>r àdmgmMo
XmIb hmoVmV. AZoH${dY H§$nÝ`m, Ë`m§Mr ‘w»` H$m`m©b`o R>mÊ`mV
AmH$f©U hmoV.o na§Vw Joë`m eVH$mnmgyZ VgoM {deofV… 21 ì`m
AmhoV. Ë`m‘wio {~PZog {‘qQ>½O, dH©$em°ßg, go{‘Zma R>mÊ`mV
eVH$mV n`©Q>ZmMo ñdê$n ~Xbbo d Vo J{V‘mZ Pmbo Amho.
hmoVmV. ‘moR>‘moR>r hm°pñnQ>ëg R>mÊ`mV AmhoV. amÁ`^amVyZ, Xoe-
ì`már … {dXoemVyZ AZoH$ é½U ‘§S>ir R>mÊ`mV CnMmamW© `oVmV. {d{dY
20 ì`m eVH$mV Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§Vr, Am{W©H$ {dH$mg gU, CËgdm§Mr aobMob R>mUo ehamV df©^a AmT>iVo. Ë`m
`m‘wio n`©Q>ZmMmhr {dH$mg PnmQ>çmZo Pmbm. {d{dY hoVg§y mR>r, CËgdm§Zm AmdOyZ© ^oQ> XoUmar AZoH$ ‘§S>ir AmhoV.
H$maUm§gmR>r àdmg Ho$bm OmVmo. EH$Q>çmZo, g‘whmZo, Hw$Qw>~§ mgh àË`oH$OU Amnë`m {d{eï> CÔoemZo R>mUo ehamV nmohmoMVmo.
amÁ`-XoemV-{dXoemV àdmg hmoD$ bmJbm. Ë`mVyZM AmYw{ZH$ `m ‘§S>itZm R>mÊ`mVrb n`©Q>ZñWio XmIdUo d Ë`m§Mo n`©Q>H$mV
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ghO n¡gm {‘idyZ XoUmam CÚmoJ Amho. `m CÚmoJmbm Am{W©H$, R>ê$ eH$Vo.
gm‘m{OH$ ‘hÎd àmá Pmbo Amho.
R>mÊ`mVrb n`©Q>Z …
n`©Q>ZmMo hoVy d àH$ma …
6.1. ^m¡Jmo{bH$ d¡{dÜ` - EH$sH$S> o S> m | J a Xw g arH$S> o
àdmg H$aUo hm ‘mUgmMm OwZm N>X§ Amho. AJXr àmMrZ ImS>r{H$Zmam, AZoH$ Vbmd, {‘R>mJao hr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {d{dYVm
H$mimnmgyZ H$mhrVar ZdrZ Jmoï>tMm emoY KoÊ`mgmR>r, Zd- R>mÊ`mV nhm`bm {‘iVo.
ZdrZ {R>H$mUo nmhÊ`mgmR>r d Amnë`m g^modVmbÀ`m
Vbmd - ‘yimV R>mUo ehamMr AmoiI Vbmdm§Mo eha
dmVmdaUmV ~Xb {‘imdm åhUyZ ‘mUyg àdmg H$arV AgVmo.
Aer Amho. H$moUo EHo$ H$mir R>mUo ehamV 13 Vbmd hmoV.o
H$mhr n`©Q>H$ {d{dY àH$maMo hoVy ~miJyZ n`©Q>Z H$aVmV.
AmO{‘Vrg Ë`mVrb nmM-ghm gwemo{^V Ho$bobo {XgVmV.
Ë`mVyZM n`©Q>ZmMo àH$ma nS>VmV.
‘mgwX§ m Vbmd AWm©V Vbmdnmir hm R>mÊ`mMm à{gÕ Vbmd
1) ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n`©Q>Z Amho. R>mUoH$am§Mo VgoM ‘w§~B©-H$ë`mUn`ªVÀ`m ‘§S>irMo ho
2) Eo{Vhm{gH$ n`©Q>Z {da§Jwù`mMo {R>H$mU Amho. ‘mgw§Xm VbmdmV ~moQ>tJMr gmo`
3) Ym{‘©H$ n`©Q>Z (VrWm©Q>Z) Amho. Vbmdm^modVr KmoS>mJmS>rMr g’$mar Amho. {d{dY gU,
4) gm§ñH¥${VH$ n`©Q>Z CËgdm§À`m àg§Jr bmoH$ ‘moR>çm g§»`oZo EH$Ì `oD$Z AmZ§X
5) ì`mnma n`©Q>Z gmOam H$aVmV.
6) Amamo½` n`©Q>Z
`oD$aÀ`m nm`Ï`mer Agbobm CndZ Vbmd A{Ve`
R>mUo ehamVrb n`©Q>Z … a‘Ur` Amho. hm R>mÊ`mVrb gdm©V ‘moR>m Vbmd Amho. `m
Jmoì`mÀ`m YVuda R>mUo {Oømg n`©Q>Z ñWimMm XOm© VbmdmVhr ~moQ>tJMr gmo` Amho. `oWo Xadfu g§ñH¥$Vr H$bm
XoÊ`m~m~V MMm© Ho$br OmVo. Ë`mMo àñVmd V`ma Ho$bo Amho. ‘hmoËgd hmoVmo. `m CndZ g§ñH¥$Vr H$bm ‘hmoËgdmV AZoH$
g§nU
y © R>mUo {Oëhm AZoH${dY d¡{dÜ`m§Zr ZQ>bb
o m AmhoM. na§Vw {X½JO H$bmH$ma ‘§S>ir AmdOyZ© CnpñWV amhVmV.
‘mÂ`m `m g§emoYZ {Z~§YmV R>mUo ehamVrb AZoH$ {R>H$mU§ hr R>mUo ‘hmZJanm{bHo$À`m g‘moa Agbobm H$Mamir Vbmd.

38 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
`m VbmdmV N>moQ>ogo ~oQ> Amho. ~mOyZo Om°qJJ Q´H$ Amho. Amho. `m {H$„²`mMo `mo½` àH$mao g§dY©Z Ho$ë`mg n`©Q>ZñWi
Am§~Ko mogmio Vbmd, am`bmXodr Vbmd Oo ‘Ü`dVu {R>H$mUr åhUyZ {dH${gV hmoD$ eH$Vo.
AmhoV. `m ‘moOŠ`m Vbmdm§Mo gm¢X`uH$aU Ho$bo Va ñWm{ZH$
g|Q> Om°Z MM© ho nmoVJ©w rOm§Zr 17 ì`m eVH$mV ~m§Ybo.
‘§S>itgh n`©Q>H$hr AmdOyZ© `mg ^oQ> XoVrb.
Ë`mdoiMo ^maVmVrb ho nmMdo Am{U R>mÊ`mVrb n{hbo MM©
`oD$a {hb - CndZ VbmdmMm nmR>ramIm Agbobm `oD$aMm Amho. hr XJS>r nwamVZ dmñVy n`©Q>H$m§Mo AmH$f©U R>ê$ eH$Vo.
S>mJ| a ho R>mÊ`mVrb AmUIr EH$ AmH$f©U Amho. `m S>mJ| amMo
R>mUo aoëdo ñWmZH$ ho Eo{Vhm{gH$ aoëdo ñWmZH$ AgyZ
Xwgao Q>mHo $ WoQ> g§O` Jm§Yr amï´>r` CÚmZmV Amho. `oD$aÀ`m
^maVmVrb n{hbr aoëdo ~moar~§Xa Vo R>mUo Xaå`mZ 16 E{àb
S>mJ| amda AZoH$ àH$maMr O¡d{d{dYVm nhm`bm {‘iVo. {d{dY
1853 amoOr Ymdbr hmoVr. `m‘wio R>mÊ`mV Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrMr
nwîn dZñnVr hr AmT>iVmV. nmdgmù`mV S>m|Jamda N>moQ>o
gwê$dmV Pmbr Ago ‘mZbo OmVo.
Y~Y~o, AmoT>o AgVmV. AZoH$ n`©Q>H$m§Mr nmdbo dfm©ghbrgmR>r
OdiMo {R>H$mU åhUyZ `oD$aH$S>o diVmV. `oD$abm AZoH$ 6.3. ZdrZ dmñVy - nwamVZ VgoM Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmñVy à‘mUoM
Mm§Jbr [agm°Q>h© r Amho. R>mUo ehamV 20 ì`m eVH$mV AZoH$ ZdrZ dmñVy Cä`m
am{hë`m. R>mUo ‘hmZJanm{bH$m ‘w»`mb`, R>mUo {Oëhm
R>mÊ`mMr ImS>r - R>mÊ`mg Iyn ‘moR>m ImS>r {H$Zmam bm^bm
Ý`m`mb`, Q>mD$Z hm°b, ‘|Q>b hm°pñnQ>b, VËdkmZ {dÚmnrR>
Amho. `m ImS>rMo Xwgao Q>mHo $ WoQ> KmoS>~X§ a añË`mdarb Jm`‘wI
`m dmñVyhr n`©Q>ZñWio åhUyZ nmhÊ`mgma»`m AmhoV.
~§Xamn`ªV Amho. ImS>rÀ`m Amgnmg nmUdZñnVr, ObMa
OrdZ AmT>iVo. `m ImS>rV ‘mgo‘marhr Ho$br OmVo. A{bH$S>rb 6.4. gm§ñH¥${VH$ H|$Ðo - ‘mgwX§ m VbmdmeoOmar Agbobo JS>H$ar
H$mimV ImS>rV Pmbobo ObàXyfU Xya H$ê$Z ImS>rÀ`m ^modVr a§Jm`VZ ZmQ>µ`J¥h hr R>mÊ`mMr d¡{eï>>çnyU© AmoiI Amho.
Pmbobo A{VH«$‘U Xya H$ê$Z AmOw~mOwMm n[aga ñdÀN> Ho$bm gm§ñH¥${VH$ H|$Ðq~Xy åhUyZ ‘mZmMo ñWmZ Amho. JS>H$ar
OmV Amho. ZmQ>çJ¥hmà‘mUoM ‘moR>r AmgZj‘Vm Agbobo H$m{eZmW KmUoH$a
ZmQ>>çJ¥h ho H$bmd§Vm§Mo, a§JH$‘vMo ho {Oìhmù`mMo ñWmZ
‘rR>mJao - R>mÊ`mg bm^boë`m ImS>r{H$Zmè`m‘wio EH$m Q>mHo $mg
Amho. ‘mOrdS>m `oWrb AmQ>© J°barhr {X½JO, hm¡er VgoM Zd
åhUOo R>mUo ehamÀ`m nydg} AmOhr Aën à‘mUmV H$m hmoBZ© m
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ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 39

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ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 41

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XoIaoI R>do Uo, Ob ì`dñWmnZmgmR>r ñ‘mQ>© {‘Q>aMm dmna,
PmonS>nÅrH$aU,añVo d Amamo½` g‘ñ`m `mgma»`m J§^ra g‘ñ`m
ñ‘mQ>© n[adhZ godm B©. Jmoï>tda gaH$maZo eha {dH$mggmR>r
{Z‘m©U Pmë`m AmhoV. Ë`mgmR>r emgZmZo {dH$mgm{^‘wI ehao
bj Ho$pÝÐV Ho$bo Amho.
{Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r d nm`m^yV godm gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z
XoÊ`mgmR>r ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r `m g§H$ënZoMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bobm Amho. `m ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r `moOZoAV§ J©V `oUmè`m eham§nH¡ $s Zm{eH$
ehamMr ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r `moOZo A§VJ©V {ZdS> Pmbobr Amho. `m
ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>rMr g§H$ënZm d ì`m»`m :
`moOZoÀ`m A§VJ©V Zm{eH$ ehamMm H$m`mnmbQ> hmoD$Z
eham‘Yrb dmhVwH$,D$Om©,ñdÀN> nmUrnwadR>m ‘b{dgO©Z {Z`moOZ~Õ d gwgñ§ H¥$V eha åhUyZ OmJ{VH$ ñVamda R>gm
KZH$Mam ì`dñWmnZ, XiUdiU godm, B‘maVr d gmd©O{ZH$ C‘Q>dbo `mV e§H$m Zmhr. `m `moOZo A§VJ©V Zm{eH$ eha-
OmJoda nS>Umam VmU B. AZoH$ g‘ñ`m§Mo {ZamH$aU H$ê$Z h[aV-gwX§ a-{Z`moOZ~Õ d ñdÀN> eha hmoÊ`mg nyaH$ R>ab o
XoemVrb ZmJ[aH$m§Zm Mm§Jë`m godm gw{dYm nwa{dVm `oVrb `m Ago dmQ>V.o

42 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
ì`m»`m : J§JmnyaamoS>, AemoH$ñV§^, n§MdQ>r, gr~rEg, ‘w§~B©ZmH$m,
ìXmaH$mgH©$b, Zm{eH$amoS>, ‘oZamoZ B. AZoH$ ^mJmV dmhVwH$sMr
1. ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r åhUOo Á`m {R>H$mUr V§ÌkmZmMm dmna OwÝ`m
àM§S> H$m|S>r hmoV Amho. dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§»`o‘iw o {dñVmarV d
Am{U ZdrZ g‘ñ`m§Mm {ZamH$aUmgmR>r Ho$bm OmUo hmo`.
Zì`mZo {dH${gV hmoUmè`m ^mJmVrb añË`m§da hr VmU dmT>bb o o
Ë`m‘Ü`o H$m±{H«$Q>rH$aUmnmgyZ Vo ñQ>rb bmoIS§ >r Omi`mnmgyZ
Amho.
KS>bëo `m OwÝ`m eham§‘Ü`o AmVm H$åß`wQ>a gm°âQ> doAaMo
Omio Ë`mM~amo~a {S>{OQ>b àUmbr gwYmamUmgm{hV dmna ehamVrb gÜ`m añË`m§Mo Omio 1904 {H$‘r AgyZ Ë`mV
ZdrZ ehao C^mê$Z ZdrZ eham§Mr {Z{‘©Vr H$aUo åhUOo S>m~§ arH$aU Pmbobo añVo 1306 {H$‘r, H$m±{H«$Q>rH$aU Pmbobo
ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r hmo`. añVo, 221 {H$‘r Ë`mM~amo~a H$ƒo Am{U IS>rH$aU Agboë`m
añË`m§Mr bm§~r 258 {H$‘r AgyZ `m añË`mda dmT>Ë`m
2. ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r `moOZo A§VJ©V bmoH$ CËH¥$ï> emgZ ì`dñWoMr
bmoH$g§»`oMm VmU nS>V Amho. Ë`m‘wio añVm hm EH$‘od dmhVwH$m§Mm
CÎm‘ ì`dñÏ`mnZmMr Am{U Cƒ V§ÌkmZmÀ¶m gmhæ¶mZo
‘mJ© ehadmgr`m§Zm Agë`m‘wio añVo dmhVwH$sMr d nm{Hª$JMr
Cƒ àVrMr godm nmaXe©H$ nÕVrZo nwadyZ n[aUm‘H$maH$
‘moR>r g‘ñ`m ehamV {Z‘m©U Pmbobr Amho
àemgZ `§ÌUm {Z‘m©U H$ê$Z ^«ï>mMmamg ‘yR> ‘mVr XoUo
Ë`mVyZ ZdrZ, gwg‚m d gwX§ a eha {Z‘m©U H$aUo åhUOo dmT>Vr bmoH$g§»`m Am{U dmT>Vo eharH$aU `m‘wio eham§V
ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r åhUVm `oBb © . XwMmH$s, MmaMmH$s, [ajm, B. dmhZm§Mr g§»`m ‘moR>çm à‘mUmV
dmT>bobr Agë`m‘wio Ë`mM~amo~a añË`m§darb ’o$ardmbo,
g§emoYm§ZmMr C{Ôï>o:
~o{eñV nm{Hª$J, [ajm Wm§~,o ì`mnmè`m§Mo ’w$Q>nmWdarb AmH«$‘U,
1. ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r g§H$ënZoMm Aä`mg H$aUo {Z`moOZeyÝ` Mm¡H$ B. AZoH$ H$maUm§‘i w o gÜ`pñWVrV ehamVrb
2. Zm{eH$ ehamVrb dmhVyH$ g‘ñ`oMm AmT>mdm KoU.o gdm©{YH$ dmhVwH$sMr Am{U nm{Hª$JMr g‘ñ`m J§^ra ñdénmV
3. Zm{eH$ eha dmhVyH$ {Z`moOZmV ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r `moOZoMo {Z‘m©U Pmbobr Amho.
‘hËd Aä`mgUo. Zm{eH$ ehamÀ`m dmhVyH$ ì`dñWoV ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r `moOZoMo
g§emoYZ nXYVr … ‘hËd …
àñVwV emoY {Z~§YmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar ‘mhrVr Am{U dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm hr Hw$R>ë`mhr eham§Mr aº$dm{hZr
Xwæ`‘ ñdê$nmMr gm‘J«rMm AmYma KoÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `mV gmaIr AgVo. EH$Xm H$m aº$dm{hZr ãbm°Ho$O Pmbr H$s
dV©‘mZ nÌ, g§X^© nwñVHo$, H«${‘H$ nwñVHo$, XyaXe©Z, B§Q>aZoQ> B. hX`{dH$maMm PQ>H$m `oVmo. Ë`mMàH$mao Zm{eH$ eham§À`m
‘m{hVrMm dmna H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. dmhVwH$sÀ`m aº$dm{hÝ`m‘Ü`o ãbm°H$o O `ody Z`o åhUyZ Mm§Jë`m
dmhVwH$ ì`dñWoMo {Z`moOZ H$aUo hr H$mimMr JaO Amho.
Zm{eH$ eham§Mr gÜ`mMr dmhVwH$ ì`dñWm: gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ ì`dñWoV bmoH$b Q´oZ, ^w`mar ‘oQ´mo,
Zm{eH$ eham§Mo Ym{‘©H$ nm¡am{UH$ Am{U ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ~rAmaQ>rEg, {gQ>r~g, {’$Va bmB©Ýgbm [ajm, Q>Š° gr qH$dm
‘hËd Agbo Var Ë`m§Mo ‘w§~B©, nwUo `m eham§Mr AgUmao gm`H$b eo`[a¨J `mgma»`m `moOZm g‘mOmVrb gd© WamVrb
ì`mnmar d Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~Y§ d A§Va Am{U añVo d aoëdo ‘mJm©Zo bmoH$m§gmR>r Amnë`m ehamV AgUo JaOoMo Amho. Hw$R>ë`mhr
AgUmar g§nH©$ àUmbr `m‘wio `mg "JmoëS>Z Q´±Jb' Ago gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$ ì`dñWoMo Omio eha^a nga{dÊ`mgmR>r
åhQ>bo Amho. gÜ`m Zm{eH$ eham§Mr bmoH$g§»`m gaH$mar bmJUmam IM© `mMm {dMma hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. Zm{eH$ ehamMo
AmH$S>odmarZwgma 15 bmIm§n`ªV Agbr Var àË`jmV ZmJarH$aU PnmQ>çmZo hmoV AgyZ OmJ{VH$ nmVirda {dH${gV
bmoH$g§»`m 20 bmIm§À`m daVr Amho. Zm{eH$ ehamV añVo hmoUmè`m drg eham§‘Ü`o g‘mdoe Pmbobm Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a
ho ’$º$ 10 bmI bmoH$g§»`oMm ^ma noby eH$Umao ZmhrV Aem H|$Ð gaH$maMm ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r `moOZoA§VJ©V Zm{eH$ ehamMr
ñdê$nmMo AmhoV. Zm{eH$ ehamV Zì`mZo {dH${gV hmoUmam ^mJ {ZdS> Pmbr Amho. Ë`m‘wio ehamVrb dmhVwH$ H$m|S>rMr d
gmo S >bm Va Ow Ý `m ^mJmVrb nm`m^y V gw { dYmH$S>o nm{Hª$JMr g‘ñ`m gwQ>Ê`mMm ‘mJ© {ZpíM>VnUo ‘moH$im hmoBb © .
nyUn© Uo Xwbj
© Ho$bo OmV Amho. OwZo Zm{eH$, a{ddma H$ma§Om,

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 43

 Zm{eH$ ehamVrb dmhVwH$ d XiUdiU ì`dñWm A{YH$ 2. ~g a°{nS> Q´m{§ PQ> {gpñQ>‘ `m gmd©O{ZH$ ~g dmhVyH$
ñ‘mQ>© hmoÊ`mgmR>r ho eha ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r `moOZo A§VJ©V g‘m{dï> godMo m {dMma hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.
Pmbobo AgyZ Ë`mMmM EH$ ^mJ åhUOoM Zm{eH$ ehamVrb 3. ehamVrb dmhVwH$sbm {eñV bmdÊ`mgmR>r d dmhVyH$
dmhVwH$sMo nwT>rb drg dfm©Mo {Z`moOZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r A~©Z ‘mg ì`dñWm gwairV H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñdV§Ì ‘mo{~{bQ>r gobMr
Q´mpÝPQ> H§$nZrZo (umtc) ñ‘mQ>© {Z`moOZ AmamIS>m V`ma Ho$bobm ñWmnZm hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.
Amho. Ë`m‘Ü`o bmoH$g§»`m dmT>rÀ`m Ñï>rZo ehamV H$no{gQ>r ‘mg 4. gmd© O {ZH$ dmhVw H $sMr ì`dñWm CÎm‘ Agë`mg
Q´mÝgnmoQ>d© a ^a {Xbm Amho. ~gogMr g§»`m dmT>dUo, nmXMmè`m§gmR>r añË`mdarb ahXmarMm VmU H$‘r hmoBb © d Ë`mVyZ doi d
93 {H$‘rMm nXnW ‘mJ© {Z‘m©U H$aUo,54 {H$‘rMm gm`H$b n¡emMr ~MV hmoÊ`mg ‘XV hmoBb © Ë`m Ñï>rZo {Z`moOZ
Q´mH$ V`ma H$aUo, 22 dmT>rd Mm¡H$m§gmR>r {g¾b ~g{dUo, Agmdo.
eham§À`m gr‘oda Q´H$ Q>{‘©Zg V`ma H$aUo, [a¨JamoS>Mr {Z{‘©Vr
5. gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVyH$ ì`dñWoMo {Z`moOZ H$aVmZm emim,
H$aUo, añË`m§Mr é§Xr dmT>{dUo, ehamVrb 40 {R>H$mUr no A±S>
H$m°bOo , emgH$s` H$m`m©b` d Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§ñWm§Mm {dMma
nm{Hª$J gw{dYm {Z‘m©U H$aUo `mgma»`m AZoH$ Jmoï>tMm g‘mdoe
H$ê$Z Wm§~,o {g¾b {gpñQ>‘, Po~m« H«$m°qgJ d ahXmarMo
Amho. ehamVrb añVo {ÛnXar H$aÊ`mgmh {‘qgJ nm°BQª > OmoS>Ê`mda
{Z`‘ gwMZm’$bH$ `m Jmoï>tH$S>o A{YH$ bj {Xbo nm{hOo.
^a {Xbm Amho Ë`mM~amo~a `m AmamIS>çmg ~rAmaQ>rEg `moOZoÛmao
‘moZmoab
o g§X^m©V gyMZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. `m gd© gyMZm 6. ZmJ[aH$m§Zr dmhVwH$sMr {eñV d {Z`‘ nmiÊ`mMr
Am{U AmamIS>çmMr XmIb KodZy Zm{eH$ ‘hmZJanm{bH$m ‘mZ{gH$Vm ~miJbr nm{hOo.
àemgH$s` `§ÌUoZo ehamVrb dmhVwH$ d nm{Hª$J g‘ñ`m 7. ‘mH}$Q>À`m {R>H$mUr ~hþ‘Obr nm{Hª$JMr gw{dYm CnbãY
gmoS>dÊ`mgmR>r ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r `moOZoAV§ J©V darb AmamIS>çmg hmoUa JaOoMo Amho.
‘mÝ`Vm {Xbr Amho. Ë`m AZwfJ§ mZo Zm{eH$ ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>rgmR>r 8. nmXMmar ‘mJm©Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.
"JmoXmdar àmoOŠo Q>'À`m A§VJ©V 515 H$moQ>r ê$n`o IM© àñVm{dV 9. añË`mdarb ’o$ardmbo, J°aO
o d XwH$m§ZmMo A{VH«$‘U hmQ>{dUo
Amho. Ë`mn¡H$s 330 H$moQ>r én`m§À`m IMm©À`m H$m‘mgmR>r ‘mÝ`Vm JaOoMo Amho
{Xbr Amho. `màH$ënm§AV§ J©V JmoXmdarÀ`m XmoÝhr H$mR>mda gwX§ a
Z¡g{J©H$ gm¢X`©gï¥ >r {Z‘m©U H$aÊ`mMm ‘hÎdmH$m§jr àH$ën AgyZ {ZîH$f© :
`m‘Ü`o XmoZ Q>ßß`mV 18 H$m‘o Ho$br OmUma Amho. Ë`m‘Ü`o EImÚm eham§VJ©V dmhVyH$ ì`dñWoda {Xdgm§Mo {Z`moOZ
Aånr {WEQ>a, gm`H$b Q´°H$, àmMrZ Hw$ÊS> nwZOudZ H$aUo, Adb§~yZ Amho. ehamVrb H$moÊmË`mhr {R>H$mUr dmhVwH$sMr
nwbm§Mr {Z{‘©Vr H$aUo B. H$m‘m§~amo~a aoQ’o´ $sqQ>J Am{U J«rZ {’$ëS> H$m|S>r Pmbr Va Ë`mMo g§nU
y © ehamV nS>gmX C‘Q>VmV. ho hmoD$
AWm©V h[aV joÌ A§VJ©V H$m‘o Ho$br OmUma Amho. Zm{eH$ Z`o åhUyZ añVo d XiUdiUmMr CÎm‘ ì`dñWm Agbr
ehamV ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r A§VJ©V 41 {R>H$mUr ñ‘mQ>© nm{Hª$J ‘°ZOo ‘|Q> nm{hOo. Ë`m‘wio Zm{eH$ ehamMr dmhVyH$ d XiUdiU Am{U
{gñQ>‘ am~{dÊ`mg ‘§Owar XoÊ`mV Ambr AgyZ Ë`m‘Ü`o 34 nm{Hª$JMr g‘ñ`m gwQ>ë`mg Iè`m AWm©Zo ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r A§VJ©V
{R>H$mUr Am°Z ñQ´rQ> Va 8 {R>H$mUr Am°’$ ñQ´rQ> nm{Hª$J {dH${gV ñdÀN>, gwX§ a Am{U h[aV Zm{eH$Mr {Z{‘©Vr hmoÊ`mg ’$bXm`r
H$aÊ`mV `oUma Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a AemoH$ñV§^ Vo Í`§~H$ZmH$m R>ab
o Ago dmQ>V.o
`m 11 {H$‘r Xaå`mZ ñ‘mQ>© amoS> gmH$maÊ`mV `oUma Amho. `mM
g§X^© :
àH$ënmA§VJ©V ehamV 6 {R>H$mUr gm¡a D$Om© àH$ën H$m`m©pÝdV
hmoUma Amho. Zm{eH$ ehmamgmR>r ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r `moOZm {dH$mgXm`r 1. X¡{ZH$ ‘hmamï´> Q>mBåg - {XZ {deof (Zm{eH$)
d ’$bXm`r R>ab o . `mVyZ ehamVrb dmhVyH$ d XiUdiU 2. X¡{ZH$ bmoH$‘V (Zm{eH$ )
Am{U nm{Hª$J g‘ñ`oÀ`m H$m|S>rVyZ gwQ>H$m hmoBb © . 3. `moOZm ‘m{gH$ A§H$ - 2014/15
Cnm` `moOZm: 4. {Oëhm gm‘m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ g‘mbmoMZ Zm{eH$ 2011
5. do~gmB©Qg² : www.nashik.ac.in
1. gmd©O{ZH$ dmhVwH$sdarb dmT>Ë`m VmUmda gÜ`m EH$‘od www.Maharashtra.gov.in
n`m©` åhUyZ ~rAmaQ>rEg `moOZoMm {dMma hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. www.india.gov.in

44 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r EH$ ZE ^maV H$m {Z‘m©U: gm‘m{OH$ gÝX^©
S>m.° A{Zb T>dbo
qhXr {d^mJmÜ`j
Omoer ~oS>Ho $a H$m°bO
o , R>mUo
gma : àñVwV ànÌ ‘| g§^mì` ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r H$s ê$naoIm H$mo {H$g àH$ma go {dH${gV {H$`o OmZo H$s n[a`moOZm H$s n[aH$ënZm H$s
J`r h¡. {Og‘| {’${OH$b Am¡a gmoeb g§gmYZm| H$s Amny{V© H$s ~mV H$s J`r h¡.
emoY q~Xw : g§gmYZ, `mVm`mV, ñdmñÏ` B©.

‘mZZr` àYmZ‘§Ìr lr Za|Ð ‘moXr Or Zo Omo g§H$ën {b`m A~ Bg WmZo {Obo H$mo {deof én go WmZo eha H$mo EH$ ñ‘mQ>©
h¡ Cg g§H$ën ny{V© hoVw ^maVdf© Ho$ H$B© eha ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r Ho$ {gQ>r ‘| VãXrb H$aZm hmo Vmo ~hþV ~‹S>r MwZm¡Vr àemgZ Ho$
ê$n ‘| {dH${gV H$aZo H$s n[aH$ënZm Am`mo{OV H$s JB© h¡ Am¡a gm‘Zo Am gH$Vr h¡. WmZo Im‹S>r go {Kam hþAm h¡. {H$Zmao na
Bg n[aH$ënZm H$mo dmñV{dH$Vm ‘| ~XbZo hoVw Eogm g§H$ën ~hþV ~‹S>r g§»`m ‘| Pmon‹S>n{Å>`m| ‘| Jar~ bmoJm| H$m {Zdmg h¡.
{b`m J`m h¡ {H$ {díd ^a {Og àH$ma go gwX§ a eha h¢, g^r Xoe go AmE hþE A{YH$Va Jar~ bmoJ nhbo `hm§ ahVo h¢ Am¡a
g§gmYZm| go `wº$ h¢ Cgr àH$ma go h‘mao ^maV ‘| ^r Eogo Hw$N> CgHo$ ~mX ‘ohZV ‘OXyar H$aHo$AÀN>o Kam| ‘| Mbo OmVo h¢.
eha Š`m| Zht hmo gH$Vo? gwX§ a ñdÀN> ^maV ~ZmZo H$m `h A~ BgHo$ {dH$mg ‘| Š`m-Š`m MrO| hmo R>mUo H$mo gmja H$aZo
gnZm A~ gmH$ma hmoZo Om ahm h¡ Cg‘| ^maV ^a Ho$ AZoH$ H$m lo` {dÚm àgmaH$ ‘§S>b H$mo OmVm h¡ `h {Z{d©dmX én go
eham| H$mo MwZm J`m Cgr àH$ma go WmZo H$mo ^r MwZm J`m h¡. gË` h¡. EH$ ~hþV ~‹S>m H$m‘ {dÚm àgmaH$ ‘§S>b Zo `hm§ na
WmZo ^r ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r ~ZZo Om ahm h¡. R>mUo H$m EH$ ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {H$`m h¡. nr{‹T>`m§ gmja hmoZo H$s ~mV H$hVo hþE h‘Zo gwZr h¡.
B{Vhmg h¡, Omo {H$ AmO Oob Ho$ ê$n ‘| VãXrb h¡. ^maV ‘| {dÚm àgmaH$ ‘§S>b Ho$ {d{^Þ ‘hm{dÚmb` ‘| n‹T> MwH$o h¢
nhbo aob ~moar~§Xa Am¡a R>mUo Ho$ ~rM Mbr Wr. Vmo {dH$mg Am¡a AmO dh Xoe Am¡a Xw{Z`m ‘| AnZm naM‘ bham aho h¢.
H$s nyar J{V WmZo H$mo àmá h¡ Am¡a {Z{íMV ê$n ‘| ^maV ^a Vmo {Z{íMV én go {H$gr H$mo ^r Bg {gQ>r ‘| AnZm Ka hmo EH$
‘| Omo ^r eha hm|Jo Cg‘| WmZo g~go hQ>H$a Am¡a AbJ hmoJm. gnZm do XoIVo h¢ Am¡a dh AmZo dmbo g‘` ‘| gm’$ gwWam
‘¢ AnZo ànÌ ‘| `h g‘PmZo H$m à`mg H$ê$§Jm {H$ ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r àXyfU {da{hV eha ~ZVo XoIZm MmhVo h¢.
Š`m h¡? Cg‘| Š`m-Š`m gwI-gw{dYmE§ hmo gH$Vr h¡?
ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r Cgo hr ‘mZm OmZm Mm{hE {Og‘| Am°Q>m‘o eo Z
AË`mYw{ZH$ ZmJ[aH$ gw{dYmAm| H$m {dH$mg hmoZm ~mH$s h¡.
H$s ì`dñWm hmo dmB©’$mB© hmo `mVm`mV H$s gwMmê$ ê$n go
^{dî` ‘| h‘mao `hm± `mVm`mV Ho$ gmYZ Š`m hm|J,o amoOJma
ì`dñWm hmo Am¡a dhm§ ahZo dmbo OZVm H$mo H$moB© naoemZr Z hmo
Š`m hm|Jo Am¡a EH$ AmXe© WmZo Ho$ ê$n ‘| Bg eha AmZo dmbm
Omo Q>Š¡ g ^aVo h¢ CÝh| {H$gr ^r àH$ma H$s Agw{dYm Z hmo.
^{dî` BgH$m gmjr hmoJm. ‘oam `h à`mg ahoJm Š`m-Š`m
gmar gw{dYmAm| go ^anya àmH¥${VH$ ê$n go ^anya AmZ§X boVo hþE
gwI-gw{dYmE§ Cg‘| hmo, {dH$mg g§V{w bV hmo g~ OZVm gwI
bmoJ Iwer-Iwer AnZo H$m‘ na OmE§ Am¡a Ka bm¡Q>.| H$ht go
M¡Z A‘Z Am¡a em§{V go ah| WmZo ‘| bJ^J Omo AmO OZg§»`m
^r H$moB© Xy{fV dmVmdaU Zm hmo àXyfU Zm hmo.Üd{Z àXwfU
h¡ `h ‘hmamï´> go hr Zht, nyao ^maV ^a go Am`r hþB© OZVm
a{hV {gQ>r H$mo hr ñ‘mQ>© {gQ>r H$hm OmZm Mm{hE. Jm{‹S>`m| H$s
h¡ Bg‘| ñd`§ ‘amR>r ^mfr h¢ qhXr ^mfr h¢ H$Þ‹S> h¡ V{‘b h¡
g§»`m H$‘ hmo bmoJ gmBH$bm| H$m à`moJ Á`mXm H$a|. Am¡a
VobwJw h¡ g^r àH$ma Ho$ bmoJ h¢, Omo {H$ ‘hmamï´> H$s Xmo
ÐxVJ{V go EH$ OJh go Xygao OJh na nhþM § gHo$. ha H$m‘
amOYmZr h¡ ‘w~§ B© `h ‘w~§ B© Xoe H$s Am{W©H$ amOYmZr ^r h¡
H¡$go ñ‘mQ>© VarHo$ go hmo OmZm Mm{hE. {Og‘| VH$ZrH$s bJr
Bg{bE ‘w~§ B© {díd ^a Ho$ {bE EH$ ñdßZ ZJar h¡ Am¡a Bgr
hmo dh gmao H$m‘ gwMmê$ ê$n go hmoZo Mm{hE. Hy$S‹ >m H$Mam ~hþV
go gQ>m hþAm {Obm WmZo h¢. ^m¡Jmo{bH$ Am¡a OZg§»`m H$s
hr gwMmé én go CgH$m {d{Z`moJ hmoZm Mm{hE. dmQ>a hmadopñQ>J§
gKZVm go `h Xoe H$m g~go ~‹S>m {Obm ‘mZm OmVm Wm.
hmoZr Mm{hE.24 K§Q>o nmZr H$s ì`dñWm hmo, nrZo H$m ewÕ Ob
O~{H$ A~ Bg ‘| AbJ nmbKa {Obm ~Zm {X`m J`m h¡.

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 45

hmo Am¡a gm’$ gwWam eha hmo. M‘H$Zo dmbr g‹S>H$| `hm§ ‘hH$Zo {gQ>r Ho$ AJb ~Jb ‘| Pw½Jr-Pmon{‹S>`m| ahoJr Vmo {Z{íMV én
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hmo. gmao bmoJm| H$m ahZ ghZ Am¡a OrdZ ñVa D$§Mm hmo Vmo
Am¡a Xygam gm‘m{OH$ g§gmYZ.
{Z{íMV én ‘| ghr ‘m`Zo ‘| ñ‘mQ>‘© mZr OmEJr, Zht Vmo ñ‘mQ>©

46 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
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OmVo h¢. EH$ ñ‘mQ>© eha Bg{bE AnZo ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$ gmW EH$ gÝX^© :
gab ì`mdhm[aH$ [aíVo Ho$ gmW H$s VwbZm ‘| MwZm¡{V`m| H$m 1. Smart city - Blueprint for a Zero Pollution,
Odm~ XoZo Ho$ {bE Am¡a A{YH$ V¡`ma hmo gH$Vm h¡. Sustainable, Smart Industrial City : run Firodia
Vishwesh Pavnaskar
Bgr àH$ma H$s AdYmaUmAm| Ho$ {bE BñVo‘mb {H$E 2. www.smartcity.gov.in
OmZo dmbo AÝ` eãXm| ‘| gmB~{d©b, {S>{OQ>b {gQ>r, BboŠQ´m{° ZH$
3. www.youtube.com

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 47

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Email - jayshreesingh13gmail.com

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H${d H$m {ZOr AZw^d, ^mdm| H$mo naIZo H$s gyú‘ Ñ{ï>,
{dO` Hw$‘ma Iwbo ê$n ‘| AnZr hr aMZmAm| na ~mV H$aZo go
g‘mO Ho$ à{V Jhar gH$mamË‘H$ gmoM Ho$ Abmdm BZ H${dVmAm|
gX¡d H$VamVo aho& CÝhm|Zo H$^r bmoJm| Ho$ g‘j AnZr H${dVmAm|
‘| ~hþV Hw$N> AZH$hr gr ~mV| ^r h¢ - H$ht ~yT‹ >m, H$ht AHo$bm
H$s MMm© Zht H$s, Z hr H$^r AnZo H$mì` g§Jh« m| H$m ~‹T> -
Vmo H$hr hmam hþAm AmX‘r, OrdZ Am¡a Zm¡H$ar go naoemZ,
M‹T> H$a àMma {H$`m& EH$ bå~o g‘` VH$ bmoJm| Ho$ ‘Z ‘|
WH$m‘m§Xm, {dde, {Oå‘oXm[a`m| H$s CbPZ, gm‘m{OH$ -
CZHo$ à{V `h YmaUm ~Zr ahr {H$ "’|$Q>m ~m§Y H$a H${dVm H$m
amO{Z{VH$ n[adoe H$s KwQ>Z, CH$VmhQ>, XX© Vmo H$ht - H$ht
IoV H$mo‹S>Zo dmbm AmbmoMH$, H${d H¡$go hmo gH$Vm h¡?'
‘hmZJar` qMVZ go ì`{WV à~wÕ ì`{º$ H$m ewîH$ éXZ ^r&
O~{H$ {dO` Hw$‘ma AnZo AmnH$mo ‘ybV… H${d ‘mZVo h¡&§ `o
Am¡a ~mV h¡ {H$ CZH$m AmbmoMZm - {ddoH$ Vrd« Am¡a OmJ«V EH$ {XZ Amn OmZVo h¢ AMmZH$ / AmnH$s CXm{g`m± /
h¡ Bg{bE ^r do nhbo EH$ AÀN>o H${d h¢, AmbmoMZm Vmo do AmnHo$ H$mJOmV H$s Vah / AmnHo$ ~«r’$Ho$g ‘| ~§X ahVr h¡/
H${dVm H$s g§JV Ho$ {bE H$aVo aho h¡&§ EH$ hË`m H$ht hmoVr h¡ / EH$ I~a N>ZH$a AmnHo$ Q>~o b VH$

48 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
AmVr h¡ / Amn é‘mb go JX©Z nmoN>Vo / EH$ OJh go CR>H$a Xya VH$ ’¡$bo Aa~ gmJa H$s Vah `h eha em§V ahVm
/ Xygar OJh Mbo OmVo h¢ (I~a N>Z H$a AmnHo$ Q>~o b VH$ h¡, bham| Ho$ g‘mZ {Za§Va MbZo dmbr V‘m‘ aobJm{‹S>`m±
AmVr h¡, noO - 34) BgH$s Mwßnr H$mo VmoS‹ >Vr, MrIVr Mbr OmVr h¡&§ {d{^Þ N>mQo >o
- ~‹S>o eham| go ‘hmZJam| ‘| AmZo dmbr `o aobJm{‹S>`m± AnZo
A{YH$m§e H${dVmAm| ‘| Mmbrg H$mo nma H$a C‘« Ho$
gmW V‘m‘ ZE bmoJm| H$mo boH$a AmVr h¡&§²
AJbo n‹S>md na AmJo ~‹T>Vo AmX‘r H$s nËZr, nwÌ, {‘Ì
‘§S>br, n‹S>mgo , {ó`m±, ~yT‹ >,o ~ƒo VWm gånyU© g‘mO Ho$ à{V ‘¡ Š`m| Mbm Am`m / ‘¡ O~ Am hr J`m Vmo / Hµ $Vma
qMVm d AHw$bmhQ> gm’$ XoIr Om gH$Vr h¡& H${d H$s Ñ{ï> ‘| ‘| EH$ AmX‘r Zo / ‘wPgo AmJo ~‹T>Zo H$mo H$hm / bmoH$b H$s
EH$ ^am - nwam Ka AZ{JV emImAm| dmbo noS‹ > H$s Vah h¡& ^r‹S> ‘| / H$moB© pIgH$ J`m / ‘wPo OJh {‘b J`r (‘¢ O~
BgH$s emImE§ Ka Ho$ à{V AmX‘r H$s AZ{JZV {Oå‘oXm[a`m| Am hr J`m Vmo, noO - 40)
H$s àVrH$ h¢ `o emImE± ha ‘m¡g‘ ‘| har ahVr h¢ AV: AmX‘r
Bgr àH$ma bJmVma Z`m AmX‘r Bg eha H$s Amoa
H$mo H$^r CgHo$ Xm{`Ëd go ‘wº$ hmoZo Zht XoVr& `hr emImE±
~‹T>Vm Mbm AmVm h¡ BgHo$ nhbo {H$ dh Hw$N> gmoMo - g‘Po
OrdZ ^a Cgo H$m`©aV aIVr h¡&§² AmX‘r Bg‘| BVZm CbP
AWdm V` H$ao, bJmVma MbVr ^r‹S> Cgo nrN>o go Y{H$`mVr
OmVm h¡ {H$ H$^r CZgo hQ> H$a H$moB© {ZU©` boZm ^r Mmho Vmo
hþB© AmJo ~‹T>Vr OmVr h¡& Hw$N> Y¸o$ Im boZo Ho$ ~mX dh IwX
CgH$m Ka {~bIVm hþAm CgHo$ nmdm| go {bnQ> OmVm h¡ Am¡a
hr Cgr {Xem ‘| Mb XoVm h¡ Am¡a BgàH$ma ‘hmZJa H$s ^r‹S>
Cgo H$moB© ^r H$R>mao {ZU©` boZo Zht XoVm& Ka EH$ ~‹T>B© h¡ /
H$m {hñgm ~Z OmVm h¡& O¡go gmJa ‘| ~yX§ H$m nVm Zht MbVm
Omo Vwåh| N>rbH$a / Hw${g©`m§, Q>~o b Am¡a gmo’$m / ~ZVm h¡
Cgr àH$ma `hm± Am`m hþAm àË`oH$ Z`m AmX‘r Bg ‘hmZJa
(Ka, noO - 11)
énr ‘hmgmJa ‘| g‘mVm Mbm OmVm h¡&
‘w~§ B© ‘hmZJa Ho$ g‘J« qMVZ Ho$ {bE M{M©V ‘hmZJar`
{XZ Ho$ COmbo ‘| Omo eha AmH$f©H$ bJVm h¡, Cå‘rX|
MoVZm Ho$ H${d S>m.° {dO` Hw$‘ma H$s Ñ{ï> ‘| ‘hmZJar` ~moY
~±YmVm h¡ Cgr eha ‘| {XZ ^a IarXr J`r V‘m‘ bm°Q>[a`m±,
H$s H${dVm dmo Zht Omo Hw$N> g‘` Ho$ {bE n`©Q>H$ H$s Vah
~r‘m nm°b{g`m±, O¡H$nm°Q> Ho$ {Q>H$Q> am{Ì ‘| ’w$Q>nmWm| na nwamZo
‘hmZJam| ‘| ah H$a {bIr J`r hmo& CZHo$ AZwgma ‘hmZJar`
nÎmm| H$s Vah {~Iar - C‹S> ahr hmoVr h¡&§² Bg KS>r / nbH$
H${d d CgH$s H${dVm ‘| ‘hmZJa H$s ^m¡{VH$ n[apñW{V`m| ‘|
PnPnmVr {Z`moJ amoe{Z`m| Ho$ ~mdOyX / EH$ nwamZo O»‘ H$m
{Kao OrdZ Am¡a g‘` Ho$ Amngr g§~Y§ m| H$s ImoO {‘bVr h¡&
‘dmX / [ag - [agH$a g‘wÐ ‘| {JaVm hþAm (eha ‘| amV ,
‘hmZJar` H${d H$s aMZmAm| H$s ì`m»`m nmR>H$m| Ho$ ^rVa Cg
noO - 44 - 46 )
eha H$s EH$ Img N>{d H$mo C^maVr h¡& CZHo$ Bg AmH$bZ
H$mo CZH$s {à` H${dVmAm| Ho$ ‘mÜ`‘ go g‘Pm Om gH$Vm h¡ Xw{Z`m Ho$ V‘m‘ ~‹S>o eha Omo {XZ ‘| {dH$amb ~Zo ahVo
Omo ~‹S>r ghOVm go eha H$s ZãO nH$‹S>H$a CgHo$ ^rVa Ho$ h¢ am{Ì ‘| Bgr àH$ma [a[a`mVo h¢ ~hþV Hw$N> h¡ Omo MH$mMm¢Y
hbMb H$s n‹S>Vmb H$a boVr h¡&§² eha H$s D$±Mr B‘maVm| d CZ‘| ‘| {XImB© Zht n‹S>Vm {H$ÝVw am{Ì Ho$ A§YH$ma ‘| bmoJm| Ho$ {Xbm|
ahZo dmbo bmoJm| Ho$ g§~Y§ ‘| do H$hVo h¢ {H$ eha ‘| D$±Mr B‘maVm| go, AmgwAm| Ho$ ê$n ‘| MwnMmn ~ñVr - ‘moh„m| go [ag - [ag
‘| ahZo dmbo bmoJ {bâQ> ‘| gmW - gmW M‹T>Vo - CVaVo h¡&§² do H$a g‘wÐ ‘| ~hVm Mbm OmVm h¡&
nS>mgo r hmoVo hþE ^r EH$ Xygao go {~bHw$b A§OmZ ahVo h¢, ~pëH$ H${d ‘hmZJam| H$s D$±Mr B‘maVm| go bo H$a CZ ~oKa
BVZo A{Z{íMV ^r {H$ `o eha Im{‹S>`m| H$s Vah CZHo$ AVrV bmoJm| VH$ H$mo ^r AnZr H${dVm ‘| ñWmZ XoVo h¢ Omo g‹S>H$ Ho$
H$mo nmQ>Vm Mbm OmVm h¡ Am¡a eha Ho$ bmoJ EH$ Xygao Ho$ ^yV, {H$Zmao Q>rZ R>mHo $H$a AnZo n[adma Ho$ {bE AñWmB© Ka ~Zm Vmo
^{dî`, dV©‘mZ go A§OmZ Ho$db EH$ Xygao H$mo XoIVo ^a h¢ Am¡a boVo h¢ {H$ÝVw A{YH$ Xoa Cg Ka H$mo AnZm Ka Zht H$h nmVo!
AnZr ‘§{Ob VH$ nhþM ± Zo na {bâQ> go {ZH$b H$a AnZo - AnZo H${d H$hVo h¢ {H$ g‹S>H$ H$mo ^r AnZo dOyX na A{VH«$‘U go
Kam| H$s Amoa MwnMmn ~‹T> OmVo h¡&§ BgHo$ ~mX ^r H${d Bg eha ~Zm {b`m `h Ka ‘§Oay Zht hmo nmVm& Am{˜aH$ma Cg na
go H$moB© {eH$m`V Zht H$aVo Š`m|{H$ H${d OmZVo h¢ {H$ ‘hmZJa Om{b‘m| H$s {ZJmh| n‹S> hr OmVr h¢ Am¡a Hw$N> hr Xoa ‘| g‹S>H$
H$s Vmgra hr `hr hmoVr h¡& Ho$ {H$Zmao ~Zm CZH$m Ka Hy$‹S>o Ho$ T>oa ‘| VãXrb hmo OmVm h¡&

