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STEEL AND TIMBER STRUCTURES (CENG4123)
PART TWO: DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL STEEL MEMBERS
December 7, 2017
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Topic 1: Tension Members
Presentation Topic 2: Compression Members
Outline Topic 3: Flexural Members
Topic 4: Beam-Column Members
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Topic 3: Flexural Members-I-Restrained Beams
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Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Introduction: Flexural Members
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Beam is a member predominately subjected to bending. A beam is a structural member which is subjected to transverse
loads, and accordingly must be designed to withstand shear and moment. Generally, it will be bent about its major axis.
Stand alone beams
Frame beams
Simply supported beam
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Introduction: Flexural Members
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Flexural members are the second most common structural members in frame structures.
Beams in Buildings
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Introduction: Flexural Members
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Flexural members are the second most common structural members in frame structures.
Beams in Buildings-Construction and installation
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Introduction: Flexural Members
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Flexural members are the second most common structural members in frame structures.
Beams in Buildings-Construction and installation
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Introduction: Flexural Members
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Flexural members are the second most common structural members in frame structures.
Beams in Bridges
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Introduction: Flexural Members
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Flexural members are the second most common structural members in frame structures.
Beam and deck
connections in
Bridges
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Introduction: Flexural Members
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Flexural members are the second most common structural members in frame structures.
Beams in Bridges-Construction and installation
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Introduction: Section Profiles for Flexural Members
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Beam cross-sections may take many different forms, as shown below, and these represent various methods of obtaining an
efficient and economical member.
► Thus, most steel beams are not of solid
cross-section, but have their material
distributed more efficiently in thin walls.
► Thin-walled sections may be open, and
while these tend to be weak in torsion,
they are often cheaper to manufacture
than the stiffer closed sections.
► The most economic method of
manufacturing steel beams is by hot-
rolling, but only a limited number of open
cross-sections is available.
► A substitute may be fabricated by
connecting together a series of rolled
plates.
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Introduction: Classification of Flexural Members
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The resistance of a steel beam in bending depends on;
Slender structural elements loaded in a stiff plane
► the cross section resistance or tend to fail by buckling in a more flexible plane.
► the occurrence of lateral instability.
The latter, typical of steel members composed of I or H sections bent about the major axis, will be discussed in
second part of this chapter (laterally unrestrained beams)
Lateral-torsional
buckling
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Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams
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Whenever one of the following situations occurs in a beam, lateral-torsional buckling cannot develop and
assessment of the beam can be based just on the cross section resistance:
► the cross section of the beam is bent about its minor z axis;
► the beam is laterally restrained by means of secondary steel members, by a
concrete slab or any other method that prevents lateral displacement of
the compressed parts of the cross section;
► the cross section of the beam has high torsional stiffness and similar flexural
stiffness about both principal axes of bending as, for example, closed hollow
cross sections.
By means of concrete slab:
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Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams
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By means of secondary steel members :
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Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams
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Beam under a transverse load is analyzed and designed for the following:
► Bending (Uniaxial or Biaxial)
► Shear
► Combined effect of Shear and Bending
► And serviceability criteria.
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Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams-Bending
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Behavior under flexure/bending.
The assumption “plane section remains plane” also applies for steel section:
► Strain varies linearly.
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams-Bending
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Stress distribution for elastic section under flexure/bending.
Example:
But, steel is not purely elastic
material and its material utilization
dependent on the section class:
► Elastic and plastic moment
resistance can develop.
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams-Bending
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Elastic and plastic bending moment resistance of steel section.
Elastic bending moment resistance. Plastic bending moment resistance.
of a cross section is attained when the normal stress in the point The bending moment that is able to totally plastify a section is
furthest away from the elastic neutral axis (e. n. a.) reaches the denoted as the plastic bending moment Mpl.
yield strength fy; the corresponding bending moment is denoted
the elastic bending moment Mel.
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams-Bending
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Elastic and plastic bending moment resistance of steel section.
Elastic bending moment resistance. Plastic bending moment resistance.
An alternative way to capture the sense of elastic and plastic
moment resistance is through the moment curvature relationship
Moment-curvature behavior
of a rectangular cross-section
in bending
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams-Bending
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Elastic and plastic bending moment resistance of steel section.
Elastic bending moment resistance. Plastic bending moment resistance.
