Government of Nepal

Office of Municipal Executive

KAPILVASTU MUNICIPALITY
KAPILVASTU

FIELD REPORT
ON
PREPARATION OF MUNICIPALITY TRANSPORT MASTER PLAN
 Acknowledgement

We would like to sincerely thank the Chief Executive Officer of Kapilvastu Municipality for
his continuous support throughout the preparation of MTMP. We would like to express our
gratitude to all the people, representatives from different political parties and volunteers for
their support and co-ordination of Kapilvastu Municipality in the preparation of Field Report
on Municipality Transport Master Plan (MTMP).

We would also like to present our gratitude to all the staff members of the Municipality office
and all the representatives of the Wada.

The presentation of this Field report is possible only due to the constant help of citizens of the
municipality in the data collection process. We are greatly thankful to everyone who helped in
facilitating us for data collection. We thank the volunteers who helped for traffic vehicle
count on the major road linkages.

The study team

 Acronyms/Abbreviations

DDC  District Development Committee

DOLIDAR Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural
Roads
DTMP  District Transport Master Plan
Ha Hectare
IDPM Indicative Development Potential Map
Km. Kilometre
NMT Non- Motorized Transport
MRCC Municipality Road Coordination Committee
MTMP Municipality Transport Master Plan
MTPP    Municipality Transport Perspective Plan
PCU Passenger Car Unit
PT    Public Transport
OD Origin and Destination
Sq. km Square Kilometre
ToR  Terms of Reference
 Table of Contents
Acknowledgement......................................................................................................................2
Acronyms/Abbreviations............................................................................................................3
Table of Contents........................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................7
1.1 Background..................................................................................................................8
1.2 Introduction..................................................................................................................9
1.3 Objectives...................................................................................................................10
1.4 Scope of Work................................................................................................................11
CHAPTER 2: CURRENT STATUS........................................................................................15
2.1 Study Area......................................................................................................................15
2.3 Socio Economic Characteristics.....................................................................................18
2.3.1 Population................................................................................................................18
2.3.2 Religion Festival and Caste.....................................................................................18
2.3.3 Educational and Occupational Status.......................................................................18
2.4 Transport Characteristics................................................................................................19
2.4.1 Income and Vehicle ownership................................................................................19
2.4.2 Trip Purpose and Mode:...........................................................................................19
2.4.3 Origin and Destination Study:.................................................................................20
2.4.4 Road inventory.........................................................................................................20
2.4.5 Road Safety..............................................................................................................30
2.4.6 Active road users......................................................................................................31
2.4.7 Public transportation................................................................................................31
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY......................................................................................32
3.1 Approach:........................................................................................................................32
3.2 Methodological Framework:...........................................................................................32
3.3 Secondary Data Collection.............................................................................................33
3.4 Primary Data Collection:................................................................................................35
3.5 Data Processing, Analysis and Presentation of Reports.................................................36
3.6 Preparation of Visionary city development plan............................................................36
3.7Preparation of Indicative Development Potential Map (IDPM)......................................36
3.8 Digital Name Coding......................................................................................................37
3.9 Scoring Criteria for Prioritization...................................................................................38
CHAPTER 4: Field Data Collection.....................................................................................40
4.1 Introduction..............................................................................................................40
4.2 Secondary Data Collection.............................................................................................40
3.4 Primary Data Collection:................................................................................................41
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION...............................................................................................43
Glossary....................................................................................................................................44
Municipality Transport Master Plan Kapilvastu Municipality

List of Tables
Table 1: Ward wise population distribution of municipality, as per CBS 2068......................15
Table 2: Household and population data of vdcs (2011).........................................................16
Table 3: Ward wise Population distribution, 2015 (Kapilvastu Municipality)........................17
Table 4: Population data by Religion (2001 CBS)...................................................................18
Table 5: Summary of Road Inventory......................................................................................21
Table 6: Details of Road Inventory..........................................................................................21
Table 7: Scoring criteria for Prioritization...............................................................................39

List of Figures
Figure 1: Location map............................................................................................................15
Figure 2: Household and population distribution of previous VDCs (2011)...........................16
Figure 3: Wardwise Population distribution, 2015..................................................................17
Figure 4: Methodological framework......................................................................................34

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

Local Self-Governance Act (LSGA) provisions formulation of local development plan

according to need-based, bottom-up and participatory approach. It has prominently defined
tangible steps for formulation of such development plan. Underlying objective of this plan is
to make investment for planned development within each of the local bodies’ territory.
Ultimately, development endeavours help attaining sustainable livelihood and improved well-
being of people. People’s needs for sustainable livelihood and improved well-being are such
that they require better access to information, markets and opportunities; they need better
access to health, education and other goods and services. Accordingly, gradual investment in
physical infrastructure development evolved urbanized and semi-urbanized settlements
leading to improved access to various services, opportunities and resources by interior
communities from state owned and private entities.