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 49

 g‹S>H$ EH$ {XZ / ~wbS>mO
o a, Q´H$, bm{R>`m±, ~yQ> / bmoho H$^r XmXa nwb na / ~m§Ðm H«$mqgJ na / H$^r - H$^r
Ho$ Q>mno nhZ / CgHo$ Ka ‘| AmEJr / ’y$b H$s Vah / / hmOr Abr XaJmh na OmVr nJS>ÊS>r na, `m JoQ>do Ho$ g‘wÐ
pIbH$a nb ^a ‘| / {~Ia Om`oJm Ka / AJbo {XZ bmoJ ‘| dhm± CVaVr gr{T>`m| na / Ohm± AmYr amV I‹S>o ñQ>r‘am| H$s
CgHo$ amoZo - h§gZo / ImZo Am¡a JmZo na go JwOa aho hm|Jo / / Ob na {ghaVr N>m`mE§ / XwbmaVr h¢ BZHo$ OO©a ~XZ,
CgH$m Ka Zht hmoJm / Zht hmoJr / nwamZo O§J bJo Q>rZ H$s {g¾bm| na bmb ~{Îm`m| Ho$ ZrMo / {H$VZo a§J `mMZmAm| Ho$
MÔa / erem, H§$Km, bwJS‹ >r, {gJ‹S>r / Am¡a Rw>ZH$Vr hþB© / / Am¡a eha Ho$ V‘m‘ {MH$Zr gVhm| na / {H$VZo {ZemZ
EH$ N>mQo >r gr {Jb{g`m (g‹S>H$ na Ka, noO - 51) BZH$s ‘¡br C±J{b`m| Ho$ / H$m¡Z XwVH$maVm h¡ BÝh|, H$m¡Z
~S>~S>mVm h¡ / {H$gHo$ ^rVa ~Mr h¡ AR>Þr ^a H$s X`m /
BgàH$ma eha Ho$ H$B© q~~ CZH$s H${dVmAm| ‘| ~ZVo -
H$m¡Z ˜m‘moer go H$aVm h¡ AZXoIm / Xm¡S‹ >Vo ^mJVo bmZV
{~J‹S>Vo ahVo h¢, do AnZr ^mfm Ho$ ~rM H$B© ~ma ‘§X-ñ`mh
^oOVo hþE Bg Xw{Z`m na / Qy>Q>o ~Q>Z dmbr H$‘rO ‘| / nwb
a§J ‘| {H$gr H$bm {’$ë‘ H$m gm à^md CËnÞ H$aVo h¡&§²
H$s gyZr gr{T>`m| na / {nQ>Vo hþE H$^r nw{bg Ho$ S§>S>o go /
H${d H$s H$b‘ ‘hmZJam| ‘| H$m`m©b`m| go boH$a Kam| VH$ AdgÞ A±Yao o ‘| / AmB©gH«$s‘, {~ñHw$Q>, Jwã~mao Am¡a Mm` Ho$
OÔmoOhX H$aVr H$m‘H$mOr ‘{hbmAm| H$mo ^r AZXoIm Zht OyVo H$nm| Ho$ {bE / AmH$me H$s Amoa XoI H$a / `o ’o$H$Vo h¢
H$a nmVr& Eogr V‘m‘ n‹T>r-{bIr ehar ‘{hbmAm| Ho$ g§Kf© EH$ ’$sH$s h±gr - ("g‹S>H$ Ho$ ~ƒo' noO -88)
H$mo AnZr H${dVmAmo ‘| C^maVo hþE do {bIVo h¢-
g§Jh« ‘| g§H${bV ’w$Q>nmW Ho$ {H$Zmao gOr "nwamZr {H$Vm~|'
Vw‘ bmoH$b ‘| bQ>H$moJr / {~Îmm^a grQ> Ho$ {bE H$MH$M H${dVm AnZo Amn ‘| AØxV aMZm h¡& ’w$Q>nmW na n‹S>r Bg
H$amoJr / Ka Am H$a {MÇ>r ImobmoJr / Q>rdr Am°Z H$amoJr / nwñVH$ ‘| / EH$ C’$ZVm hþAm g‘wÐ h¡ / ’w$Q>nmW na amoO
nmZr ^amoJr / J¡g na MT>mAmoJr nbrVr / A§YH$ma ‘| Vwåh| A~yP nho{b`m± h¢ / Am¡a g‹S>H$| , Xw{Z`m Ho$ {H$gr ^r eha ‘|
H$mQ> - H$mQ> S>mbm Om`oJm / Vwåh| A§J - A§J na / VnVr / g~go ~‹S>m ahñ` / OyZ H$s {Mb{MbmVr Yyn ‘| / O~
gbmI| XmJr OmE±Jr (Xo{dH$m Ho$ {bE EH$ H${dVm, noO 48) ~gm| Ho$ ZrMo Hw$Mb OmVr h¢ gyIr n{Îm`m± / H$mdgOr {XZem
H$B© H${dVmAm| ‘| eha H$s Pw½Jr - ~pñV`m| ‘| A^mdm| Ho$ S>o‹T> gm¡ gmb nwamZo nwVbo Ho$ ZrMo / `o OO©a ’$Q>r hþB© Yyb
‘| Or aho l‘Ordr n[admam| H$s bmMma {ó`m| H$s XwXe © m H$m ^r go AQ>r hþB© nwñVH|$ / {H$Z WmoS‹ >o go bmoJm| H$mo ~wbmVr h¢ Bemao
‘m{‘©H$ {MÌU h¡& nyg Ho$ ‘hrZo ‘| / ê$h H$mo H$nH$nm XoZo dmbr go / Š`m| Á`mXmVa bmoJm| go do Hw$N> Zht H$hVt - ("nwamZr
R>S§ >H$ ‘| / O~ T>ao gmao ~ƒo / nwAmb ‘| Xw~Ho$ ahVo h¢ / amV {H$Vm~|' noO - 83) Bg H${dVm ‘| ’w$Q>nmW Ho$ Amg - nmg
H$mo eam~r n{V go ‘ma Im H$a gmo`r Am¡aV / gw~h - gw~h CR> H$s Xw{Z`m H$m gyú‘ {Z[ajU, Amng ‘| ~{V`mVr {H$Vm~m| H$m
OmVr h¡ - ~oAmdmO / h{È>`m| VH$ CVa Am`r gyOZ Am¡a EH$ ‘m¡Z g§^mfU, CZHo$ AmdaU n¥ð>m| Ho$ A§H$Z na H${d H$m
IwíH$ Jbm h¡ / V‘m‘ - V‘m‘ Jwé J§^ra H${d`m| H$s H${dVmAm| ‘yë`m§H$Z nmR>H$ H$mo AM§{^V H$a XoZo dmbm h¡&
/ Am¡a ~|Ðo Ho$ VrZ hOma {MÌm| Ho$ ~mdOyX / {nQ>r hþB© Am¡aV "Amn Hw$N> ~VmE±' H${dVm ‘| H${d H$m àíZ - Amn Hw$N>
/ A§JrR>r H$s amoeZr ‘| / AnZo XhH$Vo hþE Mohao H$s a§JV go ~VmE± AnZo ~mao ‘|? {H$gr ^r ì`{º$ Ho$ OrdZ H$s ewédmV
~oI~a h¡ - ("{nQ>r hþB© Am¡aV' noO - 13) go ‘m¡V H$s S>çmoT‹ >r VH$, CgHo$ Or{dV hmoZo Am¡a CgHo$ ~mX
CZH$s `o H${dVm`| ~VmVr h¢ {H$ ‘hmZJam| ‘| Ka - ~mha CgHo$ Z hmoZo H$m AW© "bmoJm| Ho$ {bE Ho$db Xmo {‘ZQ> H$m ‘m¡Z'
XmoZm| Amoa H${R>Z n[apñW{V`m| go OyPVr hþB© {ó`m| Ho$ à{V ^r H$m `o H$Qw> gË` {H$gr ^r ì`{º$ Ho$ AnZo OrdZ ‘| ~hþV Hw$N>
H${d Ho$ ‘Z ‘| Anma H$éUm h¡& AnZr H${dVmAm| ‘| CÝhm|Zo H$a boZo Ho$ A{^‘mZ H$mo jU ^a ‘| g‘má H$a XoZo dmbm h¡&
ór Ho$ gmW hmoZo dmbo gm‘m{OH$ N>b - àn§M H$mo CYoS‹ >Zo H$s "IyZ ~oMZo dmbo' H${dVm ‘| AñnVmb d IyZ Ho$ ì`mnma Ho$
H$mo{ee ^r H$s h¡& CZH$s H${dVmAm| ‘| {ó`m| Ho$ gmW ‘hmZJam| O[a`o H${d Zo BVZo gdmb I‹S>o H$a {XE {H$ AmX‘r Am¡a CgHo$
‘| g‹S>H$m| na O¡go - V¡go nb aho Jar~ ~ƒm| Ho$ ~o~g ~MnZ aº$ Ho$ ~rM gdmbm| H$s Eogr Jhar ImBª gr {Z{‘©V hmo OmVr
Am¡a CZtXr Am±Im| Ho$ gnZm| H$s VrIr Nw>AZ ^r ‘hgyg H$s h¡, {Ogo nmQ>Zm Xoe H$s g‘ñV Om{V, Y‘©, ^mfm g§~§Yr
Om gH$Vr h¡& {df‘VmAm| H$mo nmQ>Zo {OVZm H${R>Z H$m`© bJZo bJVm h¡&

50 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 ~hþV ~‹S>m ’$mQ>H$ AñnVmb H$m / {XZ H$s Vah IwbVm O{Q>bVm`| aMZm Ho$ ^rVa AnZm ñnog {H$g àH$ma go {Z{‘©V
h¡ / WHo$ hþE AmX{‘`m| go / nyN>Vo h¢ WHo$ AmX‘r / ~VmAmo H$aVr h¡&§ EH$ ~mV Am¡a `hm± Ü`mZ XoZo `mo½` h¡ {H$ H${dH$‘©
~VmAmo / {H$VZm IyZ Vw‘ bm`o hmo / Vwåhmao aº$ ‘| H$moB© Ho$ gmW AmbmoMZm H$s Omo na§nam Ako`, ‘w{º$~moY, Y‘©dra
Aew{Õ Vmo Zht / {nN>br ~ma CÝhm|Zo nyN>m Wm ‘wPgo / Hw$b ^maVr, {dO` XodZmam`U gmhr, aKwdra ghm`, Hw$± daZmam`U
{H$VZr Y‘{Z`m§ h¢ ‘oao {Oñ‘ Ho$ ^rVa / Am¡a CZHo$ ^rVa H$moB© O¡go H${d`m| Ûmam àma§^ H$s J`r Wr& CgH$m {Zdm©h AmJo H$s
ñdßZ Vmo Zht CVaVm? - ("aº$ ~oMZo dmbo' noO - 53) nr‹T>r ‘| {dîUw Iao, AemoH$ ~mOno`r, H${d ‘b`O, {dO`
Hw$‘ma Am¡a AéU H$‘b O¡go H${d`m| VH$ hr gr{‘V ahm& ~mX
BZHo$ Abmdm ‘w~§ B© ‘| hþE X§Jm| H$m ‘m{‘©H$ {MÌU,
Ho$ H${d`m| ‘| ^r {OVoÝÐ lrdmñVd, Amerf {ÌnmR>r O¡go {JZo
~agmV Ho$ {XZm| H$m gOrd dU©Z, gm‘mÝ` bmoJm| Ho$ gnZo VWm
MwZo H${d hr Bg na§nam H$mo AmJo ~‹T>m aho h¡&§ XoIm OmE Vmo
CZH$s àmW©ZmE± O¡go H$B© ‘hÎdnyU© {df`m| go OwS‹ >r H${dVmE±
AmYw{ZH$ {hÝXr H${dVmAm| ‘| M{M©V H${d`m| H$s EH$ bå~r
Jhao ^mdm~moY Ho$ gmW àH$Q> hmoVr h¡&§²
gyMr h¡ {’$a ^r Cg ~‹S>o n¡‘mZo na H${dVm Am¡a AmbmoMZm H$m
"{dO` Hw$‘ma Or H$ht ^r {H$gr AmgmZ `w{º$, b`, gmW - gmW {Z^md hmoVm Zht {XI ahm& O~{H$ H${dVm Am¡a
VwH$ `m VabVm H$m ghmam Zht boV;o CZH$s ^mfm AnZr H$m±Q>m| AmbmoMZm Ho$ gmW - gmW MbZo go {H$gr ^r H${d H$s
g{hV ~‹T>Vr OmVr h¡, H$B© ~ma Hw$N> ~oVaVr~ ^r, bo{H$Z ~m¡{ÕH$Vm Am¡a CgH$s gådoXZmAm| Ho$ {‘boOb w o ê$n g‘PZm
{H$gr ^r JrVmË‘H$Vm ‘| CgH$m {dgO©Z Zht hmoVm `hm± Z Vmo AmgmZ hmo OmVm h¡ gmW hr g‘H$mbrZ H${dVmAm| H$s MMm©
bmoH$bw^mdZ eãX Am¡a ‘whmdao h¢ Z "ê$gr ê$ndmXr' ^m{fH$ go nmR>H$m| Ho$ {bE ^r H${d H$s Ñ{ï> Am¡a H${dVmAm| Ho$ Jhao
VmoS‹ >’$moS‹ >. {dO` Hw$‘ma AnZo H$Ï` Ho$ {Zê$nU Ho$ {bE {Og ^md~moY H$mo g‘PZo ‘| AmgmZr ahVr h¡&
^mfm, ê$nH$, q~~ Am¡a {deofUm| H$m g§YmZ H$aVo h¢ do H${dVm
H${dH$‘© Am¡a AmbmoMZm Ho$ g’$b à`moJ Ho$ gmW {dO`
Ho$ g‘yMo g§dXo Z V§Ì H$mo {hbm XoVo h¢'
Hw$‘ma ‘w§~B© Ho$ "gÝS>o Zd^maV Q>mBåg' ‘| "ahJwµOa' Ho$ Zm‘ go
CZH$s gmar H${dVmE± {XZ Ho$ COmbo go amV Ho$ A±Yao o VH$ {Z`{‘V H$m°b‘ ^r {bIVo aho h¢ - àmW©Zm g‘mO, {JaJm±d
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ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 51

h¡&§² ‘w~§ B© eha Ho$ JhZ AÜ``Z go a{MV BZ AmboIm| VWm CZHo$ aMZmAm| H$s `h {deofVm ahVr h¡ {H$ Cg‘| g‘`
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h¡&§² CZH$s boIZr ‘| OO©a ‘| OmZ ^a XoZo H$s Anyd© j‘Vm h¡&

52 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 Technical Session II
Smart Mobility, Smart Data Technology
And Cyber Security

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 53

54 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 Evaluating Accessibility for Places of Origin to Metro Stations:
A Case Study of Faridabad, India
Vibhore Bakshi
Assistant Professor, Amity University, Gurgaon
Email : vibhorebakshi2011@gmail.com
Abstract: The planning of Metro should focus on people by providing the transfers and connectivity through
feeder services with equal comfort. It shall encourage the people of middle and high income groups to use the
MRTS. In India, MRTS play a vital role in metropolitan are- as. Faridabad city has been selected in the study.
Faridabad is amongst those cities which have been facing the problems of traffic congestion during peak periods
of morning and evening .Urban planners have provided solution for decreasing congestion for solving con-
gestion issue by developing Mass Rapid Transit System which includes Metro and BRT in many Indian Metropolitan
cities but have failed significantly in terms of promoting accessi- bility for people. The study includes the detail
information about the commuters who travel to the metro stations of Faridabad city. The para transit mode in the
city includes buses, shared auto rickshaws and E rickshaws. The accessibility for the metro stations is analyzed
during different time of day by using public transit accessibility level thus calculating equivalent doorstep
frequency of each mode
Keywords: Accessibility, Public Transit Accessibility Level, Equivalent Doorstep Frequency

1. Introduction result of literature review of various accessibility tools

which are relevant to the site chosen such as Travel
1.1 Background
time, Travel cost, distance and others.
As a consequence, rapid transit systems like
1.3 Objectives of the Research
Metro Rail has evolved as much affordable and
sustainable mobility option. Metro is regarded as one • To evaluate the accessibility for Escorts Mujesar
of the most sustainable, environmen- tal friendly and Old Faridabad Metro station in peak and Non
transport mode and now being implemented in many peak hour by examining the most suitable transit
cities of the world. The City of Delhi grown rapidly accessibility tool.
with the initiation of Delhi Metro extending up to urban
ag- glomerations like Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida. • To evaluate most suitable transit accessibility tools
The Faridabad metro has been inaugu- rated by Prime • To evaluate accessibility of selected stations during
Minister of India on 6th September 2015 .It comprises morning peak, evening Peak and non-peak hour
of a 14-km extension of the ITO- Badarpur line of the respectively.
network from Badarpur to Escorts Mujesar with which
the Delhi Metro has already made its first entry into 1.4 Research Scope and Limitation
Faridabad. Faridabad is among those cities which have
Research will take in account the assessment of
been facing the problems of traffic ongestion during
accessibility for commuters travelling to se- lected
peak periods of morning and evening .Urban planners
stations of Faridabad who will start their journey from
have provided solution for decreasing congestion for
these stations. It will include the time taken, affordability
solving congestion issue but have failed significantly in
(Income of commuter and how much he is willing to
terms of promoting accessibility for people.
pay for his or her journey) and his comfort level. This
1.2 Aim of the Research research does not include any design considera- tions
of metro stations and indoor elements of station or any
Assessment of accessibilities of selected metro infrastructure entity like side- walks for pedestrians,
stations in morning peak, evening peak and non-peak handrails etc. It will include accessibility up to metro
hour. This research aims to assess the accessibility of stations irre- spective of whole trip of respondent up
metro stations of Faridabad city. It shall include the to validation check. The selection of stations is based
commuters assessing the metro stations in Faridabad up on the surrounding land use up to 400 meters based
city during peak and non-peak hours for different time up on walkability concept.
of day. It focus on various parameters which are the

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 55

1.5 Stages of Research like Trip origin, Distance, Travel cost and other
attributes from origin to transit station, Transit
The research involves four stages broadly
station to interchange and interchange to metro
I. To examine the accessibility tools used in India as station for all metro users.
well as worldwide such as Transit Capacity and
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Quality of Service Manual (TCQSM, TRB 2003),
TLOS by Ryus(2000) was developed based on 2.1 Accessibility and its parameters
the TCQSM concept, Local Index of Transit
Accessibility refers to ability of the people to reach
accessibility developed by Rood in 1998 at
places which are the goal of most transport activity.
California, The public transport accessibility level
There are a lot of factors which affect accessibility,
(PTAL) in in London by Hilman and Pool in 1992
including movement of people that is physical
etc. by enlisting all the attributes under the studies
movement, the service quality and affordability of
used for assessing accessibility
transport modes, connectivity of transport, mobility and
II. There are nine metro stations in Faridabad, Out land use patterns. Accessibility can be examined from
of which reconnaissance survey was conducted various views, that can be a particular group, the mode,
to study the surrounding land use and parking at they use, location or activity. Conventional planning
five metro sta- tions respectively which are tend to overlook these factors and elements (Littman,
Escorts Mujesar, Bata Chowk, Neelam Ajronda, T 2015) Methodology for individual demand-oriented
Badkhal Mor and Sector 28. Selection of station incorporates three important categories of measuring
was based up on the surround- ing land use, footfall acces- sibility which are trip coverage, spatial coverage
and parking requirement of stations. and temporal coverage that shall be the best elements
for measuring the quantity and quality of service.
III. As it was not possible to survey all the commuters
coming to the selected stations during peak hour, I. Trip coverage - travelers would consider public
and Non peak hour therefore sampling was done transit accessible when it is available easily from origin
for metro user based up on the footfall of the to destination throughout with a less waiting time
stations and surveys were carried out for se- lected
II. Spatial coverage - travelers would consider
stations during peak hours of morning and evening
public transit accessible when it is within
and Non peak hour respectively
reasonable area of proximity to home and
IV. This involves evaluating transit accessibility tools destination of people
on the basis of attributes. By assigning attribute III. Temporal coverage - a service is accessible when
weight to each tool, the method is evaluated. After service is available at the point of time when an
evalua- tion the best method is adopted in context individual wants to travel. It id=s more linked with
with the site chosen the fre- quency of the public modes.
V. Analysis of accessibility for two selected metro IV. An important aspect of transit service is comfort,
stations during peak and Non peak hour. It involves which refers to the fact that : “Whether sufficient
analysis of attributes like Trip origin, Travel time, space is available to the people in a public mode
Travel distance, availability of Smart card, parking at the de- sired time (Kittelson 2003)
time if a commuters come by his or her own
vehicle. After data collection, data is analysed on 2.2 Factors that affect accessibility
the basis of above listed attributes.The routes were
marked corresponding to buses ,auto rick- shaws
and other public modes with their stops and
frequency for both the selected stations .It includes
technique for selection of samples from selected
sta- tions on the basis of footfall data which shall
be different at two stations during peak and non-
Figure 1 Major factors affecting accessibility
peak hour metro user survey .It includes attributes
for assessing accessibility enlisted from literature

56 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
2.3 Accessibility to metro stations catchment areas. Consequently, there is a huge portion
of the city’s population for which access and egress
In spite of the expanded use of individual vehicles
distances are longer than a comfortable walk- ing
in Indian Cities, there are still num- ber of people that
distance of 500–700 meters. Third, as the access and
reach to destination by walking and cycling. Around
egress trips become quite large, individuals have to
56-72% of the people prefer a trip length beneath 5km
interact with more elements of road infrastructure, such
for a large portion of the medium and substantial urban
as footpaths and pedestrian crossings. Pedestrian
communities in India, offering an enormous potential
infrastructure has an important implication for the safety
for bike use. Bike use differs from 9-18% in huge urban
of public transport users and, thus, determines, to some
areas to 13-21% in medium and little urban
extent, the willingness of individuals to use public
communities. Bike ridership is very high in every Indian
transportation.
cities. A large portion of the cycling population has a
very lower wage so they cannot utilize open transport 2.4 Transit Accessibility Tools
or can’t discover suitable open transport on the courses
Several past studies have made considerable
they need to go on. Getting to metro stations adds to a
progress on developing service indices to measure
huge extent of disutility (or detriment) for an outing by
transit accessibility. Rood (1997) proposed a service
metro. There are a few justification for this.
availability measure called Local Index of Transit
Accessing metro stations results in a significant Availability (LITA), which includes three components:
proportion of disutility (or inconvenience) for a trip by frequency, capacity, and route coverage [Rood,
metro. There are several rationale for this. First, the 1997]. Hillman (1997) developed the Public
two important parts of any trip like access and egress Transportation Accessibility Level (PTAL) index to
parts of a public transportation trip includes the most measure the access availability to the public transit
physical effort for walking, transferring, etc. Second, network [Hillman and Pool, 1997]. Florida DOT
it is quite different from bus networks which have a introduced a new quality-of service measure called
much higher coverage and smaller catchment areas Transit Level of Service.
for each bus stop, metro stations have a quite larger

Table 1 Evaluation of Accessibility Analysis Tool

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 57

 This process involves developing weighing factors LAND USE OF FAR ID ABAD
in relation with the accessibility tools and attributes
specifically by assigning weight 1 to each attribute. Commercial
ϲй
The matrix for evaluating accessibility tools includes Industrial
ϮϬй
three steps for evaluating accessibility tools. First step Greenland
is tool specific which emphasize on the total weight of ϱϯй ϰй Agriculture
the tool. Second step is attribute specific which ϭϯй Public semi public
emphasize on the importance of attributes, how much ϰй Residential
times an attribute is repeating in all the tools then
summing up all the repetitive numbers of attributes to Pie diagram 1 Land use distribution
get the overall weight of attribute. Third step is to
calculate attribute specific ratio which can be calculated Faridabad due to lesser real estate rates and less
by dividing attribute assigned weight 1 with attribute pollution. We see that residential clusters have
specific weight and tool specific ratio which can be increased significantly from past some decades which
calculated by dividing overall weight of attributes with has given scope for commercial land use that has
total at- tribute weight of a tool. Tool specific measure developed across the national highway 2.The real estate
evaluates on the basis of number of attrib- utes a tool market closer to national highway has prospered The
owns, attributes it owns should be in context with the dis- tribution of different land uses can be explained
place and scenario and should contain all important by a pie diagram 1. Faridabad is majorly dominated by
attributes. Attribute specific measure evaluates whether Residential Land use which has significantly increased
the listed attribute is occurring in other tools or not if from past some decades. This suggest that Faridabad
attribute specific weight is less in com- parison to other has a greater potential of real estate sector. It
attributes for the same tool then the reason of such a describes that city has a good potential for generation
case should be identi- fied. It can be seen that over a of jobs and contribution in Haryana’s economy. The
period of time from 1997-2003 the attributes in the peri-urban areas of Faridabad also possess agricultural
tools have decreased. For example Network land holdings. The share of Public semi-public and
accessibility from origin to destination, travel time and agricultural sector contributes to nearly 8 percent which
travel cost have been eliminated from the later tools. is quite less that shall change within a decade after
The reason behind eliminating these attributes was to commencement of Delhi Faridabad Metro.There are
have an accurate mapping as it was difficult to trace 32 metro stations in the violet line which incorporates
the journey of each and every individual from origin to five interchanges – Lajpat Nagar, Kalkaji Mandir.
destination. But as far these metro stations are Kashmere Gate, Mandi House and Central Secretariat.
concerned travel accessibility, network accessibility and Out of which nine stations are in Faridabad city as can
travel time are the important at- tributes to be taken in be found in the map. These metro stations are Sarai,
to consideration PTAL tool scores maximum in the NHPC Chowk ,Mewala maharajpur, Sector 28,
tool specific at- tributes weight which is 5. It is also Badkhal mor, old Faridabad, Ajronda Neelam, Bata
maximum in overall weight of attributes which is 19 chowk and Escorts Mujesar station respectively. Out
that means that includes all the important attributes. of these nine metro stations of Faridabad six stations
The tool specific ratio it scores is 3.8 which means were chosen for reconnaissance survey and two were
that the overall specific attributes under these six tools selected on the basis of surrounding land use, Footfall
are 3.8 times the at- tributes in it.It involves network of metro stations and parking. For the two selected
accessibility, travel time, waiting time and other metro stations accessibility was analyzed for the
attributes which are important in regard to assess the commuters travelling to these metro stations by using
accessibility of the metro stations. the best evaluated transit accessibility tools. The whole
process of the research includes the journey of the
2.5 Land use and Metro Stations commuters till the validation check of metro station. It
involves the trip origin places of the commuters, the
Faridabad emerged as an industrial cluster during
distance travelled to access points, mode undertaken
post- independence. But during past 3-4 decades
towards access point, waiting time at access point,
industries have suddenly declined and people from all
travel time from access point to interchange, time
over the surrounding areas of Delhi have migrated to

58 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
undertaken from interchange to validation point. After falling in violet line. Out of which the stations from
calculating all these parameters the accessibility will Badarpur to Escorts Mujesar fall in to the jurisdictions
be calculated. The table shows the list of metro stations of Faridabad.
Table 2 Selection of Metro stations
Metro Stations Footfall st Distance Surrounding Land Parking
Jan 2016 between use (with in 0.5 km) Capacity
persons per day stations in km
Sector 28 6400 Residential and 80 four 300 two
Commercial wheelers wheelers
Badkhal Mor 7600 1.45 Residential and 80 four 300 two
Commercial wheelers wheelers
Faridabad old 10695 1.36 Residential 150 Four 300 two
wheelers wheelers
Neelam Ajronda 8400 1.45 Residential 100 four 300 two
wheelers wheelers
Bata Chowk 7500 1.43 Commercial and 80 four 300 two
Industrial wheelers wheelers
Escorts Mujesar 16660 1.67 Industrial and No four 300 two
(Terminal) Residential wheeler wheelers
parking

It shows the attributes selected for respective 3.1 Accessibility to Metro stations of Escorts Mujesar
stations and same attributes were compared and
analyzed for the respective stations The Faridabad Old
and Escorts Mujesar Terminal were selected on the
basis of above listed parameters and the accessibilities
for the metro stations were found out.
3. Metro Station Accessibility for Escorts
Mujesar
Accessibility to metro stations include entries and
exits to the stations. Parking space al- lotted to the
metro stations, Vehicle Occupancy of metro stations,
distance of metro stations from parking space allotted,
the major access roads to the stations, dropping points
for bus- es and auto rickshaw. The right of way for Figure 2 Escorts Mujesar accessibility plan
connecting routes. The facilities to pedestrians in terms
of sidewalks, foot over bridge. The above listed aspects This describes the accessibility to Escorts Mujesar
were marked on a map with in proximity i.e. based up Metro station. It has two entries and exit gates for
on the walkability concept. These were marked for commuters. The location of station is prime as it is
two selected metro stations that is Escorts Mujesar located on national highway 2 which connects Agra to
and Old Faridabad Metro station. Delhi. The station has a provision of only two wheeler
parking which can accommodate up to 300 two
wheelers but it does not possess four wheeler parking
to be authorized by DMRC. The bus and auto rickshaw
drop commuters at two respective places marked on

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 59

map .Commuters who travel by own vehicle reach 3.3 Bus Routes with Stops
inside metro station by foot over bridge as can be seen
The routes for Buses mapped for the Escorts
on the map. For majority of respondents who come
Mujesar station with the points where buses stops for
from Delhi to Agra direction by public transit reach to
some time. There are 6 connecting routes from where
validation check within 5 minutes from interchange
the buses come and stop in proximity to the metro
whereas those who travel towards Delhi direction it
stations.Anuvart Marg , Surdas Marg, Bata chowk and
takes around 10 minutes to reach up to validation check.
National highway 2 are the major connecting roads
It is important to know about the connectivity of auto
that lie in the proximity to Escorts Mujesar station..
rickshaw routes and Buses operat- ing routes. There
There are 6 points marked on the map where Buses
is one narrow access road which connects western
stop. These stops are evenly distributed around the
Faridabad to the metro station
major nodes in proximity to the stations. But have less
3.2 Auto Rickshaw Routes with Stops frequency in comparison to auto rickshaws and possess
more waiting time up to 10 minutes. The city buses
The auto rickshaw routes mapped for the Escorts
operate throughout the day i.e from 7:00 AM to 7:00
Mujesar station with the points where Auto rickshaw
PM at 16 routes with in the Fa- ridabad. The frequency
stops for some time. There are 5 connecting routes
of these buses ranges in between 15 minutes to 45b
which lie in the buffer of 2 kilometers from station.
minutes. There are different type of buses that operate
Bata flyover connects the NH2 from the western
respectively: City bus, Haryana roadways, UP
Faridabad. Anuvart Marg and Surdas Marg are the
roadways, DTC buses etc. Auto rickshaws which can
major connecting roads that are adjoining to the Greater
accommodate up to 5 persons respectively.
Faridabad. There are 11 points marked on the map
where Auto rickshaw stops. These stops are evenly
distributed all over the place so the station and a good
connectivity for the commuters. These auto rickshaws
operate throughout the day i.e. from 7:00 AM to 8:00
PM. The frequency of Auto rickshaws is good they
generally arrive after every 3 minutes to station bringing
commuters from surrounding areas. There are two
types of auto rickshaws that operate in the area Big
Auto rickshaws that can accommodate up to 8 persons
and the smaller Auto rickshaws which can
accommodate up to 5 persons respectively. Majority Figure 4 Proximity Route mapping of bus
of the commuters tend to use the auto rickshaws on within 2kms
sharing basis as they have to pay less. The fare ranges 4. Metro Station Accessibility for Old Faridabad
between Rs.5 to Rs.20 if shared auto rickshaw is
preferred .Majority of the commuters prefer coming Accessibility to metro stations include entries and
to station by auto rickshaws because the frequency of exits to the stations. Parking space al- lotted to the
auto rickshaw is more and the frequency is much higher metro stations, Vehicle Occupancy of metro stations,
in comparison to any other public mode. distance of metro stations from parking space allotted,
the major access roads to the stations, dropping points
for bus- es and auto rickshaw. The right of way for
connecting routes. The facilities to pedestrians in terms
of sidewalks, foot over bridge. The above listed aspects
were marked on a map with in proximity i.e. based up
on the walkability concept. These were marked for
two selected metro stations that is Escorts Mujesar
and Old Faridabad Metro station

Figure 3 Proximity Route mapping of Auto

rickshaws within 2 kilometers

60 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
4.1 Accessibility to Metro stations of Old There are 14 points marked on the map where
Faridabad Metro station Auto rickshaw stops. These stops are not evenly
distributed all over the place as can be seen that eastern
part of the station do not have good connectivity as
railway track is a barrier in terms of connectivity, .
These auto rickshaws operate throughout the day i.e
from 7:00 AM to 8:00 PM. The frequency of Auto
rickshaws is good they generally arrive after every 3
minutes to station bringing commuters from
surrounding areas. There are two types of auto
rickshaws that operate in the area Big Auto rickshaws
that can accommodate up to 8 persons and the smaller
Figure 5 Old Faridabad accessibility plan Auto rickshaws which can accommodate up to 5
persons respectively. Good frequency of smaller auto
Old Faridabad Metro station has two entries and rick- shaw is there, Majority of them use smaller
exit gates for commuters. The location of station is autorickshaw which has a fare of 10 and 15. This
prime as it is located on national highway 2 which represents the auto rickshaw routes mapped for the
connects Agra to Delhi. The station has a provision of Old Faridabad station with the points where Auto
four wheeler and two wheeler parking which can rickshaw stop for some time. Surprisingly the station
accommodate up to 150 four wheelers and 300 two also has a rickshaw stand as can be seen on the map
wheelers as authorized by DMRC. One of the unique which connects station to the nearby areas like sector
feature about the Metro station is that it in proximity to 16, 17 etc.
the Faridabad Railway station which is at a 400 meters
distance from metro station. It has a good influx of 4.3 Bus routes with stops
people who come walking from railway station to metro
station. The bus and auto rickshaw drop com- muters
at two respective places marked on map within 200
meters of metro station
.Commuters who travel by own vehicle reach
inside metro station by foot over bridge as can be seen
on the map. For majority of respondents who come
from Delhi to Agra direc- tion by public transit reach
to validation check within 5 minutes from interchange
whereas those who travel towards Delhi direction it Figure 7 Proximity Route mapping of Bus with
takes around 10 minutes to reach up to validation check. in 2kilometers
The metro station has a good connectivity as it is
connected by three access roads, two roads connecting This represents the routes for Buses mapped for
sector 17,sector 15 and Sector 16 to the metro station the Old Faridabad Metro station with the points where
and another connected to the railway station. buses stops for some time. There are 3 connecting
routes from where the bus- es come and stop in
4.2 Auto rickshaw routes with stops
proximity to the metro stations. Buses coming from
Delh, Sector 16 etc.It can be seen from the map that
there is a poor connectivity of the eastern Faridabad
as far as bus is concerned.There are 8 points marked
on the map where Buses stop . These stops are
unevenly distributed around the major nodes in
proximity to the stations. But have less frequency in
comparison to auto rickshaws and possess more waiting
time up to 10 minutes. The city buses operate
Figure 6 Proximity Route mapping of Auto throughout the day i.e from 7:00 AM to 7:00 PM at 16
rickshaws with in 2kms

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 61

routes with in the Faridabad. The frequency of these Sampling was done on the basis of footfall of the
buses ranges in between 15 minutes to 45b minutes. Escorts Mujesar Metro station. As a result 73 samples
There are different type of buses that operate were surveyed .As it was not possible to survey all
respectively: City bus, Haryana roadways, UP the samples during the morning peak therefore Peak
roadways, DTC buses etc. Auto rickshaws which can hour was split in to morning peak and evening peak.
accommodate up to 5 persons respectively. .The Metro user surveys were done during 8:00AM-9:00AM
frequency of all type of buses operating in this route is and 6:00PM-7:00PM. Information from 41 respondents
4 buses per hour which connects eastern Faridabad were taken during morning peak and rest 32 samples
and 4 buses per hour for western Faridabad. Therefore were taken during evening peak
Eastern Faridabad has a good connectivity as far as
Table 4 Sample size for Non peak hour
operating buses is con- cerned.
Metro user survey at Escorts
5. Sampling and Data Analysis
Mujesar Terminal
Sample for metro user survey is selected on the
Footfall at old Faridabad 16660
basis of footfall of station and it is assumed that 50
percent of the population reaches to the metro Access stations commuters 8330
station and 50 percent disperse from metro station 30% of the commuters during 2499
so on that basis half of the footfall is equivalent to the non-peak hours
number of respondents who come to Escorts Mujesar
terminal. According to DMRC nearly 70 percent of During each non peak hour 312
commuters travel during peak hour therefore the Taking 10% of the commuters as
commuters who come to metro station is 70 percent sample during peak hour 31samples
of half of footfall. There are eight peak hours during a
day i.e. from 7AM to 11AM and 5PM to 9PM. To Sampling was done on the basis of footfalls of
calculate number of commuters during each peak hour the Escorts Mujesar Metro station.31 samples were
we divide 70 percent of half of footfall by eight. It was surveyed during Non-peak 3:00PM-4:00PM. Out of
not possible to survey all the commuters so a sample 312 commuter who visit the station 31 respondents
of 10 percent was taken. were surveyed.
5.1 Escorts Mujesar Metro user survey 5.2 Old Faridabad Metro user survey
Morning peak hour (8:00AM-9:00AM) and Morning peak hour (8:00AM-9:00AM) and
evening peak (6:00PM-7:00PM) hour sur- vey was evening peak (6:00PM-7:00PM) hour sur- vey was
conducted on 19th February 2016 whereas non peak conducted on 22nd February 2016 whereas non peak
survey(3:00PM-4:00PM) was conducted during 20th survey(3:00PM-4:00PM) was conducted during 23rd
February 2016 afternoon. For Escorts Mujesar Metro February 2016 afternoon. For Old Faridabad Metro
station, overall 104 samples were taken during peak station, overall 67 samples were taken during peak
hour and non-peak hour hour and non-peak hour
Table 3 Sample size for peak hour Table 5 Sampling for peak hour at Old Faridabad
station
Metro user survey at Escorts
Mujesar Terminal Metro user survey at Old Faridabad
Metro station
Footfall at old Faridabad 16660
Footfall at old Faridabad 10695
Access station commuters 8330
Access station commuters 5348
70% of the commuters during 5831
70% of the commuters during 3744
peak hours
peak hours
During each peak hour 729
During each peak hour 468
Taking 10% of the commuters as 73 samples Taking 10% of the commuters 47 samples
sample during peak hour as sample during peak hour

62 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 Sampling was done on the basis of footfalls of I. First step is to identify all the public transport
the Old Faridabad Metro station. As a re- sult 47 services in the area. Identify all the routes of each
samples were surveyed .As it was not possible to of the Public Transport modes and the scheduled
survey all the samples during the morning peak frequency of each of the route in the peak hour
therefore Peak hour was split in to morning peak and
II. To identify the point of interest (POI) and service
evening peak. Metro user surveys were done during
access points (SAP). Point of interest is the origin
8:00AM-9:00AM and 6:00PM-7:00PM. Information
from which the transit user starts its journey to
from 29 respondents were taken during morning peak
the SAP for assessing public transport. The SAP
and rest 17 samples were taken during evening peak
is the destination point from where the user get in
Table 6: Sampling for Non peak hour at Old to public transport. It can be a Autorickshaw stand,
Faridabad station bus stop etc.
Metro user survey at Old Faridabad III. Then the total access time is calculated. It is the
Metro station time taken to access the public transport system
Footfall at old Faridabad 10695 from POI to nearest SAP. The total access time
is calculated separately for each of the public
Access stations commuters 5348 transit mode.The total access time is the sum of
30% of the commuters during Non 1604 time taken to reach the SAP from the POI and
peak hours the waiting time at SAP
During each Non peak hour 200 IV. Access time =Travel time between POI and SAP
by walk or cycle rickshaw. Waiting time =0.5X(
Taking 10% of the commuters as 20 samples
60/scheduled frequency of mode)
sample during peak hour
Sampling was done on the basis of footfalls of V. Total access time =Access time from POI to SAP
the Old Faridabad Metro station.20 samples were +Walking time to next service Once the access
surveyed during Non-peak 3:00PM-4:00PM. Out of time is calculated, then equivalent doorstep
200 commuter who visit the station 20 respondents frequency is calculated.
were surveyed EDF=30/ Total access time
5.3 Public Transit Accessibility Level Tool EDF for POI are calculated for each mode
PTALs are detailed and accurate way to measure separately i.e. EDF mode 1 + EDF mode 2
of the accessibility of an area to the public transport
+……EDF mode n
network. It takes in to account walk access time and
service availability. This tool measures walk access VI. After calculating the EDF of all the modes at POI,
time and service availability. This tool essentially the accessibility index for POI is calculated.
measures the density of the public transport network Accessibility Index is the sum of the EDF of
at any location in a given area. PTALs accessi- bility different modes at POI.
is measured based on both the access distance to public
Accessibility Index= EDF mode 1 + EDF
transport service provided to the users. Following are
mode 2 +……EDF moden
the steps involved in calculating the Accessibility Index
and the PTAL VII.Public transit accessibility level of the POI is
Table 7 PTAL levels calculated after calculating the ac- cessibility index
at POI.PTAL is a band of 6 colors from 1 to 6,
where 1 indi- cates very poor accessibility and 6
indicates excellent level of accessibility. It is
derived from the range of accessibilities of the
POI. The PTAL band as shown below