An alternative way to capture the sense of elastic and plastic
moment resistance is through the moment curvature relationship
Moment-curvature behavior of I-sections
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams-Bending
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Elastic and plastic bending moment resistance of steel section.
Elastic bending moment resistance. Plastic bending moment resistance.
A steel cross section (assuming equal yield strengths in Similarly, the plastic neutral axis (p.n.a.) is located at the
tension and compression), the elastic neutral axis (e.n.a.) is centroid for these sections
located at the centroid only if the section is symmetrical.
where,
I is the second moment of area about the elastic
neutral axis (coincident with the centroid of the cross
section);
v is the maximum distance from an extreme fiber to the
same axis;
In case of non-symmetric cross sections, such as a T- Wel = I/ v is the elastic bending modulus;
section, the neutral axis moves in order to divide the section in Ac and At are the areas of the section in compression
and in tension, respectively (of equal value);
two equal areas.
fy is the yield strength of the material;
dc and dt are the distances from the centroid of the
areas of the section in compression and in tension,
respectively, to the plastic neutral axis;
Wpl is the plastic bending modulus, given by the sum
of first moment of areas Ac and At , in relation to
the plastic neutral axis (Wel = Sc + St ).
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams-Bending-In EC1993-1-1
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Uniaxial bending . Biaxial bending .
In the absence of shear forces, the design value of the When a cross section is subjected to bi-axial bending, an
bending moment MEd at each cross section should satisfy: interaction formula between the two bending moments
must be obtained, and discussion of these formulae will
be presented in Topic 4 (Beam Column Members)
where Mc.Rd is the design resistance for bending.
► The design resistance for bending about one principal axis of a cross section is determined as follows:
▪ Class 1 or 2 cross sections
Where,
Wpl is the plastic bending modulus
Wel,min is the minimum elastic section bending modulus
▪ Class 3 cross sections Weff,min is the minimum elastic bending modulus of the reduced effective section
fy is the yield strength of the material
γM0 is the partial safety factor
▪ Class 4 cross sections
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams-Bending-In EC1993-1-1
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Thin-walled section properties.
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams-Bending-In EC1993-1-1
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Net area in bending
For plate members in Tension Zone
► Holes in the tension flange for bolts or other connection members may be ignored if the
following condition is satisfied,
where Af,net and Af are the net section and the gross area of the tension flange, respectively, and
γM2 is a partial safety factor (defined according to (EC3-1-8).
► A similar procedure must be considered for holes in the tensioned part of a web, as described
in clause 6.2.5(5) of EC3-1-1.
For plate members in Compression Zone
► The holes in the compressed parts of a section may be ignored, except if they are
slotted or oversize, provided that they are filled by fasteners (bolts, rivets, etc...).
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25 End of Class Nine! Questions?
Thank you for your kind attention!
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Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams-Shear
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Behavior under Shear.
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Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams-Shear
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Shear Stress Distribution.
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Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams-Shear
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Shear Flow.
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Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams-Shear
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Shear Flow.
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams-Shear
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Shear Flow.
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams-Bending-In EC1993-1-1
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Shear Center.
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams-Shear
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Shear Flow Effect.
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams-Shear-In EC1993-1-1
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According to clause 6.2.6 (EC1993-1-1), the design value of the shear force, VEd, must satisfy the following condition:
where Vc,Rd is the design shear resistance.
Considering plastic design, in the absence of torsion the design shear resistance, Vc,Rd , is given by the design plastic shear
resistance, Vpl,Rd, given by the following expression:
where Av is the shear area,
Av is defined in a qualitative manner for an I section subjected to shear as
η may be conservatively taken equal 1.0.
The shear area corresponds approximately to the area of the parts
Addis Ababa institute of Technology of the cross section that are parallel to the direction of the shear force. December 7, 2017
Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams-Shear-In EC1993-1-1
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Similarly EC1993-1-1 clause 6.2.6(3) provides expressions for the calculation of the shear area for standard steel
sections:
Refer the code and product
standards for more!
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams-Shear-In EC1993-1-1
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When verification of , Vc,Rd , can not be performed using the design plastic shear resistance, Vpl,Rd, a conservative verification
excluding partial plastic shear distribution can be done, which is permitted in elastic design
where, is the design value of the local shear
stress at a given point, obtained from:
VEd is the design value of the shear force;
S is the first moment of area about the centroidal axis of that
portion of the cross section between the point at which the
shear is required and the boundary of the cross section;
I is the second moment of area about the neutral axis;
t is the thickness of the section at the given point.