Urban areas are growth centres in terms of population as well as economic activities. Overall
growth pattern and rate are related to the land-use and its mobility aspects. Major planning
issues in any urban area are related to tackling the interrelation between land-use and
transport. Therefore, these fundamental issues are needed to address in advance. Local Self
Governance Act (LSGA) introduces the opportunity to formulate local development plan
according to need based, bottom-up and participatory approach. Municipality Transport
Master Plan (MTMP) is guided by the same aspiration. The MTMP has initiated to make
investment for planned development within the given territory of local authority. Such
endeavours help attaining sustainable livelihood and improved well-being of people.
Municipality Transport Master Plan (MTMP) for a Municipality offers long-term perspective
for the planned development of the rural roads in the Municipality. In a nutshell, Municipality
Transport Master Plan is a reflection of existing transport infrastructure situation and future
potential in relation with the resources available the municipality. MTMP essentially covers
the Urban Transport Infrastructures (UTIs), which are funded, supported and implemented by
municipalities. The MTMP preparation strongly advocates meaningful participation of all key
stakeholders in the planning process to make MTMP more acceptable and ensure ownership.

Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development (MoFALD) has supported Municipalities
to formulate Transport Master Plan which could guide the municipal authority to invest
scarce resource on the basis of the importance of the alternative transport links. In this
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context, the consulting services to prepare MTMP has been designed to consider fundamental
approaches of planning with close consultation with local stakeholders and supporting them
with sound technical background. Kapilvastu Municipality has awarded the assignment to the
Rural Infrastructural Developers Consultant Pvt. Ltd to carry out the service. This
chapter briefly explains the background and study of the study area along with the scopes and
objectives associated with the preparation of Municipality Transport Master Plan(MTMP) of
Kapilvastu Municipality, Kapilvastu. This Field Report has been submitted to include up to
date information that the consultant has collected and some analysis carried out. This report is
not final and is still in the state of updating and amended.

1.1 Background

Life in cities-i.e., organized human settlements, which are mostly referred to as communities,
is only possible if people have mobility in daily basis. Residential area is spatially separated
from workplaces, major shopping is concentrated in identifiable centers, and larger
entertainment and relaxation facilities are found at specific locations. They have to have
accessibility. Unlike in a village, very few of these destinations are reachable on foot; at least,
they tend not to be within a convenient walking distance for all.

Transport facilities help in developing access with the rural-urban linkages. Road
accessibility can reduce isolation, stimulate crop production and marketing activities,
encourage public services and help to transfer technology. Road building has been seen to
bring about notable enthusiasm and visible changes in rural life. Road infrastructure is
considered as “the infrastructure for infrastructure”. However, in the absence of notable
criteria and rational guidelines, road construction is carried out in adverse manner resulting in
haphazard use and wastage of limited resources.

Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development (MoFALD) stepped up to bring forward
proposal to add rural settlements in the periphery to expand the municipal areas and create
new municipality cities. Kapilvastu Municipality is one of those rapidly urbanizing
municipality, where the surrounding rural areas are fast growing into market centres on their
own. To bring coherence and proper planning in infrastructure development of the
municipality and its surrounding urbanizing areas, the ministry has merged different VDCsto
a Municipality. The municipality has also directed the Municipality to prepare a series of
plans for integrated urban development. This study of preparation of MTMP for Kapilvastu
Municipality is one of them. After being designated as a Municipality, it will attract more

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population from surrounding rural municipality as socio-economic growth and other

infrastructure development will gain pace. The Municipality and its surrounding rural
municipality will see a rapid increase in housing, infrastructure and urban services demand.
In this regard, formulation of Municipal Transport Master Plan was initiated for assessing the
present road and transport infrastructures and facilities within the Municipality and the
surrounding rural municipality. So as to be presented as proper municipality or a city, it must
have a very good mobility and accessibility by public or private means of transportation. In
this stage, the preparation of MTMP of Kapilvastu Municipality is proposed.

1.2 Introduction

Alarming population growth and rapid urbanization has become the greatest noteworthy
scenario in context of the national development. Provision of the infrastructures and services
for the well-organized urbanization has become the prominent challenge for most
stakeholders and administration. With the increased migrants’ number, provision of well-
planned and well managed infrastructure for urban development has become a challenge, and
the local authority is unable to provide proper infrastructure thus required for well managed
urbanization.

Kapilvastu Municipality is one of such municipal area which is rapidly facing the increased
migrants from nearby surrounding and rapid urbanization for whole Kapilvastu district. Such
increase in population also increases the demand for physical infrastructures such as housing,
transport, waste management, water supply, electricity and so on. Kapilvastu Municipality
being one of the major economic centres of Kapilvastu district and a dramatic population
increase in has had a direct impact on service delivery, infrastructure and facilities. In light of
the population growth and the development trend of land sub-division and urban sprawl, the
municipality needs to develop growth-control strategies to deal with the urban densification
and to preserve urban agricultural land.