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 63

6. Calculated Accessibility Levels of the Places Trips generate from all over the place from the
of Origin south of station .Places of origin are in proximity of
the station .Accessibility improves in Ballabgarh and
In context of Faridabad, people use three types
Sector 69 during even- ing peak hour Frequency of
of modes i.e. Auto rickshaw, rickshaw and Buses for
Auto rickshaw increases during evening peak hour
reaching metro stations. In the case of Escorts Mujesar
Overall Ac- cessibility for Trip origin is 17.06 which is
which is a terminal most of the people prefer to use
good for Escorts Mujesar
bus and auto rickshaws. In the case of Old Faridabad
Metro station people use Auto rickshaws and rickshaw Table 9 Accessibility Index for Places of origin
as they tend to come from a nearer distance in for Non peak of Escorts Mujesar
comparison to Escorts Mujesar metro station.
Location EDF EDF Overall Accessibility
Accessibility Index of the areas from trip originate has
(POI) Bus Auto EDF PTAL scale
been calculated during morning peak hour, evening
peak hour and Non peak hour for the respective Sector 21 2.7 9 11.7 Moderate
stations.For generating AI, trip origins have been Old Faridabad 2.7 17 19.7 Good
identified for morning peak hour ,evening peak hour
and Non peak hour.Now the distance of nearest transit Sector 29 3 13 16 Good
stops have been taken into consideration The access Sector 19 2.7 10 12.7 Moderate
time, waiting time and EDF of all the modes is
calculated by summing up the EDF values. The final The Majority of the trips generate from south east
EDF value which is a result of summation is compared of station . The places of origin are in proximity of the
with the PTAL table and accessibility level is analyzed. station. Accessibility level of places like Sector 50 is
poor although it lies in the proximity to the station.
Table 7 Accessibility Index for Places of origin Accessibility level in sector 7 improves in Non-peak
for morning peak of Escorts Mujesar hour in comparison to peak hour. Overall Accessibility
Location EDF EDF Overall Accessibility for Trip origin is 11.03 which is moderate for Escorts
Bus Auto EDF PTAL scale Mujesar.
Palwal 2.3 4.2 6.5 Poor Table 10 Accessibility Index for Places of origin
Ballabgarh 4.6 7.5 12.1 Moderate for morning peak hour of Old Faridabad
Sector 69 5.4 7.1 12.5 Moderate Location EDF EDF Overall Accessibility
Sector 7 4.6 10 14.6 Moderate (POI) Bus Auto EDF PTAL scale
Majority of the trips are generate from south west Sector 49 2.3 10 12.3 Moderate
Faridabad. The accessibility levels for Auto rickshaws Sector 19 4.2 20 24.2 Very Good
are high. Accessibility decreases as distance increases
.As distance increase bus accessibility increases in Sector 29 5.8 20 25.8 Excellent
comparison to total EDF share for a location. Frequency Sector 17 4.2 11 15.2 Moderate
of Auto rickshaw is higher in proximity to Metro station.
Overall Accessibility for Trip origin is 11.42 which is Trips generate from all over the locations. The
moderate for Escorts Mujesar Accessibility of bus is quite less in com- parison to
auto rickshaws for these locations. Accessibility tend
Table 8 Accessibility Index for Places of origin to increase as we move from sector 19 to sector 29 in
for Evening peak of Escorts Mujesar spite the distance increases which is influenced by land
Location EDF EDF Overall Accessibility use. Overall Accessibility for Trip origin is 19.37 which
(POI) Bus Auto EDF PTAL scale is good for Old Faridabad Metro sta- tion
Sector 19 3.7 10 13.7 Moderate
Old Faridabad 2.1 20 22.1 Very Good
Sector 29 2.7 20 22.7 Very Good
Sector 17 5 11 16 Good

64 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
Table 11 Accessibility Index for Places of origin The graph explains the overall comparison of
for evening peak hour of Old Faridabad accessibility of metro stations during all time of day. It
is evident from the graph that the pattern is almost
Location EDF EDF Overall Accessibility
similar if compared for auto rickshaws during all time
(POI) Bus Auto EDF PTAL scale
of a days as it increases in the evening and decreases
Sector 19 3.7 10 13.7 Moderate in the non- peak hour. Majority of the commuters who
Old Faridabad 2.1 20 22.1 Very Good travel through auto rickshaws are the people who work
Market in nearby places. Accessibility for auto rickshaws is
higher if compared to buses for reaching Escorts
Sector 29 2.7 20 22.7 Very Good Mujesar Metro station. For reaching Old Faridabad
Sector 17 5 11 16 Good the accessibility levels for auto rickshaws and bus are
same throughout the day .But if accessibility level is
Majority of Trips generate from locations which
compared to Escorts mujesar for auto rickshaws and
are east to metro stations. Accessibility tend to increase
bus it is higher because it is located in the CBD of
as we move from sector 19 to sector 29 in spite the
Faridabad whereas Escorts Mujesar is a terminal
distance increases .Bus accessibility to these locations
drop down significantly and for Auto rickshaw accessibility Table 13 Overall comparison of accessibilities for
increases. Overall Accessibility for Trip origin is 18.40 metro stations
which is good for Old Faridabad Metro station
Table 12 Accessibility Index for Places of origin
for Non-peak hour of Old Faridabad
Location EDF EDF Overall Accessibility
(POI) Bus Auto EDF PTAL scale
Sector 21 2.7 9 11.7 Moderate
This table represents the overall assessment of
Old Faridabad 2.7 17 19.7 Good selected Metro stations during different time of peak
Sector 29 3 13 16 Good and Non peak hour. This is generated by averaging
out all the EDF values in particular locations and
Sector 19 2.7 10 12.7 Moderate
accessibility levels are compared with PTAL Scale..For
Trips generate from all over the locations Escorts Mujesar Metro station transit accessibility is
.Accessibility tend to decrease during Non- peak hour moderate during Morning and Non- peak hour due to
.Bus accessibility to these locations are almost same the fact that people have to travel more and wait more
for these loca- tions.Accessibility level drops down for for availing transit service. But in the case of evening
Old Faridabad and sector 29.Overall Accessibility for peak hour the transit accessibility is good as people
Trip origin is 15.02 which is good for Old Faridabad come from nearby places. We can clearly examine
Metro station from the research that accessibility is the function of
distance and time. If the distance increases accessibility
Overall Accessibility Levels of Metro Stations
decreases and vice versa. For Old Faridabad station
of Faridabad
transit accessibility is good during all the times of day
Accessibility levels for Metro stations
i.e. during morning peak, evening peak and Non- peak
12.2

respectively as the frequency of public transit is good

10.6

and people tend to come from closer distances.

EDF Values for different modes

7.2

6.46

6.2

References:
6.1

5.7

• Advani, M. and G. Tiwari (2005) ‘Evaluation of

public transport systems : Case study of Delhi
Metro, START-2005’, IIT Kharagpur, India

Figure 8 Accessibility levels of Metro stations

during all time of day for selected modes

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 65

• Ahmed A.M and Waikhom V.(2012),Para Transit • Khan, O. (2007). Modeling Passenger mode
Public transportation Mode in Imphal Journal of choice behavior :Queensland university
Mechanical and civil engineering vol.2
• Litman, T. (2012). Evaluating Transportation Land
• Cerdá, A. (2009). Accessibility: a performance Use Impacts; Considering the Impacts, Benefits
measure for land-use and transportation planning and Costs of Different Land Use Development
in the Montréal Metropolitan Region . School of Patterns. Victoria Transport Policy Institute .
Urban Planning, McGill Univer- sity. VTPI.
• David Banister, M. T.-G. (2011). Quantification • Martin,M & Hoyez,M.(2014).Urban transport in
of the non-transport benefits resulting from rail India :A developing network., CODATU
investment . Journal of Transport Geography , 212-
223. • Robert Cervero, C. D. (2012). Bus rapid transit
impacts on land uses and land values in Seoul,
• Goel, R & Tiwari, G. (2014). Promoting Low Korea. Transport Policy, 18, 102-116.
Carbon Transport in India: Case Study of Metro
Rails in Indian Cities: IIT Delhi • Roukouni A., B. S. (2011). Impacts of a metro
station to the land use and transport system: the
• Ghalot V.(2010) Role of Paratransit for successful Thessaloniki Metro case . Procedia - Social and
BRTS in Jaipur city, Urban mobility conference Behavioral Sciences , 1155-1163.
• Gupta, M.Thesis(1995).Critical Evaluation of • Sanagapal.T.Thesis (2012).Enhancement of
Metro Region structure and accessibility of NCR Transit ridership, Case study on Delhi Metro, SPA-
Delhi, SPA-Delhi Delhi

66 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 Bridges as Smart Public Spaces, Not just links
Dr. Priyamvada Nitin Chitale
Professor, Sinhgad College of Architecture, Pune.
priyamvada1007@gmail.com
Ar. Shilpa Sachin Kshirsagar
Associate Professor, Sinhgad College of Architecture, Pune.
kshirsagarshilpa@gmail.com
Abstract : Open spaces like parks, play grounds, bridges, squares play a major role in physical & socio cultural
life of an urban area; same with the case of Pune city. Bridges connecting two parts of Pune city are acting as both
a movement channel forming part of the road network (i.e. a Link) and as a place in its own right. In rapidly
developing urban-scape, Smart cities equally prioritize that everyone will lead comfortable and happy life as
enhancing quality of life. In this paper, an overview has been taken how this visible space has been humanely and
coherently linked also addresses the emotional connect of the city’s people as a public space. The authors
suggests various measures for bridge spaces to be functionally appealing and emotionally connecting to citizens
as of government’s smart city perspective in achieving smart India.
Keywords: Bridges, Public Space, Smart City, Enhancement.

Introduction Eventhough Bridge is a small built form compared

to other public buildings in city; they play a role as
Since ancient times, Human settlements have
public space in a unique way in social life of a city.
public space as integral part; a need of community
Bridges at times attract people to gather; cooled down
living. The public spaces have many angles like
by breezes sweeping over Summer River. While
religious, commercial, recreational as well transit spaces
functionally playing a vital role in city’s traffic, they
also. Urban open spaces covers wide range like parks,
can be nuisance in city or adding a value in city
play grounds, squares, bridges based on generics like
landscape or heritage. At the present time, it is not a
access and linkages, purpose and activities etc. With
just a connection but a public space where people
rapid urbanization and globalization, these public spaces
gather, play, eat; chat along with friends and family;
have been given a meaning as they are prominent in
walk so bridge design or space need to be paid more
shaping city character; public spaces host a lot of
attention to be paid.
activities conferring a sense of place also representing
Indian philosophy of space i.e. for the people of the 2.1 Overview of Bridges from the Past
people and by the people. Bridges, streets or sidewalks
People have always been interested in
play a major role in physical & sociocultural life as
transporting goods and themselves from one side to
well can be considered as flexible, public space to
other side of the rivers, valleys and mountains. Firstly
promote mobility.
people used simple stone, tree trunk, bamboo or ropes
2. Bridges as bridge. The modern form of bridges was found in
China and Egypt. Wooden and stone bridges in china
A bridge is a structure providing passage over an
were built in 600 AD. In 9th century B.C., Romans
obstacle without closing the way beneath. In other
used stone arch in bridge. First iron and steel bridge
words, bridge is a structure for carrying the road traffic
was built in England.
or other moving loads over a depression or obstruction
such as channel, road or railway (vasani 2008).Since In India, Bridge near Girnar is a first recorded
early age, people had a physical, psychological/ bridge in history. Use of bamboo and chain was also
emotional, social connection with bridges; people rely visible in India so also living root bridges. Mughals also
on bridges as a built form as they increase constructed few bridges for military and commercial
communications, they facilitate circulation and many purpose. In 18th century Britishers introduced modern
more social considerations. Bridges become part of bridges in India. History starts with Attock Bridge
city’s traffic network, defense mechanism and many across Indus river in 18th century. After industrial
civic happenings. revolution in 19th century, truss systems were used

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 67

which enable the construction of larger bridges. With its twin rivers, Pune is dotted with bridges
that are vital links for the movement of people and
2.2 Bridges as Public Space
vehicles from one side to the either sides of the rivers.
As mentioned earlier bridges are not only The history of bridges in Pune dates back to the
connection, but also space where a lot human activities Maratha Empire, when they built the Fitzgerald Bridge,
take place. These multifunctional spaces are part of or Bund Garden Bridge, over the Mula-Mutha river.
citizen’s life; making it a piece of architecture not just Pune has developed wholly since then, and over the
traffic planning element. Bridges play multiple roles years more bridges have come up. In total, there are
in built environment. As functional infrastructure, they 36 bridges in Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) limits,
facilitate transport for hundreds/thousands of people of which, 22 bridges are across the rivers, and 14 are
per day. They can be physical connectors making flyovers and rail bridges (The golden sparrow). But
movement possible between two parts of city. Bridges the more significant phenomena are the parallel bridges
as smart public space Urban open spaces are an which can be found all over Pune along the banks of
important factor (Stephen Burke, 2015). the Mula-Mutha rivers, including Baba Bhide bridge,
Gadgil bridge or Z bridge, Sambhaji bridge or Lakdi
Pul, Shivaram Mhatre bridge and SM Joshi bridge
marks city landscape. For this study, two bridges on
Mula River in the central/core city of Pune were
selected as case studies.

Fig 1: Bridges –public space

3. Bridges in Pune
Pune, being the eighth metropolitan city has its
own distinct identity and urban character. With the Fig 3: Sambhaji Bridge or Lakdi Pul:
passage of time, speedy natural growth of population Sambhaji bridge or Lakdi Pul: —Sambhaji bridge
and influx of migrants has overtaken physical growth is the oldest bridge in Pune. Also known as Lakdi Pul,
of the city. Pune is known for its vibrant civil society it was built in 1761 after the defeat of Maratha army
and cultural richness (Pune Towards Smart City, pp.1) in the third battle of Panipat. Since there was no way
.A number of premier educational institutions in varied for the Maratha army to enter Pune, a bridge was
disciplines, a high degree of corporate philanthropy, built of wood, which is why it is known as Lakdi Pul.
media houses with diverse interests and a number of Although destroyed twice by floods, it was rebuilt in
NGOs, citizens groups try to participate in making Pune 1840 by the British into a stronger stone bridge, and
a better city for tomorrow. after the 1961 Panshet floods, it was rebuilt and
repaired by the Indian Army in just eight days. Now
known as Sambhaji Bridge, it is closed for two-
wheelers, and is only accessible to three-wheelers and
four-wheelers (The golden sparrow).
Kakasaheb Gadgil Bridge (Z-Bridge):—
Constructed in the shape of alphabet Z, the bridge was
originally named as Kakasaheb Gadgil Bridge. It
overlooks the Mutha River and offers a cool ambience
to spend a lovely evening. Be it rains; summer or winter
the bridge remains a favourite spot in every season.
Over the years for the sake of ease, the bridge is either
called as Z or two Wheeler Bridge. The crossing was
initially built as a cycling track in the era when most of
Fig 2: map showing no. of bridges connecting Punekars used cycle as a medium of transportation.
various part of city However, it eventually was thrown open for two
wheelers.

68 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 of the total respondents agreed as open space definitely
helping in summer. The question is related bridges
adding beauty in city, 78.26 percent respondents agreed
that definitely bridges cannot be ignored for smart city
proposals. The findings are being supported by the
Fig.4. Kakasaheb Gadgil Bridge (Z-Bridge) informal discussion as well as from the field
observation. Students most preferred setting is Z bridge
The bridge that attracts people from all walks of as this is most connecting bridge with eateries around.
life including collegians, office goers and even the Though riverbed in not good state also the roads are
elderly coming at the bridge for their dose of fresh air. been constructed in riverbed; still seating and watching
This occurs during early mornings when the bridge traffic is enjoyable. More attention is required w.r.t.
transforms into a jogging or walking track as there are sidewalk widths as insufficient.
lesser two wheelers at this time. Evenings is the time
when most people, especially lovers and friends come 4. Discussion and Conclusion
to unwind here. Long conversations followed with some With a vibrant cultural heritage, a strong business
munchies like corn and kulfi served at the stalls nearby environment, Pune aspires to become one of the most
is a common pastime here. During holidays when livable cities in India by transforming city with
circus and amusement parks are held below the bridge, improving livability parameters through smart city
it is quite a sight to watch as passersby stop and take mission. Ever increasing land values also create
a peek from above (wikimapia).Over the years; the Z pressure on breathing spaces in city, by improving
Bridge has grown closer to the hearts of Punekars sidewalks of the bridges making it as happy streets
making it an integral part of the city. Other than a may lead to some significance. The Budapest example
transportation link, the bridge’s reputation as a favourite can be seen as example in place making
hangout place is increasing day by day.
3.1 Research Instruments
The researchers have adopted three techniques
of gathering data as questionnaire survey, field
observation, and informal discussion while walking on
sidewalks of bridges. On both selected sites,
pedestrians who willingly filled questionnaire were
chosen randomly as respondents. The questionnaires
include open-ended questions and questions using 3
Likert scale measurement which are yes, no, can’t
say. Respondent’s opinion on the statement is used to
measure the degree of spaces or changes preferred. Fig 5:—Budapest: Liberty Bridge becomes
The fully complete questionnaire was conducted with spontaneous public space, Image from
46 participants. Field observation was done by Instagram: @flow to the people
researchers on various timings of the days on both the
selected sites. As a least one or two bridges can become a
module for the above said captivating young and
3.2 Results floating population in city. Not just a place for morning
The findings are summarized as the data collected walk or group chat, it will be a value addition
through the questionnaires as well as the field strengthening connection between place and people.
observation. The question is related bridges as heritage Pune’s Smart City proposal aims to build upon
of Pune, as agreed by 36.9 percent of the total existing strong culture of participation to smart and
respondents, punekar feel the bridges as heritage and structured participatory governance (Pune towards
feel proud about the same. The question is related Smart City, pp.1) .With community based participation
bridges as open spaces to be utilized, as 36.9 percent in reimaging and reinventing bridge spaces will be a
of the total respondents were not sure but 20 percent social ensure.

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 69

 For expanding city like Pune, smart city mission Observation of the University of Twente accessed
definitely aiming improvisation of the city’s on November16, 2017.
transportation priorities; however in most cases,
bridges are part of the existing street grid, focus should • How Bridges Can Benefit From Place making-
be given to the development of the bridge spaces as Project for Public Spaces, accessed on august
part of open spaces, and improvement of sidewalks 28, 2017.
strengthen the connection as well as social interaction. • Rohit Agrawal, Ruchi Doshi (2016),A Study on
Application of colours and usage of materials, “Smart City Pune” International Journal of
maintenance is also important as constant increasing Research in Advent Technology (E-ISSN: 2321-
traffic. 9637) Special Issue National Conference
“VishwaCon’16", 19 March 2016 pp 97-102.
• Sonal Y. Khobragade (2014) Sustainability: an
Approach in Planning to Raise the Quality of Life
Through Open Space Development, Suan
Sunandha Journal of Science and Technology,
Vol. 1 No. 1 ,PP.1-13.
Fig 6: sidewalk improvement • Shekhar, S. (2007), Changing Space of Pune – A
Several initiatives have been taken over the past GIS perspective. Paper Ref NO: MWF PN 116-
few years for enabling public participation from different yr.2007-GIS@ development Map World Forum,
segments of the society for smart city mission. The Hyderabad, India. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/
construction, maintenance, alteration and improvement viewdocdownload?doi=10.1.1.553.5748&
of public streets, bridges is obligatory function of local rep=rep1&type=pdf
governing body; researchers believe that citizen’s • Usama Nassar, Ahmad Fathy, Ahmed Saleh
awareness and government vision can make bridges (2013), Living Bridges on the River Nile: A Vision
functionally appealing and emotionally connecting in to Enhance Urban Space Informality and Usage,
smart city perspective .i.e. one of the pillar of smart CUI’13, pp no.172 – 184; accessed on
city –betterment in quality of citizens. For further November26, 2017.
research, it is suggested that the survey be conducted
for more sample to voice their opinions. If there is a • Vasani,P. Bhumika B. (2008) Different types of
gap, that has to be bridged. We need to find a way to bridges and its suitability, accessed on
join; in real sense bridges as a structure consists of a November26, 2017.
link that joins two edges, like social, emotional, and
Websites Referred:—
physical therefore bridges are also a place of
preference. • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior accessed on
November 29, 2017.
References:
• Building Bridges as Public Spaces, Not Just
• https://medium.com/the-golden-sparrow/the-city-
has-22-bridges-over-the-two-rivers- accessed on
Infrastructure by Stephen Burke on Nov 19, 2015
November 29, 2017.
accessed on August 24, 2017.
• Building foot over bridges as public spaces and
• https://wikimapia.org/4094625/Kakasaheb-Gadgil-
Bridge-Z-Bridge accessed on November 29,
not just infrastructure written by Ar. Babika Goel
2017.
posted on April 13, 2017 www.google.com
accessed on August 24, 2017. • https://2017.punebiennale.in/index.php/z-bridge/
• Devashree Roychowdhury (2014), Value of accessed on November 20, 2017.
Common Open Space for Urban Poor: A Case of • http://touchofclasspaithani.blogspot.in/2015/07/
Ahmedabad, Unpublished Master’s Dissertation, bygone-pune-flashback-from-1927.html accessed
Faculty of Geo–Information science and Earth on November 29, 2017.

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• http://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic// • www.punecorporation.org/-Development Control
articleshow/48726070.cms accessed on Rules for Development Plan, Pune accessed on
November 29, 2017. 13 December 2009.
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November 26, 2017. City accessed on November 26, 2017.
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budapest-liberty-bridge-becomes-spontaneous Guidelines Pune accessed on November 24,
accessed on November 17, 2017 2017.

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 A Study on Impact of Integrated and Smart Mobility
in Development of Rural Tourism
Urmila Shetve
Research Scholar, University of Mumbai
Asst. Professor, Joshi Bedekar College of Arts and Commerce, Thane
Dr. Seethalekshmy N.
PhD Guide, University of Mumbai
Associate Professor, SIES College of Commerce and Economics, Sion.
Abstract: Tourism contributes immensely for economic development of the country. However the industry demands
comfortable, affordable and well integrated transport system. But our transport system faces many social,
infrastructural and environmental challenges. On the other hand improved application and delivery of Information
Technology in transportation, over the last decade, has led to a number of innovative ideas and solutions that
have contributed to the continued growth and economic viability of many cities globally. Over the next decade,
taking advantage of improved information and technology trends to integrate transportation networks. It will thus
present a significant opportunities to cities and rural areas across the globe.
Apart from urban areas tourism also has many potential benefits for rural areas. Globally recognized Incredible
India brand, now supported by the Ministry’s new Explore Rural India sub brand, is strengthening the visitors’
attraction to India as a multiple-interest, all-season destination targeting higher visitor yields. This activity generates
local incomes, employment and growth of welfare and is a valuable contributor to rural economy. Rural tourism
can serve as an important source of tax revenues for local jurisdictions and promotes the usage and sale of local
food products. Rural tourism prevents viable traditional occupations from being displaced and offers rural residents
business opportunities and creates new employment opportunities. This research paper explores integrated multi
modal transport in foreign countries for better mobility. It highlights different challenges faced by tourists with
respect to mobility in Rural India . It also studies benefits of integrated multi modal transport for development of
Rural areas and tourism.
Keywords: Integrated Multi Modal Transport, Smart Mobility, Rural Tourism

Introduction of transportation, as a consequence mass rapid transit

system becomes mandatory for such cities, to provide
In the contemporary era, majority of the Indian
better, advanced, efficient and quality transit services.
cities are characterized as urban areas having higher
Many steps are being taken by the Indian Government
densities; organically developed (improper land use
to promote sustainable urban transport. There are
control); lack of adequate physical and social
seven cities with populations in excess of 4 million.
infrastructure; especially transport infrastructure where
Nearly 100 kilometers of Metro rail is operating in Delhi
there is lack of proper roads and parking facilities, poor
with another 250 kilometers of Metro rail under
public transport, lack of road-user discipline, etc.
construction in the first five cities. Two other cities
Urban transport systems in most Indian cities are are actively planning their rail transit systems. In addition,
under heavy strain, and has negatively affected the 11 cities are introducing Bus Rapid Transit System while
quality of life of urban population. Facilities of mass two more cities have them in the planning stage.
transit in the cities are utterly insufficient for providing
The resultant process, which has evolved out of
fast, comfortable and convenient travel. This has
this, is Integrated Multi Modal Transport System
resulted in heavy shift of commuter patronage from
(IMMTS) that involves coordinated use of different
mass transit to private or personal transportation and
modes and its integration to fight against road
as a consequence there is huge increase in personal
congestion, longer journey time and air pollution.
vehicle ownership. The resultant effects are, increased
traffic congestion and transport-borne pollution, heavy Objective of the study
fuel consumption, poor level of service to the
commuters, etc. Still, million plus cities generates more • To Explore Integrated Multi Modal Transport in
travel demands, which is not fully met by private modes foreign countries for better mobility.

72 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
• To highlight different challenges faced by tourists modal transport system is an integrated approach that
with respect to mobility in Rural India . incorporates all components of urban transport into a
single system for efficient use of available transport
• To study benefits of integrated multi modal resources and infrastructure for better mobility within
transport for development of Rural areas and a wide range of modal options for the commuters.
tourism.
The Various Characteristics Of IMMTS are as
Research methodology: follows
This paper is based on secondary data collected • Journey involving more than one mode of
from various research papers and websites. transportation.
Integrated Multi Modal Transport System • For various possibilities, use of different modes of
Integrated Multi Modal Transport System transport is accepted.
(IMMTS) comprises of one trip that involves two or • The policy generally do not fixate on one single
more than two different modes of transportation like mode.
bus, metro, car, tram, etc.; either government or
privately operated; where in-between passengers have • Development of seamless web of integrated
to transfer in to other mode. Some modes of transport chains, linking road, rail and water ways.
transportation have always been depended on other • Competition between transporters instead of
modes. Urban bus systems generally serve train and between transport modes.
subway stations and often extends to local airports. A
major goal of integrated multi-modal transport system • Transfer node and smooth interchange flow.
in developed countries is to reduce dependence on the • Seamless travel an important characteristic of the
automobile as a major mode of ground transportation system.
and increase use of public transport. In the developing
countries a variety of modes of transport are used. With the comprehensive objectives to ensure safe,
affordable, quick, comfortable, reliable and sustainable
When these modes are run on the same track, access for the growing number of city residents to
the efficiency is lost over the period of time and by jobs, education, recreation and such other needs within
increase in number of vehicles. The system can cities; the Ministry of Urban Development, Govt. of
otherwise help improve the efficiency if managed India, formulated National Urban Transport Policy in
properly, where local bodies have defined tracks for 2006. As one of the techniques to achieve such
them. This multi modal system can be helpful for the objectives is to, “enabling the establishment of quality
cities which have a fast rate of urbanisation and higher focused Multi Modal Public Transport Systems that
population densities. The main aim of IMMTS is to are well integrated, providing seamless travel across
promote public transport in urban areas. A coordinated modes”.
integration of different modes brings about reduced
congestion on the road, greater convenience for Integrated Multi Modal Transport in Foreign
commuters, efficiency and cost effectiveness. Key Countries
elements of IMMTS can be identified as: Public transport in Foreign countries
Transportation infrastructure on top of which transport
modes operate; Modes of transport: network 1.Copenhagen
representing different modes, routes and paths; Multi Public transport in Copenhagen is efficient, safe
modal trips: this is the use of people for these modes and practical. Getting from A to B is easy and because
with different combinations; Transfer points: allowing of the city’s relatively small size, it won’t eat too much
people to change from one mode to another. In other of your precious holidaying time. Most ticket types can
words, Multi modal transport planning refers to decision be used on all forms of public transport in and around
making that considers various modes, such as, walking, the capital, including metro, rail, buses and harbour
cycling, automobiles, public transit, etc., and connections buses. The Copenhagen public transport network is
among modes so that each can play its optimal role in operating 24 hours a day, with special train, metro and
the overall transport system .In this context, a multi bus services covering the night and early hours.

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 73

 Various tickets and travel cards such as a single “Bike to Train to Bike”, or BiTiBi, seeks to
ticket, Flexcard 7-days, 24-hour ticket, Copenhagen multiply the success of the OV-Fiets bike-to-train
card and a City Pass are available. These can be system run by the Dutch national railway company,
purchased at machines or DSB ticket offices at most NS. Launched in 2003, OV-Fiets is now available at
stations or via the internet or your mobile phone. 250 out of 400 stations across the country. The system
allows train passengers to reach their final destination
2. Biking in Metro-Boston
by bike after disembarking.
Boston is one of the oldest cities in the country,
OV-Fiets has helped put the Netherlands at the
and it’s teeming with both historical attractions and
head of the pack when it comes to the bike-train-bike
modern-day events – plus an abundance of parks,
combination. Nearly half of all train passengers take a
museums, restaurants and a lively music scene. But
bike to reach the station. In addition to offering a high
it’s no secret that Boston can be a challenge to navigate
level of services, there is safe parking capacity in the
and that traffic congestion can be a problem. Biking is
Netherlands for almost 500,000 bicycles, usually with
an easy and affordable way to get all around the city,
a direct connection to the platforms or station hall. All
and it even allows you to sightsee along the way.
these facilities make cycling to train stations an easy,
Hubway is a great option for most people.
attractive option.
Bike Sharing: Bike share is similar to bike rental, but
The BiTiBi initiative has identified four criteria
with a few distinct advantages. It consists of a fleet of
for a successful bike-to-train system:
specially designed, sturdy and durable bikes that are
locked into a network of docking stations throughout • safe, secure and convenient bike parking at train
the city. The bikes can be unlocked from one station stations;
and returned to any other station in the system, making
bike share ideal for one-way rides and getting from
• convenient public bikes;
Point A to Point B. • uniting the bicycle and train;
Bringing Bike Onboard the Train: Each Pacific • integrated payment system for bike and rail
Surfliner train has room for seven bicycles. Reserve a services; and
spot for free while booking a ticket online or at 1-800-
USA-RAIL. A bike can also be added to an existing • positive communications about the advantages of
trip by calling the 800-number. Space is limited, so one combining bicycle and train travel.
has to book a spot for bike early. Within BiTiBi, several pilot project will be carried
out in regions that want to try similar systems, or
improve on those already in place.
4. Blue Bike Belgium: In Belgium, the national rail
carrier is working to expand and improve an existing
system called Blue Bike. Parallel projects will take
place in the Flanders and Wallonia regions, which have
very different levels of cycling development but a
shared goal of improving on the status quo.
In England, pilots will take place in Liverpool and the
3.Bike-train-bike travel Netherlands: BiTiBi Merseyside region in the hope of improving the take-
concentrates on a feeder system with huge untapped up of existing bike services provided by rail operators.
potential.With its focus on environmentally friendly Operator MerseyRail has 110,000 daily passengers,
“last-mile” travel, SmartMove is in good company. The but only a small fraction currently use bikes to get to
BiTiBi initiative, also funded by the Intelligent Energy and from stations.
Europe Programme, promotes one of the most In the Milan area, pilots will focus on two rail
promising but underused last-mile modes of all – the stations, in Como and Bollate, in the city’s hinterland.
bicycle. They seek to be the first hubs for bike-train-bike

74 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
modality in the Lombardy region. The plan is to 2.Delhi Metro Rail and public bicycle sharing
introduce a multi-purpose travel card for accessing the service
train, bike parking and shared bikes – and to integrate
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation under its Public
Milan’s bike-sharing system with the existing one in
Bicycle Sharing service is offering bicycles for metro
Como and a planned one in Bollate.
passengers. The charge for using the cycle facility is
In Barcelona area, pilot projects will be carried out Rs 10 per hour. Users will have to register their names
in Sant Cugat and Sant Boi, both with huge potential to for hiring the cycles from 13 metro stations. A smart
boost bike-train communities. Activities in these towns card will also be issued on deposit of Rs 50 to the
will focus on the implementation of secure bike parking members. This card, which is valid for one year, can
and shared bicycles at the main stations. be recharged as required by the user.
India’s Steps Towards Improvement of 3.Hyderabad Bicycling Club
Transportation
Hyderabad Bicycling Club, a not for profit
1. Pedal back home from Hyderabad Metro organisation, which is partnering with HMR for offering
stations bicycles will be importing bikes from Germany.
These bikes are advanced, equipped with gears
and GPS system. The components will be imported
and assembled here and coinciding the launch, there
will be a curtain raiser for bikes and bike stations as
well.
The idea is to promote cycling. There will be many
bike stations established at stations, colonies and
prominent commercial locations to ensure first and last
mile connectivity for the metro users.
HMR will operate bicycles in association with
Rural Tourism
different organisations to promote eco-friendly cost
effective transportation. Passengers of the Hyderabad Rural tourism focuses on actively participating
Metro Rail (HMR) will have the option of pedaling in a rural lifestyle. It can be a variant of ecotourism.
their way to their destinations from Metro stations.To Many rural villages can facilitate tourism because many
begin with, those boarding and alighting trains at villagers are hospitable and eager to welcome (and
Miyapur, JNTU, KPHB, Kukatpally and a couple of sometime even host) visitors. Agriculture is becoming
other stations will have the facility of using cycles from highly mechanized and therefore, requires less manual
stations. There are plans to introduce e-bikes along labor. This trend is causing economic pressure on some
with the conventional bicycles, as well. With HMR villages, which in turn causes young people to move to
promoting alternate energy usage, there will be urban areas. There is however, a segment of the urban
charging facilities at the stations to charge the e-bikes. population that is interested in visiting the rural areas
and understanding the lifestyle.
HMR intends to offer 10,000 bicycles through
many bike stations on all the three corridors. The idea Tourism is termed rural when the rural culture is
is to scale up the bicycle sharing service gradually after a key component of the product on offer. Depending
a low key launch. For a start, about 100 bicycles would on the primary activity component of this product, the
be offered from limited stations and demand would be terms used are agri-tourism, green tourism,
assessed, The idea behind launching it initially from gastronomic, equestrian, nautical, hunting, adventure,
Miyapur, JNTU and KPHB among others, was to cater historical/ cultural tourism and so on. The distinguishing
to the requirements of software and other corporate feature of tourism products in rural tourism is the wish
employees, he said. In a phased manner, the service to give visitors personalized contact, a taste of the
would be extended at other stations on the Miyapur- physical and human environment of the villages and,
Nagole stretch. as far as possible, allows them to participate in the

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 75

activities, traditions and lifestyles of local people. There scientific people, historic remains, archeological sites,
is also a strong cultural and educational element in this traditional parkland etc.
form of leisure tourism.
3. Eco Tourism: Many tourists visit rural areas for
Hence a rural tourist destination could be defined the purpose of bird and animal watching and
as a wider area dominated by the natural and/or
learning about local flora and fauna. Rural tourist
farmed/ forested environments where specific natural,
destination as a product is definitely very fragile in
economic and socio-cultural features, such as tradition,
ecological, social and cultural sense. Its development
local cooperation, trust and reciprocity are harmoniously
requires very specific approach that could help it
embedded and as such create a unique tourist product
remain sustainable in the long term.
that is predominantly small scaled, nature friendly,
“ethno-cultured”, in other words ‘sustainable”. Benefits of Rural Tourism
The importance of rural tourism as a part of the 1. Generates employment and income for the
overall tourism market depends on each country’s residents of remote villages. This is most
recreation/ tourism resources, infrastructure image, especially beneficial to women who often have
market access and the presence of other types of no new opportunities to earn income away from
tourism products. Even if rural tourism may be minor home.
in relation to the overall tourism market of many
countries its importance to the development of specific 2. Creates a market and appreciation for local
rural areas may be critical. Thus, the multiplier effect products and services and keeps them alive.
is often more impacting in rural areas where the entire 3. Encourages conservation and care of natural
rural lifestyle is looked for a main attraction. resources such as the rivers, forests, mountains
Rural tourism includes: - as well as local fauna and flora, birds, fish and
almost extinct animals. When these are valued as
1. Agri – Tourism: Tourism on the farms enables living assets to attract income, they are usually
farmers to diversify their activities while enhancing cared for.
the value of their products and property. Farm tourism
also helps to reconcile farming interests and 4. Provides incentives to preserve some of the old
environmental protection through integrated land customs and traditions, crafts, traditional festivals,
management in which farmers continue to play a key architecture, food and other practices unique to
role. certain cultures.

Tourists who choose farm accommodation rather 5. Given that services are often provided by residents
than other kinds of accommodation facilities look for of the village, rural tourism benefits the village in
genuine rural atmosphere where they can share that there is greater cooperation among villagers
intimacy of the household they live in, learn traditional as they operate the local enterprise of providing
crafts and skills with their hosts, make friends which for the tourists.
is a quality, modern times have almost forgotten and 6. Provides opportunities for mutual sharing of
above all enjoy home made food and drinks. Some cultures. Hopefully, these encounters will result
specific food labels can help consumers establish a in greater understanding among peoples and closer
local produce and can be used as a selling point to ties to the global family.
tourist who want to taste home grown quality food
and drink. 7. Helps slow urban drift as it gives a better economic
future for families in rural areas.
2. Heritage and cultural Tourism in rural areas
comes in a wide range of forms most of which are Challenges Faced by Tourist in Rural Areas
unique to an individual local and a valuable component • Indian rural roads lacks connectivity with main
of the rural tourism product. Heritage and cultural highways
tourism includes temples, rural buildings but may be
extended to local features of interest including war • No airports or regular rail connectivity. Railways
remnants, monuments to famous literary, artistic or are not sufficient they lack capacity.

76 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
• Low maintenance of infrastructure facility supplement their agricultural income with such
activities as basket-making, cash crops, piece-
• Lacks proper and hygienic food and water facility work, fish-trading and other activities. All these
• Sometimes ill treatment by Indian rural people benefit from easier access to local towns and cities.
towards tourists especially foreigners. Families living closer to the main road made more use
of the road and were better-off on average than those
• Problems of safety and security. who did not live near the road. Urban access tends
also to lead to more opportunities for paid work, greater
Benefits of Integrated Multi Modal Transport for
diversity of purchases of consumer goods
Development of Rural Areas and Tourism.
(necessities as well as luxuries) and thus more
A] Benefits to rural areas involvement in the cash economy. This will
inevitably have a cultural as well as an economic
1. Education effect on rural villages, perhaps raising economic
Attendance levels at schools are affected by expectations. Increased involvement in the cash
the lack of access to schools – both for pupils and economy may also improve access to credit, which is
teachers. Teachers are not attracted because of a useful tool for encouraging small enterprise.
the remoteness and associated difficulties of many 5. Increase in Agriculture Produce
poor areas. The difficulty of collecting water and
wood also affected girls disproportionately, as By providing better access to markets, the
women bear most of the responsibility for these opportunity exists for increasing farm production.
activities in many societies studied. Collecting basic Transport was also the main route for the farmers
needs can take up to 25% of every day, and this to obtain inputs such as seeds and fertilizers.
will often take priority over girls’ education.
B] Benefits for Rural Tourism
2. Health
• Increase in tourists arrivals in rural areas
Better roads also increase the ease of use of
• Transportation infrastructure development
mobile health centers. Many rural populations are
extremely scattered, and if one health centre was • Traffic management and intelligent transportation
provided for a district it would still be many miles systems, higher traffic speed
from many villages. Mobile health centers can get round
• Use of green and renewable fuels
this problem.
• Less operation costs
3. Access
• Maximum utilization of public transport
Access to basic facilities can often be made
easier by improving paths or water crossings which • Less congestion and accidents on road
already exist, where these are close to the
• Easy & safe movement of pedestrian
rural population. Intermediate means of transport
(IMT) such as bicycles and carts, which can be used Conclusion
on rural paths, are often a useful means to eliminate
the length of travelling time for all basic needs. The efficiency and effectiveness of mass transits
rely on accessibility of various modes in the city, design
4. Improved access to markets and towns and availability of routes, incoming flow of pedestrians
at station, frequency of service, etc. In levy to suffice
At one time development plans assumed that
the never ending needs of urban and rural commuters,
the only activity of the rural poor was agriculture,
authorities try to combine two or more public
and development was therefore to consist solely
transportation modes, to achieve easy and
of trying to improve agricultural performance, including
uninterrupted travel in the cities.
access to local markets by motorized transport.
In India, with increasing number of middle class,
These plans failed to appreciate the diversity of
the personalized vehicles have also increased in many
economic activities of the rural poor. The majority
folds in last decade, which further has causes

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 77

deterioration in traffic and environmental conditions. 3. Hine, J. and Scott, J. (2000). Seamless, Accessible
This has generated implacable need to shift mode of Travel: User’s Views of Public Transport Journey
travel from car to walk/cycle for short journey and to and Interchange. Transport Policy 7, pp. 217-226.
public transport for long journey. Integrated multi-modal
4. Kumar, P. (2009). Design Approach for Multi
urban transportation is a step ahead to achieve this
Modal Transport System. Architecture - Time
goal. IMMTS is a promising area of research and
Space & People
development, for near future, as well as for scientific
and practical implementation of adequate infrastructure; 5. Litman, T. (2012). Introduction to Multi-Modal
as most of the Indian cities are pacing up for improving Transportation Planning, Victoria Transport Policy
the transport infrastructure by carrying out various Institute
transportation projects. The case of Delhi Integrated
Multi-Modal Transit System is the precursor to 6. Singhal, B. I. 2010. Towards Sustainable Urban
upcoming developments for appropriate integration of Transport in India. 2010.
various modes of transportation in highly dense urban 7. Verma, A., ( 2010). Achieving sustainable
areas of India. The biggest challenge for Indian cities transportation system for Indian cities. VOL. 100,
would be to achieve the highest level of integration of NO. 9
multiple modes to shift the captive ridership of
personalized transport to at least partial usage of public 8. Dr. R. Gopal, Ms. Shilpa Varma and Ms. Rashmi
transport for mixed-mode travel. Gopinathan, Rural Tourism Development:
Constraints and Possibilities with a special
References reference to Agri Tourism
1. Dr. V. Devadas , Tejas Rawal , Nand Kumar A Case Study on Agri Tourism Destination –
(2015) Integrated Multi-modal Transportation In Malegoan Village, Taluka Baramati, District Pune,
India Changing Spectrum of Human Settlements Maharashtra, Conference on Tourism in India –
and Planning Education ISBN 978-93-5053-361-1 Challenges Ahead, 15-17 May 2008, IIMK
2. Buchari, Erika et al. (2008). Enhancing Public 9. Sandeep Kumar , Pedal back home from
Transport System in Developing Countries towards Hyderabad Metro stations, Telangana today,
Multimodal Public Transport System. Proceedings published 10th Nov 2017
of the Conference on The Intelligent Public
Transport System, April 2-4, Netherland. 10. Richard Sharpley, Rural tourism and the challenges
of tourism diversification: the case of Cyprus,
Tourism Management, Vol.23, Issue 3, June 2002,
pg. 233-244

78 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 Contribution of Smart City development Program towards Development of
Smart Tourism w. r .t. Tourists’ Welfare
Mugdha Shripad Bapat
V.P.M.’s Joshi - Bedekar College of Arts and Commerce, Thane (W)
Email Id: mughdha.shri@gmail.com
Abstract: The Smart Cities Council defines a smart city as a city that has digital technology embedded across all
city functions. In their Smart Cities Readiness Guide, the council takes a comprehensive, holistic view that
“includes the entirety of human activity in an area, including city governments, schools, hospitals, infrastructure,
resources, businesses and people.” A smart city uses information and communications technology to collect and
measure conditions in streets, buildings, transportation and the air. That means embedding sensors and other
technology throughout a destination to monitor and collect data for everything from water and traffic to energy
usage. Tourism is the travel for recreational, leisure, family or business purposes, usually of a limited duration.
Tourism brings in large amounts of income into a local economy in the form of payment for goods and services
needed by tourists, accounting for 30% of the world’s trade of services, and 6% of overall exports of goods and
services. It is the most vibrant tertiary activity and a multi-billion industry in India, traditionally known largely for
its historical and cultural dimensions, but now is highlighted for its immense business opportunities. With its
lucrative linkages with transport, hotel, banking and communication industries, the potential and performance of
India’s tourism industry needs to be gauged in terms of its socio-economic magnitudes. This paper tries to find
out, how the progress made by Indian tourism industry can be further enhanced and strengthened with the help
of smart city development program, undertaken by government of India. Tourists’ preferences normally depend
on demographic, socio-cultural, economic, psychological, marketing, infrastructural and technological factors. To
attract more domestic and international tourists across the country, it has become utmost important to offer best
quality of infrastructural and technological facilities. Smart city development program of Indian Government can
prominently help tourism industry in this aspect by creating smart infrastructural and technological facilities. The
proposed topic “Study of Contribution of Smart City development Program towards Development of Smart
Tourism in India” focuses on understanding the link between a smart tourism facilities development with the help
of a smart city development program of Government of India.
Keywords : Smart city, Smart Tourism, Smart city development program

1.1 Introduction collect data for everything from water and traffic to
energy usage. . The data are then communicated
Everything seems to be labeled smart today: smart
through wired and wireless connections, through what
cars, smart phones, smart TV, smart watch, smart
is becoming known as the Internet of Everything (IoE)
hotels. In order to pull much of this smartness together,
in which everything is inter-connected. Then the data
a global movement of smart cities is helping to connect
are crunched or analyzed to help decision-makers in
the dots of seemingly everything within a city to make
government and business to make better decisions.
it more livable, workable and sustainable. If we
consider the cross-cutting nature of travel and tourism, Tourism brings in large amounts of income into a
a smart city can definitely help to create, sustain and local economy in the form of payment for goods and
strengthen smart tourism, but this connection is not services needed by tourists. It is the most vibrant tertiary
yet visible in India. activity and a multi-billion industry in India, traditionally
known largely for its historical and cultural dimensions,
1.2 Statement of Problem under study
but now is highlighted for its immense business
The Smart Cities Council defines a smart city as opportunities. Tourism with its lucrative linkages with
a city that has digital technology embedded across all transport, hotel, banking and communication industries,
city functions. A smart city uses information and possess huge potential for further development and
communications technology to collect and measure growth, hand in hand with the development of smart
conditions in streets, buildings, transportation and the cities all over India, as per governments action plan in
air. That means embedding sensors and other future. Tourists’ preferences normally depend on
technology throughout a destination to monitor and demographic, socio-cultural, economic, psychological,

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marketing, infrastructural and technological factors. To 3. To identify how smart city development program
attract more domestic and international tourists across can help towards smart tourism development.
the country, it has become utmost important to offer
1.5 Research Methodology
best quality of infrastructural and technological
facilities. Smart city development program of Indian Research Methodology is the course of action
Government can prominently help tourism industry in that is to be taken to achieve the goal of completion of
this aspect by creating smart infrastructural and the research. Research design is the major component
technological facilities. The proposed topic “Study of of research methodology. Primary data is originated
Contribution of Smart City development Program by the researcher for the specific purpose of
towards Development of Smart Tourism in India” addressing the problem at hand. Since the study
focuses on understanding the link between a smart includes the understanding of various types of
tourism facilities development with the help of a smart infrastructural and technological problems faced by
city development program of Government of India. tourists while touring in India, they were sampled from
some parts of Thane and Mumbai regions. The sample
1.3 Review of Literature
size was 100 tourists, who were interviewed for
Khan M.A. (2005) et.al, wrote a book on eliciting the factual information required in the study.
“Principles of Tourism Development” which deals with In this research, formal questionnaire was prepared
hotel industry and tourism, these are the two significant and given to the respondents for seeking the
sectors of modern day economy, tourists are honored information. As the sample is widely spread, purposive
guests and the hotels offer them the demanded random sampling was used as a sampling method.
hospitality. He also focused on the role of information Secondary data was collected from various books,
technology in tourism industry. magazines, journals and periodicals available which
were relevant to the topic under study.
Cooper C. (1999) et.al, has rightly underlined
concept and indicators of tourism demands. He also 1.6 Contribution of Smart City development
emphasized on economic, environmental and socio- Program towards Development of Smart Tourism
cultural impact on tourism development. He highlights
I) Features of comprehensive development in
issues pertinent to the future of tourism development.
Smart Cities
Werthner H. (2004) et.al, has rightly said that, e-
1. Promoting mixed land use in area based
commerce in travel and tourism industries are
developments – It means planning for ‘unplanned
continuously increasing despite of tough economic
areas’ containing a range of compatible activities and
problems. This industry is adopting application of B2B
land uses close to one another in order to make land
(business to business) and B2C (business to consumer).
use more efficient. The States will enable some
Buhalis & Amaranggana (2013) have rightly flexibility in land use and building bye-laws to adapt to
stated the importance of maintaining each of 6As to change.
remain highly competitive in tourism sector. However,
2. Housing and inclusiveness – It mean expanding
considering that consumers are now more than ever
housing opportunities for all.
involved in the co-creation process, destinations must
also realize that they need to interconnect all their stake 3. Creating walkable localities – It refers to
holders to facilitate a dynamic co-creation process to reduction in congestion, air pollution and resource
increase destination competitiveness. depletion, boosting local economy, promoting
interactions and ensures security. The road network is
1.4 Objectives of the Study
created or refurnished not only for vehicles and public
1. To study various types of smart city development transport, but also for pedestrians and cyclists, and other
programs of government of India. necessary administrative services are offered within
walking or cycling distance.
2. To understand various types of infrastructural and
technological problems faced by tourists while 4. Preserving and developing open spaces – like
touring in India. parks, playgrounds, and recreational spaces in order
to enhance the quality of life of citizens, reduce the

80 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
urban heat effects in Areas and generally promote eco- • Gap between demand and supply of manpower
balance.
• Lapses in security and safety – incidents of tout
5. Promoting a variety of transport options - and harassment of tourists in some places
Transit Oriented Development (TOD), public transport
and last mile para-transport connectivity. • Uneven progress – slow growth of village tourism,
lack of information about tourist profile etc
6. Making governance citizen-friendly and cost
effective – by increasingly relying on online services • Non Implementation of Legislative Law.
to bring about accountability and transparency, • Excessive formalities for an issue of special permit
especially using mobiles to reduce cost of services and to view restricted areas sites.
providing services without having to go to municipal
offices. Forming e-groups to listen to people and obtain • Untrained Guides.
feedback and use online monitoring of programs and • Tourism development projects are usually
activities with the aid of cyber tour of worksites. developed by Indian Government without any
7. Giving an identity to the city - based on its main discussion with community leaders and they are
economic activity, such as local cuisine, health, dumped to follow the ineffective projects blindly.
education, arts and craft, culture, sports goods, • Poor Administration & management.
furniture, hosiery, textile, dairy, etc.
• Absence of alternate site nearby and fair and
In short applying Smart Solutions to infrastructure festival creates a bottleneck problem in crowd
and services in area-based development in order to management. Like In Kumbh fair no effective
make them better. For example, making Areas less remides are applied by Indian Government to
vulnerable. curtail overcrowd by creating other destinations
II) Problems in Indian Tourism Sector in nearby localities.