For some I or H sections, the shear stress in the can be calculated more simply from
where Af is the area of one flange;
Aw is the area of the web: Aw = hw tw .
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams-Shear & Bending-In EC1993-1-1
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Where the shear force is present allowance should be made for its effect on the moment resistance.
For Elastic Analysis
The following condition (from von Mises criterion for a state of plane stress) has then to be verified:
Where, is elastic normal stresses
is elastic shear stresses
For Plastic Analysis
The model used by EC3-1-1 evaluates a reduced bending moment obtained from a reduced
yield strength (fyr) along the shear area.
Where, fyr is obtained as;
Where,
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Introduction: Laterally Restrained Beams-Shear & Bending-In EC1993-1-1
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Where the shear force is present allowance should be made for its effect on the moment resistance.
For Plastic Analysis
Bending moment – shear force interaction
diagrams for I or H sections
► In general, it may be assumed that for low values of shear it is not
necessary to reduce the design plastic bending resistance.
► When VEd < 50% of the plastic shear resistance Vpl,Rd , it is not
necessary to reduce the design moment resistance Mc,Rd , except where
shear buckling reduces the cross section resistance.
► If VEd 50% of the plastic shear resistance Vpl,Rd , the value of the
design moment resistance should be evaluated using the reduced
yielding strength (fyr) .
► In I or H sections with equal flanges, under major axis bending, the reduced
design plastic moment resistance My,V,Rd may be obtained from:
Where, Aw= hw x tw is the area of the web,
My,c,Rd is the design resistance for bending moment about the y-axis.
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
38 End of Class Ten! Questions?
Thank you for your kind attention!
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Design According to EC3: Restrained Beams
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► To summarize a beam is considered restrained if:
▪ The section is bent about its minor axis
▪ Full lateral restraint is provided
▪ Closely spaced bracing is provided making the slenderness of the weak axis low
▪ The compressive flange is restrained again torsion
▪ The section has a high torsional and lateral bending stiffness
► There are a number of factors to consider when designing a beam, and they all
must be satisfied for the beam design to be adopted: :
▪ Bending Moment Resistance
▪ Shear Resistance
▪ Combined Bending and Shear
▪ Serviceability
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Design According to EC3: Restrained Beams
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► Bending Moment Resistance Summary:
1. Determine the design moment, MEd
2. Choose a section and determine the section classification
3. Determine Mc,Rd , using the equation for the respective cross section. Ensure that the correct
value of W, (the section modulus) is used.
4. Carry out the cross-sectional moment resistance check by ensuring Mc,Rd > MEd is satisfied.
► Shear Resistance Summary:
1. Calculate the shear area, Av
2. Substitute the value of Av into equation to get the design plastic shear resistance
3. Carry out the cross-sectional plastic shear resistance check by ensuring Vpl,Rd > VEd is satisfied.
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Worked Example: Example on cross-section resistance in bending
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Example 4.1. A welded I section is to be designed in bending. The proportions of the section have been selected such
that it may be classified as an effective Class 2 cross-section. The chosen section is of grade S275 steel, and has two
200 x 16 mm flanges, an overall section height of 600 mm and a 6 mm web. The weld size (leg length) s is 6.0 mm.
Assuming full lateral restraint, calculate the bending moment resistance.
Solution [1]. Section classification Step1.4: Determine class of the outstand
Step1.1: Identify the element type. element in bending
Flange is outstand and the web is Internal
element
S 275 for t≤16mm
Material Properties: Step1.2: Evaluate the slenderness ratio (c/t) Step1.5: Determine class of the internal
► fy = 275 MPa element in bending
► fu = 430 MPa Outstand
► E = 210 GPa
Step1.6: Determine class of the cross section
► h = 254.1mm ► Wel, y=2536249mm3 Internal
Overall section classification is :- CLASS 3
► b = 200.0mm
However, as stated in clause 6.2.2.4 (EC3-1-
► tw = 6.0mm Step1.3: Evaluate the parameter ε. 1), a section with a Class 3 web and Class 1
► tf = 16.0mm
or 2 flanges may be classified as an effective
► s = 6.0mm
Addis Ababa institute of Technology Class 2 cross-section. December 7, 2017
Worked Example: Example on cross-section resistance in bending
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Eurocode 3 ( clauses 5.5.2(11) and 6.2.2.4 ) makes special allowances for cross-sections with Class 3 webs and Class 1 or
2 flanges by permitting the cross-sections to be classified as effective Class 2 cross-sections. Accordingly, part of the
compressed portion of the web is neglected, and plastic section properties for the remainder of the cross-section are
determined. The effective section is prescribed without the use of a slenderness-dependent reduction factor , and is
therefore relatively straightforward.