Kapilvastu Municipality also suffers from a number of infrastructure constraints and urban
service deficiencies, and from a lack of capacity and capability within the Municipality
required to effectively manage future urban expansion and economic development. Unless
these infrastructural constraints and urban service deficiencies are addressed, and the
Municipality supported in its efforts to direct and manage development, the potential of
Kapilvastu may be limited or even compromised. The East-West Highways that passes
through the Center of Kapilvastu is heavily used and often congested. This congestion is

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more than just a nuisance; it is a major constraint on the further economic development of the
Municipality. Delay in the planning and managing of urban growth coupled with failure in
the provision of municipal infrastructure and services will result in series of serious urban
environmental issues including climate change, global warming, insufficiency of
transportation and its management, inadequate drinking water supply, drainage and sanitation
uncontrolled and unmanageable urban and physical development within the municipality and
surrounding rural municipality.
Kapilvastu Municipality is located in a strategic node along the East-West Highway in
JanakpurZone of Nepal’s Central Development Region. Itcovers an area of 82 sq.km. within
the Terai belt.

The Municipality is a major market town, distribution centre, and the transportation hub for
the surrounding communities. Kapilvastu is located near to the major industrial town of
Janakpur and Jaleshwor. All the conditions are presented for the continued growth of the
Kapilvastu which could increasingly drive the economic development process of its
hinterland.

The economic growth of Kapilvastu is driven not solely by its strategic location. The
Municipality is also characterized by adequate level land available for urban and industrial
expansion, and adequate ground water for drinking and industrial purposes. Furthermore,
Kapilvastu is located very close to Janakpur, often considered to be the industrial and
agricultural heart of the Terai, is adjacent to a number of important service assets (e.g. the
Airport at Janakpur, and the Janaki Temple which is recognized as the most famous tourism
centreof middle terai of Nepal), and lies in close proximity to Indian cities and transport
infrastructure.

1.3 Objectives

The prime objective of this study is to prepare the Municipality Transport Master Plan
(MTMP/MTPP) for Kapilvastu Municipality. The planning approach is participatory and
bottom-up from the settlement level. It will include a constructive plan to incorporate all the
transportation needs and facilities for now and tomorrow. The specific objectives of the
MTMP are mentioned below:

1. Prepare the Municipality Inventory Map (MIM) of all road networks.

2. Identify the major road networks linking the municipality with the surrounding areas.
3. Prepare Indicative Development Potential Map (IDPM).
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4. Finalize visionary city development plan if Comprehensive Town Development Plan

is not prepared.
5. Collection of demands for new/rehabilitation transport linkages from
Municipalities/settlements based on city development plan.
6. Analyse the present mobility and accessibility situation.
7. Identify and prioritize the interventions based on mobility and accessibility situation.
8. Develop scoring criteria and its approval from Municipality.
9. Prepare the Perspective Plan of transport services and facilities (Municipal Transport
Perspective Plan)
10. Prepare physical and financial implementation plan of prioritized roads for the MTMP
period.
11. Prepare a five years Municipality Transport Master Plan (MTMP).

1.4 Scope of Work

The scope of this work and service the consultant will provide for the project is given
below:

a. Accessibility data Collection and Analysis.

The accessibility situation shall be evaluated from the settlement level and data shall
be collected using a GPS. Various surveys may be carried out to gain such data
including their travel patterns, questionnaire surveys and origin-destination survey.

b. Analyze Mobility status of the municipality

The consultant will also conduct mobility study, incorporated in the O-D survey. This
is important especially because the road network in Terai has provided access to
majority of the population. The question then arises on how -efficiently, economically
and safely the goods and passengers are transported, which is indicated by mobility.

c. Access the condition of public transportation

The consultant will collect data on different public transportation routes and their
operation characteristics, which operate within the municipal area and to other
adjoining area.

d. Access safety status and issues

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The consultant shall also access the road safety status and issues. For this, roadside
condition survey during road inventory survey and other accident data will be
reviewed. Possible interventions to make the roads safer will be proposed and
recommended.

e. Prepare the Indicative Municipality Development Potential Map (IDPM)

The consultant shall prepare IDPM using topographical base maps and digitized GIS
maps. In the IDPM, the consultant shall identify potential areas for development and
prioritize through ranking. The consultant shall validate the IDPM from the MRCC
and Municipality.

f. Prepare Municipality Inventory Map (MIM) of existing roads within Kapilvastu

Municipality.
The consultant will prepare the Municipality Inventory Map linking to strategic road
networks such as national highways, district core road network, main trails and
bridges. This shall be done by walkover surveys using enumerators. The inventory
map shall include the road names, total length and breadth of the roads, surface type,
existing condition, Right of way, vehicular traffic and pedestrian traffic flow etc.