The Indian government’s “Incredible India”

• Involvement of too many agents and tourism
tourism campaign and the information technology operators also makes the cost of tourism package
growth in India have been attracting millions of foreign too high in India.
tourists and business tourists to India. Medical tourism • Lack of entrepreneurship opportunities also restrict
has also recently mushroomed in India. Tourism industry youth to follow a career in Tourism such as
is a big foreign exchange earner in India, yet the opening a hotel resort or retail outlet or handicraft
industry still is hampered by several problems like – business to serve Tourism Industry in India.
• Poor transportation • Indian politicians are the hindrances in the
development of tourism in India; their policies
• Lack of basic hygienic amenities at halting points
directly can influence the tourism.
• Non-standardization of rates and fares
Tourism problems are more common in the rural
• Lack of sound marketing and promotion strategies interior of the country. These areas are rich in natural
beauty, but they often lack basic infrastructure and
• Poor maintenance of heritages
accommodations for tourists. Often these regions are
• Issues regarding security and harassment highly agrarian. The government is often unable to
secure enough land for developing tourism
• Lack of passionate and trained professionals
infrastructure because it adversely affects local
• Inadequate capacity farmers. An instance of this phenomenon is Orissa. It
is very essential to promote Brand India as a tourist
• Costly travel – soaring fuel surcharges, poor flight
destination nationally as well as at the state level.
management etc. However the tourism departments are always cash
• Lack of supportive infrastructure – bad roads, strapped, there is general apathy towards work along
improper health and hygiene, communication gaps, with aging manpower never works in favor of brand
etc promotion. What we need today is dynamic manpower

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that is committed to take up tourism as a career and there is a tourism demand and functional links should
work up to really explore that Incredible India as well be created between the different types of tourism with-
as make India a safe tourist destination. in the city, i.e. recreation, leisure, business, shopping
and the tourist.
III) Ideal Tourism Destinations required to be
developed IV) Dream of Smart Tourism facilitated by Smart
city development in India
There are many perspectives for defining the
tourism destination. In a geographical way, it can be Smart Tourism is reliant on four core information
defined as “an area that has selected by visitors which and communication technologies i.e. I o T, mobile
encompasses all necessary amenities such as communication, cloud computing, and artificial
accommodation, restaurant and entertainment.” intelligence technology, which are assumed to be
Buhalis (2000) argues that successful destinations are existing in a smart city. These technologies connect
structured specifically so as to contain the 6As of the physical, informational, social and commercial
tourism destinations”, which are as follows: infrastructure of tourism, and supplies smart tourism
value to multiple stake holders of a destination. In
1. Attractions: natural (i.e. waterfall), artificial (i.e.
addition to this, the development of smart cities also
theme park), and or cultural (i.e. festival).
facilitate seamless access to value added services for
2. Accessibility: Transport system consisting routes, tourists of a city, like access to real-time information
terminals and public transport. on public transportation etc. Also, based on the
integration of hardware and software platform for
3. Amenities: Services facilitating stay, information and services of smart cities, smart tourism
accommodation, catering and leisure /activities. can be developed by leaps and bounds which will
4. Available Packages: Intermediaries to direct facilitate fully integrated tourism market, tourist’s
tourist attention, i.e. information centre attractions, government departments and relevant
information and services of enterprises to promote the
5. Activities: which motivate tourists visitation to development of tourism.
specific place, and lastly
Smart Tourism destinations can take advantage
6. Ancillary Services: which are secondary to of the following:
tourist needs (i.e. banks, postal, medical, etc.)
1. Technology embedded environments (IoT,
(Source: 6As framework by Buhalis 2000, pp.98). Sensors, etc.)
The aim of this research paper is to understand 2. Responsive processes at micro and macro levels
how and where the Smart Tourism Tools can be aligned (intelligent services)
with an urban destination’s resources, i.e. attractions,
3. End-user devices (i.e. smart phones, etc.) and,
amenities, etc. within a touristic city which could also
provide further Smart Tourism. 4. Engaged stake holders using the actively used
platforms to gain information, etc.
Cities possess a multifunctional character which
determines a complex typology of visitors. These The principle of Smart Tourism Destination is to
visitors reflect various types of demands and so use enhance the tourist travel experience, provide more
different types of resources in a city. According to the intelligent platforms to gather and distribute information
theory of ‘Overlapping Cities’ the tourist city is of within destinations, facilitate efficient allocation of
several types which possess different types of urban tourism resources and to integrate tourism suppliers at
resources, such as: the historic city (with historic both micro and macro level aiming to ensure that
monuments, museums, theatres, art galleries), cultural benefits from the sector are well distributed to local
city (with museums, theatres, concert halls), the night society. This can be done through providing consumer
life cities (with bars., clubs, cafes, restaurants), the valued services which can be in the form of smart
shopping city (with shops, malls, cafes, restaurants) services and smart tourism tools.
and the polyvalent city that includes all the above
“The Smart Tourism Tools are a combination of
mentioned elements. For each of the urban resources,
mobile hardware, software and networks that enable

82 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
interactivity between tourists, stake holders and sculptures/historical artefact and then their phone
physical objects. This communication allows tourists allows it to provide voice communication, for example
access to personalized services providing in some cases translation in their native language for instance. Also
real-time information. The tracking and collection of NFC connectors offer information and thus there is
data via these systems enables stake holders to manage no need for tourists to carry a guide book all the time
destinations effectively and efficiently while making while visiting touristic location.
decisions”. The selected smart tourism tools are as
V) Conclusion
follows:
Smart city development program of Indian
a) Mobile applications (Apps)
Government can implement upon the right smart
“An application is a small piece of software that tourism tools at touristic destinations to ensure the better
enables a specific goal to be achieved through the quality of tourist experience with the help of new ICT
exchange of information.” Within tourist destinations, services. For this the information collected via
these applications can provide a varied range of technological systems can be used in order to make
services like making reservation, finding directions, the right and smart decisions to improve management
choosing local amenities, translation of menus, etc. of tourism destinations. The concept smart is very
much necessary for destinations to create and enhance
b) Augmented Reality (AR)
environments, not just its visitors but also for its
“Augmented Reality is an overlay of information residents. Because better decisions lead to competitive
on top of the surrounding real world environment to destinations, the management of systems and the
provide additional data on a current position. A device preservation of resources.
with a digital screen is required in order to superimpose
Bibliography
this artificial layer of information, such as a smart phone
or lens system (i.e. Google Glass).” 1. Buhalis, D., Amaranggana, A (2013) Smart
Tourism Destinations, In Information and
c) Near Field Communication (NFC)
communication technologies in tourism
“NFC is short range wireless radio communication 2014(pp.553-564). Springer
protocol that can function between a tag/chip that
2. Cooper & Chris Principles and Practice of Tourism
transmits data stored on it to an electrical device that
(3rd ed.).Harlow: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-
read/receive the data. Further, NFC can be used to
273-68406-X. OCLC 466952897.
communicate between different devices without the
need for configuration, for example between two 3. Khan, M. A (2005), “Principles of Tourism
different smart phones/tablets placed very closely Development”, New Delhi, Anmol Publication
together to send very small amounts of data like a Pvt. Ltd, p-250.
picture or share information like contact details without
4. Werthner H. and Ricci F (2004), “E-commerce
the need for authorization/ passwords.”
and Tourism”, Communication of the ACM,
NFC can be used at tourists places like museums Vol.No. 47(12), pp101-105.
where tourists can scan information points at paintings/

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 83

 Smart Banking an Essential for Smart City
Gajanan V. Godbole
Research Scholar, Sinhgad Institute of Management, Pune.
Email : gajanan.godbole@axisbank.com
Abstract : Banking has seen a significant shift from conventional banking to a very modern and customer centric
banking. Digitalisation has changed the entire spectrum of RETAIL banking transactions, especially after adoption
of demonetisation in India. A phenomenal change is observed in electronic payments modules like IMPS and UPI.
The acceptance and usage of digital payment channels like IMPS and UPI have ballooned in the retail sector
reveals that the citizens have become smart and have embraced digital technology. Such Smart citizens would be
a back bone for implementation and success of a smart city. The present study is an attempt to suggest robust
digital banking model for enabling seamless transactions between Smart citizens and Smart city service providers.
The study also attempts suggest Smart digital solutions to citizens of smart city leading to decent quality of life.
Keywords: Digitalisation, Demonetisation, CTS, IMPS, UPI.

Introduction develop 100 smart cities. There are also examples of

smart cities created from scratch e.g. Masdar in UAE,
Smart City is an urban establishment which
Songdo in South Korea.
effectively makes use of all the available information;
convert it into electronic data for seamlessly managing Objectives of the Study
all the resources, assets and services. There are three
1. To identify the various enablers responsible for
underlying ideas for defining a smart city. In First case,
success of a smart city.
the city would be mainly about digitally enabled i.e.
completely networked, CCTV, smart meters, sensor 2. To suggest robust digital banking model for
based activities, and software controlled machines. enabling seamless transactions between smart
This would effectively used for managing various citizens and smart city service providers.
control rooms of various city systems like transport,
electricity, effluent, emergency services, law agencies 3. To suggest Smart digital solutions to citizens of
etc. In the second case, the concept of Information smart city leading to decent quality of life.
and Communication Technology (ICT) is used for Digital/ Smart Banking
connecting the entire infrastructure to a single network.
The effective use of ICT in a Smart City helps in real Banking has seen a significant shift from
time and increased communication between the citizens conventional banking to a very modern and customer
and government or any other concerned agencies. This centric banking. Banks are making every effort to
leads to reduction of cost, better utilisation of resources, reach out to the customers and cater to their
a satisfied citizen and finally leading to better quality requirements. The most critical parameter which has
of life. In the third case, both digital technology and changed the entire in banking industry is its
ICT is effectively used for developing model which Digitalisation. In fact Digitalisation has been termed
promotes transparency, innovation, accountable as the most disruptive innovation in banking. Banking
governance and engagement between citizen and sector has been categorised as Short Fuse Big Bang
government. in digital disruption. This means the sector has showed
a big impact (the bang) within a short span (the fuse)
Generally all the three ideas are inclusive with of digitalisation time.
minor variations depending on the priorities. For
example in developed nations like Europe and America, Many conventional activities in banking like
smart cities are more concentrating on strengthening Cheque clearing, paper statements, traditional loans,
security and control and enabling economic internal memo delivery boys, Teller counters, home
development. However for countries like India or branch account operations have become obsolete or
China, smart cities would mean more of modernisation getting redundant and entirely new products like Core
of technology enabling to respond to the requirement banking, Internet banking, Mobile banking, e-wallets,
of citizens. Indian Government also has planned to online loans have taken over. Digitalisation has enabled

84 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
banks to lower cost of operations, have lean operation
models, improve safety and reliability, standardisation As a part of promoting digitalisation, Indian
of processes, productive data mining, high transparency government adopted policy of Currency demonetisation
and convenience to customers. This has enhanced in November 2016. The effect was remarkable and
customer experience resulting in customer retention. very clearly identifiable in the RBI monthly press
release data for Electronic transactions.

Source : RBI Monthly Press Release

Corporate Electronic Payments

Source : By Researcher the payment pattern. RTGS and NEFT have shown
more than 25% increase in the volumes while CTS
The corporate sector is digitally active and uses
has remained stagnated at around 8.5%. This shows
electronic payments modules like RTGS (|Real Time
that Corporate are now more aligned to pure Electronic
Gross Settlement), NEFT (National Electronic Fund
payments rather than conventional mode of payments
transfer), and CTS (Cheque Truncation system). Post
like Cheques and CTS.
demonetisation, there has been a significant change in

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 85

Retail Electronic Payments:

Source : By Researcher that Smart citizens and Smart corporates would be a

back bone for implementation and success of a smart
There has been a phenomenal change in the retail
city.
consumer payment behaviour and there has been a
wide acceptance and usage of digital payment channels Smart City in India
like IMPS (Immediate Payment service) and UPI
(Unified payment Interface) and Mobile Banking. In June 2015, Ministry of Housing and Urban
IMPS and Mobile banking have grown by 143% and Development has issued Mission statement and
81% respectively. Whereas UPI being a very new Guidelines for establishment of Smart cities in India.
entrant in the payment system have shown exponential The mission aims to develop entire urban ecosystem,
growth. which is represented by Four pillars of comprehensive
development – Institutional, physical, Social and
Total Electronic Payments: economic infrastructure. The idea is to provide ideal
infrastructure and give decent quality of life to its
citizens, a clean and sustainable environment and
application of smart solutions. Accordingly 100 cities
from various states have been identified and would be
eligible for development under this Mission.
The development of a smart city is based on Ten
Core infrastructure elements i.e. adequate water supply,
assured electricity, sanitation (including solid waste
management), efficient public transport, affordable
housing, robust IT connectivity and digitisation, e-
governance and citizen participation, sustainable
environment, safety and security of citizens, health
and education.
There are two sides for analysing the
Source : By Researcher effectiveness of the above ten core elements. On one
The comparison of the data has been made for side Smart City would be providing all core elements
November 2016 to October 2017. There are spikes accessible to citizens seamlessly and effectively and
observed in most of the payment modes during Quarter on the other side citizen would be enjoying all the
ends and Year ends due to overall increase in benefit derived from the infrastructure.
transactions. The total payments done in Electronic Benefits of Digital Banking to Smart city service
mode have increased by 44%. This means the citizens providers/ corporates:
as well as corporates have become smart and have
embraced digital technology. Essentially it is evident Digital receipts/ payments are extremely

86 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
important for all the service providers of a smart city. products like Internet banking, mobile banking, e-
The key benefits are: wallets, banking kiosk etc would be the most preferred
channels for availing such services. The benefits are:
• Increased predictability of the cash flows and
which enables to take decisions objectively and • The services are digitally available 24 * 7 and there
expeditiously. are no limitations of location and time.
• Smart city ULBs can raise funds and deploy funds • Digital enablement provides improved services
effectively through digital banking and the fund with a significant reduction in time. Support can
movement can be tracked till the last recipient/ be provided for online query resolution.
beneficiary.
• The citizens don’t get frustrated as there are no
• E- Tendering through bank enabled infrastructure Queaes. There is significant reduction in anxiety
for receipts is one of the most transparent process as they are able to keep all the records online.
of providing contracts.
• Citizen can avail the facility for providing the
• Allotment of contracts on a BOT basis and on a details on emails. This saves money for physical
digital banking mode will enable to track all printing of paper. It also environment friendly as it
collections and hence ensure to meet the financial save paper. We have to encourage citizens to go
deadlines. Hence citizens won’t have to pay for Green.
the BOT services when the expected collections
are done. • Digital banking can give a complete view for all
the financial transactions of a citizen which includes
• Many government schemes like AMRUT (Atal Tax payments, Service provider bills.
Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban
transformation), SBU , HRIDAY (Heritage City • Reminders can be set for payment of various
development and Augmentation Yojana) also can services. Even posted dated payments can be
be converged along with existing financing enabled digitally. Tracking of all payments can be
structure for completion of a individual project. done easily.

• The allocation and use of scheme funds and be • Digital banking will promote minimal human
tracked by different departments simultaneously interface, process driven activities, cashless
resulting to high level of transparency and transaction and eradicate the process of corruption
efficiency. and promote cashless economy.
An attempt is to propose a model in which a smart
• The receipts like Property tax, Water tax, Octroi,
citizen/ smart corporate/ service provider would avail
Parking charges etc also should be enabled
a smart/ digital banking infrastructure to enjoy services
through digital mode. This will aid in faster receipts
of a smart city.
and also enable the institution to identify defaulter
list on an online basis.
• ULBs and other similar organisations borrow funds
from institutions like World bank or Asian
Development bank. These institutions always
promote digital banking for better monitoring of
funds.
Benefits for Digital banking to Smart Citizens:
In majority of the cases, citizen’s interface would
be limited only to enjoy the benefits of the core elements
and make necessary payments for availing the services.
Hence it is imperative to have digitally smart citizens Source: By Researcher
and also a digitally enabled bank. The digital banking

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 87

 As seen above the model revolves around a smart of them use Cheque clearing mode instead of
citizen and is supported by a digital bank for its entire electronic payments.
financial requirement. The idea is to have a Zero Cash
economy. • Financial Institutions/ NBFC, Banks and similar
companies are extensively using digital channel
• Banks, ULBs, government organisations and for its collections and payments. Most of the
various providers have to be integrated on one products are now available online, this reduces
platform for seamless collection and payments. overall operational cost and hence giving a cheaper
product to the customer. They are constantly
• Payments made by citizens like bills of service innovating each of their product to make it more
providers like electricity, telecom, transportation, customer centric.
logistics etc are still made in physical form. These
are payments of repetitive nature and always Conclusion
available with the service provider in digital form
The major findings reveal that the objective of a
and should be paid in a digital mode.
smart city is to deliver quality life to the citizens. A
• Other Core elements like Education (Schools, collaborative engagement of all the stake holders,
colleges and university etc), Health (Hospitals and supported by digital banking and strong governance
similar bodies), and Housing (Construction and will ensure success of a smart city. Digitalisation will
Realty) have to invest into technology and go eradicate corruption and promote a cashless economy.
digital. Several core elements like Education, Health, Housing
etc need to invest into technology and enhance own
• Citizen need to ensure to use digital payments in digital capabilities for providing smart solutions to
cash centric business like travel and tourism. citizens. Digital enablement will add transparency to
the process and also reduce the turnaround time for a
• Municipal bodies have to digitalise its systems and
financial transaction. This will also reduce physical
integrate it with banking channel for collection of
printing and enable us to “Go Green”. Finally it can be
payments like Parking charges, Water, Property
conclude that the success of a smart city will be highly
and similar Taxes. This will enhance collections
depending on a citizen embracing digital agenda.
as well as they would get a proper MIS about
each citizen’s payment status. References:
• Municipal bodies also have to make payments of 1. RBI Monthly Press Release
various schemes through digital channel so that
h t t p s : / / w w w. r b i . o r g . i n / S C R I P Ts /
its reaches end user and the utilisation of funds
BS_PressReleaseDisplay.aspx?prid=39469
can be ascertained.
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_city
• Corporate / Industry are making use of Non Cash
channels for its statutory payments as well as 3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
vendor payments including salaries. However Smart_Cities_Mission
there is a big scope for improvement as still many

88 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 Smart Cities abounded with a career opportunities to IT Professionals
Asst. Prof. Taranum Shaikh
Royal college, Dombivli
Email: metara786@gmail.com
Abstract : The Internet will be a catalyst for much of our innovation and prosperity in the future. It has enormous
potential to underpin the smart, sustainable and inclusive growth objectives of the smart cities mission. A
competitive India will require Internet connectivity and services beyond the capabilities offered by current
technologies. Future Internet research is therefore a must. Today, 55% of the world’s population lives in urban
areas, with that proportion expected to increase to 66% by 2050. Projections show that urbanization combined
with the overall growth of the world’s population could add another 2.5 billion people to urban populations by
2050, with close to 90% of the increase concentrated in Asia and Africa, according to United Nations. The
popularity of cities is only expected to increase. Smart city solutions offer the efficiency, scale and visibility to
deliver services expected by citizens and public-sector governors combined. The accelerated rate of smart city
adoption in emerging markets is likely to continue to set the benchmark for investments in cloud, connectivity
and analytics toward the realization of the intelligent urban domain. Through this paper the researcher tries to
makes a point to know the various career options available to an IT Professional while implementation of smart
cities Projects in India.
Keywords: Smart Cities, IoT, Career in IT

Background of the Study to say, ‘smart’. While it is difficult to give an estimate

Smart cities are an engine for job creation and of jobs that will be generated and the reduction in labour
economic growth- countries like China and the UAE migration, one can confidently say that even if work
are betting big on them and have already dedicated begins on five to 10 smart cities over the next two
billions of dollars to smart city projects. China, in fact, years, we would have created a favourable ecosystem
announced an $8 billion investment fund in smart cities for thousands of jobs. This will be more inclined
last year. India needs to undertake similar measures to towards white-collar jobs as IT professionals will be
augment development and optimise public service in greater demand, IT infrastructure being the
delivery. Going ahead, the contribution of cities to backbone of any smart city. Data analytics,
India’s GDP will only increase. If cities accounted for programming, high-end consulting, system and network
58% of the national GDP in 2008, this figure is expected integration will be the order of the day and professionals
to go up to 70% by 2030. To adequately leverage this, and students in this area can expect better opportunities.
India needs liveable and productive cities. The whole In a decade, over 50 billion devices will be connected
purpose of making smart cities is to make people more through machine-to-machine communication and the
efficient and globally competitive. We need to look into Internet of Everything (IoE) will be a $1.5 trillion-a-
the character of the city and identify core economic year business globally. There will be another $2 trillion
activity that can be further developed with the help of annually in new services; within this market, the global
technology and improvement in urban infrastructure. urban services segment is estimated to be around $2
trillion in revenues and savings over the next decade.
For example, Bengaluru can create a lot of jobs The Make in India initiative and smart cities initiative
in IT, telecom or the technology-driven services sector. should be converged with cities becoming living labs
However, for this we will need to figure out how to for hardware, software and urban services developed
improve urban infrastructure so the city becomes and made in the country, thereby creating a base for
globally competitive and can create more jobs. We have economic generation.
to look for the gaps in urban infrastructure. A city might
require a particular kind of transportation system or a Statement of the Problem
certain kind of effluent treatment system. These must In a smart city, “every single sector has to get
be created to deliver these cities in a smart way. technology fluent and it has to get digital fluent ... to
A positive impact of the smart city and Digital drive long-term prosperity,” This is an issue that both
India projects is job creation, which will be, needless the public and private sector need to get behind, and to

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 89

transform how they think and how to get people ready and Engineering to Policy reform research, Smart City
for the jobs to solve these problems. “We need new initiative propounds everything to get started on the
types of skills, new types of talent to make this happen. path to fresh career dream.
The agenda of cities is to attract the best companies
Smart cities are an engine for job creation and
and the best talent. Innovation, the ability to drive new
economic growth. India is on the path of undertaking
business, the ability to drive new ways to bridge public
measures to enhance development. Creating jobs and
and private sectors ... this is all part of the master plan
incomes is crucial for development. Smart City
for generating new smart cities
initiative’s innovations contribute to economic growth
Objectives of the Study and employment and also promotes & contributes to
sustainable development.
1. To study the uses of IoT in formation of smart
cities in India. The contribution of Smart cities, to India’s GDP
will only increase. The cities accounted for 58% of
2. To know the various job opportunities abounded
the national GDP in 2008, which is expected to go up
in smart cities.
to 70% by 2030. The primary purpose behind
3. To suggest the various career option available in promoting & developing smart cities is to enable the
smart cities people to be more efficient and globally competitive.
The need of the hour is to acquire deep insight into the
Research Methodology character of the city and identify core economic
The present study is related to the uses of IoT in potential that can be enhanced with the help of
formation of smart cities in India. Further, the paper technology and advancement in urban infrastructure.
makes a point to know the various career options A positive impact of the Smart City and Digital
available to an IT Professional while implementation India projects is job creation. With operations starting
of smart cities mission. Thus, the source of data used on 5 to 10 smart cities in the next two years, we would
for the study is purely secondary which includes have created a favourable ecosystem for thousands
Government of India’s Smart City Mission Documents, of jobs. The Smart cities initiative converged with cities
Various projects undertaken as per cities; scholarly and enables them in becoming living labs for hardware,
articles published in Journals, newspaper etc., software and urban services developed. With an
informative websites and so on. inclination towards white-collar jobs, IT professionals
Smart Cities in India: Impact on career Prospects will be in greater demand, IT infrastructure being the
backbone of any smart city. Data analytics,
India is urbanizing at a pace so fast that the programming, high-end consulting, system and network
statistics scare & excite the experts at the same time. integration will be the order of the day and professionals
A Survey Reports suggest that over 97 cities will grow and students in this area can expect better opportunities.
from a population count of 340 million [2008] to around The Smart Cities will create a lot of jobs in IT, telecom
540 million by 2030. This speed of growth in cities & the technology-driven services sector. Other
poses challenges, but also offers big opportunities. domains that this initiative will explore include business
Survey data on the hiring trends indicate that administration in real estate & urban infrastructure,
around 22% of 800+ organizations across India claim infrastructure management, construction project
that new career opportunities will be created in the management, construction economics & quantity and
FY 2015-16 & will increase by FY 2017-18 with the facility management to name a few.
expansion of the Smart City initiative.
Need of Youngsters: Digitalization of cities is
Smart Cities discover & polish their concepts until going to enter a boom phase. With more and more
they attain the desired outcomes. The entire concept technology being integrated into development and
of these Smart Cities was implemented with a dream construction, it is imperative for technically-driven
to improve quality of life. This improvement involves youngsters to take up positions and responsibilities
technological reforms, institutional engagements or in the projects to make interactions and dealings
managerial transformations and the engrossment of in a better and efficient manner.
citizens. Ranging from Entrepreneurship to Hospitality

90 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018

Growth Prospects: Growth opportunities would Even traditional tech jobs involving smart cities
be immense in smart cities. As more and more will require a unique and wide-ranging set of skills. As
construction, manufacturing and managerial cities build out infrastructure and proceed along the
workplaces are set up, need for jobs and chances “smart” adoption curve, here are the jobs potentially
of growth would keep on increasing as more and created?
more projects are slated to be launched. With each
Top IoT jobs of the future
new project, opportunities to grow and prosper
would also rise.

Emerging Jobs: Almost 1 million new jobs are
expected to be created in all smart city projects
combined, by the year 2030. Skilled and unskilled
personnel for all departments would be required
to make the projects a reality. These projects
would be built across platforms that require both
experience and new blood in its functioning.
Experienced managers would be required to handle
a team of young talents who would be the torch Source: Image: Cisco Systems
bearers of getting technology to work in the
1. Robotics specialist
desired manner.
2. Cyber security analyst
Diverse demands across smart cities worldwide
3. 3D print technician
Smart City projects represent a huge investment
in time, money and process transformation. However, 4. Virtual reality design
these projects also offer solutions to address urban
challenges through innovation. These challenges, such 5. Network programmer (SDN)
as increasing urban density, increasing population, 6. Machine learning scientist
increasing energy consumption, and old infrastructure
management, may be unique for each city. There is no 7. Industrial network engineer
one-size-fits-all smart city solution. 8. Customer makers
All smart city stakeholders need to collaborate 9. Neuro implant technician
with each other and define a long-term strategic
objective that will lead to beneficial socio-economic 10. Professional triber
outcomes. They should aim to find a model that meets 11. Professional triber
the high cost of implementation and installation as well
as revenue management and information sharing 12. Digital anthropologist
across the whole value chain of each IoT solution.
13. Platform developer
The data collected from IoT sensors and devices
14. Business transformation practitioner
is a valuable resource for both the public and private
sectors. Open data for all the stakeholders is a key 15. Cloud architect
ingredient for new business and revenue models, which
16. Data scientist
can also be used to increase transparency across public
sector departments and increase engagement with 17. Urban innovation/Urban mechanics
citizens. Similarly, the information derived from smart
city initiatives must be used for the common good of Barriers to smart cities success
the citizens and strictly within the spirit and letter of In reviewing key markets within Asia Pacific,
the law on data privacy and citizen data protection. IDC’s 2017 IoT Global Decision Maker survey has
Career Options available to IT Professionals found that the major obstacles to implementing smart
city solutions include security concerns, lack of internal

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 91

skills and concerns around the technology stability and With a burgeoning urban population, there is an
maturity. The journey toward smart for a city is an immediate need for creation of infrastructure facilities
expensive proposition and with multiple vendors to satisfy the increasing urbane aspirations of our
offering capabilities through software, services and populace and smart cities seem to the solution. While
platforms, choosing the right solution which is future the focus seems to have shifted towards smart cities
proof becomes a major challenge. and urbanisation, care must be taken so as to ensure
the large percentage of population that relies on
The top three benefits anticipated from investing in unskilled jobs and agriculture are not left behind.
smart city use cases include:
References
1. Improvements in productivity and efficiency for
municipal employees and citizens • P. Bellavista, G. Cardone, A. Corradi, L. Foschini,(
Oct. 2013.) “Convergence of MANET and WSN
2. Reductions in operational cost of the management in IoT urban scenarios”, IEEE Sens. J., IEEE,
of a city vol. 13, no. 10, pp. 3558-3567.
3. Improvements in services provided to citizens. • L. Atzori, A. Iera, G. Morabito, (2010.)”The
internet of things: A survey”, Comput. Netw., vol.
Recent case studies have shown reductions in
54, no. 15, pp. 2787-280S5.
city energy costs of over 30% following the introduction
of smart lighting, reductions in city council operating • Blogs by Mohit Gupta (author co-founder &
costs due to improvement in planned and preventative director, TeamLease Services)
maintenance and reductions in congestion due to smart
parking and improved traffic management. • https://insights.dice.com/2017/03/16/career-
Surveillance, police body cameras and dedicated mobile opportunities-smart-cities/
networks to manage emergency responses have been • https://www.tatacommunications.com/blog/2017/
the subject of numerous case studies with a consistent 11/smart-cities-solutions-deliver-connected-
reporting of reduction in crime rates, improvement of citizens-demands/
relations between citizen and police forces and more
robust emergency response capabilities. • http://www.financialexpress.com/jobs/smart-jobs-
for-smart-cities/21796/
Conclusion
• http://hub.ricssbe.org/smart-cities-in-india-impact-
The researcher conclude the very idea of smart on-career-prospects
cities is based on the assumption that there are
technocratic solutions for the routine problems that • https://www.techrepublic.com/article/16-tech-
citizen face. Problems of inefficiency that are seen to jobs-that-will-be-needed-for-the-future-of-smart-
dominate the old bureaucratic-political order are hence cities/
given a ‘smart’ solution by employing ‘Big Data’.

92 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 Usage Of Smart Phones Among College Students: Revolving Smart Citizens
And Exploring The Way To Smart City
Dr. (Mrs.) Sadhana D. Singh
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce,
V.E.S. College of Arts, Science & Commerce, Chembur – 400070
Email: sadhana.singh@ves.ac.in
Abstract: Smart citizens inhabit smart city. When city youth use the smart phone to make smarter, more informed
choices, cities become smarter too and accumulate social capital. Smartphone usages among the college students
in cities globally are now making this happen. A smart phone is a handheld personal computer with a mobile
operating system and an integrated mobile broadband cellular network. Increased use of smart phones among the
college students truly influences the higher education and learning patterns at large.
Aims & Objectives: This original research is an attempt to justify How the smart phones facilitates smart choices
among college students and to analyze the usage of smart phone for various aspects such as learning, information,
socialization, entertainment and emergency among college students.
Research Methodology: Around 170 college students of Mumbai city using Smartphone were administered with
structured questionnaire. The results are analyzed, tabulated and discussed with evidence.
Conclusion: The idea of smart cities is an intriguing concept. However, the future will partly be a story of how the
architects defining the way our future cities operate are going to be citizens themselves. As the smart phones
makes youth more informed, they will in turn make better informed decisions. Students will surely become smart
citizens and through their changing behaviors, efficient practices and smarter social norms will be explored in
higher education system and in our cities.
Keywords: Smart phone, Smart Citizen, Smart city, Social capital, Higher education

Introduction world. It has become an integral part of everyday

student’s life. The development of smart phones began
There is no universally accepted definition of a
in the early 1990’s and exploded in 2007 dominated by
Smart City. The vibrant meaning of smart city varies
different operating systems with continuous
differently for all of us. The conceptualization of Smart
development. The growth of smart phone users for
City, therefore, varies from city to city and country to
the last three years has inspired the researchers to
country, depending on the level of development,
investigate smart phone actual usage among college
willingness to change and reform, resources and
students.
aspirations of the city residents. A Smart City would
have a different connotation in India. In this research The present paper is an attempt to understand
paper, researcher has opted a different perspective to the recent trend of e-banking and its outcome on the
see the city as smart which revolves around the youth cost of operations, the various products available under
especially comprising with students studying in colleges the bracket of e-banking & its use at the customers
at undergraduate and post graduate level. Smart end.
citizens inhabit smart city. When city youth use the
Statement of the Problem:
smart phone to make smarter, more informed choices,
cities become smarter too and accumulate social The research paper aims to probe into, the
capital. Smartphone usages among the college students frequency of how smart phones are used for
in cities globally are now making this happen. Increased information, aid to learning processes, socialization,
use of smart phones among the college students truly entertainment and emergencies. This study specifically
influences the higher education and learning patterns aims to find out what can smart phone do to the
at large. learning lives of college students other than just an
indispensable gadget for communication and
Smartphone provides an interactive feature for
socialization.
an increasingly wider user around the region and the

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 93

Objective of the Study: at all. Only factors influencing learning have been
discussed.
Smart citizens inhabit smart city. The present
study aims to examine the access of smart phones Review of Literature
among the students which facilitates social connectivity
Review of Related Literature and Studies
and global influence. When youth students use the
smart phone to make smarter, more informed choices, This review deals with the relevant literature and
cities become smarter too and accumulate social studies, both foreign and local provided deeper insights
capital. In this broader framework, an attempt is made and clearer path and parameters to this research
to achieve the following specific objectives: particularly on smart phone usage by selected students.

To discuss the influence of smart phones on the Alson et.al. (2016) The study veered into the actual
higher education and academic horizons. use of smart phones among college students of two
colleges of the University of Perpetual Help-Calamba.

To justify How the smart phones facilitates smart
The benefits of the actual use of smartphones like
choices among college students
sending messages (SMS), calling, chatting, opening

To analyze the usage of smart phone for various documents, checking e-mails, internet browsing and
aspects such as learning, information, socialization, downloading informative files that have shrunk the
entertainment and emergency among college globe and erased the borders of getting information
students and learning processes were measured according to
parameters popularized by Lenhart, Maguth and others.
Scope of the Study
Flurry Analytics by Simon Khalafon and Mary Meeker
Smart phones are inventions that keep individuals was used to determine the types of users. The study
connected to society, especially college students. This further looked into the difference on the perception of
paper discusses the relationships between smart phone the benefits of usage between genders.
usage and the effects smart phones have on student’s
Jesse (2015) discusses the relationships between
social lives, education lives, and physical activity.
smart phone usage and the effects smart phones have
Furthermore, it explores student preferences on
on student’s social lives, education lives, and physical
Smartphone – As an Aid to learning, Information,
activity. Furthermore, it explores student preferences
Socialization, Entertainment and Emergency. There are
on their most and the least useful smart phone apps.
few main purposes of this study: determine the
There are four main purposes of this study: determine
preferred reasons for the access of smart phone
the preferred smart phone operating system among
among college students, smart phone and the
college students, Apps college students use most and
connectivity to the society and global influence for the
least, primary app used, and social media app usage.
students through smart phones. This study involved
comparing data collected via survey from 170 students Subramanian et.al. (2010) focus on the analysis of
from undergraduate and post graduate levels for the the merits and demerits of smart phone usage among
academic year 2017 – 18. college students mainly its impact on health. In this
survey impact of smart phone on society positive and
Limitations of the Study:
negative effects on smart phone, mobile applications,
1. There were of small sample of smart phone users social impact, addiction, health etc. is also emphasized
were involved in the study, only students of by the researcher.
Mumbai Metropolitan were interrogated.
Singh et.al. (2016) analyzed the concept of smart
2. From among the total number of under graduate city in India and the key areas for the development of
and post graduate students only 170, are smart city as the Government of India launched the
interviewed. smart city project for developing 100 smart cities (now
98 smart cities) in the country. Further researcher
3. Devices like Smart phones have pros and cons also explored the challenges faced during the
with respect to their cost, use, environmental development of smart cities in India along with the
influences, health and social issues. In this case study of Chandigarh.
research paper such issues are not being discussed

94 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
Sarwar et.al. (2013) intended to understand all the
positive and negative aspects of Smartphone on the
society. The study primarily focuses on impact of
Smartphone on business, education, health sectors,
human psychology and social life. The paper also
recommends solutions, in order to reduce the negative
impacts of Smartphone‘s and realizes more benefits
of this exiting technology.
Methodology & Data: Interpretation:
Sources of Data Collection:
Among the total number of student’s respondents
1. Primary data (170), 79 are male students that is 46.4% and 91 are
The study is based on primary and secondary data. female students that is 53.6%.
In order to achieve objectives of the study and to
Smartphone – An Aid to Learning
test the hypothesis, moreover, 170 sample students
are contacted and interviewed. Always Sometimes Never
2. The secondary data To Take down notes 62 96 8
To search online on 107 57 1
The data is gathered from various research papers,
urgent topic about
reference books, relevant research journals,
my subject
websites, published and unpublished sources,
encyclopedia etc. To read notes and 106 49 10
related documents
Results & Analysis: in PDF and word
The opinions of under graduate and post graduate To read E-books 57 78 28
students have been analyzed in terms of:
To use Calculator 94 60 12

Smartphone - An Aid to learning

Smartphone - An Aid to Information

Smartphone - An Aid to Socialization

Smartphone - An Aid to Entertainment

Smartphone - An Aid to Emergency

Smartphone –Connectivity to the Society

Smartphone –Global influence for the youth
Analysis & Interpretation Interpretation:

Table 8.1 Gender Learning is the ongoing process which engages

the students throughout their academic career.
Count %
Smartphone is a connecting link to facilitate the learning
Male 79 46.4% process and can be observed with the data given in
Female 91 53.6% the table. 52% graduate and post graduate students
always opt smart phone as their first choice for learning
Source: Primary Data
and 41% students sometimes prefer smart phone as
an aid to learning.