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Worked Example: Example on cross-section resistance in bending
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Example 4.1. A welded I section is to be designed in bending. The proportions of the section have been selected such
that it may be classified as an effective Class 2 cross-section, as described in Section 6.2.2 of this guide. The chosen
section is of grade S275 steel, and has two 200 16 mm flanges, an overall section height of 600 mm and a 6 mm web.
The weld size (leg length) s is 6.0 mm. Assuming full lateral restraint, calculate the bending moment resistance.
Solution [2]. Effective Class 2 cross-section properties
Step2.1: Plastic neutral axis of effective section.
Based on equal areas above and below the plastic neutral axis
S 275 for t≤16mm
Material Properties:
► fy = 275 MPa
► fu = 430 MPa
► E = 210 GPa
► h = 254.1mm ► Wel, y=2536249mm3
► b = 200.0mm
► tw = 6.0mm
► tf = 16.0mm
► s = 6.0mm
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Worked Example: Example on cross-section resistance in bending
44
Example 4.1. A welded I section is to be designed in bending. The proportions of the section have been selected such
that it may be classified as an effective Class 2 cross-section, as described in Section 6.2.2 of this guide. The chosen
section is of grade S275 steel, and has two 200 16 mm flanges, an overall section height of 600 mm and a 6 mm web.
The weld size (leg length) s is 6.0 mm. Assuming full lateral restraint, calculate the bending moment resistance.
Solution [2]. Effective Class 2 cross-section properties
Step2.2: Plastic modulus of effective section.
S 275 for t≤16mm
Material Properties:
► fy = 275 MPa
► fu = 430 MPa Solution [3]. Bending resistance of cross-section
► E = 210 GPa
► h = 254.1mm ► Wel, y=2536249mm3
► b = 200.0mm Bending
Hence used
► tw = 6.0mm Based the Wpl,y,eff = 2,259,100 mm3 resistance
►
►
tf = 16.0mm
s = 6.0mm
provision CLASS 3 → Effective
CLASS 2 instead of, ↑by 6%
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of EC3-1-1 3
Wel,y = 2,124,800 mm December 7, 2017
Worked Example: Example on shear resistance
45
Example 4.2. Determine the shear resistance of a 229 x 89 rolled channel section in grade S275 steel loaded parallel
to the web.
Redo Example 4.2. for when the section
is loaded perpendicular to the web.
Solution Step2: Determine the Shear resistance Vpl,Rd
Step1: Compute the Shear area AV.
S 275 for t≤16mm
Shear resistance is determined according to
Material Properties:
► fy = 275 MPa Step3: Check for shear buckling
► fu = 430 MPa Shear buckling need not be considered,
► E = 210 GPa provided:
And for a rolled channel section, loaded
parallel to the web, the shear area is given
by
► h = 228.6mm
► b = 88.9mm ► A=4160mm2
► tw = 8.6mm
► tf = 13.30mm
► r = 13.7mm Actual hw /tw = 23.5≤66.6
:- No shear buckling check required
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
Worked Example: cross-section resistance under combined bending
and shear
46
Example 4.3. A short-span (1.4 m), simply supported, laterally restrained beam is to be designed to carry a central
point load of 1050 kN, as shown. The arrangement results in a maximum design shear force VEd of 525 kN and a
maximum design bending moment MEd of 367.5 kNm. Check the suitability of 406 x 178 x 74 UKB in grade S275 steel.
Solution [1]. Section classification
Step1.1: Identify the element type.
Flange is outstand and the web is Internal element
Step1.2: Evaluate the slenderness ratio (c/t)
Outstand
Internal
► h = 412.8mm
► b = 179.5mm Step1.3: Evaluate the parameter ε.