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 95

Smartphone – An Aid to Information Smartphone- An Aid to Socialization

Always Sometimes Never Always Sometimes Never

To search weather 72 72 20 To use on Social 120 37 8

updates Networking Sites
(Face book,
To search for 140 22 4 Instagram,
information I need LinkedIn &
on (Google, Bing Tweeter
and Yahoo)
To send text 104 45 10
To check College 88 57 20 messages
announcements
To make a phone 140 20 5
To get news update 105 52 8 call
To search Sports 82 55 23 To make a chat 145 18 5
update conversation
(Whatsapp,
Hike messenger)

Interpretation:
In this era of competition, information plays a
significant role. The individual with maximum updated Interpretation:
information has a higher chance to succeed. In smart In this 21st century, social media plays a key role
cities usage of smart phones provide such individuals in connecting the world at large. As the growth of
an upper edge. From the above graph, it is very clear country progresses the need for smart city arise.
that more than 91% graduate and post graduate Social media plays a key role in providing the inputs
students sometimes or always prefer smart phone as for the evolution of smart cities. Among these, smart
value added link for upgrading themselves with the phone is an important aid to socialization. Based on
qualitative information. the above data, it is being observed that 95% of students
use smart phones to surf various social networking
sites such as facebook, whatsup, messenger, hike and
so on.
Smartphone – An Aid to Entertainment
Always Sometimes Never
To watch videos 115 45 5
To take pictures 125 35 4
To play games 88 55 20
To listen to radio 48 50 62
To listen to Music 130 34 3

96 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 All emergencies require urgent intervention to prevent
worsening of the situation. In such situations, usage of
smart phones becomes a vital tool especially for the
youth such as GPS, various emergency Apps. More
than 60% students always choose smart phone as an
aid for various emergency situations.
Smartphone as a Connecting Link to The Society
For The Students
Count %
Interpretation:
Strongly Agree 55 32.5%
Entertainment has great potential to produce
activism and effect change in the academic horizon Agree 79 46.6%
for undergraduate and post graduate students. More Neutral 28 16.6%
than 60% students prefer smart phone as a connecting Disagree 5 2.5%
tool for their entertainment, since they can access it
for watching videos, movies, playing games, and Strongly Disagree 3 1.8%
listening music.
Smartphone – An Aid to Emergency
Always Sometimes Never
To get the plate 52 58 40
number of a
reckless driver
To call the Police 80 47 28
Station when I am
in danger
To back up my 110 42 10
important files Interpretation
GPS to locate 118 30 14 The dream of smart city is to be achieved when
Direction the future generation is equipped with the education,
Flashlight when 138 22 5 skills and character so that they can spare empowered
Dark life. Around 70% students agree that smart phone has
led to the great connectivity among the people and
made the society quite closer to them.
Smart Phone Facilitates Global Influence for the
Youth
Count %
Strongly Agree 32 19.0%
Agree 102 60.1%
Neutral 32 19.0%
Interpretation Disagree 1 0.7%
An emergency is a situation that possesses an Strongly Disagree 2 1.2%
immediate risk to health, life, property or environment.

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 97

 responsibility towards usage of these devices smartly
to get more benefits in education health and social life.
References:
1. Jollie N. Alson & Liezel V. Misagal (2016), “Smart
Phones Usage among College Students”
IMPACT: International Journal of Research in
Engineering & Technology (IMPACT: IJRET)
ISSN (E): 2321-8843; ISSN (P): 2347-4599 Vol.
4, Issue 3, Mar. 2016, 63-70

Interpretation: 2. Dr. Gayle R. Jesse(2015), “Smartphone and App

Usage Among College Students: Using Smart
Majority of the students look forward for the doors phones Effectively for Social and Educational
of opportunity for themselves wanting to study Needs”, 2015 Proceedings of the EDSIG
overseas and obtain an international qualification. Conference (2015) n3424 Conference on
Around 80% of students agree that use of smart phone Information Systems and Computing Education,
facilitates global influence for the youth. Wilmington, North Carolina USA
Findings & Conclusion 3. Dr. S. S. Subramanian and M. Sindhuja Rajesh
(2017), “Impact of Smart Phone Usage among
The development and modernization of technology
College Students – An Analytical Study”
has made people’s lives easier and contributed positively
International Journal of Science and Research
to social well being. Emergence of electronic
(IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064
governance with encouragement for electronic
commerce from the government of India smart phone 4. Kuldeep Singh and Neha Sharma (2016), “Smart
usage is increasing among people in the society. The cities in india: key areas and challenges – case
use of smart phone for educational purpose has study of chandigarh city” International Journal in
increased many folds among society to fulfill their Management and Social Science (Impact Factor-
knowledge thrust and dreams. Impact of higher 4.358), Vol.04 Issue-01 (January, 2016) ISSN:
education and learning are globally influenced at large 2321-1784
with advances in information technology revolving
smart citizens and in turn building smart cities. However, 5. Muhammad Sarwar and Tariq Rahim Soomro,
Smart phones can be smart if the society, technologists, “Impact of Smartphone’s on Society”, European
people involved with higher education like faculty, Journal of Scientific Research, ISSN 1450-216X
students and education providers do understand their / 1450-202X Vol. 98 No 2 March, 2013, pp.216-
226

98 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 Smart Solutions for Better Management of Traffic Violations
Vidyadhar Prabhudesai
Co Founder | LeadCap Ventures & Leadburg |
Email: vidyadharp@leadcap.net
Abstract: What can one learn from ‘Public Eye’ mobile application of the Bengaluru Traffic Police in India which
aids city’s traffic police to detect report and track violations across the city?
One of the problems faced by our country’s increasingly congested roads is that there is blatant violation of
traffic rules. In most cases, people tend to follow traffic rules only when there is a traffic cop in the vicinity. The
traffic police of Bengaluru city have launched ‘Public Eye’ – a unique, first-of-its-kind initiative in the country
which now allows citizens to play the role of traffic cops. The reporting can be done via their mobile app or via
their website.
Keywords: Citizen | Efficiency | Governance | Innovation | Internet | Legislation | Policy | Regulation | Transparency
| Digital | Mobile | Smart Cities | Traffic

Research Relevance of such mobile application?

Majority of Indian cities are overcrowded traffic 3. Why should we use mobile solutions to address
and understaffed police. Hence many violations go this specific problem?
undetected and people get frustrated when they notice
such instances. Public Eye which is official app of 4. What is the cost of development of such solution
Bangalore Traffic Police is smart mobile based solution and what are the benefits?
addressing this problem. The presence of traffic Literature Review
policeman and the threat of penalties usually turn most
commuters into law-abiding citizens. However, in the Most of the Indian cities have overcrowded
age of the digital gaze, violations away from the eye traffic while understaffed traffic police force. Total
of the traffic cops are often also reported. With an number of registered motor vehicles on Indian roads
easy-to-use app, the traffic police have ensured citizens reached 172 million in March 2013. Out of this, 72%
help them keep a vigil. As many as one lakh tech- are two-wheelers, while 14% are passenger cars and
savvy Bengalureans have downloaded Public Eye taxies (data.gov.in). Not surprisingly, cities contribute
mobile app. The Public Eye is just one of the many most to this traffic, where most of the major cities
measures the police have initiated in reaction to the now are home to more than a million vehicles
fact that Bengaluru, which has about 56 lakh vehicles, (Barclay’s report titled ‘Megatrends: Accelerating
has only one policeman for every 5,000 vehicles. The urbanization in India’). In 2012, Delhi had the
project was implemented in 2013 and has reported over maximum number of cars in the country at 7.35
62,000 violations till June 2016. More than 50,000 million, followed by Bangalore (4.1 million), Chennai
violations reported have already attracted penalties. (3.7 million), Hyderabad (3.3 million) and Pune (2.2
This solution syncs with other government initiatives million). Unfortunately, this means many traffic
such as Digital India, Smart cities mission etc. Civic offences go undetected and unreported, leading to
groups, public spirited organisations and individuals have people getting increasingly frustrated as they come
been enthusiastically promoting the use of the app across open violations.
among citizens. However, compared to this rise in traffic, our
Subsidiary Research Questions traffic police force is understaffed. Even a large metro
like Mumbai has just around 2000 traffic policemen,
1. What are the current methods of addressing the manning more than 2 million vehicles that ply daily.
problem? Technology devices like CCTV, advance Most of the Indian cities have vehicular density that
gogle glasses are addressing the issue to some is much more than the international average of 300
extent but have limited reach due to heavy capital per kilometer, while the traffic police department is
and management costs understaffed. Hence, it is important that we have
2. What are the advantaged to the city’s traffic police solutions that are participative, empowering and

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 99

transparent that can aid the city traffic police departments Typical violations that they can report are defective
to detect, report and track traffic violations. number plate, illegal U turns, illegal one ways, illegal
parking, without helmet/seatbelt travel, lane violations
Mobile-based smart technology solution Public
etc. Users can also check the status of their complaints
Eye is a step in this direction. It goes well with the
in the app itself. This has several advantages:
government initiatives like Smart Cities and Digital
India. While, Smart Cities Mission looks making our 1) Mobile Based Smart Technology: Public Eye is a
cities citizen friendly primarily through smart solutions, mobile based smart application. It goes well with
Digital India looks at ensuring government services the government initiatives like Smart Cities Mission
made available digitally. Growth of mobile phone and Digital India, which focus on citizen friendly
penetration in India is an added advantage to this smart solutions and ensuring government services
initiative. Currently, India ranks number 2 in the world made available digitally.
in terms of the number of mobile phones with almost a
2) Empowering Citizens: Public Eye is extremely
billion phones in use. By the end of 2017, we would
easy to use. It empowers citizens to take action.
have more than a half of these mobile phones
Any citizen noticing a violation can quickly report
connected by the Internet (KPMG-FICCI Industry
using the application.
Report). Not surprisingly, majority of these connected
smart phones shall be in our cities and urban areas. 3) Participatory: Public Eye enables citizens to
participate in an area that most affect them. It
Research Methodology
helps them to be vigilant towards traffic violations.
The method includes meta-analysis of the existing
4) Safe and Genuine: Public eye mobile application
literature. This is supported with data analysis of various
accepts only live images. It does not accept
violations reported from Public Eye application of the
images captured earlier or from mobile history. It
Bengaluru Traffic Police. The data sources used for
geo-tags and date stamps each violation. It also
this paper is primary and secondary. The primary source
captures the name and phone number of the
of information is officials of Police to understand key
reporting person. Hence, genuinity of complaints
issues, manpower, and impact after implementation of
is ensured at almost 100%.
the application, reported violations, actions taken etc.
Secondary sources would involve comparison various 5) Transparent: Public Eye brings about transparency
international statistics on vehicles, traffic & in traffic violation complaints for the reporting
transportation, statistics on telecom & mobile person as well as for the traffic offender. For the
penetration etc. reporter, he can track the status of his complaint
and the action taken through the mobile application
Data Sources
itself. For the traffic offender, every complaint is
The data sources used for this paper shall be supported with a photograph evidence of the
primary and secondary. The primary source of violation.
information would be officials of Police to understand
6) Official: Public Eye is an official app, hence every
key issues, manpower, impact after implementation of
complaint goes directly to the police department
the application, reported violations, actions taken etc.
and status of complaints is updated.
Secondary sources would involve comparison various
international statistics on vehicles, traffic & 7) Improving Efficiency: With Public Eye, one traffic
transportation, statistics on telecom & mobile police officer will be able to handle 300 complaints
penetration etc. a day.
Analysis of Data & Interviews 8) Free of all charges: Public Eye mobile application
is free of all charges.
Public Eye (https://play.google.com/store/apps/
details?id=com.btp.PublicEye&hl=en) is the official 9) Livable cities: Public Eye helps in enabling our
app of Bengaluru Traffic Police to capture and report cities to be more livable and disciplined
traffic violations. It is designed to empower public to
capture live images of violations and raise complaints 10) Planning: Public Eye can provide city wise
with the traffic police department in a few easy steps. analytics for better planning and governance.

100 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
Impact: Top cases 2016*

The number of traffic violations, reported through Riding w/o 5026

helmet
the Bengaluru Traffic Police’s Public Eye portal,
Pillion rider 2126
continues to rise. In the first six months of the year, w/o helmet
23,155 cases have already been reported – exceeding Parking on 2094
the violations reported by citizens through 2015. The footpath
most reported violation is for riding without helmet
(5,026) and for the pillion rider not wearing a helmet. A citizen who says that he regularly uses the public
About 73 per cent of the cases reported have ended eye app said “As citizens we can do our bit in reporting
up in penalties being slapped. Traffic police authorities violations as the police are severely short staffed. We
said that a small percentage of cases are not booked can also track the status of our complaint which can
as the picture posted by the user is usually blurred or if motivate us to do this regularly.”
the user has not furnished the complete details. Additional Commissioner of Police (Traffic) also
“Sometimes the person reporting may feel that it is a stated “The violations that were reported were the
traffic violation but after examining we may find that priority areas of the police. Every day, we get 500-600
it is not a traffic violation so we drop such cases,” one complaints through the mobile app. We have directed
of the traffic police personnel said. policemen to install the app and report cases through
While the public can report around 17 traffic it.The idea is to bring discipline among road users and
violations that includes not wearing the seat belt, parking reduce accidents. We do not penalise during peak hours
in a no-parking area or using tinted glass, the traffic as focus is on smooth flow of traffic. Wrong parking
police on the ground are equipped to penalize motorists and riding without helmet and drunk driving is what
for nearly 38 violations. “Although there is a public we want to strictly enforce.”
eye portal, there are many violations such as carrying Deployment of Public Eye:
excess passengers and driving without necessary
documents that only traffic cops can book,” a source There is no set up cost as such for the traffic
pointed out. The least violations reported were not police department, since the application is developed
wearing seat belt (14) and jumping traffic signals (44). and hosted by us. We shall be providing the
administration module that will help the department to
In fact, even among the cases booked by the manage the application at their end.
traffic police in the first five months, maximum penalty
has been for riding without helmet and for pillion rider
All that is required is a couple of computers
not wearing helmet. Out of the total 38.48 lakh cases connected to the Internet manned by a Traffic
booked by the traffic police, about 7.43 lakh is for riding Police Officer.
without helmet and 71.86 lakh cases have been booked
The police officer responsible will have to validate
against the pillion rider for not wearing a helmet. each violation and should issue challans, preferably
on the same day itself. One officer will be able to
Reported Booked
handle 300 complaints a day.
23155
2016* 16966

Educating the citizens about this smart mobile
application, through press releases and meet the
20326
2015 16515 public meetings shall help in faster adoption of this
service.
13785
2014 11091 References
5710
2013 5456 1. Open Government Data (OGD) Platform India.
(n.d.). Retrieved March 01, 2017, from http://
data.gov.in/
2. Key Transport Statistics of World Cities. (n.d.).
Retrieved March 1, 2017, from http://

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 101

 www.lta.gov.sg/ltaacademy/doc/13Sep105- 4. The Power of a billion: Realizing the Indian
Pan_KeyTransportStatistics.pdf dream(n.d.). Retrieved March 1, 2017, from http:/
3. Megatrends: Accelerating urbanization in India /ficci.in/spdocument/20217/FICCI-KPMG-
(n.d.). Retrieved March 1, 2017, from http:// Report-13-FRAMES.pdf
www.firstpost.com/data-business/these-five- 5. Motorist Be Aware…Public Eye is Watching
cities-have-the-most-vehicles-in-india-mumbai- (n.d.). Retrieved March 1, 2017, from http://
isnt-one-of-them-1963743.html www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/
Motorists-beware-%E2%80%A6-Public-Eye-is-
watching/article14478418.ece

102 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 Technical Session III
Smart Environment

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 103

104 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 “TOD” for Smart Cities in the Indian Context
Laxmi Nagaraj
Urban Planner, Bangalore
BMS College of Architecture, Bangalore
E-mail: laxmin10@hotmail.com; laxminagaraj.arch@bmsce.ac.in
Abstract: This paper examines the relevance of “TOD (Transit Oriented Development)” for Smart Cities in the
Indian context. This paper explains the relevance of TOD for creating sustainable environments in Smart Cities in
India. The parameters in the Indian Smart City Mission is compared to the TOD parameters. Finally, the paper
describes how TOD can be an integral part of the Smart Cities in India
Keywords: Smart City, Sustainable City, Livable City, Climate Change, Smart City Mission India, Urban
Planning, Environmental Protection, TOD (Transit Oriented Development), Sustainable Transportation, Transit,
Quality of life, Sustainable environments, Smart cities

Introduction: It is in this context, the Government of India has

launched the Smart City Mission in 2014 and has
This paper examines what is a “Smart City” and
decided on developing a hundred (100) “Smart Cities”
what is “TOD” and described how “TOD” can be an
in the country. 2
integral part of “Smart” cities in India.
The Ministry of Urban Development, in its
What is a “Smart City”?1
concept note, has visualized that a smart city “will have
A “Smart City is defined as a developed urban to provide a very high quality of life, i.e., good quality
area that creates sustainable economic development but affordable housing, cost efficient physical, social
and high quality of life by excelling or becoming “smart” and institutional infrastructure (water, sanitation, 24/7
in multiple key areas; economy, mobility, environment, electricity), clean air, quality education, cost effective
people, living, and government. Excelling in these key health care, security, entertainment, high speed
areas can be done through strong human capital, social connectivity and efficient mobility; it must also attract
capital, and/or Information Communication Technology investments, experts and professionals.
(ICT) infrastructure. Recent interest in smart cities is
The 100 smart cities are to be developed in
motivated by major challenges, including climate
different population ranges of up to one million, one to
change, economic restructuring, and the move to online
four million and over four million.
retail and entertainment, ageing populations, and
pressures on public finances. Basically, a “Smart City” The 100 smart cities mission intends to promote
uses information technology to make more efficient adoption of smart solutions for efficient use of available
use of physical infrastructure, support a strong and assets, resources and infrastructure with the objective
healthy economic, social and cultural development and of enhancing the quality of urban life and providing a
engage effectively with citizens in governance and clean and sustainable environment, Special emphasis
decision making. will be given to participation of citizens in prioritizing
and planning urban interventions.
What is a “Smart City in the Indian Context?
What is “TOD” (Transit Oriented
32% of the total population in India is urban and
Development)?
it contributes to over sixty percent of India’s GDP. It
is projected that urban India will contribute nearly 75% The definition of “TOD” (Transit Oriented
of the national GDP in the next 15 years. Development) is any development, either macro or
micro scale that induces people to prefer the use of
India is at a point of transition where the pace of
public transportation.
urbanization will speed up. The relatively low base
presents an opportunity to plan the urbanization strategy Transit Oriented Development is a recent trend
in the right direction by taking advantage of the latest in creating vibrant, livable communities. It is the
developments in technology especially in ICT creation of compact, walk-able communities centered
(Information and Communication Technology). around high quality transit systems. This makes it

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 105

possible to live a higher quality life without complete • Reducing carbon footprint
dependence on a car for mobility and survival. Transit • Tackling Climate Change
oriented development is considered a major solution to
the serious and growing problems of peak oil and • Using Local Resources
climate change by creating dense, walk-able • Constructing Green and Ecofriendly Buildings
communities connected to a transit line that greatly • Growing the Cities Green Footprint
reduce the need for driving and the burning of fossil
fuels. • Making Dynamic Downtowns
• Enhancing Social Infrastructure
Transit-oriented development, or TOD, is a type
of community development that includes a mixture of • Providing Housing for various income groups
housing, office, retail and/or other commercial • Providing multimodal connectivity
development and amenities integrated into a walk-able • Planning for Disasters
neighborhood and located within a half-mile of quality
public transportation.
• Promoting Economic Development

Challenges for making Traditional Cities In conclusion, becoming “Smart will make the
“Smart”1 Indian Cities more “Sustainable” by creating a balance
between the economy, the environment and the society.
India is currently facing many of the global urban
challenges of a large growing urban population and “TOD” Goals and Advantages3
overcrowding in the cities. Some of these challenges The goals of Transit Oriented Development are to:
are:
• Reduce private vehicle dependency and induce
• Managing size and rapid growth public transport use through design, policy and
• Providing Urban Services enforcement measures
• Reducing Poverty • Provide public transport access to the maximum
• Housing for all number of people through densification and
• Making Cities Healthy and Environmentally enhanced connectivity
Friendly The advantages of Transit Oriented Development are:
• Solving Traffic and Transportation Problems
• Higher quality of life
• Supporting Social Development
• Better places to live, work, and play
Goals of Becoming “Smart” in the Indian • Greater mobility with ease of moving around
Context 1
• Increased transit ridership
The Ministry of Urban Development, in its • Reduced traffic congestion and driving
concept note, has visualized that a smart city “will have
to provide a very high quality of life, i.e., good quality
• Reduced car accidents and injuries
but affordable housing, cost efficient physical, social • Reduced household spending on transportation,
and institutional infrastructure (water, sanitation, 24/7 resulting in more affordable housing
electricity), clean air, quality education, cost effective • Healthier lifestyle with more walking, and less
health care, security, entertainment, high speed stress
connectivity and efficient mobility; it must also attract
• Higher, more stable property values
investments, experts and professionals.
• Increased foot traffic and customers for area
Therefore, the goals of the “Smart” Cities in India businesses
will be to become competent and efficient to tackle
the present and future urban challenges. By becoming
• Greatly reduced dependence on fossil fuels
“Smart”, the Indian cities can effectively accomplish • Greatly reduced pollution and environmental
the following: destruction

106 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
• Reduced incentive to sprawl, increased incentive • Reduced household spending on transportation,
for compact development resulting in more affordable housing
• Less expensive than building roads and sprawl • Healthier lifestyle with more walking, and less
• Enhanced ability to maintain economic stress (also a “Smart” City Goal)
competitiveness • Higher, more stable property values
Comparison of “Smart”City and “TOD”Goals • Increased foot traffic and customers for area
businesses (also a “Smart” City Goal)
“Smart” Cities Goals:
• Greatly reduced dependence on fossil fuels (also
• Reducing carbon footprint (also a “TOD”Goal) a “Smart” City Goal)
• Tackling Climate Change (also a “TOD”Goal) • Greatly reduced pollution and environmental
• Using Local Resources destruction (also a “Smart” City Goal)
• Constructing Green and Ecofriendly Buildings • Reduced sprawl, increased incentive for compact
development (also a “Smart” City Goal)
• Growing the Cities Green Footprint (also a “TOD”
Goal) • Less expensive than building roads and sprawl
(also a “Smart” City Goal)
• Making Dynamic Downtowns (also a “TOD”
Goal) • Enhanced ability to maintain economic
competitiveness (also a “Smart” City Goal)
• Enhancing Social Infrastructure (also a “TOD”
Goal) Under the Smart City Mission, India, Davangere
• Providing Housing for various income groups in Karnataka has not made use of the railway station
and bus stand area for promoting TOD. However,
• Providing multimodal connectivity (also a “TOD” Thane in Maharashtra has TOD as one of its Smart
Goal) City components. 4
• Planning for Disasters
Introducing “TOD” for Components of “Smart”
• Promoting Economic Development (also a Cities in the Indian Context
“TOD”Goal)
The Smart City Proposal (SCP) that each potential
“TOD”Goals smart city must submit for the City Challenge
• Reduce private vehicle dependency and induce Competition must include the following components:
public transport use through design, policy and 1. Area based Approach
enforcement measures (also a “Smart” City Goal) 2. Citizen engagement for visioning
• Provide public transport access to the maximum 3. Financing proposals with revenue models to attract
number of people through densification and PPPs
enhanced connectivity (also a “Smart” City Goal)
1. Area Based Approach
The advantages of Transit Oriented Development are:
The four components of the “Area Based
• Higher quality of life (also a “Smart”City Goal) Approach are
• Better places to live, work, and play (also a Retrofitting - Under retrofitting, deficiencies in
“Smart”City Goal) an identified area will be addressed through necessary
• Greater mobility with ease of moving around (also interventions. The retrofitting component can use TOD
a “Smart” City Goal) principles for areas to be retrofitted. All towns in India
have a bus stand or railway station. These areas can
• Increased transit ridership
be chosen for retrofitting based on TOD principles and
• Reduced traffic congestion and driving (also a other areas in the vicinity can be included in the
“Smart” City Goal) retrofitting. Retrofitting transportation hubs will give
• Reduced car accidents and injuries an added advantage.

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 107

 Redevelopment - Redevelopment must also where transit provides a convenient means for
enable reconstruction of already built-up area that is commuters to travel to and from work and other
not amenable for any interventions to make it smart. destinations. Some stations may be located in areas
The redevelopment component can use TOD principles that are experiencing rapid growth and change, while
for areas to be redeveloped. All towns in India have a others may be in more established, built-out
bus stand or railway station. These areas are generally neighborhoods where any change will be incremental.
quite old and can be modernized using TOD principles. Every station area, whether existing or proposed, will
Nearby areas will also get developed due to the face unique challenges and will require specially
redevelopment. tailored strategies to create high-performing transit-
oriented development (TOD) projects with their own
Pan-city initiatives - Large city-wide components
unique character, role and function
could be interventions like Intelligent Transport
Solutions that benefit all residents by reducing In order to promote transit ridership, the transit
commuting time. TOD development must be oriented strategies must address land use and
encouraged pan city. transportation and short term and long term solutions.
The existence of mature and diverse land uses and
Development of new cities – Greenfield
densities along the transit stations must be recognized
Development that is entirely new. The new cities should
and using the existing population around the transit
be developed on TOD principles
stations to generate ridership must be explored.
2. Citizen Engagement Citizen Enhancing multimodal connectivity to areas not
connected by the transit systems should be considered
Engagement means to involve all sections of
for generating and increasing transit ridership. The
society who are affected by a decision in the decision-
design principles for creating and encouraging TOD
making process. The Smart City proposals are to be
development around transit stations will have to be
citizen-driven with citizen-driven solutions. The focus
customized for the existing areas that the transit will
will be on core infrastructure services like adequate
serve. Strategies for providing incentives for parcel
and clean water supply, sanitation and solid waste
assembly must be explored. Strategies for retaining
management, efficient urban mobility and public
the existing high density development or phasing out
transportation, affordable housing for poor, power
existing development and for phasing in the high density
supply, robust IT connectivity, governance, especially
development must be explored.
e-governance and citizen participation, safety and
security of citizens, health and education and Conclusion
sustainable urban environment. Citizen engagement
Since the goals of Smart Cities and TOD are to
should be actively used to promote and enhance TOD
develop sustainable, safe, compact cities, that are
development and transit.
walkable, have efficient transportation systems and
3. Financing proposals with revenue models to have a high quality of life with a strong economic base,
attract PPPs TOD can be used as an effective component or
strategy for Smart City development in India.
Under the Smart Cities Mission India, the SPVs
are responsible for PPPs. A PPP is an arrangement References:
(usually a contract) between a Government agency
1. What is a Smart City? By Laxmi Nagaraj,
and a private entity for the provision of assets or services
Backgrounder for the SCIF, Smart City
for public benefit. The SPVs should consider TOD
Conference, Bangalore, India, May 2015
development as a major component and use PPPs for
TOD development and enhancing transit. 2. Smart City Mission Statement & Guidelines, May
2015, Ministry of Urban Development,
Recommendations for introducing “TOD” in Government of India
“Smart” Cities in India
3. TOD analysis for the Indian Context by Laxmi
Some transit, train and bus stations may be located Nagaraj, CiSTUP, IISc, Bangalore, February 2014
in bustling downtowns at the heart of the regional
4. Smart City Proposals, Davangere and Thane http:/
economy; others maybe in residential neighborhoods
/smartcities.gov.in

108 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 Green Building and Sustainable Habitat
Dr. Vandana N. Purav
P.D. Karkhanis College of Arts and Commerce, Ambarnath
Email : vnpurav63@gmail.com
Abstract: Green Building are also called as Sustainable buildings practices towards Smart Cities. Technology
plays a key role in the Green buildings of a smart city. Smart cities are those which use innovative methods for
solving daily problems. It uses Information, communication, technologies and other means to improve the quality
of life. A Smart City has six dimensions viz. Smart Governance, Smart living, Smart people, Smart Environment,
Smart Economy, Smart mobility.
Green building is one which uses less water, optimizes energy efficiency , conserves natural resources , generates
less waste and provides healthier spaces for occupants. Considering the benefits that it offers Green buildings
concept has an emerging trend.
The green concepts and techniques in the building sector can help address national issues like water efficiency,
energy efficiency, reduction in fossil fuel use in commuting, handling of consumer waste and conserving natural
resources. Most importantly, these concepts can enhance occupant health, happiness and well-being. In this
note we try to focus on the concept of Green Building and sustainable habitat.
Keywords : Green building, Sustainable Habitat, Smart city

Introduction : 1) Material : Material should be obtained from natural,

renewable sources or they are obtained locally to
A smart city is an emerging concept. This concept
reduce the embedded energy costs of transportation
is being used all over the world and came into existence
or from nearby sites. Materials are assessed using
in 1998. A Smart city has six dimensions - smart living,
green specifications that look at their life cycle analysis
smart people, smart environment, smart economy, smart
(LCA) in terms of energy, durability, recycled content,
governance, smart mobility. A technology plays a key
waste minimization and their ability to be reused or
role in building a smart city. A smart city mainly features
recycled.
on capital, competitiveness and sustainability.
2) Energy Systems in Green buildings : Passive
For sustainability, a smart city should offer good
solar design reduces the heating and cooling costs, high
infrastructures. like water, healthcare, sanitation, clear
levels of insulation and energy efficient windows, ,
and easy procedures that will help to run commercial
natural day light design reduces electricity needs and
processes.
improves people’s health. Green buildings also
Green buildings are also called as sustainable incorporates energy efficient lighting, low energy
buildings practices towards smart cities. It is an appliances and renewable energy technologies as wind
outcome of design, philosophy which emphasizes an power turbines and solar panels.
optimum utilization of resources and increases the
3)Water management in Green buildings :
efficiency of resource utilization.
Minimizing water use is achieved by installing grey
Green building design : The Passive solar building water and rain water catchment systems that recycle
design is one part of Green building design, but it does water for irrigation. Using solar panels reduces the
not include the active system. It has emphasis on energy electricity and hot water systems.
efficiency and conservation, water and air quality by
Rain water harvesting techniques - There are two
careful design. Five elements of Passive solar design
main techniques of rain water harvesting
are sun, absorber, thermal mass, aperture and
distribution. 1) Storage of rain water on surface for future use -
this is a traditional technique and structures used
Components of Green Buildings : Green building
were underground tanks, ponds, check dams,
has the following components - material, energy
weirs, etc.
systems, water management, health components to
make it sustainable and site . 2) Recharge to groundwater - this is a new concept

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 109

 of rainwater harvesting and structures generally 1) Backup power during electricity service
used are pits, trenches, drug wells, hand pumps, etc. interruptions
4) Health Components of Green Buildings : Using 2) Clients subject to hourly electricity rates can fully
non-toxic materials and products will improve indoor charge their batteries when rates are at their
quality and reduce the rate of diseases like asthma, lowest point and then consume the energy to avoid
allergy . These materials are emission free, have low the highest rates.
or no content and moisture resistance .Indoor quality
E) Passive Building Design : The main goal of
of air can be improved by ventilation systems and
passive design is to maximize the use of daylight ,
materials that control humidity.
while also making sure there is minimal heat gaining
5) Site : Green building should provide cost saving to during the summer and minimal heat loss during the
builders and occupants by using local labor, providing winter. Lighting and HVAC are the largest energy
affordable housings and ensuring the building is sited expenses in commercial buildings., but it is possible to
appropriately for community needs. reduce through smart design.
Recent Green Building Trends in India : F) Visible Light Communication ( VLC) : LED
lighting not only offers energy efficiency, it is also
A) Net Zero Energy Buildings : A net-zero energy
possible to use light pulses to transmit data , through a
building is one that produces the . same amount of
concept called visible light communication. This
energy it consumes . This is achieved by various
technology is orders of magnitude faster than Wi-Fi.
complementary strategies.
There are two main ways in which VLC can contribute
1) Deploying energy efficiency upgrades and building
to green buildings.
management systems to reduce consumption.
1) Lighting and IT installations can be consolidated
2) Once the consumption is as low as possible,
into a single system, reducing material
renewable energy sources are used on -site. Solar
requirements during construction, as well as
and Wind power are the options, but biomass and
energy expenses
geothermal energy can also be used depending
on site conditions. 2) VLC networks can serve as the platform to build
energy management systems. It is only a matter
B) Energy Management services : The Software
of giving capabilities to key building installations.
as a Service (SaaS) business model has been
successful in the IT industry , where clients can pay G) Solar Power : Printable solar cells are much lighter
monthly fee for the use of software. The mechanical and cheaper than current photovoltaic modules. They
and electrical installations in buildings are becoming can be printed on any surface regardless of shape and
increasingly connected , making it possible for a control orientation.
system to monitor indoor conditions in real time and to
manage operation so that lowest possible energy cost H) Variable Refrigerant Flow HVAC Systems :
is achieved. The SaaS model is now being applied to These systems offer a broad range of advantages
energy efficiency. compared to HVAC system

C) LED Lighting Retrofits : The initial investment 1) Energy Efficiency; VRF systems can adjust their
in LED lighting remains higher than that of most other refrigerant flow depending on building conditions
lighting technologies, but when low energy consumption in real time. They can supply both heating and
and long service life are considered , it is lighting cooling loads simultaneously.
technology with lowest cost of ownership. 2) Reduced space Requirements; VRF systems are
D) Smart Batteries : Lithium-ion batteries offer an refrigerant as heat carrying medium, and the piping
excellent round -trip efficiency and much longer service used is much more compact than air ducts and
life than their lead -acid counterparts, but of high cost hydroid water piping.
. The demand is in summer , the residential and 3) Flexibility : Expanding system of VRF systems is
commercial sectors where batteries can provide two very simple.
main benefits:

110 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
I) Mobile Applications : Monitoring the energy 3) Better manage municipal solid waste: Producing
output of a solar photovoltaic system less waste and recycling more we can manage
solid waste.
Tracking the kilowatt-hour savings of energy efficiency
measures 4) Better manage sewage disposal system- A proper
sewage disposal system helps in sustaining our
Self-diagnostic : detecting performance issues in real habitat. The sewage is disposed of into a nearby
time and notifying the building owner and service river, river gets polluted and marine life depleted.
provider. This leads to loss in biodiversity.
J) Green Building Materials and Products : 5) Promote public transport - Using public transport
Construction products can be considered green either reduces carbon emissions in the environment.
because they have low environmental impact during Conclusion
production , or they help the building reduce its energy
footprint. For building and sustainability of Smart Cities
there should be proper use of technology. Green
1) Recycled concrete building can be a sustainable practice towards Samart
2) Permeable pavement cities, which should emphasizes on optimum utilization
3) Energy Star compliant HVAC systems of resources and increasing efficiency of resource for
4) Energy-efficient windows utilization. Thus we conclude that there are many ways
to make the residential, commercial and public space
5) Green roofing material
sustainable by ways of technology but a high
Sustainable Habitat: The word sustain means percentage of total energy use is still in hands of end
maintain and Habitat - means natural home, So users and their behavior.
Sustainable Habitat means maintenance of our natural
References:
home,
• Abhishek Kumar : Green Building Concept And
For maintaining our natural habitat( Earth) we
Smart Cities Initiatives In View Of Sustainable
should do the following
Development, Open Access Journal
1) Promote energy efficiency : By reducing energy
consumption being more energy efficient and using • Manoj Kumar, Green Building Design: A Step
renewable energy and alternate energy we can towards sustainable habitat
promote energy efficiency. • Thomas Schroefer, Green Building practices
2) Promote the use of eco-friendly fuels.eg. LPG, towards Smart Cities in India
CNG etc, - these fuels emit small amount of carbon
monoxide CO per joule, They are consider to burn • http://theconstructor.org
cleanly. Therefore use of such fuels help to reduce • Wikipedia- Green building in India
air pollution. This helps in sustaining our habitat.
• Wikipedia – Glass in Green buildings

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 111

 Smart Waste Management Practices
Vidyadhar A. Walavalkar
In charge, Chemical Engineering Department, VPM’S Polytechnic, Thane. MD, Prakruti,
Common Biomedical Waste Treatment And Disposal Facility.
(Joint project of TMC and ENVIROVIGIL)
Email : vawalavalkar@gmail.com
Abstract: Smart city includes smart and efficient management of waste. This management is dependent on three
main factors. First is the role of individual as a member of society. Second role is of the government creating the
rules and regulations and monitoring and implementing through local self government. Third role is of technology
and making it more user friendly. Role of the society is the moral responsibility of individual and the role of NGO’S
and other awareness creating agencies. Waste is created by everybody. Everybody must be motivated, trained,
regulated and facilitated for smart waste management to achieve the cleanliness target. Government’s role includes
creating supporting rules and regulations which will help changing the attitude and habits of society. Training the
implementing and regulating agencies for effective use of the rules. Technology innovation, experimentation and
simplification of the procedures need to be done and popularized, need to create commercially viable models for
successful waste management. This will be discussed with a case study of biomedical waste management facility
of city. vawalavalkar@gmail.com.
Key words: Waste, Waste Management, Hazardous Waste, Biomedical Waste,

The total biomedical waste generated in the waste, an awareness is to be created for safe and
country is 484 Tonnes Per Day (TPD) from 1,68,869 hygienic handling of this waste. The waste handlers
HCFs. Only 447 TPD is treated before disposal. The and generators responsibility is to segregate the waste
problems with unscientific disposal are multi-fold: 85 properly at the source. Keep it and store it at safe
per cent of the hospital waste is non-hazardous, 15 place and hand it over to common facility service
per cent is infectious/hazardous. Mixing of hazardous provider personnel.
waste results in to contamination and makes the entire
Role of Government and regulating and
waste hazardous. Hence, there is necessity to
monitoring agencies includes creating and supporting
segregate and treat. Improper disposal increases risk
rules and regulations which will help changing the
of infection; encourages recycling of prohibited
attitude and habits of society. Training and implementing
disposables and disposed drugs; and develops resistant
and regulating agencies for effective use of the rules.
microorganisms.
The Ministry of Environment and Forests’ new
Role of the society is the moral responsibility of Biomedical Waste Management Rules 2016 state “will
individual and the role of NGO’S and other awareness change the way the country used to manage biomedical
creating agencies. Waste is created by everybody. waste” and “make a big difference to the Clean India
Everybody must be motivated, trained, regulated and Mission,” “Under the new regime, coverage has
facilitated for smart waste management to achieve the increased and (it) also provides for pre-treatment of
cleanliness target. All the stake holders are responsible lab waste, blood samples, etc. It mandates bar code
for the good management of waste management. This system for proper control. It has simplified
includes doctors, clinics, hospitals, nurses, ward boys, categorisation and authorization,” Union Minister of
sweepers and cleaners, aayas, social workers, watchman, State for Environment, Forests and Climate Change,
waste handlers, drivers and cleaners, helpers. Prakash Javadekar.
Role of a common man is to ask your doctor where Health care facilities (HCFs) must segregate
and how they are disposing the biomedical waste biomedical waste (the wastes involved in diagnosis,
generated during the treatment of patient. treatment and immunisation such as human and animal
anatomical waste, treatment apparatus such as needles
Role of a doctor is to observe that biomedical waste
and syringes and cytotoxic drugs) at the individual level
is handled in a proper manner with the guidelines issued
in coloured bags-yellow, red, blue/white and black
by the Government And the monitoring authorities. If
according to the category of the biomedical waste.
needed the workers are to be trained to handle this
They can store this waste for up to 48 hours after

112 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
which they either treat it in-situ or a worker from a of every bag / container. While collecting these bags /
common biomedical waste treatment facility container, it should be scanned. These barcode scanners
(CBMWF) comes to collect it. should have internet accessibility with which, after
every scanning, one can (a) locate the HCE (b) record
The first distinction : Rules were amended includes all
exact time of collection of bag / container on Real
persons who generate, collect, receive, store and
Time Basis. After collecting these bags / containers, it
transport biomedical waste, vaccination camps, blood
should be weighed in the collection vehicle and that
donation camps, surgical camps and all other HCFs. It
data should be uploaded on Real Time Basis on the
includes schools and other commercial premises where
website of (a) CBMWTF (b) MPCB and (c) CPCB
the biomedical waste is generated.
simultaneously. After weighing, representative of every
The second distinction: In segregation, packaging, HCE should receive a weighing slip. After collecting
transport and storage of biomedical waste in an HCF. biomedical waste from every HCE, it should be
The 2016 notification brings down the number of transported to CBMWTDF. After reaching CBMWTDF,
categories from eight to four. All types of wastes have again, each and every bag / container should be
been compiled in four categories for ease of scanned and weigh again on real time Basis, in the
segregation at a healthcare facility. facility to ensure that, every bag / container scanned
at the time of collection from HCE reached to the
The new rules lay down the duties of an HCF in CBMWTDF safely and there was no pilferage in
adhering to the segregation, packaging and transport between collection from HCE and reception at
rules for the four different categories. CBMWTDF. After receiving in the facility, all bags /
The HCF is now responsible for pre-treatment containers should be handed over to concern
of laboratory and microbiological waste, blood samples departments for further treatment as per the rule. Before
and blood bags through disinfection/sterilisation on-site treatment, again every bag / container should be scanned
in the manner prescribed by the World Health on Real Time Basis, to ensure that, after collection from
Organization (WHO) and National Aids Control HCE, respective bag / container get disposed of in the
Organisation (NACO). Use of chlorinated plastic bags, stipulated time. The new rules also specify the duties of
gloves and blood bags is to be phased out by the HCF the operator of the CBMWFs: The operator of a
within two years to eliminate emission of dioxins and CMBWF must ensure timely collection of biomedical
furans from burning of such wastes. The new rules waste from HCFs and assist them in training.
also call for a bar code system for bags/containers Another distinction comes in the treatment and
containing biomedical waste. Immunisation of health disposal of biomedical waste. The 2016 rules make
workers upon their induction and after every one year the guideline more specific: The Department dealing
interval will be mandatory. The CMBWF then treats with allocation of land in the state government shall
the waste according to the colour of the bag. Different provide land for setting up a common biomedical waste
colours call for different types of treatments— treatment and disposal facility. No occupier of an HCF
incineration, deep burial, autoclaving, shredding, shall establish an on-site treatment and disposal facility
chemical treatment, disposal in a landfill, etc. The bar if a CBMWF is available within 75 km. The new rules
code system is used to track and identify bags from also have stricter standards of emission from
their generation to final disposal. The onus for using incinerators: The acceptable SPM emission 150 mg /
barcodes is on CBMWFs. CMBWFs must provide Nm^3 at 12 per cent CO2 correction has been reduced
bar-coded standard bags to hospitals. to 50 mg/Nm^3 in the new rules. The emission
Introduction of Bar coding system: In new monitoring will be done continuously with the help of
Biomedical Waste Management Rules 2016, computerised sensor system and the reasults of
MOEFCC introduced Barcoding system for each and monitoring will be cdontinuously provided to the
every colour coded non chlorinated plastic bag and monitoring authorities for further action. Similarly, the
sharp container to control pilferage of Plastic and Glass standard retention time in the secondary chamber has
contains of Biomedical Waste. been increased from 1 second to 2 seconds. The
secondary chamber in incineration is where the
Expectations are: Every bag / container should temperature is lowered to 100 or 200 degree Celsius
have barcode. Barcode should contain serial number to reduce dioxins and furans as, at low temperature,

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 113

incineration of biomedical waste leads to the production of District Medical Officer or District Health Officer,
of carbon dioxide and water. Dioxins and furans are representatives from State Pollution Control Board,
produced at temperatures greater than 600 degree Public Health Engineering Department, Municipal
Celsius. Further, the new rules lay new criteria for Corporation, Indian Medical Association, CBMWTDF,
authorisation of a HCF. The new rules make the registered NGO working in the field of BMWM and
procedure of getting an authorisation very simple: the committee may co-opt other members and experts,
Bedded hospitals will get automatic authorisation and if necessary and the District Health Officer shall be
non-bedded hospitals will get a one-time authorisation. the Member Secretary of this committee.
Non-bedded hospitals are generally small scale Introduction of Domestic Biomedical Waste:
clinics that do not keep a record of the waste generated Biomedical waste generated in households during
and the number of beds. So, they cannot be charged healthcare activities shall be Sgregated as per these
on a per bed basis like bedded hospitals. That is why, rules and handed over in separate bags / containers to
they are authorised once and yearly/half-yearly/ municipal waste collectors. Urban local bodies shall
quarterly prices for treatment are fixed accordingly. have tie up with the CBMWTDF to pick up this waste
from Material Recovery Facility or from the house
Another improvement in the new rules is in the
hold directly, for final disposal in the manner as
monitoring sector. The 2016 rules state that the MoEF
prescribed in this schedule I. Dioxins & Furans: Every
will review HCFs once a year through state health
incinerator shall comply with the standards for Dioxins
secretaries, the SPCB and the CPCB. The SPCB, will
& Furans of 0.1ngTEQ/Nm3.
oversee implementation through district level
monitoring committees that will report to the State Role of Technology: innovation, experimentation and
advisory Committee or the SPCB. The advisory simplification of the procedures need to be done and
committee on biomedical waste management is now popularized, need to create commercially viable models
mandated to meet every six months. for successful waste management. The treatment
includes Incineration, autoclaving/microwaving,
Introduction of dedicated Website:In new
mutilation/shredding. Disposal includes the incineration
Biomedical Waste Management Rules 2016, every
ash to be sent to Secure landfill, no recyclable material
HCE and CBMWTDF should make their own website
to be sent to secure landfill. Recyclable plastics and
dedicated to biomedical waste management.
metal can be recycled after shredding with the help of
Expectations are:Every HCE and CBMWTDF should
authorised recycler.
make their own website dedicated to BMWM for
The incineration systems include automatic
(a) Authority can communicate them through that
charging system, sensor based temperature control,
website
wet or dry scrubbing systems, duel chamber for burning
(b) Every HCE will get a unique and dedicated ID the waste, increased resident time for complete
and Password from CBMWTDF to monitor their combustion, double ID fan for effective drive of the
respective data of BMW and can ensure safe and air the technological advancement made it easy to
sure disposal of the BMW collected from them in operate and simple to observe the standard norms.
stipulated time.
Conclusion
(c) No HCE or CBMWTDF can deny or syphon the
data uploaded on real time basis. The new rules designed for the biomedical waste
(d) HCE and CBMWTDF can communicate with management can be implemented with the use of the
each other in relation with BMWM. advanced technology and the support of all the stake
holders. This will lead to a smarter way to make our
Categories of Biomedical Waste: In previous city Healthy and Hygienic.
rules, BMW is bifurcated in 10 different categories.
In new rules, BMW is bifurcated as per the Colour References:
coded Containers to understand segregation and
• Training module created by S S Ramayya Medical
disposal methods easily.
college. Bengalore.
Introduction of District Level Monitoring
Committee:District level committee should comprise • Biomedical waste management rules -2016.