► tw = 9.5mm
► tf = 16.0mm S 275 for t≤16mm
► r = 10.2mm Material Properties:
Step1.4: Determine class of the outstand element in bending
► A=9450mm2 ► fy = 275 MPa
► Wpl, y=1501000mm3 ► fu = 430 MPa
Addis Ababa institute of Technology ► E = 210 GPa December 7, 2017
Worked Example: cross-section resistance under combined bending
and shear
47
Example 4.3. A short-span (1.4 m), simply supported, laterally restrained beam is to be designed to carry a central
point load of 1050 kN, as shown. The arrangement results in a maximum design shear force VEd of 525 kN and a
maximum design bending moment MEd of 367.5 kNm. Check the suitability of 406 x 178 x 74 UKB in grade S275 steel.
Solution [1]. Section classification
Step1.5: Determine class of the internal element in bending
Step1.6: Determine class of the cross section
Overall section classification is :- CLASS 1
Solution [2]. Bending resistance of cross-section
The design bending resistance of the cross-section
► h = 412.8mm
► b = 179.5mm
► tw = 9.5mm
► tf = 16.0mm S 275 for t≤16mm
► r = 10.2mm Material Properties:
► A=9450mm2 ► fy = 275 MPa Cross-section resistance
► Wpl, y=1501000mm3 ► fu = 430 MPa in bending is acceptable
Addis Ababa institute of Technology ► E = 210 GPa December 7, 2017
Worked Example: cross-section resistance under combined bending
and shear
48
Example 4.3. A short-span (1.4 m), simply supported, laterally restrained beam is to be designed to carry a central
point load of 1050 kN, as shown. The arrangement results in a maximum design shear force VEd of 525 kN and a
maximum design bending moment MEd of 367.5 kNm. Check the suitability of 406 x 178 x 74 UKB in grade S275 steel.
Solution [3]. Shear resistance of cross-section
Step3.1: Compute the Shear area AV.
Shear resistance is determined according to
For a rolled I section, loaded parallel to
the web, the shear area Av is given by
► h = 412.8mm
► b = 179.5mm
► tw = 9.5mm
► tf = 16.0mm S 275 for t≤16mm
► r = 10.2mm Material Properties:
► A=9450mm2 ► fy = 275 MPa
► Wpl, y=1501000mm3 ► fu = 430 MPa
Addis Ababa institute of Technology ► E = 210 GPa December 7, 2017
Worked Example: cross-section resistance under combined bending
and shear
49
Example 4.3. A short-span (1.4 m), simply supported, laterally restrained beam is to be designed to carry a central
point load of 1050 kN, as shown. The arrangement results in a maximum design shear force VEd of 525 kN and a
maximum design bending moment MEd of 367.5 kNm. Check the suitability of 406 x 178 x 74 UKB in grade S275 steel.
Solution [3]. Shear resistance of cross-section
Step3.2: Determine the Shear resistance Vpl,Rd
Step3.3: Check for shear buckling
Shear buckling need not be considered, provided:
► h = 412.8mm
► b = 179.5mm
► tw = 9.5mm
► tf = 16.0mm S 275 for t≤16mm
► r = 10.2mm Material Properties:
► A=9450mm2 ► fy = 275 MPa
► Wpl, y=1501000mm3 ► fu = 430 MPa
Addis Ababa institute of Technology ► E = 210 GPa December 7, 2017
Worked Example: cross-section resistance under combined bending
and shear
50
Example 4.3. A short-span (1.4 m), simply supported, laterally restrained beam is to be designed to carry a central
point load of 1050 kN, as shown. The arrangement results in a maximum design shear force VEd of 525 kN and a
maximum design bending moment MEd of 367.5 kNm. Check the suitability of 406 x 178 x 74 UKB in grade S275 steel.
Solution [4]. Resistance of cross-section to combined bending and shear
Step4.1: Determine the influence of the design shear force
The applied shear force is greater than half the plastic shear resistance
of the cross-section,
Step4.2: Determine the reduced moment resistance
► h = 412.8mm
► b = 179.5mm
► tw = 9.5mm
► tf = 16.0mm S 275 for t≤16mm
► r = 10.2mm Material Properties:
► A=9450mm2 ► fy = 275 MPa
► Wpl, y=1501000mm3 ► fu = 430 MPa Cross-section resistance to combined bending and shear is acceptable
Addis Ababa institute of Technology ► E = 210 GPa December 7, 2017
51 End of Class Eleven! Questions?
Thank you for your kind attention!
Addis Ababa institute of Technology December 7, 2017