114 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 Smart Water management in India : Case of Gujarat
Kalpana P. Nayar
Asst. Prof. Dept. of Business Economics,
Joshi Bedekar College.
Email : nayarkalpana@gmail.com
Abstract: Smart Cities Mission is a five year urban renewal program by the government of India in collaboration
with the state governments. In this program all Indian states are participating by nominating at least one city for
smart city for challenge. Central and state governments will provide financial aid between 2017-2022 to cities.
Smart cities include six important sectors such as smart energy, smart integration, smart public services, smart
mobility, smart buildings and smart water. This paper focuses on smart water management specially in the state of
Gujarat.
Keywords : Smart Cities, Smart Water Management

Introduction Economy of Gujarat: The economy of Gujarat has

significant development of agriculture and industrial
There is no universal definition of a smart city.
sector. Gujarat recorded the lowest unemployment rate
The meaning of smart city varies from country to
in India in 2015, with 1.2% Of labour force being
country. According to Ministry of Housing and Urban
unemployed. The world’s largest ship breaking yard is
Affairs government of India, the meaning of smart city
in Gujarat near Bhavnagar at Alang. It ranks second
depends on the level of development, willingness to
nationwide in gas-based thermal electricity generation.
change and reform, resources and aspirations of the
Legatum Institute’s Global Prosperity Index2012 has
city. In general, the picture of a smart city contains a
recognized Gujarat as the highest scoring among all
list of infrastructure and services that describes the
states of India on matters of social capital .
city dwellers aspirations. The objective is to promote
cities that provide basic infrastructure and decent Water supply in Gujarat: The total water availability
quality of life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable in Gujarat is 50 BCM, of which surface water accounts
environment and application of smart solutions. The for 38 BCM and ground water accounts for the balance
focus is also on inclusive development. According to 12BCM. Out of 38BCM of surface water, more than
smart cities mission of the government following are 80%is being used for irrigation purposes and remaining
the core infrastructure elements in a smart city: 20% is used for drinking and industrial uses, which are
adequate water supply, assured electricity supply, hence largely dependent on ground water. The state is
sanitation, including solid waste management, efficient divided into four distinct units on the basis of water
urban mobility and public transport, affordable housing, resources endowment namely Kutchh, North Gujarat,
especially for the poor, robust IT connectivity and South and Central Gujarat and Saurashtra. The GIDB
digitalization, good governance and citizen participation, has drafted the vision for drinking water sector in
sustainable environment, safety and security of citizens, Gujarat. The Vision is as follows: to ensure safe,
particularly women, children and the elderly, health and reliable and affordable drinking water for all and provide
education. stable water supply for agriculture, to create systems
and policies towards effective and sustainable use of
Water is a scarce resource in India. Annual per
water to reduce poverty and promote economic
capita water availability is expected to decline to
development, to ensure that water supply services are
1140m3 by 2050, from 1545m3 in 2011. The water
provided by effective, efficient and sustainable
availability is significant to human life. Sustainable
institutions that are accountable to whom they serve,
water management is critica; for existence. India has
and to ensure that water is managed in an environmentally
launched a smart city Mission for building 100 smart
responsible and sustainable manner, The state of
cities. Continuous and adequate water supply is one
Gujarat has developed a statewide water supply grid
of the major emphasis of smart city mission. This paper
that consists of water supply schemes based in
analyses the different measures adopted by Gujarat
Narmada and other regional water supply schemes. It
for smart water management.
is a project that aims to provide 75% of Gujarat’s

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 115

population. In this case the government supplies water watersheds have report increase in ground water
through an inter basin bulk water transfer. It covers (more than 1 meter), 85% of watersheds reported
an area of 1,20,769km. It is an important source of more than 100% increase in cropping intensity, 60%
water supply to the regions of Kutch and Saurashtra. reported increase in cereal yield (More than 50%) and
62% reported increase in yield (more than 25%) of
Water management in Gujarat: Gujarat has been a
cash crops. And 93% watersheds reported increase
success model in water management programme.
in employment as labour days. The intiatives taken by
Accoding to the Central Ground water Board, ground
Gujarat government has been recognized by Indian
water level of Gujarat has enormously increased. Over
government.
5.5 lakh water management structures such as check
dams, boribandhs and khet talavadis have been created. Performance of warer management reforms in
Gujarat has taken up techniques of water harvesting, Gujarat
water harnessing and water management. A village
Sardar Sarovar project and Inter basin water
named Eval in Patan district has shown significant
Transfer : It is a large, modern and multipurpose water
results and been a model village for all Indian states.
project. The indirect economic impact of this project
In Eval every farmer is cultivating castor in an area of
has been the reduced economic cost of energy used
2.4ha and cumin in the remaining 15.6 ha.
for pumping groundwater for irrigation. And also provide
20% area of Gujarat had 71% water resource water supply to over 24 million people in in Saurashtra,
and 80% areas had 29% water resource. Gujarat has Kutchh and north and central Gujarat at an estimated
started rainwater harvesting and has achieved water cost of Rs. 857.7 million per year.It has provided a
security and sustainability. WASMO’s participatory better balance between water availability and demand.
distribution system has supplied water to all villages in
The inter basin water transfers had positive impacts
Gujarat. This has been the UNO award winning
in the form of increased groundwater recharge,
intiative of Gujarat.
reduced energy used for groundwater pumping and
The Gujarat State Watershed Management dilution of minerals in groundwater.
Agency (GSWMA) is the nodal agency to implement
Check Dams for water harvesting has improved the
Integrated Watershed Management Programme
the water situation especially in Saurashtra. The Pani
(IWMP) in Gujarat. One of the aims of this programme
Samiti are formed to manage village water
are rain water harvesting and recharging of the ground
supply.Government provides support for carrying out
water table. This has resulted in multicropping and
software activities mainly for training program for
introduction of diverse agro based activities, that provide
Water Users Associations (WUA)
sustainable livelihoods to the people residing in
watershed area. Performance of Participatory Irrigation
Management and Watershed Management
Shri Modi’s vision of Jal Shakti and Jal Kranti
schemes have led to better results in Gujarat.
has led to watershed development, check dams, farm
ponds construction and methods to obstruct water flow Overall, all the projects have positive economic,
through cement filled bags. Various scientific tools social and environmental outcomes.
have been used to assure accuracy and efficiency.
Under IWMP, total 21.34 lac ha. Area with an outlay Conclusion
of 2769.72 crores has been covered. GIS is used for However Guajart still faces certain challenges
monitoring purpose. Process have been standardized as it follows its water reforms. Better coordination is
and accordingly Technical,Manual, Capacity building, required among government departments responsible
Human Resource Manual, Livelihood Manual and for water management. Ecosystem needs should be
Operational Guidelines have been operationalized. systematically addressed. Communities have to be
Outcome of Water shed Programme has been empowered to properly manage water systems. Water
impressive. Gujarat Institute of Development Research rights need to be defined clearly. Water tarrifs need to
GIDR for National Institute for Rural Development be rationalized and finally a proper followup is needed
has shown the following results of WDP: 90% of after providing services.

116 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
References 5) India Smart city profile
1) Water Profile of Gujarat by GIDB (Gujarat 6) Water and Green Growth Case study Report 7
Infrastructure Development Board) http;//
7) Gujarat Jal Disha and Socio Economic Review,
www.gidb.org/cms.aspx?content_id=358
various issues.
2) https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Follow-
8) Alagh, Y.K.Desai, Guha,G.S and Kashyap.S.P
Gujarat-on-water-management-centre-to-states/
1995Economic Dimensions of Sardar Sarovar
articleshow/36900128.cms
Project. New Delhi: Har Anand Publications
3) Economy of Gujarat - Wikipedia. http://
9) h t t p s : / / w w w. n a r e n d r a m o d i . i n / g u j a r a t -
wikimapia.org /country/India/Gujarat
cm%E2%80%99s-vision-in-water-management-
4) Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs government yields-outstanding-results-4436.
of India.

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 117

 A Study on How Smart Water Management and Waste Disposal
Management Using IOT is Going to Improve Quality of Life
Asst. Professor Sujatha Sundar Iyer, MCA, PGDCA
Department of CS and IT, Satish Pradhan Dnyanasadhana College, Thane
Email : sujaavg2014@gmail.com
Abstract: This study aims to explain what is Smart water management and waste disposal management, how IOT
is used with this management and also explains how it is going to improve quality of life. As the population is
increasing day by day, the environment should be clean and hygiene. For that proper management of water,
Electricity supply, solid waste disposal, IT connectivity and digitalization, like that so many elements are important.
Urbanization is the biggest challenge to any developing country. The local government have to make sure the
infrastructure in location to tackle the inevitable demographic challenges. To compete efficiently, cities will need
to become extra intelligent, modern and incorporated. This paper tries to provide problems springing up due to
water shortage and the way technology will help in locating out the answer. A smart city will increase efficiency,
productivity. It will reduce pollution and can improve quality of life.
Keywords: Smart water management, Waste disposal, Smart city, IOT, Quality of life

Introduction According India today News: “Parts of Mumbai

According to UN report, 50% of worldwide are facing a severe water crisis following the bursting
population goes to be underneath excessive water of a pipeline in Thane and Mulund.”
shortage. Developing countries like India and china Case Discussion
are probably to stand water shortage greater. It became
expected that until 2050, 70% of population will leave Above mentioned news are on water scarcity.
in metropolis of India. All because of no proper management of water. That
is why this paper wants to give importance of
Shrinking of water reservoir, low rainfall is difficult technology in managing water and waste disposal.
to feed and offer resources like water, power to such
population. Using technology like IOT, ICT, water Quality of Life
resources can be controlled and be saved for future
A common man’s quality of life is measured by
use. Analysis of data will assist in taking significant
following elements
movements. Smart water system provides reduced
water non-renewable water losses and reduced water
Adequate Water Supply
intake in field of agriculture.
Assured Electricity Supply
The following news taken as case studies shows
Sanitation, including Solid Waste Management
improper management of water distribution.

Efficient Urban Mobility and Public Transport
Thane Police fear massive unrest due to
Affordable Housing, Especially for the Poor
water scarcity

Robust IT connectivity and Digitalization
Nazia Sayed| Mumbai Mirror | Apr 4, 2016, 08.23
Good Governance, Especially e-Governance and
AM IST Citizen Participation
In Thane, police teams visiting societies not for
Sustainable Environment,
an update on house break-ins and street crimes, ensure
Safety and Security of Citizens, Particularly
that there should not be any fights over water. Each Women, Children and Aged
Thaneite is getting 145 liters of water only in a day
which is 45% less than what other parts of Mumbai
Health and Education
gets. Population of Thane is 20 lakh. They get only Internet of Things (IoT)
290 million liters of water per day against the
requirement of 480 million liters. Internet of Things (IoT) has taken the world by

118 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
storm for the reason that its theory. Starting from figuring out the right amount of
water that must be present in the reservoirs and
The idea of connecting everything with the aid of
overhead tanks during any particular point of time, IoT
wireless technology sums up IOT. We can connect
will also offer assistance in determining the cost of
anything using the sensors designed specifically for
fabricating and erecting pump houses.
objects. IoT is the network of objects, gadgets, vehicles,
houses and other gadgets embedded with digital This dream come authentic revolution in the field
sensors, and connectivity to enable them to talk to each of water management and distribution may be
other and execute functions. IoT is evolving fast accomplished through a combination of optimization
alongside with the ultra-modern innovation going on in techniques, Internet of things (IoT) ideologies in addition
wi-fi era and embedded technologies, with to predictive analytics.
microcontrollers working on low powers introduced
which can be perfect for remotely deployed IoT Water Management And IoT
structures to connect us and work for years without
any maintenance has made the IoT now not handiest We have been associating the net of factors era
for luxury features but additionally for requisite data particularly with smart homes, smart cities in addition
aggregation as for protection systems. to traffic management where it might manipulate the
way our lighting, doorways and traffic lights. It’s also
The devices participating in IoT are designed to applicable across many different fields related to our
be interoperable with extraordinary providers of day- to- day life. One such area which could get
embedded controllers as well as with specific wi-fi fantastically prompted with the aid of the Internet of
technology. Millions of devices and sensors are Things technology is Water Management.
connected with IoT, each day to get large amount of
data , which is result in useful future actions How precisely will the IoT technology assist in
water management?
Smart Water
Initially, there’s the want for degree sensors and
Water management is described as the activity gadget which are deployed across the reservoirs and
of planning, developing, distributing and managing the overhead tanks. It is far to be noted that stage sensors
optimum use of water resources. This influences on are specifically- designed sensors which could establish
several key matters of human lives, such as food the level of water present in a tank/ reservoir. The
production, water consumption, sewage treatment, information about water level then communicated with
irrigation, purification, energy generation and utilization, server then necessary action will be taken.
etc.India is an agricultural land. 70% of water is being
utilized for the rural purpose. It was expected that This data is surpassed directly to the central
water demand is going to rise through 50%. servers on a regular basis, which further helps in
determining the amount of water usage on a daily basis
In India sufficient water resources are available and also shows water level of the reservoirs or tanks.
but water is inconsistently distributed. Water
Infrastructure present in many cites was quite aging. How Internet of Things assists in determining
Water infrastructure present in many cites changed water demand in a city?
into pretty getting old. This ageing pipeline suffers from One of the vital demanding situations of water
erosion which in the end causing water leakages. management in addition to conservation in a city is to
General awareness in people regarding water saving decide the amount of water that any particular city is
was also not found. going to utilize during the next day. This can be
calculated to precision with the usage of predictive
analytics. This is done by keeping track on the history
of water consumption in the city on any given day.
Based on the historical data collected and analyzed by
way of predictive analytics and mixed with the
consideration of special activities, holidays, in addition
to the climate in that city, we are able to decide the

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 119

amount of water that the entire population is going to Bench Marks for Smart Solid Waste Management
consume in one day.
 100% households are covered by daily door-step
Let us think about the consumption of water on a collection system.
wintry weather day in addition to a summer season
 100% collection of municipal solid waste
day. It is a known fact that the consumption of water
is relatively very low during winters. From data  100% segregation of waste at source, i.e.
gathered, easily we can find that less water consumed biodegradable and non-degradable waste
for cleaning and bathing in winter. Then again, take
into consideration a day like Holi in which huge amount  100% recycling of solid waste
of water is consumed. In the name of festival and rituals, Objective
unnecessarily water gets wasted.
To study, Smart water management and waste
Benchmarks for Smart Water Supply disposal management using IOT is going to improve
 24 x 7 supply of water quality of life

 100% household with direct water supply Hypothesis

connections H0:- Technology(IOT) is going to improve quality
 100% metering of water connections of life

 100% efficiency in collection of water related H1:- Technology(IOT) is not going to improve
charges quality of life.

Waste Management Literature Review

Rapid population increase, disorganization of city, This literature review has greatly helped in entire
government, a lack of public awareness and limited research and establishing research objectives. This
funding for programs; garbage management is review has gone through all related published articles,
becoming a worldwide problem. Due to lack of care, research papers, speeches.
attention and interest by the authorities the garbage According to IBM Intelligent Water software, this
bins are in most cases seem to be overflowing. It needs system provides efficient use of water management
to be taken care by way of corresponding government solutions like managing pressure, controlling leakage,
and ought to assume what method may be observed reducing water consumption, managing water
to overcome this. networks. Intelligent Water is a water management
Technology like IoT, Big data handling can provide platform that enhances infrastructure visibility to deliver
a very good platform for smart waste management. an advanced level of situational awareness”.
Sensors, microcontrollers and GSM help to clean the According to Waterloohydrogeologic, Hydro
dustbins quickly while the garbage reaches its most. If Manager is a data management system which provides
the dustbin isn’t always wiped clean in specific time, centralized and secure water production and monitor
then the file is dispatched to the higher authority who data through internet.By combining surface and
can take suitable action against the concerned groundwater databases with specialized analytical tools,
contractor. This system also facilitates to monitor the decision support systems and an easy-to-use online
fake reviews and therefore can lessen the corruption web interface, Hydro Manager provides services to
in the overall system. Because of this number of rounds water agencies, utilities, government agencies, mining
of trucks are reduced and expenditure is also reduced. managers for effectively and efficiently managing
It allows maintaining cleanliness in the society. water resources.”
Sensors with garbage bins will show levels of According to Brian, the Founder and CTO of Link
garbage and also load sensor receives activated and Labs,” Both private waste management services and
output send beforehand, the level crossed. If dustbins municipalities can benefit from smart waste technology.
are not cleaned in time, the information might be
forwarded to higher authority. According to CISCO, “In Barcelona alone, more

120 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
than $4 billion in savings is expected in the next 10
years due to the adoption of IoT-aided waste
management technology”
Research Methodology
Sample Size : Sample size for this study was
300 people .
Data Collection Method:
Primary Data: Society Visit - Interviewed people
from Various societies: Mumbai and Thane Region
Secondary Data: Collected through
Questionnaire method and online survey. Surveys
administered by email, and by the social media.

Internet: Used to seek data from various websites.

Analysis and Interpretation

Survey Questions:

According to survey report, modern technology

like IoT in water management and waste disposal is
going to give smarter life. IoT will increase quality of
life.
Findings

Keeps the environment clean and fresh

Conserves energy.

Waste management will help you earn money.

Reduces environmental pollution.

Water scarcity can be reduced

Water leakage can be controlled
Benefits of IoT

Safety, Comfort, Efficiency

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 121

 Managing Hazardous environments, optimizing References
physical environments and controlling energy
1) http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7972276/
Costs.
2) http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6844741/

Better Decision Making Analyze empirical data
and we can make smarter decisions. It can yield 3) http://isyou.info/jowua/papers/jowua-v6n1-1.pdf
new insights and ideas.
4) www.instructables.com/id/Smart-Water-

Revenue Generation Reducing expenses and Management-System
improving efficiency.
5) https://watertrax.com/products/
Conclusion
6) https://www.waterloohydrogeologic.com/
The analysis of data reveals that public wants to hydromanager/
utilize technology in managing water management and
waste disposal to escape from water scarcity and 7) Meghana K C, Dr. K R Nataraj, IOT Based
unnamed diseases. Intelligent Bin for Smart Cities.

The result also indicates that there is change in 8) Vishesh Kumar Kurrel, Smart Garbage Collection
their mindset for adopting newer technology. Entire Bin Overflows Indicator using Internet of Things
study shows that India want to be smart in all cases.
India wants to be “Smart India”

122 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 Impact of Build Environment on Well-Being: Building Better Space For
Smart Cities
Manisha Pandey
Assistant Professor, Psychology Department, Joshi Bedekar College, Thane.
Email: manishacp01@gmail.com
Abstract : In today’s times, the major focus of world has been to a greater extent on environmental impact like
Global warming and resource contamination. These are very crucial issues but more focus on them had led to
ignorance of other significant problem i.e. the impact of build environment on people. Majority of people spend
most of their working and leisure in buildings but not much thought has been given to the way they might be
affecting health and well-being. Built environment can be explained as the man-made surroundings that provide
the setting for human activity, in which people live, work, and recreate on a day-to-day basis and well-being can
be defined as the state of been content, satisfied, healthy and happy. The current research aims to investigate
previous literature on this topic and try to find the common insight in all the research. The method used for the
investigation will be library research i.e. studying the already existing research in the area and providing one
consolidated conclusion. The study also tries to give a model for implication that can be used for creating better
spaces which will help in development and maintaining the well- being among the people.
Keyword : Smart Cities Built environment

Introduction anxiety), fulfilment, optimum realization of potential and

overall satisfaction with life
It is increasingly recognised that place and space
have an impact on human health and Well-being and Wellbeing in the Built Environment is the
that individual actions to improve lifestyle or health performance of spaces that do not reduce the
status are likely to be influenced by the environmental occupants’ Emotional, Mental & Physical health.
and socioeconomic context in which they take place.
The quality and characteristics of the settings we
This paper aims to provide a comprehensive inhabit—the places in which we live, work, and play—
review of the evidence showing connections between built environments promote mental health and well-
the built environment and human health provide being, increase the development of social ties, facilitate
guidance in developing sustainable communities that recovery from mental fatigue, affect anxiety and
seek to balance the social, economic, cultural, and depression, and contribute to aggression and violence.
ecological infrastructure with human health and The extent to which a setting supports well being is
development. It is hoped that this review will increase dependent on the match between the person and that
recognition and understanding of the built environment environment. The more successful the match, the
as an important determinant of health greater the likelihood that the individual will experience
higher levels of mental health and well-being; the
The built environment, as described here, includes
greater the mismatch, the more likely it is that the
the physical structures engineered and designed by
individual will experience psychological distress
people, including the places in which people work, live,
play and socialise. The built environment includes The effect of build environment on well being
housing, neighbourhood conditions and transport routes, can be direct or indirect. Direct impact include the
all of which shape the social, economic and effect that can be seen on physical health and indirect
environmental conditions for which good health is impact have effect on psychological health which
dependent. cannot be seen or cannot be attributed directly to build
environment. There are different elements in the
Wellbeing can be explained as a satisfactory
environment that has varied impact on the well being,
condition of existence characterized by health,
some of the element along with their effect are
happiness, prosperity and welfare. Well-being includes
mentioned below.
the presence of positive emotions and moods, the
absence of negative emotions (e.g., depression, Air quality: Air substances that have harmful effects
like tobacco smoke, cooking pollutants, smog, harmful

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 123

smokes from the industries all of this has been linked associated with greater individual stress. Crowded
to respiratory diseases. Dampness and poor air quality and violent place often make parent controlling of their
have been associated with heightened asthmatic children behaviour in and around the neighbourhood,
symptoms. High amount of pollutant in air also make it Children whose lives are too controlled may not have
difficult to concentrate on detailed work. the chance to learn some key life skills that are best
acquired through self-directed experiences, and may
Neighbourhood: Neighbourhood perceptions have
find it increasingly difficult to cope as they grow up. A
been found to be associated with feelings of control
recent UNICEF review found that countries where
over the decision-making process, and feeling
children enjoy comparatively high levels of everyday
disempowered can be associated with increased
freedom prior to adolescence showed the highest levels
feelings of dissatisfaction towards a neighbourhood.
of well-being and best outcomes for family and peer
Due to less designated space for walking or for
relationships.
recreational purpose people are less active because
they walk less, use vehicle extensively which further Interior: For many people, low levels of daylight can
degrades air quality, increase motor vehicle injuries, lead to seasonal depression, often called seasonal
and mental health and social capital are adversely affective disorder. The symptoms of seasonal
affected. Decreased opportunities for children to depression include sadness, anxiety, irritability, loss of
incorporate physical activity into their daily lives, such interest in usual activities, withdrawal from social
as the inability to walk to school because of hazardous activities, and inability to concentrate. For the millions
streets and long distances, have contributed to a of people who stay on a daily basis without exposure
threefold increase in the prevalence of overweight to sunlight because they live in areas of large buildings,
children over the last 3 decades. finding ways to gain exposure to daylight is an
important concern. Also, living together in cramped
Traffic, telecommunications, problems at work,
confines or with little personal space can often strain
complex decisions, and delicate social interactions all
relationships between family members or residents.
require attention. This demand on attention takes a
At the other extreme, impersonal large-scale housing
significant toll, resulting in mental fatigue. The
developments with no provision of common spaces for
consequences of mental fatigue are profound, including
residents can lead to social isolation which impacts
becoming inattentive, withdrawn, irritable, distractible,
the mental health directly through their self-perceived
impulsive, and accident prone. Some configurations of
isolation and lack of social interaction, as well as
the built environment have the capacity to alleviate
indirectly through the lack of a social support structure
mental fatigue and to restore a person’s capacity to
to offer them help if something goes wrong.
pay attention. Places that gently hold our attention (with
a view of green space with trees and grass or a body Crowding: Crowding is directly linked to aggressive
of water, for example) allow individuals to recover from behaviour. Crowded places, as measured by the number
mental fatigue (Kaplan 1995). There is growing of people per room, have also been associated with
empirical evidence of the attention-restoring effects distress as increasing the number of people per room
of natural setting. However constrains of space make subjects’ individuals to unwanted interactions with
it difficult to implement such deign in every others. These unwanted interactions can become a
neighbourhood. source of frustration that sometimes leads to aggressive
behaviour.
Children who live in violent and crowded
neighbourhoods show signs of post-traumatic stress The built environment also predominantly
disorder, including disrupted patterns of eating and influences human relationships, which in turn has an
sleeping, difficulties in controlling attention and relating impact on people’s perceived and actual mental
to others. Crowded places, have also been associated wellbeing.
with distress among young adults, experimental studies
Rules of Thumb For Design
on short-term crowding demonstrate that more
crowded rooms predict greater physiological stress as It is evident from the available research that there
well as more negative affect (Evans, Lepore, and Allen are no singular or universal design solutions to ensure
2000). Living in a neighbourhood characterized by a that every health parameter is optimised, and that the
poor-quality built environment has been shown to be inhabitants and wider population will flourish, but still

124 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
some of the measure that can be applied are as follow: consumption and associated adverse health
The positive effect of buildings with adequate noise consequences thus by making the provision of planning
and heat insulation, while allowing sufficient ventilation harmful activities far away from the residential place
and daylight is well known, other alternation in the can reduce in indulgence in such behaviour.
design that will led to positive changes are as follow:
There is no simple formula that designers and
Neighbourhood: Design characteristics associated planners can use to create positive emotional bonds
with neighbourhood should encourage walking and between a person and a place—what psychologists
cycling to access local services – including access to call place attachment. Still, designers and planners
public transport, health, social services. The can increase the likelihood that such ties develop by
neighbourhood should have convenient and proximate creating places that are attractive, that support social
access to destinations i.e. work, shops, school, public interactions, and that invite people to linger. Being sure
transport. Another way to encourage movement is that such spaces are a part of every neighbourhood,
placement of lift at alternative floors on alternative campus, and business district will have important
days. The provision of local ‘everyday public spaces’ consequences. People who feel an emotional bond with
creates opportunities for people to connect, and is a a neighbourhood, park, or other setting demonstrate
significant resource of well-being for individuals and greater commitment to the community surrounding that
the wider community. Researchers Well and Evans place, report higher levels of well-being. Social ties
have shown that having nature close to a home protects are a primary source of social support and sense of
the psychological well-being of children, as well as community. Social ties are especially important for
boosting their cognitive functioning. Public spaces that older individuals. Elderly individuals with strong social
brought people together and where friendships and connections have lower levels of mortality, reduced
support networks are made and maintained were key suicide rates, less fear of crime, and better physical
to a general sense of well-being. Although not all users health. In addition, elderly people with stronger social
have the same requirements and expectations of a social ties have significantly higher levels of psychological
space, key qualities of open social space include: wellbeing.
location – accessible and proximity to other communal
Light: Personal control over the amount of daylight
resources (school, market) to support casual
provides welcome opportunities for the inhabitant to
encounters. The open space should have adaptability
adjust conditions to suit their patterns of use, and results
i.e spaces without specific or prescribed functions that
in a greater sense of satisfaction with their
enable spontaneous, impromptu activities; homeliness
environment. Windows should offer a range of
– a sense of safety and familiarity; pleasantness – clean
conditions (e.g., direct, diffuse, adjustable by shutters,
and peaceful, or bustling and lively; specialness – unique
louvers and blinds).
qualities, aesthetics, or subjective. along with this the
neighbourhood should have play areas that use natural Temperature: the thermal design strategy should
features in an imaginative way which will not only create both comfortable and stimulating conditions that
increase the interest of the children but also people of can exploit the climatic conditions to improve energy
other diverse age group. The neighbourhood should efficiency. The body senses the thermal environment
have convenient and proximate access to destinations not just in terms of the air temperature, but also radiant
i.e work, shops, school, public transport. conditions (e.g. sunlight), air movement (e.g. natural
ventilation) and the conduction of heat via surface
Views of the neighbourhood and nature from the
materials (wood feels warm, stone feels cool). Each
home are associated with psychological benefits and
of these thermal characteristics is a function of, and
encourage social interaction and supervision, so low
an opportunity for, design: which can be changed as
window sills and open able windows and windows
per the needs of the occupants.
with high head heights so that it provide more access
to daylight by an increased sky view. Design quality: The colour of environment, such as
interior walls, can impact on learning behaviour and, in
Evidence suggests that the increased presence
certain spaces, can be used to support learning.
of fast food outlets in vicinity is associated with higher
Research has concluded that “red enhances
levels of obesity and that the presence of
performance on a detail-oriented task, whereas blue
neighbourhood liquor stores increases alcohol

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 125

enhances performance on a creative task. Same way Conclusion
The form of space influences sense of comfort and
Creating communities that are conscious of
beauty. Curved forms are perceived as pleasant,
environmental health concerns may require partnerships
people are more likely to judge spaces as beautiful if
and collaborations among policymakers, governments,
they were curvilinear than if they were rectilinear. Thus
researchers, communities, and health specialists with
blue, tall and curvilinear spaces, with views of the blue
interdisciplinary perspectives. Right now very little
sky, are more likely to be pleasant, sociable and creative
research that is happening in this area has been done
environments. Conversely, red, low-ceilinged,
by epidemiologists, public health academics,
rectilinear environments are more likely to encourage
environmental psychologists and other disciplines, but
focus, concentration and study. Research has shown
very little is coming from the built environment
that filling building structures with plants, water, art,
discipline, because those conducting these lack
natural light also have positive outcome. Domestic
understanding of design, they on the whole are not
parameters also include a layout that is clean and
able to generate vital design guidance.
uncluttered, is not dark or monotonous. The distance
and orientation of seating in relation to others will It is about time for a shift for communities to
influence the level of interaction and dialogue. intentionally designed environments that facilitate
physical and mental well-being. And by doing so it will
The most important consideration for creating a
provide opportunities to improve our sense of well-
comfortable space is Occupant control and the
being, enrich our lives, make our lives healthier and
adaptability of the design, to suit the users’ needs and
more pleasurable.
preferences, as they vary over time. Thus the key
factor to success is that the Design should be Reference:
responsive to user needs, behaviours and requirements,
offering users a freedom of choice and control over
National Research Council (US). Does the Built
their environment. Environment Influence Physical Activity?
Examining the Evidence. TRB Special Report
Benefits 282. Washington, DC: Transportation Research
Board and the Institute of Medicine; 2005.
The substantial benefits that a space with
improved design performance has on occupants’
Appleyard, D., and M. Lintell. 1970. “The
wellbeing are listed below. Environmental Quality of City Streets: The
Resident’s Viewpoint.” Journal of the American

Increased concentration
Institute of Planners 38 (2): 84–101.

Reduced psychological strain & healthy sleeping

Asbridge, M., R. G. Smart, and R. E. Mann. 2006.
cycle
“Can We Prevent Road accident?” Trauma,

higher cognitive performance Violence, & Abuse 7 (2): 109–21.

Ability to tailor surroundings generating feelings l Beauchemin, K. M., and P. Hays. 1996. “Sunny
of belonging Hospital Rooms Expedite Recovery from
Severeand Refractory Depressions.” Journal of

Increased creativity and focus
Affective Disorder 40 (1–2): 49– 51.

Enhanced group identity and emotional support

Berke, E. B., L. M. Gottlieb, A. V. Moudon, and

lowering workplace stress and employee E. B. Larson. 2007. “Protective Association
absenteeism between Neighborhood Walkability and
Depression in Older Men.” Journal of the
A combination of design features need to be American Geriatrics Society 55 (4): 526–33.
applied; applying just one design or performance issue
will not necessarily improve wellbeing. In the long run, l Brown, S. C., C. A. Mason, J. L. Lombard, F.
a step by step approach will produce great results. Martinez, E. Plater-Zyberk, and A. Spokane.
2009.”The Relationship of Built Environment to
Perceived Social Support and Psychological

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 Distressin Hispanic Elders: The Role of ‘Eyes on Journal of Environmental Psychology 15 (3):
the Street.’” Journal of Gerontology: Social 169–82.
Sciences 64b (2): 234–46.

Matsuoka, R., and W. C. Sullivan. 2011. “Urban

Cleveland Clinic. 2010. “What Is Seasonal Nature: Human Psychological and Community
Depression?” http://my.clevelandclinic.org/ Health.” In An Encyclopedia of Urban Ecology,
disorders/seasonal_affective_disorder_sad/ edited by I. Douglas, D. Goode, M. Houck, and
hic_what_is_seasonal_depression.aspx R. Wang, 408–23. Oxford, UK: Taylor and Francis.

Cummins S, Stafford M, Macintyre S, Marmot
National Research Council (US). Does the Built
M, Ellaway A. Neighbourhood environment and Environment Influence Physical Activity?
its association with self-rated health: evidence from Examining the Evidence. TRB Special Report
Scotland and England. Journal of Epidemiology 282. Washington, DC: Transportation Research
and Community Health 2005;59(3):207-213. Board and the Institute of Medicine; 2005.

Evans, G. W. 2001. “Environmental Stress and
Saxena, S., M. V. Ommeren, K. C. Tang, and T.
Health.” In Handbook of Health Psychology, P. Armstrong. 2005. “Mental Health Benefits of
edited by A. Baum, T. Revenson, and J. E. Singer, Physical Activity.” Journal of Mental Health 14
571–610. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. (5): 445–51.

Evans, G. W., S. J. Lepore, and K. M. Allen. 2000.
Swanwick C, Dunnett N, Woolley H. Nature, role
“Cross-Cultural Differences in Tolerance for and value of greenspace in towns and cities: an
Crowding: Fact or Fiction?” Journal of overview. Built Environment 2003;29(2):94-106.
Personality and Social Psychology 79: 204–10.

Quinn N, Biggs H. Creating partnerships to

Kaplan, R. 2001. “The Nature of the View from improve community mental health and well-being
Home: Psychological Benefits.” Environment in an areaof high deprivation: lessons from a study
and Behavior 33: 507–42. with high-rise flat residents in east Glasgow.
Journal of PublicMental Health 2010;9(4):16-

Kaplan, S. 1995. “The Restorative Benefits of
21.
Nature—Toward an Integrative Framework.”

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 Digitalisation of Health Care Centres: An Overview
Mrs. Shilpa Abhinay Hatewar
PhD Scholar
Shri Jagdishprasad Jhabarmal Tibrewala University, Rajasthan.
Email: shilpa0828@gmail.com
Abstract: In this information era, data, knowledge and information system are very critical for development of
healthcare. The Indian healthcare sector is growing rapidly with the increased adaptation of digitisation; the
healthcare sector is expected to grow at a rapid pace valued Rs US$100 million(11th Five Year Plan 2007-2012). India
is known for not only about its high population but for high patient volume, inadequacy of doctors and lack of
basic health care services. According to WHO the doctor-patient ratio must be 1:1000 but in India the ratio is
1:1700(September 1, 2016). Technology can bridge this gap between the healthcare services and patients. With the
emerging global health care scenario, the need of the hour is to build, integrate and digitised health care information
services. This paper highlights information and technology related tools telemedicine, E-Commerce, Mobility etc
and various government initiatives like Nikshay, Digital AIIMS, Digital Payment, E-Hospital etc. This paper also
explores the scope, limitations, and future prospects of digitisation of health care services.
Keywords: E-Commerce, Digitisation, Digital Payment, Telemedicine.

Introduction: housing, robust IT connectivity, e-governance, safety

and health education.
Over the past decade the world has changed
significantly, it is more interconnected. Economical and Digital technology is advancing exponentially. But
geographical changes in one region impacts the entire the demand and cost of healthcare is advancing,
globe. Inequality within countries is increasing and recreating a challenging atmosphere for the economies
majority of the worlds poorest are living in India, across the world. The need of the hour is to adopt
Bangladesh and Pakistan. technology to meet the challenges but healthcare
system lags behind the others industries in using
In India, about 70% of population lives in rural
technologies.
areas in a miserable condition. There is a dearth of
basic amenities like school, colleges, hospitals, transport The healthcare sector in India is a significant
facilities, jobs and continuous adverse weather sector as “Improved health state of individuals not only
conditions (drought or famine). This leads to migration indicates greater human development but also is an
of rural people to urban areas. However the heavy important parameter of economic development”
industrialization and increasing population in the urban (Iyengar and Dholakia, 2011) .
areas are hereby creating a challenge for
Just a few years back India’s healthcare sector
administrators, architects and urban planners. The
was lagging behind to other industry verticals in terms
stride of migration from rural to urban areas has
of technology. The under penetration of technology in
increased the load on cities; about 70% of population
healthcare sector limits the quality health care from
will be living in cities by 2050(Census 2001). India will
reaching the citizens. Above all according to world
need 500 new cities to accommodate the influx. Rural
health organisation states that minimum doctor ratio
migration to urban areas can be viewed as failure of
of 1:1000 doctor- patient ratios but in India the scenario
regional planning. The government has now realised
is 1:1700 doctor-patient ratios. Apart from doctor-
the need for cities that can cope with the increased
patient ratio there is a dearth of 4 lakh doctors. Despite
demand and challenges of urban city so as to produce
of inadequacy of doctors and inequality in doctor-
a sustainable and decent life to cities.
patient ratio there are many challenges and issues faced
A smart city is one which ensures good quality by the healthcare and pharmaceutical sectors.
life which entails cluster of amenities like water supply, Inaccessibility of basic healthcare facilities like
electricity supply, sanitation, solid waste management, availability of drugs, hospital, bed, life saving
improved mobility and public transport, affordable equipments, laboratory services, blood etc. Traditional

128 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
healthcare system involves paper based documentation, technologies has decreased the human interaction
which delays in accessing the records of patients, ill between doctor and patients and spread of
managed queues, extended waiting time for communicable diseases. Allows sharing of
registration, OPD, billing, lab etc at most of the hospitals. information from multiple locations, thus avoiding
ample amount of time, money and multiple hassles
To challenge traditional methods and streamlining
of registrations, appointment and queuing in
the various processes latest technologies can be used
hospitals. Virtual medical treatment is useful for
which can bring sea change across the sectors. Such
those patients who are home bound and cannot
as using tablets and mobiles to access patients’ records.
travel. By this Virtual White Coat Syndrome can
Some of the key technologies used in health care sector
be avoided.
are:

E-Commerce: The Indian Start-up Ecosystem

Mobility: In today’s time the population possesses
is providing facilities for development of diverse
a basic smart phone with modern features of
healthcare services related to hospital
Bluetooth, camera, 3G facilities. These phones
management. E-commerce is facilitating of online
provide the built in application of health like
pharmacies, making available medicine at your
recording of blood sugar, blood pressure, oxygen
doorstep. They are facilitating Connected Point
saturation, temperature, ECG. These applications
of Care (POC) devices such as watches, mobile
upload the patient’s details and vitals through
phones and applications. With these devices and
sensors and provide to hospitals information
applications the vitals of human body can be
system from any remote location. SOS alert
monitored and can consultation be given during
system in application alerts the doctor/patients
emergency.
whenever a symptom of is discovered and crosses
a threshold that is life threatening or indicating Government Initiatives:
some serious sign. The researchers are going on

E- Hospital: e-Hospital is an open source health
to miniaturising the system through designing
information management system designed for
sensors and mini-processors that are small enough
government hospitals. It includes the patient’s
to be carried by patients.
records, laboratory services, human resources and

Electronic Health Record: Electronic health medical record management.
record is structured electronic health record. These

Digital AIIMS: With the objective of providing
digital health records are records of specific
unique digital identity, UIDAI and Ministry of
patients encountered in hospitals every day.
Electronics and Information (MeiTy) has been
Electronic health record helps in maintaining the
generated for every patient visiting AIIMS on an
record of patients systematically and can be
Aadhar platform.
accessed from any corner of the world through
World Wide Web. It helps in reducing time of
NIKSHAY: the web enabled and case based
diagnosis and its robust structure helps in further monitoring application is developed by National
research for medical purpose. Provides accurate Informatics Centre (NIC) to monitor Revised
and faster diagnosis, predictive analysis etc. All National Tuberculosis Programme (RNTCP). It
these translate into improved and personal and provides sms services to communicate with
public health care. The database of health records patients.
are expected to get linked with Aadhar record of
citizens. With this initiative getting an appointment,
Mother and Child Tracking System: Ministry
lab analysis, blood availability and other facilities of health and family welfare has developed this
in any government hospitals becomes easy. system to ensure the healthcare and immunization
services to pregnant women and children up to 5

Telemedicine: Telemedicine is the concept used years of age.
for using telecommunications and information
technology for clinical purposes. It helps in easing
Digital Payment: Government of India under the
the distance barrier and providing health services objective ‘Digital India’ visions the transformation
at doorstep. Recent development in mobile of digitally empowered society by allocating five
payment mode for healthcare sector namely

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 129

 UPI,USSD, Aadhar Pay, IMPS and Debit card sampling method was adopted for the study. The
for the financial year 2017-2018. sample units areHC’s of Rajiv Gandhi Hospital, Temba
Hospital and Chitalsar – Manpada Dispensary and
Literature Review:
patients with parameters like online appointment,
Public Health Informatics in India: The Potential registration of OPD patients, digital record of
and the Challenges:. V. Athavale1, Sanjay P. Zodpey. pathology, online pharmacy browser, online services
for updating of vaccination dates of expectant mother
This paper focuses on methodological use of and children (up to 5 years of age). 40 patients from
digitisation in Public Health sector. The present study each HC were interviewed through structured
attempts to analyze the impact of latest technologies questionnaire. The sample size of patients from the
on health care sector like telemedicine, e-commerce, HC is 48 men and 72 women, total aggregate 120.
mobile use, electronic health records etc. The results Simple statistical tools like measures of Central
shows that not only in investment in the health sector tendency and Tabulation are used for analysis.
alone would result in better health indicators but also
efficient management of investment in technologies Sources of Data Collection:
and effective utilization and support from government
A. Primary data: Primary data has been collected by
, medical, Para-medical and non-medical staff is also
Survey Method. The survey Questionnaire has
required.
been designed for heterogeneous population where
Rabon, et al (2009). Essential health information the respondents belong to various categories of
available for India in the public domain on the internet age group, class (middle and lower middle class),
in BMC public health. gender, marital status, educational background
(mostly graduate and under graduate),
Health information and statistical data is an designations and professions. The idea behind
important tool for planning healthcare infrastructure. choosing respondents from different backgrounds
However in India, health information is inadequate at of society is that different sections have different
public domain. Lack of information on non- expectations and varied needs and therefore they
communicable diseases and injuries, primary data on will generate the honest and reliable outcomes
birth and death. Majority of the information available regarding the varied services provided by health
at the state level with almost negligible at district level. centres. The survey was conducted via face to
Systematic approach is needed to develop a system face interactions. Most of the respondents were
that fills these gaps. Regular and systematic prompt while interaction but some were found to
assessment of the gaps in the health information system be reluctant while answering. Respondents were
in India is needed. given enough time to answer and they were free
Objective of the Study: to choose their language in which they were
comfortable (Hindi, Marathi or English).

The objective of the paper is to study modern
health technologies and various innovations related B. Secondary source: Secondary data can be obtained
to diagnostics, treatment methods, and vaccines from various sources such as: Books and
for prevention. Periodicals like Health and Guide, various
newspaper articles from Times of India and Indian

To assess the availability of medical, paramedical Express.
and supporting staff of HC. The area of study is
Public Health Centres of Thane district of
Maharashtra.
Methodology:
At the time of preparation of field survey of HC,
information of relevant aspects of sample HC was
collected. Both primary and secondary data was
collected through sample survey. A simple random

130 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
Table 1.1 Demographic analyses: road and Manpada and of Thane district, the collected
data is been compiled and necessary interpretations
Parameters No. of Percentage
are carried out.
Respondents (%)

All the three HC’s have digital:
Male 48 40%
a. Oximetre
Female 72 60%
b. Glucometre
Marital Status All married 100%
c. Apparatus to check blood pressure
Service 67 55.8%
d. Thermometer and nebulizer
Self employed 04 3.33%
e. Weighing machine
Others 49 (Mostly 40.8%
Housewives
None of the health centres do online
and Retired documentation, all process is done manually.
Personals)

All the registration process of OPD patients is
Age below 25 yrs 26 21.66% also done manually.
Age between 37 30.83%
None of the health centres have online pharmacy
25-35 yrs browser to check the availability of medicine.
Age above 35 yrs 27 78.33%
None of the health centres have the facility of
video based telemedicine conferencing for
Income Below 97 80.83%
patients.
1,00,000Rs

In all the health centres during emergency 3-4
Income between 23 19.16%
doctors are always available.
1,00,000 –
3,00,000 Rs.
OPD services in hospitals are also extremely
important in a hospital. 96% patients complained
The whole data is represented in Table 1.1. From about delay in getting appointments during peak
Qualitative Survey conducted in three HCs it was found hours. 53% due to limited doctors and staff, they
that total no. of respondents were 120 (48 men and 72 have to wait for consultations for longer hours.
women) all are married and majority of men are

31% patient’s complaint about the attitude of staff
employed (around 55.8%). Self employed were only
and nurses.
few (around 3.33%) and remaining were housewife
and retired personals. They mostly belong to low
26% patient’s complaint that sometime medicines
income group of below Rs. 100000 and between Rs. are not available and they have to purchase from
100000 to Rs. 300000 outside shops and rest of the 96% patients were
satisfied with the pharmacy facilities provided in
Area of the study:
the hospital premises.
Finally the study covers Three Health Centres

98% of expectant ladies and parents of children
in Thane District as follows:
(below 5 years of age ) are aware of SMS alerts
1. Rajiv Gandhi Blood Hospital Mira Road. regarding vaccination dates and procedure.
2. TEMBA Hospital Bhayandar (W).
Almost 100% TB patients gets SMS alerts about
precautions and medicine course of their diseases.
3. Chitalsar-Manpada Dispensary.
Challenges:
Findings of the study:
The path to digitisation is complex and
After the completion of the study of Temba sophisticated. The relation between healthcare services
Hospital Byayandar Road,Rajiv Ghandhi Hospital Mira

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 131

and patients are ongoing and it literally means life and which can become a major contributor to GDP of Indian
death for patients. economy.
After 2009, the healthcare services have By adopting latest technologies and use of internet
undergone several changes with the adoption of modern can save our time and all the documentation process
techniques like Telemedicine, E-Commerce, and will be paperless. Any information about the patient/
Mobility etc. However statistics shows that still 45% doctor can be accessed and can be shared at any corner
of health service providers uses the same old traditional of the world. These facilities make the entire process
methods of documentation based on paper, patients of treatment easier but malpractices by some make it
has to wait for longer hours for treatment and patients complex. Definite guidelines and strict rules should be
as well as doctors have to go through multiple framed for the authentication of data and to preserve
departments before or in between the treatments, data, the confidentiality of patient’s data. Proper techniques
resources and multiple decision maker that play a key should be adopted for the security of information
role in health services. The main challenge faced by system as well.
healthcare sector is reluctance of medical staff,
Encouragement should be given to Private
paramedical staff and others in embracing the new
Insurance Companies to enter the huge medical sector.
technologies. If technology is adopted then the health
Increased penetration of private health insurance and
sector faces security issues for their medical devices.
community based health insurance scheme for
Malicious use of information and hacking the data,
population should be encouraged.
disrupting medical devices through internet is rapidly
increasing. Privacy, confidentiality and security are the Central and State Government must give priority
areas of concerns with the use of technology. Another status to health sector. This must be followed by
challenge faced by health sector is penetration of health defined policies and set of guidelines that is inclusive
insurance market is very slow. Mostly population pay of incentives, subsidies, tax benefits and approval
for their hospitals visits and doctors appointment with process.
cash and after care with no payment arrangement.
Mainly health insurance is available to high income References:
group and urban population. According to a report by • Advani Mohan and, Mohammad Akram (2007), “
World Bank and National Commission only 5% of Health Concerns in India”, in Mohammad
Indians are covered by health insurance policies.
• Ahluwalia Isher Judge, (2010), “Social Sector
Suggestions: Development: A Perspective from Punjab”.
Life in India with a population of 1.2 billion out of
• Bangdiwala, Shrikant, et al (2012): Public Health
which 26.1% are below poverty line, rife with many
Education in India and China: History,
challenges – lack of medicinal facilities, disparity of
Opportunities, and Challenges. Public Health
income, geographical challenges and incidence of many
Reviews. Vol. 33. No. 1. 2012. P. 204-224.
diseases. We are facing a challenge that how to bring
health care services at the doorstep of our population? • Baru, Rama V and Nandi, Madhurima (2008):
We need to restructure our framework of health by Blurring of Boundaries: Public-Private Partnerships
adopting and promoting new technologies and research in Health Services in India. Economic & Political
projects in health care sector. Weekly. January 26, 2008. P. 62-71.
We can set up medical technology parks to • Bhuptra Panda et al(2012):Public Health Nutrition
encourage domestic manufacturing of medical Programmes in Odisha
equipments and reduce the proportion of imports,
thereby the cost of care. We can also use social media • G. Pardeshi, V. Kakrani, “Challenges and Options
and technology enabled interventions to generate strong for the delivery of Primary Health Care in
awareness and reach. Disadvantaged Urban area”, Indian Journal of
Community Medicine, Volume 31, No 3, July-
India provides low cost, yet modern and updated September (2006)
medical facilities at cheaper rates which can attract
foreign nationals to visit India to avail medical facilities

132 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 Technical Session IV
Safe City and Resilience

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 133

134 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 An Approach to Rejuvenation: The City of Cuttack
Dharitri Das
Architect and Urban Planner,
Principal, Piloo Mody College of Architecture,
C.D.A, Sec-1, Cuttack- 753 014
Email : dharitridas@gmail.com
Abstract: The landscape of a city bears within its fabric the dreams and destiny of its people; it dictates their
lifestyle and determines their joys and sorrows. It provides them with a sense of place in the city.
The city of Cuttack boasts of a 1000-year-old historical legacy. The city has grown organically over the period and
has seen many rapid changes in its 52 bazaars and 53 gallis of myriad hues and colours.
Apart from its rich history and culture, Cuttack as a place for living, leaves a lot to be desired. Unplanned growth
has fostered urban chaos. The city today faces many challenges like, a rapidly deteriorating physical environment,
a changing socio cultural scenario, many conflicting uses and scarcity of resources.
However, opportunities also exist to transform the city through careful and sensible intervention, harnessing its
potential for innovation and re-building the city to be ecologically sustainable and socially inclusive.
The measure of a good city these days is its Livability Quotient. Each city has to evolve its own framework of
Livability satisfying certain functions and by achieving a level of Quality of Life for the present as well as the
future generations. Digital technology can assist in monitoring and managing a city’s performance as per Livability
indicators discussed in the paper.
This paper discusses the ways and means to approach Urban Rejuvenation for the city of Cuttack, Odisha.
Keywords: Landscape, Physical Environment, Liveability Quotient, Ecologically Sustainable, Socially Inclusive,
Quality of Life, Urban Rejuvenation

1. Urban Pattern and Grain rejuvenated for the purpose of making the associations
stronger and more meaningful. Good architecture and
Before analysing this indicator, let us try to answer
design has to touch one’s heart and be recognised as
a few questions –
innate and sublime.
a. Are irregular spaces in the city more attractive
A City has a Soul
and thus magnetic than regular ones?
Our city spaces have to satisfy our aesthetic and
b. Do they have a psychological pull on the users?
intellectual needs and serve the people. Only then, a
c. Are there spaces in the city that encourage bond can develop between decision makers and the
responsiveness at all times? general public. Our built forms should integrate well
with the context and environment to create a robust
d. What is that unique character of the city that gives setting for use that is socially inclusive, intuitive and
it its magical quality or individuality? legible.
The challenge in Cuttack’s planned development In traditional neighbourhoods of Cuttack, people
would be to respect the existing and natural features know each other and live in closely-knit communities.
in order to decide the street pattern in virgin areas and The road sections are also intimate and have a good
to evolve an identity of its own. sense of enclosure. This is missing in new vertical
A city is normally designed as a backdrop or a developments elsewhere in the city as all vertical
setting for the daily physical activities and psychological buildings inhibit social interactions.
leanings that the people have with the space – both In certain parts, the streets lack character and
indoors as well as outdoors. are often flanked by open drains, though, the sewerage
The Barabati Fort and the Bali yatra ground are plan of Cuttack, currently underway under JICA,
cases in point. People have timeless associations with promises to improve the situation to a great extent.
these places – which need to be explored and identified. Cuttack already has the inherent compactness in its
The needs once identified have to be further built pattern which if channelized a little, would be

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 135

capable of attracting the necessary investments while with which people can move about in the city through
consuming less land. This can help to accommodate varying modes of transportation with minimum delays
maximum population, while enhancing walk ability and and conflicts.
also promote efficient networking of utilities.
The percentage of area under roads in Cuttack
The need of the hour, therefore, is to encourage is only about 5.18% as against UDPFI recommended
and promote mixed uses like small offices, legal cells, figures of 12-14%.
and health clinics etc as per the felt needs of the
The streets originally designed for slow moving
residents. Old and dilapidated buildings in the city could
vehicles can barely cope up with the increase in motor
be pulled down to accommodate new in-fill
traffic. A better traffic management system is
development. This will not only reduce travel time and
therefore, the need of the hour.
increase the leisure hours but also generate the optimum
density to share the cost of additional infrastructure Time segregation may be resorted to avoid
provision. A diverse social mix of housing and conflicts between goods movement and movement of
neighbourhood experiences should also be promoted. people. Off-peak hours can be identified and utilised
This can be done by developing small, green pockets for goods transport, preferably after 8 PM and before
to act as platforms for socialising within the city and 8 AM in the morning. Time shift will help to ease the
also to act as vital green lungs. traffic congestion on narrow stretches.
2. Urban form Controls Traffic lights with timer controls should also be
installed at all junctions to regulate movement and to
The historicity of the city, as evident in older areas
avoid conflict situations.
of the city like Chandni Chowk and Naya Sarak, has
to be blended in with the contemporary fabric so as to At places in the city, where the road widths
weave in the heritage and character of the area. The permit, pedestrian paths and bicycle tracks may be
fretwork designs (using lime plaster over a framework introduced to achieve segregation with comfort and
of iron) seen in some of the older buildings, of Cuttack, convenience.
has a striking resemblance with the silver filigree work
of Cuttack. These could be recreated in newer Certain residential streets may be designed as
structures using contemporary materials. This would ‘green streets’ which would only allow traffic that
help to reinforce the character of the place. Sensitivity would terminate in the area, to enter. The Green streets
must be shown to the surrounding by adhering to the would have grass pavers and can double up as
scale and proportion of the built forms. Traditional children’s play areas when not in use by vehicles. They
features like arches and colonnades can be carried can also serve as places of get-together by the women
forward by replicating them in the design of street folk thereby reinforcing social contact.
furniture like portals, canopies and other pause points A Livable city should focus on people and not
on the street. vehicles. Pedestrian facilities should also be barrier
Small vending pockets can be located with a little free as far as possible.
setback from the vehicular roads by creating a bulge Use of personal vehicles should be discouraged
in the road layout. Materials and colour specifications by limiting car use during peak hours in key urban and
for the facade can also help to reinforce the work centres. All commercial areas should have
architectural character of the place. Roof gardens can designated parking zones with parking charges levied.
be made mandatory in all buildings to provide adequate Toll can be charged on overloaded roads as a
greens along both vehicular and pedestrian streets to disincentive for personal transport.
act as natural barriers against noise, dust and pollution.
These will partly help in achieving thermal comfort in Cuttack could introduce a system of Intermediate
the buildings thereby lowering energy costs incurred Public Transport (IPT) like electric autos which would
in climate control devices. ply along major roads for short distance travel. They
should originate from designated parking areas and be
3. Movement Networks available round the clock. Streets should also be
The degree of permeability in a city is the ease adequately lit to encourage walking during the evening
hours.

136 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 The surface treatment of pavements also needs Garbage collection and disposal can be
to be given due consideration with provision of street streamlined to channelise environment friendly waste
furniture and other pedestrian amenities like in to energy conversion and recovery utilities such as
European cities. anaerobic digesters and composting pits, Biogas plants,
Bio-Diesel generation units etc. that can be created at
4. Landscape and Ecology
notified zones within the city limits.
Native flora and fauna can be used to enrich the
Non organic urban solid wastes are extremely
public domain of a city and to maintain the ecological
complex and with little planning can be a major source
diversity. Green cover needs to be restored in the old
of energy recovery. Placement of colour coded and
areas of Cuttack by promoting and maintaining of
labelled bins at community levels can assist the
terrace and container gardens. Each family should be
population in depositing their garbage in these bins
incentivized to maintain his front yard by the
depending on its type. These bins can then be unloaded
municipality through introduction of periodic award
at recycling units, electronic waste disposal units or
schemes. This would go a long way in reducing the
landfill sites under city reclamation plan etc.
carbon foot print.
Community level training programs on holidays, use of
The Mahanadi and Kathjodi river beds could be mass media etc must be encouraged by the civic
used for floriculture or horticulture during the dry authorities towards achieving its objectives.
summer months which would become a source of
6. Energy
earning and an economic activity. The Ring Road
should be developed as an active edge with many Minimizing conventional energy usage,
activities planned along it. It is important to take care maximizing generation and management of clean,
of the pedestrian environment along the stretch. One efficient and sustainable energy has become the need
way could be by developing roads at places where the of the hour.
Ring Road meets the inner city roads. Cantilevered
Cuttack city, owing to its high population density
Decks could be built there for people to enjoy the river
has a huge energy requirement to power its residences,
view.
offices, commercial centres and industrial hub. Its
5. Environment energy needs are mostly met from fossil fuel sources
(Grid Power) giving it an enormous Carbon footprint
A sustainable approach through reduce, reuse and
and making it a major environment polluter. Long
recycle principle should be followed which can reduce
summer spells coupled with scarcity of water in the
the environmental impact of water, solid waste and
upper catchment areas of Odisha has protracted the
sewage disposal.
energy deficit problem leaving the general populace
Smart meters and water saving fixtures should reeling under the discomfort of Government imposed
be installed throughout the city. Storm water drainage daily load shedding.
systems must be linked to water recycling methods.
Therefore, there is a huge market and an
Rainwater harvesting measures must be implemented
emergent need for alternate sources of clean power
at residential levels assisted with community level
in Cuttack.
training and provision of Govt subsidized water
harvesting equipment. This can actually boost the In addition to generation of energy from Bio
availability of water during the long and hard months degradable refuse discussed above, another major
of Orissan summers by 50%. avenue of clean power solution lies in harnessing the
freely available solar energy. Some of the suggested
Garbage disposal methods currently involve
measures are:
picking up refuse from overflowing bins and dumping
them at notified garbage disposal yards outside the city a. Promotion of small solar lighting modular units for
limits where they are left to rot in the open. These homes and offices. Solar photo-voltaic panel
yards are high risk zones as they act as incubation retrofitting of residences and buildings in the city
grounds for a variety of diseases that can infiltrate should be explored as an option to run electrical
back into the city by modes such as rainwater runoffs, appliances.
birds and animals foraging the areas for food.

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 137

b. Phasing out of energy hungry appliances and growth as an individual. Safety and security can be
mandatory introduction of BEE certified achieved by creating a compact layout that promotes
appliances in the markets. natural surveillance. Sensitive policing assisted with
an arsenal of state of the art IT enabled devices and
c. Large scale investments in solar street lighting.
control systems can help to bring down incidences of
d. Time bound phasing out of fossil fuel powered crime to zero levels.
transportation systems and introduction of solar-
Health and education are also vital for evolving a
clean fuel hybrid public transportation systems.
healthy city. These should be provided as per UDPFI
e. Setting up of Solar Smart Grid for Cuttack guidelines. A healthy city is an outcome of a healthy
populace supported by an efficient provision of top of
On-site solar generation has to be backed by solar the line healthcare systems.
grids. Smart appliances, smart meters and smart
building management systems need to be installed in By actively engaging the community in the upkeep
office buildings and high class residential of the facilities proposed, their provision, maintenance
neighbourhoods. The public spaces of the city and and continual up gradation can be ensured. All these
poorer neighbourhoods can be linked to the solar grid. goals can be achieved through public participation and
citizen-centric planning. This has to be backed by an
7. Intelligent Systems effective implementation and monitoring mechanism
Use of Information and Communication with strong policing strategy. Violators have to be dealt
Technology (ICT) systems can play a vital role in with strongly. Creating awareness among stakeholders
security surveillance and emergency response systems, would also be of paramount importance.
pro-active accident and disaster management as well People are the major stakeholders in any
as in the Urban Infrastructure Supply and Distribution development scheme and should have a say in the
Network of water supply, solid waste, sewage and planning as well as functioning of the city.
drainage.
Conclusion
ICT system helps in enhancing the level of
smartness in transport, home as well as city services. According to the NCAER, India’s premiere
These can be especially helpful in case of the elderly economic research institution, “By 2030, cities will be
or disabled population. It can also monitor hazards and centric to India’s economic growth contributing to 70%
thefts through different smart devices installed in of the national economy and catering to 70% of the
buildings. However, these systems have to be provided net employment. India will need to create 500 new
with a back-up plan for emergency in case of cities to accommodate and provide a better Quality of
malfunctioning. People also have to be first trained Life to its migrating people. Otherwise every existing
and made aware of the technology before it can be city will become a slum when India becomes 75 in
fully accepted and used. 2022".
8. Healthcare, Education, Safety and Security Therefore, the only way forward is to make
organically developed Indian cities, like Cuttack, more
A city has to provide facilities for the physical, liveable, inclusive, dependable and competitive. A well
emotional, psychological and social well-being of its planned and sensibly designed city would then act like
inhabitants. These are important considerations for a magnet and draw out the best in the denizens and
assessing the Quality of Life in a city. The safety and give wings to their spirit and imagination.
security of an individual comes next to his physiological
needs. They are also very vital for his progression and

138 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 Urbanization in India: With Special Reference
to the Concept of Smart Cities
Rajendra Kanhu Doifode
Asst. Prof. & Head, Dept. of Geography,
Kr. V. N. Naik Arts & Comm. College, Dindori, Nashik
Email: rajendra.dfd@gmail.com
Abstract: After the independence India laid emphasis on promotion of science and technology. This along with
the adoption of a mixed economy model led to accelerated growth of urbanization. Several factors could said to be
responsible for this such as industrialization, social realization of the living standard of city life and need for
improvement in social status. Urbanization has certain positive effects such as provision of greater employment
opportunities; improvement in infrastructural facilities; availability of better educational facilities; and improvement
in the overall standard of living.
The Government of India announced the ambitious programme of building 100 smart cities in India. The idea
behind is to rejuvenate the ailing urban system, improve urban infrastructure, quality of life and achieve sustainable
and inclusive development besides other things. Tremendous demographic pressure, inadequate infrastructure
and resources to cater to the population which runs in billions, unplanned growth of the peri-urban sprawls
characterize India’s urban environment. Socio-economic imperatives are the key factors behind the rapid urbanization
in India. Livelihood, security and prosperity are some prime movers. Ironically, cities, which on the one hand are
considered the growth engines of economy, also attract poverty (socio-economically marginalized population) in
large proportion. Consequently posh urban sprawls in Indian cities exist amidst impoverished habitats called
slums where the poor inhabitants are condemned to live in sub-human condition. Reconciling growing affluence
and miserable poverty in cities is a difficult task too. In the backdrop of India’s urban challenges this paper seeks
to examine some critical issues associated with the development of smart cities to understand: Will smart cities
serve India’s aspiration or fulfill its urban needs? Can it address the contemporary and future needs of India’s
urbanization? How will it ensure the participation of the urban stakeholders? How will it ensure social inclusion
and finally, whether India needs smart cities or smart urban solutions for sustainable development?
Keywords: Urbanization, Demography, Smart City, Sustainability, Inclusive Development Digital Technology, ICT

Introduction become number two and three in the world ranking

with expected population of 26.4 and 22.5 million
Soon after gaining independence the country was
respectively. The rising population and its migration
confronted with a number of problems such as poverty,
will put tremendous pressure on its megacities, 7395
unemployment and economic backwardness. The first
towns and 1456 urban agglomeration (as per Govt. of
Prime Minister of independent India has emphasis on
India 2011 census) for improved infrastructure and
science and technology, as a tool for promoting
better service delivery. Rising population, rapidly
economic development. This was accompanied by the
changing demography, rising resource and
adoption of mixed economy, which was characterized
infrastructure deficit, slack urban governance and poor
by the co-existence of the public and private sectors.
service delivery are some of the major urban challenges
Consequently urbanization started growing at an
in India which reflect on basic urban amenities such
accelerated pace. The current Prime Minister of India
as water, sanitation, sewage, road, transportation
has envisioned the development of 100 smart cities as
among other. Can the proposed smart cities solve these
satellite towns of large cities and modernization of the
problems?
existing mid-cities.
The present models of smart cities in the world
India is urbanizing at the rate of 2.47% (annual
viz. Songdo (South Korea), Masdar (UAE), Plan IT
rate of change 2010-15 est). Nearly 31.3% or 37.71
Valley (Portugal) and the rest have been designed as
million of its total 1.21 billion populations is now urban
urban systems which are both technology and capital
(Chandramouli, 2011). According to McKinsey Global
intensive. In neighboring China frantic urbanization has
(2010), by 2025 it will add 215 million to its cities which
built host of ‘ghost cities’ with no or few takers. The
will raise the urban population to 38%. Not only this,
question is looking at its socio-cultural-economic
by 2025 Mumbai and Delhi, its two megacities will

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 139

diversity can India succeed in solving its problems of all; even to China. It certainly needs sustainable urban
urbanization by adopting these techno and capital solutions.
intensive models? Barring few exceptions like
In this Paper an attempt has been made to look
Chandigarh and Gandhinagar, urbanization in India has
into the concept of urbanization, to examine the causes
been an organic growth of habitat. Cities in India have
and effects of urbanization, the gist of the idea of smart
seldom evolved on an architect or urban planner’s
cities, the need for such concept and the challenges
drawing board. The socio-economic diversity itself can
faced by them.
make assimilation of technology- a pre-requisite for
smart cities, a big challenge. So the concept requires a Concept of Urbanization
thorough investigation from multiple perspectives
including that of the stakeholders. Although, offering a Urbanization can be defined as a process of
permanent solution for something as complex and moving to cities and changing from agriculture to other
evolving as urbanization is easier said than done. pursuits common to industries. In other words, it refers
Nevertheless, the need of short and long term strategies to shift of population from rural to urban areas, creating
for sustainable urbanization cannot be ruled out. By enormous social, economic, urban planning and health.
the mid of this century nearly seventy percent of the Urbanization should not be considered as a modern
world population will become urban. During the same phenomenon, but rather as a rapid and historic
period urbanization in India is also envisaged to surpass transformation of human roots on a global scale with
the replacement of rural culture by urban culture.
Table 1: Urbanization Trends in India
Year Total Number of Urban Decadal Share of Urban Index of Urban
Population Towns and Population Growth (%) Population to Population
Urban Total Population (Base 1951
Agglomerations =100
1951 36.11 2843 6.24 41.4 17.3 100
1961 43.92 2365 7.89 26.4 18.0 126
1971 54.81 2590 10.91 38.2 19.9 175
1981 68.33 3378 15.95 46.1 23.3 256
1991 84.63 3768 21.76 36.4 25.7 349
2001 102.86 5161 28.61 31.3 27.8 458
2011 125.21 7935 37.71 31.8 31.16 601

Source: Census of India - 2011 and urban agglomerations (similar in concept to

metropolitan areas) almost doubling since 1951 alone.
As highlighted in Table 1, the pace of urbanization
Notably, this growth in rural-urban migration is now
demonstrated by growth per decade has slowed
much more widespread across the country, even
compared with the initial years after independence,
though major metros such as Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai,
yet the current trends of 30 percent growth are likely
and Kolkata were the primary centers of this activity
to continue for some time. For example, according to
in earlier decades. By comparison, a large number of
the Twelfth Five Year Plan, nearly 600 million people
“outgrowth areas” have recently emerged near existing
will reside in urban areas by 2031. Moreover, it is
cities, supporting additional migration from adjoining
expected that more than 200 million people will live in
rural areas.
urban areas in fewer than 20 years. Another measure
the “Index of Urban Population” provides an even better Factors Responsible For Urbanization in India
sense of this trend. Since independence, India’s urban
The following can be considered as causes of
population has sextupled, with the number of towns
urbanization in India:

140 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
• Urbanization implies industrialization accompanied economic planning. They point out: “The consequence
by expansion of employment opportunities. Rural of this has been that the state of Indian cities, both
people are lured into migrating to urban areas on with respect to building and maintenance of urban
account of better employment opportunities; infrastructure as well as delivery of public services, is
highly unsatisfactory, and is far short of what is required
• The existence of social factors such as attraction to sustain faster and more inclusive growth of the
towards cities; desire for better standard of living, economy.”
better educational facilities; craving for higher
status etc, encourages rural people to migrate to The question inevitably arises - where is the gap,
urban areas. whether at the policy or at implementation level? A
democratic constitution that India has, nurtures the ideal
• In rural areas agriculture is the main source of of social inclusion in words and spirit. Good governance
livelihood. Indian agriculture, however, is dependent and satisfactory service delivery are some of the basic
on the monsoons, and vagaries of the latter can expectations of the people from the government.
lead to floods droughts and other natural calamities. However, converting spirit into action is often better
During such periods people migrate to towns and said than done. It’s because as Paul (2014) observes
cities. democracy doesn’t always function as per the script.
Policies change but at their own pace and in many
• With modernization urban areas are characterized
cases often fall short of the need of the hour and
by better sophisticated technology, better
expectations. For better urban functioning change is
infrastructure and communication as also medical
required at levels of policies, institutions and governance
facilities. On account of these factors people from
simultaneously. Stakeholders’ participation in terms of
villages migrate to urban areas.
articulating the need is a must but also a rare
Effects of Urbanization opportunity whereas the 74th Constitutional Amendment
ensures more empowered local democracy. This is a
Urbanization has both positive and negative
major concern when it comes to the development of
effects. Let us first look at the positive aspects, before
100 smart cities. Although Prime Minister Modi in one
we dwell on the negative ones.
of his statements has highlighted that: “For the first
Firstly, it provides greater employment time in India, a challenge was being floated, in which
opportunities; secondly, urbanization is always the citizens of urban India could contribute in the
accompanied by improvement in infrastructural formulation of development visions of their cities.” (HT,
facilities; thirdly better educational facilities are available June 25, 2015). Looking at the socio-cultural-economic
in the urban areas; fourthly urbanization leads to diversity of India and taking lesson from the past
improvement in the overall standard of living. mistakes, the government seems keen to have the
stakeholders on board when it comes to this new phase
The negative effects include: overpopulation and of urbanization through smart cities.
consequent pressure in the urban areas; growth of
nuclear family and breakdown of joint family system; Affordable Housing
paucity of space and high cost of living; the crime rate
There’s no doubt that Indian cities are growing in
goes up; fast and mechanical mode of living results in
proportion and prosperity. However, social inclusion
impersonal relations; the end result is generation of
of the weaker sections remains a big challenge. The
stress.
skewed relation between supply and demand of
Challenges of India’s Urbanization affordable urban housing is a major issue. As far as
the government is concerned, semantics of the term
The growth of Indian cities has been organic. On ‘affordable housing’ is quite different for it. Sengupta
the socio-economic and cultural spectrum they offer a (2012) points out: “For the most part ‘affordable
wide variety in terms of range and kind. The housing’ has been loosely synonymous with low-
heterogeneous nature adds to the complexity of urban income housing in all government documents.’In fact
planning as well. Ahluwalia et. al.(2014) observe the “affordable housing” is used in reference to different
lack of planned development of Indian cities is the income ranges and the sizes of the unit. So to make it
result of spatial planning not being central to the socio- precise, the Taskforce on Promoting Affordable

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 141

Housing (2012) under the Ministry of Housing and unhygienic, inadequate water supply and poor sanitation
Urban Poverty Alleviation has defined the concept of services. Another impact is to be found on the depletion
affordable housing as:”individual dwelling units with a of groundwater table due to unregulated and
carpet area of not more than 60 sq.mt. and preferably unsustainable groundwater pumping. Poor maintenance
within the price range of five times the annual income of the supply line results in huge amount of leakage
of the household.” The investment in housing sector and loss of water. The dependence on water tankers
by the corporatized construction companies shows little (often run by water mafia) is a result of government’s
interest towards the policy of social inclusion for failure in supplying adequate potable water to the
obvious reasons of lower margin of profit.No doubt, people.
scare supply of land and high cost of construction are
According to the Ministry of Urban Development
other disincentives too. To fill up the gap in the housing
report (2011) on Household Amenities with respect to
and infrastructure sector the government of India under
Drinking Water Sources and Latrine Facilities in Urban
Jawaharlal Nehru Urban Renewal Mission
India so far only 72% urban population has water
(JNNURM) has adopted 63 cities which include 7
available in its premises while just 32% population
mega cities, 28 metro cities and 28 capital cities and
receives treated potable water. The status of sanitation
towns. However, this intervention has also not been of
is even worse. 18.6% urban household has no access
much help. Consequently, the weaker sections either
to any sort of sanitation facilities in their houses. Open
live in the ghettoized communities or in the sprawl of
defecation is a common sight both in the rural and urban
slums. Even under the Land Acquisition Act 2015,
areas. The National Urban sanitation Policy (NUSP),
affordable housing has been given high priority, which
2010 of the Government of India highlights the demand
even private builders also have to follow.
and deficit gap in the area of urban sanitation.
Table 2: Increment in Housing Stock According to the report, 12.04 million (7.87 %) Urban
households do not have access to latrines and therefore
Census Year Households Housing Stock
people defecate in the open. On the other hand only
(in Crore) (in Crore)
5.48 million (8.13%) Urban households have access
1991 15.1 14.7 to community latrines while 13.4 million households
(19.49%) use shared latrines. Besides, 12.47 million
2001 19.2 18.7 (18.5%) households do not have drainage network and
2011 24.7 24.5 26.83 million (39.8%) households are connected to open
drains. This makes the situation scary. Figure 3 and 4
Source: Report on Trend and Progress of Housing In presents a glimpse of the status of water and sanitation
India, 2012, National Housing Bank. facility in urban India.
Though some studies including those based on NUSP seeks to transform Urban India into
Census 2011 shown in Table 2 also reveal that there community-driven, totally sanitized, healthy and livable
has been considerable increase in the Housing Stock cities and towns. However, sanitation in India remains
from 18.7 crore in 2001 to 24.5 crore in 2011, indicating a challenge because is not only a matter of government
a growth of 30.7 percent (Report on Trend and intervention but also ensuring people’s participation.
Progress of Housing in India, 2012). However, It’s not a one-time achievement rather an ongoing
eventually, it’s not about supply of housing rather process involving discernable change in behavior,
affordable housing which remains a big challenge for system and practices. Meeting international standards
India’s urbanization. and obligations in a time bound manner is yet another
Water and Sanitation challenge. Being a signatory nation of the Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs), it’s expected to: “extend
Water and sanitation are India’s two most access to improved sanitation to at least half the urban
pressing developmental challenges. Providing safe and population by 2015, and 100% access by 2025.”(NUSP
reasonably priced drinking water and sanitation 2010).This means extending sanitation coverage to
services to the ever-growing urban population remains households without improved sanitation, and providing
a daunting task for the bodies of urban governance. adequate sanitation facilities in public places so as to
It’s basically the urban poor who bears the burden of make cities open- defecation free. The NUSP vision

142 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
entails that: “All Indian cities and towns become totally infrastructure, sustainable real estate communication
sanitized, healthy and livable and ensure and sustain and market viability. In this city Information and
good public health and environmental outcomes for all Communication technology is the principal
their citizens with a special focus on hygienic and infrastructure and basis for providing essential services
affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor and to citizens.
women.”
A smart city uses digital technologies or ICT
1. Build household toilets and convert insanitary (Information and Communication Technology) to
latrines into pour-flush latrines enhance quality and performance of urban services;
2. Community toilets to reduce costs and resource consumption and to
engage with its citizens in a more effective and active
3. Public toilets
manner.
4. Ensure solid waste management
5. Create IEC & Public Awareness The concept of smart city is known by different
names such as ‘cyber Ville’, ‘digital city’, ‘electronic
6. Help capacity building and administrative and
communities’, ‘flexi city’, ‘information city’, ‘intelligent
office expenses (A&OE)
city’, knowledge-based city’, MESH city’, ‘telicity’,
One of the biggest challenges of sanitation in India ‘ubiquitous city’, ‘wired city’ etc. A Smart city can
is also concerned with changing people’s behavior simply be defined as one equipped with basic
towards healthy sanitation practices. While maintaining infrastructure to facilitate a decent standard of living
personal hygiene is often a priority, maintaining social and clean and sustainable environment through
hygiene is a rare practice. No amount of investment application of some smart solutions.
will ensure good sanitation unless it becomes people’s
Four factors can be said to be contributing to the
commitment and social culture.
definition of a smart city:
The development discourse in India still revolves
1. Application of a wide range of electronic and
around the basic issues called Bijli, Sadak, Pani
communication technologies to cities;
(electricity, road and water). They’re part of the larger
discourse of development common to both cities and 2. Use of ICT to transform both life and working
villages and remain relevant because they constitute environment within a region;
major part of India’s development deficit even as India 3. Application of such technology to government
embarks upon the seventh decade of its independence. systems;
Affordable housing, water and sanitation, road, 4. The territoralization of practices that bring both
electricity are the challenges Indian cities (and villages people and innovations together to utilize the
too) are faced with. One of the reasons is that at the knowledge and innovation offered by them.
policymaking level India has been somewhat hesitant
in accepting the importance of urban development for According to the 2011 Census 31% of India’s
a long time. The syndrome of urban underdevelopment population lives in towns and cities contributing 63%
is a reflection of that reluctance too. of India’s GDP. It is expected that by 2030 40% of the
population will reside in urban areas accounting for
Concept of Smart Cities 75% of GDP. The upliftment of standard of living and
attracting both population and investment to the urban
The migration of people from rural to urban areas
areas would make way for virtuous cycle of growth
is now a universal phenomenon and India is no
and development. From this angle the concept of smart
exception to the rule. The need of the hour is for more
city can be considered as a step in the right direction.
cities to cater to this growing influx. Under these
circumstances a sense of realization arose for the • From the Indian perspective the core elements of
development of cities, which apart from coping with smart city are:
urban standard of living would also serve the dual
• Adequate supply of water;
purpose of being magnets of development.
• Adequate electricity supply;
A ‘smart city’ can be defined as an urban region
which is highly advanced in terms of overall
• Sanitation including solid waste management;

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 143

• Affordable housing to the poor; • Provision of a variety of transport options;
• Efficient urban mobility and Public transportation; • Making governance citizen friendly and cost
• Robust IT connectivity and digitalization; effective by providing more online accountability
• Good governance particularly e governance; and transparency. Online methods could be used
for monitoring of programs and activities with the
• Safety and security of citizens particularly women, help of cyber tour of workshops;
children and elderly;
• Identification of cities based on economic activity
• Health and education
such as local cuisine, health, education etc
Need For Introduction of the Concept of Smart
• The Mission aims at covering 100 cities and has a
Cities
duration of 5 years – that is from financial year
After having examined the concept of ‘smart city’ 2015-16 to financial year 2019-20.
let us look into the need for development of this concept:
Challenges Confronting Smart Cities
• It ensures good infrastructure in the form of water
While, there is no doubt that the concept of smart
supply and sanitation services as also uninterrupted city is a novel one, it is confronted with a number of
electric power supply; potential challenges. Let us discuss them:
• It provides smart solutions such as providing public
data, supply of electronic services, 100% • It is of utmost importance that one identifies the
treatment of waste management, monitoring of weaknesses of the city. The first challenge would
water quality etc; be integration of former legacy isolated system
with achievement of citywide efficiencies;
• They promote economic development. Smart
cities enhance the development activities of a • The need of the hour is for master plan or city
region. Several productive activities such as development plan. However, majority of our cities
building of schools, organizations, malls etc can do not possess any.
take place;
• Urban local bodies lack financial sustainability.
• The concept leads to a situation of housing for all. Under this situation inadequate cost recovery will
A smart city provides various opportunities and lead to financial losses.
advantages to the locals. India is expanding at a
rapid pace and the emergence of ‘smart city’ can • Most urban local bodies possess limited technical
provide employment for many. capacity to guarantee timely and cost effective
implementation of project. In addition they lack
Features of Smart Cities skilled manpower owing to limited recruitment and
inability to lure the best talent at market competitive
• Smart cities generally possess the following
compensation rates.
features:
• A major problem is coordination of sound
• Promoting mixed land use in area-based
governance. This implies a three tier structure
developments;
comprising local, state and national governance.
• Expanding housing opportunities for the benefit
• A major challenge is provision of clearance in a
of all;
timely manner. To ensure timely completion of
• Creating walk able localities. Road network is projects it is essential that all clearance should be
created here not only for vehicles but also for online process and be cleared in a timely manner.
pedestrians and cyclists and accordingly they offer
• It is necessary to ensure utility services such as
necessary administrative services;
regular electricity supply, water supply, telephonic
• Preservation and development of open spaces in services etc. Today there are doubts about the
order to enhance the quality of life of citizens reliability of utility services in India.
reduce urban-heat effect in areas and generation
of ecological balance;

144 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
Conclusion • Ministry of Urban Development, Government of
India. Smart Cit-ies: Mission Statement &
From the above discussion there seems to be
Guidelines. June 2015.
tremendous potential in India to build an economic
system that will facilitate the transformation of our • Planning Commission, Government of India.
urban areas into being ‘smart’ by making use of digital “Twelfth Five-Year-Plan” (2012-17). 2013. New
technology. Apart from creating greater employment Delhi.
opportunities it will contribute to innovation led
economic growth. • World Economic Forum. The Future of Urban
Development & Services: Urban Development
The success of these cities would largely depend Recommendations for the Govern-ment of India.
on the way they are managed and promoted. They April 2015.
will set benchmarks for our conventional cities to either
adapt or risk losing people who will tend to move to • World Economic Forum’s, “A Global Survey on
new centers. After all it must be remembered that we Urban Services”, Oc-tober and December 2015.
owe something to our future generations.
• United Nations Department of Economic and
Reference Social Affairs (DESA), Population Division. World
Urbanization Prospects: 2014 Revision, Highlights.
• Registrar General of India, Census of India-2011 2014, ST/ESA/SER.A/352.
• Puri, Anuj, (2014): “What are Smart Cities”, The • Times of India, (2015): “What is a ‘smart city’
Hindu, August, 16; and how will it work”, May, 2; JULY, 8.
• Agentschap NL, Ministrie Vun Economische
Zaken, “Smart Cities in India”.

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 145

 Smart City - Youth Social Capital of Urban Open Systems
Shweta Dubey
Assistant Professor,
Sheth N.K.T.T. College, Thane (W).
Email: dubey.shweta25@gmail.com
Shilpi Jawake
Assistant Professor,
Sheth N.K.T.T. College, Thane (W).
Email: shilpi.jawake@gmail.com
Abstract: India is on the way to development and on its way the government is undertaking new initiatives. This
paper focuses on the citizens’ involvement in the government initiatives towards the development of the smart
cities. The government of Maharashtra has introduced various initiatives for smart cities mission and chief
minister Devendra Fadnavis has been trying to get partners on board for smooth application of the plans.
Traditionally, initiatives like the Smart Cities Mission are indicators of developed economies. A developing country
will become a successfully developed country when its citizens also upgrade and update themselves. In India, the
Mission is in full swing, with the top 20 smart cities stepping into the next stage of implementation. It focuses on
the technology overlaying the basic infrastructure that will be built in right places and in sufficient quantities in
the cities.
The most vital aspect - the citizens who live and work in these cities — must be integral to the implementation
process as well. The success of the Mission is firmly vested in smart citizens. This paper focuses on different
features of smart city which are lacking at present in Thane city and the government plans on eliminating these
lackeys in the coming few years. The research is carried out with reference to thane city and respondents are in the
age group of 18-25 years. The research paper suggests that the youth needs to be made aware of their
responsibilities. They need to be made aware of the smart city and how a civic sense of responsibility would help
in realising the dream of a smart city.
Keywords: Sustainable Development, Civic Sense of Responsibility.

Smart city his or her level of aspiration. To provide for the

aspirations and needs of the citizens, urban planners
Soon after coming to power, Prime Minister
ideally aim at developing the entire urban eco-system,
Narendra Modi made a grand announcement of setting
which is represented by the four pillars of
up 100 new smart cities in the country to take care of
comprehensive development-institutional, physical,
growing needs of urbanisation and bridge the rural-
social and economic infrastructure. This can be a long
urban divide. So the question raised is what exactly
term goal and cities can work towards developing such
defines a smart city?
comprehensive infrastructure incrementally, adding on
There is no universally accepted definition of a layers of ‘smartness’.
smart city. It means different things to different people.
The smart cities should be able to provide good
The conceptualisation of Smart City, therefore, varies
infrastructure such as, sanitation, water, reliable utility
from city to city and country to country, depending on
services, health care, education; ease of business;
the level of development, willingness to change and
transparent processes and citizen-centric services, etc.
reform, resources and aspirations of the city residents.
A smart city would have a different connotation in India Features of a Smart City
than, say, Europe. Even in India, there is no one way
Some typical features of comprehensive
of defining a smart city.
development in Smart Cities are described below.
Some definitional boundaries are required to guide
Promoting mixed land use in area based
cities in the Mission. In the imagination of any city
developments–planning for ‘unplanned areas’
dweller in India, the picture of a smart city contains a
containing a range of compatible activities and land
wish list of infrastructure and services that describes
uses close to one another in order to make land use

146 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
more efficient. The States will enable some flexibility a. Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis on 16th April,
in land use and building bye-laws to adapt to change; 2016 announced that the state government plans
to create an urban agglomeration called NAINA
Housing and inclusiveness - expand housing
that will host 22 smart cities. Mr Fadnavis said,
opportunities for all;
“Maharashtra is the most urbanised state in India.
Creating walkable localities –reduce congestion, This new government under the leadership of PM
air pollution and resource depletion, boost local Narendra Modi looks at urbanisation as an
economy, promote interactions and ensure security. The opportunity. We (Maharashtra) are going ahead
road network is created or refurbished not only for with our own programme of making 10 smart cities
vehicles and public transport, but also for pedestrians and countries from all across the world are willing
and cyclists, and necessary administrative services are to help us in that. The first Indian smart city is
offered within walking or cycling distance; launched in Maharashtra and I am sure it would
set an example for all other states and cities.”
Preserving and developing open spaces - parks, Stating that his government is focusing on
playgrounds, and recreational spaces in order to improving solid waste management and Swachh
enhance the quality of life of citizens, reduce the urban Maharashtra Mission under the aegis of the
heat effects in Areas and generally promote eco- Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, Mr Fadnavis said, “The
balance; key to bring about sustainable development in
Promoting a variety of transport options - Transit urban areas is urban mobility and a single
Oriented Development (TOD), public transport and integrated public transport system. Time has come
last mile para-transport connectivity; to collaborate, work together, translate and move
ahead.”
Making governance citizen-friendly and cost
effective - increasingly rely on online services to bring b. The government of Maharashtra has already
about accountability and transparency, especially using signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)
mobiles to reduce cost of services and providing with the Korean Land and Housing Corporation,
services without having to go to municipal offices. an undertaking of the South Korean government
Forming e-groups to listen to people and obtain that specialises in land development, town planning
feedback and use online monitoring of programs and and creation of housing stock.
activities with the aid of cyber tour of worksites; c. The government of Maharashtra announced that
Giving an identity to the city - based on its main Aurangabad would be the first city in the country
economic activity, such as local cuisine, health, to be completely covered with wi-fi and also have
education, arts and craft, culture, sports goods, first underground cabling system for industrial use,
furniture, hosiery, textile, dairy, etc; 24X7 cost-effective energy supply, cent percent
underground drainage system, smart traffic
Applying Smart Solutions to infrastructure and management, smart grid and sustainable water
services in area-based development in order to make management practices. Furthermore, the
them better. For example, making Areas less vulnerable technology used in the city would be highly
to disasters, using fewer resources, and providing advanced with energy and water saving efficiency.
cheaper services. Half of the water that would be supplied to the
Government initiatives for smart city development industries would be sourced from recycling and
in Maharashtra treating sewage water and the remaining 50
percent would be lifted from water bodies. The
The Government of India has launched the Smart entire city will have a walk-to-work concept, which
Cities Mission and it is in full swing, with the top 20 would be the first of its kind in the country. The
smart cities stepping into the next stage of project would comprise 50 percent residential and
implementation. The Government of Maharashtra has 50 percent industrial area.
on their own launched and undertaken various
initiatives for the development of their own shortlisted d. Microsoft has been roped in for smart city project
10 cities. Some of the initiatives undertaken are as by the government of Maharashtra the first step
follows: being in helping in the construction of the highways.

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 147

Research Hypothesis ǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐŽĨƐŵĂƌƚĐŝƚLJ
Hypothesis: Although the youth knows about the
smart city and its contribution to the country’s economy
but still they do not seem ready to be a citizen of a
smart city.
Sample population: 100; Location: Thane
ϯϰй LJĞƐ
Sampling technique: stratified random sampling ŶŽ
Findings and Analysis ϲϲй ŚĞĂƌĚĂďŽƵƚŝƚ
Ϭй
ƌĞƚŚĞLJZĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞ͍
ǁĂƌĞŶĞƐƐŽĨƐŵĂƌƚĐŝƚŝĞƐ
ŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ
LJĞƐ

ϰϭй LJĞƐ ϯй
ŶŽ ŚĂǀĞůŝƚƚůĞ
ϱϵй ϮϮй ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶ
ƐŽŵĞƚŝŵĞƐ Ϯϴй

ŚĞĂƌĚĂďŽƵƚŝƚ
Ϭй ďƵƚŚĂǀĞůŝƚƚůĞ
ϰϳй ŝĚĞĂ
ŽƚŚĞLJŚĂǀĞĐŝǀŝĐƐĞŶƐĞŽĨ ŶŽ
ƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ͍
Although they are aware of the concept of smart
city, most of them have little or next to nothing
information regarding smart cities. They are unaware
ϳй LJĞƐ of the government initiative of ‘Smart Cities Mission’
ϭϴй
undertaken in their city.
ŶŽ ĐƚŝǀĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞ
'Žǀƚ͘ŝŶŝƚŝĂƚŝǀĞƐ
ŶĞǀĞƌŐŝǀĞŶŝƚ
ϳϱй
ĂƚŚŽƵŐŚƚ

ϮϮй
The research suggests that the youth wants to LJĞƐ
embrace a smart city dwelling, feel they are responsible ŶŽ
enough but do not feel that they have a civic sense of ϭϱй
ϲϯй ŵĂLJďĞ
responsibility. Hence what is lacking is a sense of
responsibility.

The survey states that the respondents are

unaware of the government initiatives undertaken by
the government in the development in the smart cities

148 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
all over the country. This also infers that youth is They are unaware of technological solutions devised
unaware of their city ongoings. by the government in the development of a smart city.

ĂƐLJůŝĨĞĚƵĞƚŽƐŵĂƌƚĐŝƚŝĞƐ /ƐdŚĂŶĞĂƐŵĂƌƚĐŝƚLJ͍

Ϯй
ϭϮй
ϳй
Ϯϱй
LJĞƐ
LJĞƐ
ŶŽ
ŶŽ
ĚŽŶ͛ƚŬŶŽǁ
ĚŽŶ͛ƚŬŶŽǁ
ϲϯй
ϵϭй

^ŵĂƌƚŝƚŝĞƐĂĐŽŵďŝŶĞĚ /ŶĚŝĂͲ ƐŵĂƌƚĐŝƚLJƌĞĂĚLJ͍

ĞĨĨŽƌƚ

Ϯϲй
ϮϮй
LJĞƐ LJĞƐ

ŶŽ ŶŽ
ϱϵй ϭϵй ĚŽŶ͛ƚŬŶŽǁ ϳϰй

Majority of the respondents agree that the smart When asked if thane is a smart city, the
cities would make life easier but still fail to understand respondents replied in the negative and are unaware
that developing a smart city and sustaining it is a that thane city is in the list of top 20 cities zeroed in by
combined effort of the citizens and the government. the Maharashtra government for developing into smart
city.
dĞĐŚͲƐĂǀǀLJLJŽƵƚŚ͍ The survey conducted thus proves the
aforementioned hypothesis correct that the youth is
aware about smart cities and its contribution to the
ϭϬй economy but then it is totally unaware of their
ϭϴй
responsibility in developing their city into a smart city.
ϭƚŽϯ With their inclusion in the scheme of things the smart
ϰƚŽϳ cities mission can be accomplished.

ϴƚŽϭϬ Conclusion
This paper emphasizes on the fact that India is
ϳϮй
marching ahead towards development and the
government is doing all it can for it. Sustainable
development is at the core of ‘smart cities mission’
The respondents believe that they use technology undertaken by the government. Although everything
on a daily basis but they do not use it in an ideal way. remains futile if the people are unaware about it. The

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 149

government on its part is taking efforts but as future is essential to ensure that smart citizens acquire
citizens, the youth needs to take their responsibilities the capabilities and skills to meet the challenges
seriously and work towards as better future. Smart of the future. Only then does a city become ‘future
cities need to have inclusive, innovative, and sustainable ready’.
smart citizens. Without them, the smart city proposals
will hold good only for documentation, not • Allowing citizens to become active in the process
implementation of city design and building enabling ‘bottom-up’
innovation and collaborative ways of developing
Recommendations and Suggestions systems out of many loosely-joined parts will help
in implementing the Smart City Mission
• Awareness needs to be created regarding the
successfully.
smart cities among the younger population.
References and Webliography
• A civic sense of responsibility needs to be imbibed
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what changes in the current system would they news/maharashtra-setting-up-integrated-plan-for-
want for a smart city, the respondents mentioned 22-smart-cities-fadnavis/article8478125.ece
the following points: proper traffic rules to be
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• The government needs to ensure citizen • http://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-

participation. Such participation reduces the gardens/why-smart-cities-need-smart-citizens/
conflict of opinions and makes implementation article8625075.ece
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innovative and sustainable. apps-and-technologies-make-cities-more-
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The right approach towards the Mission involves &q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&cad =rja&
a balance between technological and non- uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwj1y8ifn_XXAhX
technological approach. The ICT platform is the KqY8KHb3fBYsQFghAMAQ& url=http%3A%
best tool to bridge the current gap between the 2F%2Fmagazine.ouishare.net%2F2017%2
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solutions for development and sustainment of a usg=AOvVaw0DJHtR5Pwtgl0VmWwjCxTm
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solutions, they cannot skimp on efforts to raise
• https://www.citizenlab.co/blog/civic-engagement/
citizen awareness on the efficient usage of these
smart-citizens-can-enable-true-smart-cities/
solutions and services.
• https://www.ibm.com/blogs/internet-of-things/
• Citizens are called upon to jointly take responsibility
building-smart-city-solutions/
and engage in the process. Building social capital

150 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 “A Study on Impact of Smart City as Urbanization
with reference to Mumbai region”
Dr. Vinod S. Chandwani1
Assistant Professsor
Vpm’s Joshi Bedekar College, Thane
Nitin B. Pagi2
Co-ordinator (B.M.S.)
Vpm’s Joshi Bedekar College, Thane
Abstract: In present scenario smart cities are booming not only nationally but also internationally. Every city has
its own history, identity and culture. Also there is need to build new cities. We know that what was once village
grows into a town, a city, a metropolis, a meghpolls and slowly begins to decay into “Necropolis”. Now a days the
emergence of smart cities are increasing day in day. The concept of smart city is being used all over the world with
different nomencultures. India is finally set to give shape to its futuristic smart cities with world class amenities.
The union ministry has sought billion to develop seven cities around the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor
(DMIC) that will cross six states.
In the present Research paper, the researcher tried to find out how smart cities the going to change the eco-
friendly cities which provide world class facilities with twenty-four hours power supply and drinking water. For
that researcher has taken data from various secondary sources likes Book, Research publications and selected
readings. Researches tried to find out how smart cities are emerges effective and technological sound service for
the well-being of citizens of Mumbai. How smart cities can help to reduce problem of transportation, pollution,
unemployment and produce world class facilities to people in General and Mumbai in particulars.
Keywords: Smart Building, Smart Energy, Smart City, Smart Economy, Smart People, Smart Public Services.

1. Introduction
Smart city is booming concept not only nationally,
but also internationally. Although the concept of smart
city as conceptualised since 1998 (Van Bastelaer 1998).
but the meaning and content of the same is till inclear
to The main core aspects of smart city are smart
mobility, smart environment, smart people, smart
lifestyle (living) and smart economy. The term smart
city is now more popular in the field of urban planning.
Smart city can work as a tool for controlling rapid and
fast urbanization. Due to rapid urbanization we are
facing many problems like water shortages, load
shedding because of ever increasing population. To do There are various definitions of smart city are:-
away with these problems smart cities is the answer.
The main focus of this research is to understand how 1. The UK Department of Business, Innovation and
the concepts of smart city are change the Skills considers smart cities a process rather than
infrastructural landscape of a city. And to hind out how as a static outcome, in which increased citizen
this concepts introduces new practices and services engagement, hard infrastructure, social capital and
having impact on policy making and planning. digital technologies make cities more livable,
resilient and better able to respond to challenges.
2. The British Standards Institute defines it as “the
effective integration of physical, digital and human
systems in the built environment to deliver
sustainable, prosperous and inclusive future of its
citizen”.

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 151

3. IBM defines a smart city as “one that makes 2. Smart Cities in context to Urban Development by
optimal use of all the interconnected information Sejal S Bhagat, Palak S Shah & Manoj L Patel (2014)
available today to better understand and control
Infrastructure plays a vital role in the urban
its operations and optimize the use of limited
development. Some cities have been fully grasped the
resource”.
possibility of becoming “Smart City”. Smart Cities can
4. CISCO defines smart cities as those who adopt be identified and ranked along the six main angles or
scalable solutions that take advantage of dimensions.
information and communication technology (ICT)
1. Smart Economy
it increases efficiencies, reduces costs and
enhance the quality of life”. 2. Smart Mobility
3. Smart Environment
5. Accenture defines it as “A Smart City delivers
public and civic services to citizen & business in 4. Smart People
an integrated and resource efficient may while 5. Smart Living
enabling innovative collaborations to improve 6. Smart Governance
quality of life and grow the local and national
economy”. 3. The Smart City Cornerstone: Urban Efficiency by
CharbelAoun (2013)
6. Giffinger, et.al defines smart city as “A Smart City
is a well performing city built on the smart This paper presents a five steps approach for
combination of endowments and activities of self- converting our urban centers into more efficient and
decisive, independent and aware citizens”. sustainable places to live.

Thus in short, there are many meaning and 1. Philosophy

definitions of smart cities are there. The definitions 2. Bringing in the technology
may change from person to person and even from one 3. Working on the combination
country to another. 4. Adding new ideas
2. Review of Literature on Smart City 5. Driving collaboration
1. GIS Steering Smart Future for Smart Indians Cities Every city can become smarter. A smart city is a
by AnujTiwari And Dr. Kamal Jain (2014) community that is inefficient, livable and sustainable.
The concept of a smart is a modern one. This 4. Smart Cities: Researches Projects and good
paper describes the smart city projects in India namely practices for the cities by Rocco Papa, Carmela
Lavasa: Smart Hill City & Gift: Gujarat International Gargiulo& Adriana Galderisi (2013)
Finance Tec-city. By 2050, the urbanization in India is
The concept of smart city is providing the solution
expected to raise up to 70 percent compared to only
for making the cities more efficient & sustainable. It
30 percent in 2011. According to the McKinsey Global
is quiet popular in the policy field in the recent years.
Institute Analysis Report, India will have 68 cities with
During the 1990s the development of the information
1 million or even more than 1 million Populations, 13
technologies was at the peak level and people thought
cities with more than 4 million populations & 6
that new technologies can produce new forms of
megacities with population of 10 million or more by
productions, markets, society organizations, industries,
year 2030. A Smart City is the booming international
business districts, residential districts and so on. The
concept now. According to the statics over 2000 smart
term smart city has become more and more developed
city projects have been started or going on in Asia,
in the field of the urban planning.
Europe America & Africa.
5. Understanding Smart Cities: An Integrative
The three pillars basic smart city model is used in
Framework by HafedhChourabi, Taewoo Nam,
this research paper. The three main dimensions of this
Shawn Walker, J. Ramon Gil Garcia, SehlMellouli,
model are Economy, Environment & Society.
KarineNaron, Theresa A. Pardo and Hans Jochen
Scholl (2012)

152 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 Smart cities can work as a tool for controlling the 2. It provides financial plan for the complete life cycle
best method of fast urbanization and various problems of the development.
caused by the ever increasing urban population. The 3. With implementation of financial plan for the smart
academic research in smart city concept is very less. city being Mumbai have many problems like
According to this paper, there are eight critical factors Urbanization, Twenty-Four hours water solutions,
of the smart city initiatives. Removal of load shedding.
1. Management & organization 4. It work as a tool for controlling by using various
2. Technology modern technologies.
3. Governance 5. It provides cost efficient services, environmental
efficiency and using of sophisticated modern
4. Policy context
technology for used to the citizens and society.
5. People & communication
Reference:
6. Economy
7. Built Infrastructure 1. Anuj Tiwariand Dr. Kamal Jain, “GIS Steering
8. Natural environment Smart Future for Smart Indian Cities.”
International Journal of Scientific and Research
These factors are the basic of an integrative Publications,Volume 4, Issue 8, August 2014.
framework that can be used to examine how the local 2. Sejal S.Bhagat, Palak S. Shah and Manoj L.
governments are envisioning the smart city initiatives. Patel,“Smart cities in context to Urban
The framework suggests the directions for smart city Development.” International Journal of Civil,
research & outlines the practical implications for the Structural, Environmental and Infrastructure
government professionals. Engineering Research and Development, Volume
3.Research Methodology: 4, Issue1, February 2014, 41-48.
3. Charbel Aoun, “The Smart city Cornerstone:
a) Objectives of the study:
Urban Efficiency.” Schneider Electri White
1. To understand the meaning of smart city. Paper, 2013
2. To briefly explain how smart cities are 4. Taewoo Nam & Theresa A. Pardo,
reducing problems. “Conceptualizing Smart City with Dimensions of
3. To elaborate how smart city is needed to Technology, People and Institutions.” The
country. Proceedings of the12th Annual International
Conferenceon Digital Government Research, 2011.
b) Data Collection: 5. Hafedh Chourabi,Taewoo Nam, Shawn Walker,
A research has collected data primarilyand J. Ramon Gil-Garcia, Sehl Mellouli, Karine Nahon,
secondary basis based on May Books, research articles, Theresa A. Pardo & Hans Jochen Scholl,
papers, E-journals and other sources. “Understanding Smart Cities: An Integrative
Framework.” Hawaii International Conferenceon
c) Scope of Research: System Sciences, 2012.
The research is based on India in general as 6. Anthopoulos, L., & Fitsilis, P. (2010). From digital
country and Mumbai in particulars. to ubiquitous cities: defining a common
architecture for urban development. IEEE 6th
4. Result & Discussions:
International conference on Intelligent
The following are the result of the research Environments, (pp. 301–306). IEEE Xplore.
papers: 7. Dykes, J. (2010). GeoVisualization and the digital
city. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems,
1. Mumbai is the capital city at India. So, on becoming
34, 443–451. (Elsevier).
smart city following. So the output will be a
financial plan that means how to improve an 8. Robert E. Hall, “The Vision of a Smart City.” 2nd
implement the plan, evaluation of financial plan. International Life Extension Technology
Workshop, 2000.

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 153

 Reviewing the Challenges in Making Smarts Cities in India
Asst.Prof. Tabassum Shaikh
Indira Gandhi Degree College of Arts & Commerce, Vikhroli
Email: tabushaikh15@gmail.com
Abstract : The Concept of making smart cities was to make a citizen livable city with the help of innovation and
modern technology. But a visit to any Indian city reveals the general state of affairs. The entire urban landscape
looks rather like an unplanned sprawl with built up residential and commercial structures mushrooming haphazardly.
Maintenance and upkeep of public places is generally lacking. A closer assessment shows noticeable imbalances
in physical development and in the level of basic infrastructure and services within and between cities. While the
rich live in planned and well-serviced gated complexes, households belonging to the low income group reside in
informal settlements and slums with insufficient or no access to civic services. Mobility is severely impaired due
to insufficient public facilities, and irregularities in traffic management often result in road accidents. When it
rains, water logging happens at many places, which further restricts mobility. By keeping this things in mind the
researcher tries to covers those challenges which come across while making the smart cities in India like Urbanization
concerns in India, Informal growth in Peri-urban areas, Social exclusion, Extension of slum, escalating water crisis,
mismanagement of solid wastage and so on.
Keywords:- Smart cities, Urbanization, Challenges of smart cities.

Introduction to give an appropriate suggestion to overcome with

The present leadership of India has launched the such problems.
Smart Cities Mission in June 2015 with the aim of giving Objectives of the study
a better quality of life to the citizens in 100 existing
cities covering all States and Union Territories in the 1. To understand the root cause of making smart
country. A five-year timeline has been kept for cities.
completing the development projects proposed for each 2. To study the challenges which occurred while
city. During the past two year, preparatory work has making smart cities in India
been done at the national, state and local level to take
the Mission agenda forward. As per the current status 3. To make appropriate suggestion to face those
of the Mission, some cities have prepared their smart challenges
city plans and constituted Special Purpose Vehicles
Research Methodology
for implementing the projects. The Union Urban
Ministry is urging governments at the State/UT/local The present study studies is related to the smart
level to take pro-active steps in mobilising matching cities mission and plan to restructure a city in to a smart
amount of funds, as well as in preparing and city in India and to find out its root causes. Further,
implementing the projects on time, so that the the paper makes a point to know the challenges which
completion deadlines are met. The ADB and World occurred while making a smart cities in India. Thus,
Bank have also agreed to extend a loan for the the source of data used for the study is purely
implementation of bankable projects. An appraisal of secondary which includes Government of India’s Smart
India’s Smart Cities Mission attempted in this paper City Mission Documents; scholarly articles published
reveals that after nearly two year since the launch of in Journals, newspaper etc., informative websites and
the Mission, the process of physical transformation of so on.
cities is yet to begin.
Challenges in making Smart Cities in India
Statement of Problem

Urbanization concerns in India
Through this study researcher has trying to review
As urbanization has brought together people from
the challenges/Problems like Urbanization concerns in
diverse social, cultural, economic and religious
India, Informal growth in Peri-urban areas, Social
backgrounds, the problem of stress, violence and
exclusion, Extension of slum, escalating water crisis,
crime is rising. Assault on women has emerged
mismanagement of solid wastage and so on. Also tries

154 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 as a major problem. In this respect, data released development and environment problems. For
by the National Crime Records Bureau show example, there is a sharp increase in population
Jodhpur (Rajasthan), Delhi and Gwalior (Madhya densities and in the number of unauthorized
Pradesh) as the top three Indian cities, which are residential, commercial and industrial structures.
most unsafe for women (The Indian Express, Physical changes are carried out unlawfully
2016b). Another problem is the frequent without any reference to local development plans,
occurrence of violence between religious development controls and building bye-laws, while
communities. Ahmedabad (Gujarat) is a notable necessary approvals from concerned development
example where religious violence has erupted on agencies are usually not sought (Narain et al.,
numerous occasions. Such incidents have created 2013). Furthermore, agricultural land is
an environment of fear among the masses, and indiscriminately converted to urban use, resulting
led to social polarization (PRIO and ORF, 2016; in reduced food grain and vegetable production.
Rediff.com, 2014). Thus, Indian cities do not This has affected the supply of food to several
represent examples of planned, equitable, safe and cities, which are solely dependent on the rural
sustainable development. This current state of food-producing hinterland. At a few places, the
affairs can be attributed to the fact that many parts problem has been overcome to some extent with
of the urban setting remain completely ungoverned the creation of national food markets and better
and unregulated, and thus a large number of distribution networks. For example, under a
citizens/informal sector workers/commercial popular business initiative (namely Safal), fresh
establishments utilize public spaces and drive their fruits and vegetables are procured, processed and
motor vehicles in a disorganized manner. It is marketed in Delhi and the adjoining region, as well
pertinent to gain a deeper and wider understanding as in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Gujarat. But,
of the difficulties that beset India’s urban sectors. generally, such land use changes negatively impact
the livelihood of the farming community and the

Informal growth in peri-urban areas
poor people who depend on these lands for cattle
One of the ill effects of urbanization is uncontrolled grazing and collection of fuel wood (Lintelo et al.,
population and physical growth in peri-urban areas. 2001). Changes are also witnessed in livelihood
Those people who are unable to live in prime areas patterns from predominantly agricultural
of a city due to the affordability factor find peri- occupations to trade and commerce, and service-
urban areas as ideal places to reside and operate oriented occupations (Karmakar, 2015). Persons
from. Haphazard growth occurs because peri- who are unable to cope with the change suffer. In
urban areas are weakly governed. Two factors view of the unfair practices followed in land
are responsible for this problem. First, there is lack acquisition and the wide range of activities pursued
of clarity among the government agencies on the by the settlers, peri-urban areas often become a
physical boundaries of the peri-urban areas. contested space. The dynamism in peri-urban
Neglect in monitoring physical development in areas also creates a pressure on surface and
such areas over a period of time allows migrant ground water resources, on which the native
settlers to carry out contiguous physical changes. population is dependent.
In this process, the new constructions many-a-

Social exclusion
times extend into the adjoining rural area. Due to
this reason, neither the urban nor the rural agencies The Indian government has a clear legislation and
come forward to take ownership of peri-urban policy for protecting the rights and welfare of poor
areas, and their administration gets neglected. communities living in cities. For this purpose, a
Secondly, rural–urban jurisdiction ambiguity also wide range of pro-poor schemes have been
prevents the agencies from formulating and implemented from time to time. Empirical studies,
applying appropriate land and building regulations. however, reveal that the benefits of various
development schemes are partly reaching the
The pressure created by urbanization has thus a
intended beneficiaries (Aijaz, 2015b). This is noted
severe impact on the peri-urban areas, which
in the city of Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh), which is
suffer from a host of social, economic,
the parliamentary constituency of the current

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 155

 Prime Minister, Narendra Modi. In this city, the Adults and children who live in slums are engaged
plight of handloom weavers is deplorable. Their in a variety of activities. Many work as labourers
silk weaving activity and income are adversely in the construction industry. Others provide a range
affected by numerous problems, including growth of services, which are not sufficiently provided
of power (electric) looms, exploitation by middle by the government in all parts of the city, but are
men, rising prices of computer-generated design much needed by the city residents living in planned
cards used by them to print creative designs on and authorised areas. Examples of services
the silk fabric, as well as poor working conditions offered are sale of flowers and earthen pots, fruits
within their houses (NDTV, 2014). In the opinion and vegetables, laundry and ironing, distribution
of handloom workers, sufficient measures are not of newspapers, sale of cooked food near office
being taken by the concerned government and commercial areas. Some people also work as
agencies to address their concerns. servants, gardeners, security guards, cycle
rickshaws and handcart operators. Thus, in many
The rapidly transforming and rich city of Pune
ways, slum dwellers are playing an important role
(Maharashtra) presents a case of food insecurity.
in building and running cities (The Financial
This is the impression among the slum dwellers
Express, 2012). As mentioned above, their
who face difficulties in availing food grains and
grievances are manifold.
kerosene from fair price shops as per their
entitlements. Such problems occur not because In terms of numbers, about 5 per cent of India’s
of food shortages in the city but due to totales population and 17 per cent of its totales
misappropriation of food grains, which are solely urban populations lives in slums. Between 2001
meant for public distribution (Infochange Agenda, and 2011, the slum population of India grew by 25
2014). Another area of exclusion is housing. This per cent (Census of India, 2011b). A worrying trend
is noted in Ahmedabad city (Gujarat), where poor is the emergence of slums in some Northern and
communities have been relocated to the city Northeastern States, which previously did not
periphery because land was needed for a river report their existence. Five cities - namely
front development project (Mathur, 2012; The Vijayawada and Greater Visakhapatnam (Andhra
Wire, 2015). With respect to one case of Pradesh), Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh), Greater
relocation, proper housing and basic facilities of Mumbai (Maharashtra), and Meerut (Uttar
sanitation, as well as transport, health and Pradesh) - have recorded over 40 per cent slum
streetlights have not been provided nor any households. With regard to the status of amenities
employment opportunities created due to which available to the slum dwellers, the all-India data
the relocated families are facing great hardship. show that many slum households do not have
drinking water source (43 per cent) and toilets

Extension of slums
(34 per cent) within their premises (Census of
In India, as in many developing countries, India, 2011c).
urbanization has led to the formation of slums.

Escalating water crisis
These are areas where the poorest of the poor
live. Their houses are worn down, basic civic Human settlements require a sufficient and
amenities are usually not available, and the equitable supply of water. But the reality in most
environmental conditions in the area are unfit for Indian cities is that this goal is far from achieved.
human habitation. Slums have come up because In planned residential colonies, for example, piped
of migration and the city governments’ inability to municipal water is received for about 2 hours each
create an affordable housing stock for the poor in the morning and evening, and the water supply
migrant population. Due to negligence in and pressure have gone down significantly over
monitoring vacant lands, poor migrants build the years. The quality of water is another issue.
temporary structures for living. Even when legal In view of the current situation, residents make
provisions are introduced for reserving houses for their own arrangements for obtaining, storing and
the poor in the housing stock created by the private treating water. They install powerful electric
builders, these are not adhered to. motors to forcefully pull water directly from the
pipeline during supply hours, install underground/

156 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 overhead water storage tanks, and buy water made to segregate waste at source and hence the
purification systems to protect their health. These quantities generated are huge (CPCB, 2012). Such
measures have had a direct impact on their income, practices also rule out the possibility of recycling,
as observed from the increasing private as all types of waste gets mixed up. There are
(individual) costs of inadequately provided public delays in the removal of waste from intermediate
services and infrastructure. As for unplanned collection points, and at the final disposal sites,
colonies and slums, they present a contrasting sufficient space for storing waste is not available.
picture of major water inadequacies. Formal The heaps of waste lying at disposal sites is also a
systems (piped supply) have generally not been threat to human health because during the rainy
put in place and hence illegal ground water season, water dissolves toxic waste materials and
extraction is rampant. These practices have led contaminates surface and ground water. As the
to declining ground water levels. capacity of dumping sites in some cities (such as
Delhi and Ahmedabad) is exhausted, there are
An overall assessment of the city water situation
instances of waste being dumped by city
(Aijaz, 2010) reveals the following major
governments on vacant lands in peri-urban areas
deficiencies:
lying outside city limits.

A Huge demand and supply gap
Overcoming Challenges

Poor operation and maintenance of water supply
For the success of the Mission, this study lists
gap
down the following propositions that :-

Excessive use/ wastage by consumers resulting

Government departments and residents in India
in part from non-functional and defective meters
will have to respond in a proper and responsible

Contamination of surface water bodies and ground manner if the vision is to be achieved. Centre,
water and noteworthy intra-urban disparities State and local leadership must work together to
find ways to deal with the complicated political
Besides access, water poses another threat. environment that currently hampers urban
Some Indian cities - namely Chennai (Tamil Nadu), development in a big way.
Mumbai (Maharashtra), Srinagar (Jammu and
Kashmir) - have experienced massive flooding as a
Opportunities should be created for a continuous
result of either heavy downpour and/or poor exchange of ideas and experiences, and the
management of river dam water. The situation worsens knowledge thus generated should be utilised in
due to inadequate drainage and waste management refining the smart city strategy. Smart city plans
systems and illegal construction of built structures that should also contain recommendations on managing
prevent the natural flow of water (Dolman, 2015). neglected problems, such as public safety and
Lack of preparedness in dealing with water related security; living and livelihood of poor and vulnerable
disasters causes loss to life, livelihood and property, persons, and migrants; unemployment; water,
with low- income communities being the worst affected. drainage and sanitation deficiencies; traffic
congestion and vehicular emissions; environmental

Mismanagement of solid waste degradation; encroachments and unauthorised
Cities generate enormous quantities of solid waste constructions; haphazard growth in peri-urban
and therefore mechanisms have been created for areas; poor management of religious and cultural
its collection and disposal. The sanitary condition festivities at public places.
of Indian cities is, however, unsatisfactory, as
Manpower, financial and technical capabilities of
waste is often dumped by the generators at traditional urban local institutions should be
inappropriate places such as roadsides, vacant strengthened by organising useful training
lands, open drains and surface water bodies. The programmes, and the higher tiers of the
situation is better at places where door-to-door government should offer the necessary support
collection services are available. But service to ensure that the lessons learned during training
providing agencies sometimes commit irregularities are successfully implemented.
in handling waste. Sufficient efforts are not being

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 157

Ø Civic agencies should be adequately empowered leading to environmental degradation, climate change
for project implementation and enforcement of and poor governance arrangements are leading the
laws. State and local governments should be urban citizen life in unhappy. So it is the need of the
assisted in increasing their tax and non-tax hour to plan and build the smart cities in view of
revenues for day-to-day city management, as well resolving these problems. Hence, it may be concluded
as for meeting the costs involved in implementing that only when the projects begin to be implemented, it
new development projects. will be clear how much and by when success is
achieved.

Efficiently managed services (both online and
offline) should be made available to citizens for References
reporting complaints, such as water logging, broken
1. Pinank R. Patel, Himanshu J. Padhya,
road, power failure, etc, and such problems should
(2015)review paper for smart city, International
be resolved in a time-bound manner by the
journal of advanced research in Engineering,
concerned agencies.
Science and Management.

Committed non-state actors, such as NGOs and
2. Rocco Papa, Carmela Gargiulo and Adriana
the private sector, working for the welfare of the
Galderisi (2015) “Smart cities: Researches
city and its residents, should be engaged in the
Projects and good practices for the cities.” TeMa
urban reform process.
Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment,

Sufficient awareness should be generated among pg., 5-17.
the unemployed persons about various career
3. Charbel Aoun,( 2013) “The Smart city
options, and they should be assisted in starting
Cornerstone: Urban Efficiency.”Schneider
various kinds of income-generating activities.
Electric White Paper,

Greater funds should be allocated for improving
4. Somayya Madakam, R. Ramaswamy, (Dec
the capacity of existing urban planning education
2013)The State of Art: Smart Cities in India: A
institutions, and new institutions should be build
Literature Review Report
for increasing the number of urban planners and
managers in Indian cities. 5. The Financial Express. ‘The urban poor deserve
their due’, by P.S.N. Rao, 24 March 2012.
Conclusion
6. The Hindu. ‘India is set to become the youngest
In India, administration in the cities are often
country by 2020’, 17 April 2013.
confronted with a multitude of key problems, like
unplanned development, informal real estate markets, 7. The Indian Express. ‘Quality of life: Which is
inevitable population growth, lack of infrastructure, the best Indian city to live in’, 3 July 2016a.
inadequate transport facilities, traffic congestion, poor
power supply, in competent health services, and lack 8. The Indian Express. ‘NCRB Report: These 6
of basic services both within the city and in the Indian cities have the highest rate of crimes against
suburban areas, poor natural hazards management in women’, by Vishnu Varma, 1 September 2016b.
overpopulated areas, crime, water, soil and air pollution 9. www.realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com

158 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 Recognizing The Need For Integrating Women Safety While Crafting
Smart Cities
C.S. Lalita Mutreja
I/C Principle, SSSM Arts & Commerce College
Email : mutrejalalita@gmail.com
Abstract: The growth of ICT has fuelled the debate on what cities can do to provide sustainability to its populace.
The various facets of smart cities have cropped into making it a complex term to interpret. India is all set to turn out
to be the most populous country in the world by 2030. To manage this huge population the country has initiated
the process of converting its cities into smart cities through infusion of ICT enabled infrastructure. With this
context, Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s vision “Digital India,” has set an ambitious plan to build 100 smart cities
across the country. Modi in his speech quoted, “Cities in the past were built on riverbanks. They are now built
along highways. But in the future, they will be built based on availability of optical fiber networks and next-
generation infrastructure.” A budget of USD 1.2 trillion in the next 20 years for smart cities but we need to uncover
or in fact ask ourselves Are we really heading towards SMART CITIES? We still have jungle raj in Bihar, minor
being raped, girls being stalked in Bengaluru, trolls on social media – Isn’t it equally important while ensuring long
term socio economic sustainability of the nation? The research study here attempts to highlight the fact of women
safety being an indispensable part of smart city in the country by voicing the opinion of populace and at the same
time recognizing the economic impact of violence against women to broaden the perspective of smart city.
Keywords : Smart cities, Violence against Women, Economic Costs, Women Safety.

Introduction Research Objectives

‘’Every war causes us pain, wars concentrate 1. To highlight the need for women safety in the
the greatest destructive capacity of human kind — integrated framework of smart cities.
but there is another war. This is an invisible war, a war 2. To voice the opinion of various respondents
more difficult to name which is the one that women towards women safety.
suffer in those closed places called home, out of which
3. To draw conclusions and provide suggestions to
some survive while others don’t.” This war is violence
the policymakers and various stakeholders of the
against women who is immune to face it at some point
society.
of time in her lifecycle.1 in 3 women experience
physical or sexual violence once in their lifetime. 700 Research Hypothesis
million today are girls who were married before the H0 – There is no significant economic impact of
age of 18 years. 2.24 million crimes were reported violence against women on growth of the economy.
during the last decade. 26 crimes are reported every
hour in India. So the ideology of being “ SMART” H01 – There is significant economic impact of
without ensuring women safety is like sailing in storm violence against women on growth of the economy.
which sooner or later shall blow out encompassing a H0 – There is no significant increase in the violence
wide array of destruction. So far we always perceived against women during the period 2010-2015 against
violence against women only as social and ethical loss women in Metro Cities
to the nation. But have we probed into the economic
H02 – There is significant increase in the violence
impact? Have the policy makers realized its economic
against women during the period 2010-2015 against
impacts? Today while ensuring cost effective and
women in Metro Cities
efficient infrastructure throughout the network we have
failed to add the socio economic aspect of women Research Methodology
safety while constructing smart cities. PRESENTLY
The study shall meet its desired objectives with
WE ARE ONLY CONSTRUCTING SMART
the help of both secondary and primary data obtained
CITIES WITHOUT BUILDING A SMART CITY.
from NCRB, World Bank and 200 respondents. In
The study therefore putforths the need to consider
order to ensure the opinion of various stakeholders the
WOMEN SAFETY as a crucial aspect while building
respondents were bifurcated as below
socially cohesive smart city.

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 159

 Police men and 20 by way of emotional balances of women and its family but there
Politicians interview is dire need to broaden the perspective and realize the
economic costs attached. The developed countries like
Males 60 in the age group of 30 UK, Switzerland, France, New Zealand etc. since 1988
years and above have conducted studies to quantify these costs but there
Females 60 in the age group of 30 is dearth when it comes to mapping the same in
years and above developing country like India. The formal studies in
Girls and Boys 60 in the age group of 18 – this arena have just sprung in few numbers a decade
30 years ago. Morrison and Orlando studies (1999) have
segmented the costs into direct and indirect. Direct
Economic Impact – It shall be tested by costs incurred by the women and its family in terms of
establishing relationship between Crime Index (violence health issues and lawyer fees and indirectly to the
against women) and GDP of the selected Asian economy in terms of increased absenteeism, reduced
countries. productivity, decline in performance etc. Similarly
Walby2009( England) estimated the economics costs
Research Findings
of domestic violence in terms of GDP of the country
“No city can be smart and sustainable if half categorized at reduced economic output, increased
of its population is not safe and lives in fear of welfare expenditure by state and services lost. Durvy
violence.” et al 2012 further estimated the macroeconomic earning
gaps between women experiencing violence and those
A city is measured through the level of its
not of 1.711% of GDP of its country, Vietnam. The
outcome. How can we call a city smart where the
National Council of Australia 2009 estimated 13.6$
crime rate displays an upward trend? The quality of
billion loss to the economy due to violence against
life for its women is horrifying, where 1 in every 3
women and their children. This cost would further rise
women is susceptible for violence once in the lifetime.
to 15.6$ billion by 2021 if no appropriate action is
The existing structure largely lays the foundation of
initiated against violence. Summing up in brief the
smart cities on three integrated pillars – Infrastructure,
economic costs of the violence against women has
Governance and Sustainable Environment but fails to
been quantified to a reasonable level by developed
incorporate the most important aspect of WOMEN
economies but no concrete steps in this dome have
SAFETY. Urban safety is intrinsically linked to the
been commenced by the developing economies despite
concept of the Right to the City, and encompasses
of higher incidence of such crime. Considering the
every person’s rights to mobility and access social,
economic theories following direct costs are induced
economic, political, cultural opportunities that the cities
blowing out its growth potentialities –
offer. Adequate gender-sensitive planning in the
provision of services and infrastructure can become 1. Impact Aggregate Demand and Supply Functions
an empowerment force that enables the full enjoyment – The aggregate demand is crooked as the victim’s
of women to their right to public space, gender equality, income levels are distorted leading to reduced
and equal access to income, education, health care, expenditures on items above basic needs.
justice, and political participation and influence.The Secondly it impacts the savings leading to
need for women safety has been undermined by the disinvestments. Being emotionally weak and
policymakers. distressed her efficiency levels receive a setback
impacting her contribution to the economy. The
The study therefore proposes that poor provision
aggregate supply is reduced in short run in form
of women safety is not only a socio- ethical proposition
of reduced output and productivity levels. Thus
or loss but an economically impacts the economy in
the entire circular flow of economy is distorted
the long run. The economic growth of the country is
leading to hampered economic growth.
limited and fails to optimize its full potential. Recognizing
the cross cutting nature of public safety and rule of 2. Impact on National Income – The individual
laws it is imperative to realize the economic costs income of both the victim and accuser is
attached with violence against women. So far it is compromised as result the PCI falls and ultimately
known that violence outrages the physical and the NI too declines downward. Moreover the

160 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
 protectionists policy then followed by families and productivity levels in various spheres of the nation.
society on whole restrict women from working to When the burden of violence falls on her, its leads to
its fullest ultimately impacting the GDP of the poor performances and divergent of valuable resources
economies. To illustrate this viewpoint the study for an unproductive purpose.
attempts to evaluate the significant negative co
Increased Fiscal Pressures – The violence against
relationship between GDP and Crime rate of
women significantly leads to increased fiscal pressures
selected economies.
in form of loss of tax revenue of victim and/or accuser
There exists significant negative co relationship on one hand and increased government expenditures
between GDP and Crime rate Index amongst on other side. The increased government expenditures
selected Asian Economies. is in form of compensation to victims, maintenance of
accusers, provision of medical aid to the victims, costs
Correlations
of various medical tests of the victims and accusers
GDP CRIME during trails, maintaining public health services etc
INDEX involve considerable economic costs. For instance to
Pearson Correlation 1 -.431 quantify only a single aspect ie compensation to rape
victims at a minimum amount of Rs 50,000 for
GDP Sig. (2-tailed) .394 registered cases in an financial year would amount to
N 6 6 Rs 199,02,50,000 ie One ninety nine crores two lakh
CRIME Pearson Correlation fifty thousand ( 39805 * 50000 ie NO of rape victims
INDEX -.431 1 in 2015 * Minimum amount of compensation). This
amount is just a glimpse of what is actually expended
Source – Researchers Compilation but never accounted for. Despite huge government
expenditure is the government really compensating the
Pearson Correlation uses GDP and Crime Index
victim?
of selected Asian countries like India, China, Pakistan,
Nepal, Srilanka and Bangladesh displaying similar socio To infer there is significant economic impact of
economic lives. To study the impact of violence against violence against women on growth of the economy.
women on the economic life of the nation, relationship
Testing of Hypothesis – H02
between Crime Rate and GDP of the nations are
analysed. The data spells out a moderate negative There is significant increase in the violence against
co-relationship signifying higher the crime rate lower women during the period 2010-2015 against women in
its GDP. Women today contributes significantly towards Metro Cities

One-Sample Test
Test Value = 0
t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean 95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference Difference
Lower Upper
Rape 9.259 5 .000 30843.333 22280.16 39406.51
Kidnapping 8.965 5 .000 45348.500 32345.45 58351.55
Dowry Deaths 58.055 5 .000 8235.667 7871.00 8600.33
Assault 7.456 5 .001 60721.333 39785.77 81656.90
Insult 16.192 5 .000 9785.500 8232.00 11339.00
Cruelty 23.697 5 .000 109141.500 97302.11 120980.89

One sample T test is used to analyse the increase in the violence against women during 2010- 2015 wherein
the number of cases registered have been used for analysis. The significant value obtained for each of the

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 161

parameter is less than confidence level (<0.05) leading Recommendations
to rejection of null hypothesis and acceptance of
1. Sex education and defense training as an integral
H1 that there is significant increase in the violence
part of education at school and university level.
against women calling out for women safety as a vital
component for building smart cities. 2. Revision in existing law process and digitalization
of judicial system
Findings from Primary Survey
3. Installation of CCTV’s across the cities and
On interviewing various groups unanimously all
increase police patrolling.
of them supported the inclusion of women safety while
laying the foundation of smart cities. 54% of the 4. An integrated framework which would give equal
respondents agree that government has failed to take importance to women safety while designing smart
adequate measures to ensure women safety. More than cities.
65% of the respondents agreed the need for more
stringent laws while designing smart cities with better References
infrastructure focussing on women safety. The group • Ashe, Duvvury, Raghavendra Scriver and O
of policemen were of view that CCTV’s should be Donovan, D “Costs of Violence Against Women
given wider coverage and instilling systems for quick An Examination of the Evidence , Working Paper
alerts and one stop solution to the victims. They strongly No 2. UK Aid
supported the digitalization of police networking
systems. Presently they operate under an integrated • Claudio Detotto and Edoardo Otranto ‘’Does
server for internal communication and similar should Crime Affect Economic Growth’’: Kyklos Vol 63
be extended after FIR are lodged for victims. The Aug 2010
lawyers too opined for digitalization of case filing and
• NCRB, Ministry of Home Affairs India ‘’ Crime
tracking systems to ease the cost and effort burden of
Rate in India 2015 Compendium’’
victims. It would also take care of red tapisim and
corruption to a great extent. Gender wise or Age wise • The National Council to reduce Violence against
no disparity was observed in the views towards women Women and Children , Australia “ The Costs of
safety. Violence against Women and their Children”
Conclusion March 2009

The Macro Economic Impact of Violence against • UN Women Annual Report 2015-16
women is well established by the study. This calls to • Viridiana Rios ‘’ The impact of crime and violence
perceive VAW not just ethically wrong but also has on economic sector diversity’’: June 2016 – The
severe economic loss. There is negative correlation Wilson Centre, Harvard Education.
between Crime Index (VAW) and GDP of country.
The voices of the respondents clearly look forward to • Websites:
include women safety as an important component while www.smartcities.gov.in
developing smart cities. The need for digitalizing the
www.ncrb.in
judicial system and installation of CCTV’s has been
largely perceived by the populace in the long run.

162 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018
We Thank Our Eminent Guests and Speakers...
1. Shri. Popatrao Baguji Pawar,Executive Director of Maharashtra State Government’s Model Village
programme.

2. Mr. Shirish. B. Patel, Chairman Emeritus of Shirish Patel & Associates.

3. Dr. P. Sekhar, Chief Promoter and Chairman & Managing Director of Micro Technologies (India) Ltd.

4. Ms. Amrita Chowdhury, Business Strategist, Innovator, GAIA Smart Cities.

5. Mr. Hozefa Abid, Product Manager, GAIA Smart Cities Solutions | Netcore.

6. Dr. Sneha Palnitkar, CEO & Member Secretary of Waste Management Research Centre at All India
Institute of Local Self-Government.

7. Ms. Sulakshana Mahajan, Author and Researcher in Urban and Women’s issues.

8. Mr. Advait Aundhkar, Associate Director at KPMG India.

9. Mr. Prakash Iyer, Independent Consultant-Urban Infrastructure, Transportation and Smart Cities.

10. Mr. Sandeep A. Adhyapak - Chairman and Managing Director of Water Field Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

11. Mr. Anand Menon, Vice President, Darashaw & Co Pvt Ltd.

12. Mr. Shripad Bhalerao, Associate Professor, Rachana Sansad’s Academy of Architecture.

13. Dr. Ashok More, Department of Civil Engineering, Indira College of Engineering and Management,
Pune.

14. Adv. Vicky Shah, Founder of the Eagle Eye and Information Security Professional.

15. Dr. Parag Thuse, BAMS., PGDPC Director, Swathya Yog Kendra.

16. Ms. Lalita Mutreja, Senior International BDE and Consultant at Apollo Ingredients, I/c Principal, Sahyadri
Shikshan Seva Mandals’ Arts and Commerce College.

ISBN : 978-81-922741-3-3 Organised by Joshi-Bedekar College 163

The Journey So Far...
S.No. Year Seminar / Conference Department
1 2005 National Conference on Water Management Scenario 2025 Department of Geography
Inter Disciplinary Problems, Issues and Challenges Geography

2 2006 Sanganakani Marathi : Shodhnibhanda Sangraha Marathi Department of Marathi

3 2007 Two Day National Seminar on Bio-Ethics Department of Philopsophy

4 2008 UGC Sponsored Two Day National Seminar on Indian Department of Philosophy
Philosophy : Its Relevance In The 21st Century Philosophy

5 2009 UGC Sponsored Two Day National Seminar on Department of English

Post-Independence Indian Literature English

6 2010 Two Day International Seminar on Department of Philopsophy

Mind Brain and Consciousness Philosophy

7 2011 Post-Modernisation of Librarianship Department of Library

Sciences

8 2012 One Day National Seminar on Departmentof

Development of Indian Through Micro Finance Self Financing Courses

9 2013 UGC Sponsored Two Day International Conference on Department of Geography

Geography of Change : Contemporary Issues in
Development Environment and Society

10 2014 UGC Sponsored Two Day International Conference on Department of Economics

Money, Finance and Economic Growth : Emerging Issues

11 2015 UGC Sponsored Two Day Natioanal Seminar on Women Development Cell
Women's Quest for Equality

12 2016 UGC Sponsored Two Day National Conference on Department of Mass Media
Indian Cinema : Past, Present and Future and Film Society

13 2017 Two Day National Conference on Department of English

Revisting Shakespeare 400 Years After

14 2018 UGC Sponsored Two Day National Conference on Department of

Smart Cities in India – The Road Ahead Self Financing Courses

164 'Smart Cities in India : The Road Ahead' - 19th and 20th Jan. 2018