g. Collection of demands for New/Upgrading/Rehabilitation transport Linkages from

Wards/Settlements

The consultant shall collect data regarding the construction, maintenance or

rehabilitation of roads according to the existing condition and demand. The consultant
will also seek to collect these data through ward meeting or community level
discussion. The demand data shall be collected in priority order for each ward. The
roadside condition of all the linkages will be noted during the road inventory survey.

h. Scoring criteria

The consultant shall develop scoring criteria to screen and prioritize all interventions
potential interventions for proper allocation of limited budget. Scoring and
prioritization criteria shall be checked with all linkages and interventions and
approved by the municipality.

i. Road classification and Nomenclature

The consultant shall use metric system of nomenclature and apply the same
classification throughout the data collection.
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j. Preparation of perspective plan of interventions of services and facilities.

The data collected through accessibility survey, demand survey and inventory maps
shall be used to prepare a perspective plan of interventions of services and facilities.
All the identified interventions shall be screened and rated on the basis of approved
criteria and forwarded to Municipality council meetings. The final perspective plan
shall be shown in GIS maps.

k. Prepare a realistic physical and Financial Implementation Plan of Prioritised Roads

for the MTMP period

The consultant shall collect information on the resources that can be spent on the
construction or rehabilitation of transportation infrastructures by the municipality. The
consultant may also carry out studies to project the resources to fund the transport
infrastructures for the next five years. From the total projected resources, the
consultant shall discuss with the municipality to find out the appropriate proportion to
be spent on ongoing roads and new interventions proposed. The projected resources
should be able to cope with the total number of roads and new interventions proposed.
l. Prepare Municipal Transport Master Plan (MTMP) of Kapilvastu Municipality.
The consultant shall prepare Municipal Transport Master plan (MTMP) for
Kapilvastu Municipality with due consideration to the existing situation of: vehicular
parking, travel routes, modes of transport, etc and propose for future urban growth.
The consultant shall prepare a base scenario of the existing road and transport
network and management based on the O-D survey and O-D matrix, and prepare road
inventory map and transport infrastructure network and management plan based on
the travel demand forecast, population growth forecast, and growth rate of vehicular
and transport infrastructure.
m. Prepare framework for medium term and long term planning
The consultant shall also forecast the demand for medium term (10 years) and long
term (20 years) and recommend a framework to guide future interventions and
planning processes. The long term plan shall consider the proposed East-West
Railway and other major transport sector interventions in the long term.

The Consultant shall carry out activities and deliver services and documents as follows:

 Accessibility data Collection and Analysis

 Prepare the Indicative Municipality Development Potential Map (IDPM)

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 Prepare Municipality Inventory Map (MIM) of existing roads within Kapilvastu

Municipality.

 Collection of demands for New/Upgrading/Rehabilitation transport Linkages from

Wards/Settlements

 Develop scoring criteria and its approval.

 Road Classification and Nomenclature

 Preparation of perspective plan of interventions of services and facilities

 Prepare a realistic physical and Financial Implementation Plan of Prioritised Roads

for the MTMP period

 Prepare Municipality Transport Master plan (MTMP) of Kapilvastu Municipality.

The consultant shall also conduct a depth review of the existing transportation network and
management system within the municipal area and shall propose and recommend intervention
to increase accessibility, mobility and safety, accordingly.

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CHAPTER 2: CURRENT STATUS

2.1 Study Area

Kapilvastu Municipality lies in Kapilvastu District in province no.5.Kapilvastu Municipality

is located about 25 km to the south-west of Lumbini. Kapilvastu Municipality was
established with 14 ward in 2039 B.S as a name of Taulihawa Nagarpanchayat which covered
full region of baragdawa, maalpara, pipari, kapilvastu adarsh Gaau Panchayat and partial
region of Tilaurakot, Gotihawa and Gobari Gaau Panchayat. But,later in 2072 B.S full region
of Gotihawa and Tilaurakot were included making total 19 wards within this Municipality.

According to census data of 2011, population of Kapilvastu municipality is 30,428 of which

15,204 are male and 15,204 are female. The number of total households is 5,130. Kapilvastu
has the population density of 944.89 as per CBS 2068.

The area of Kapilvastu Municipality is 63.61 square km. The municipality has the low flat
land.

The municipality lies at an altitude of 107 metres (351 ft.) above sea level on Nepal's
southern border across from Khunwa, Uttar Pradesh state, India. There is a customs
check point for goods while movement of Indian and Nepalese nationals across the
border is unrestricted. 

Buddhist sources present Kapila as a well-known Vedic sage whose students built the
city of Kapilavastu Buddhist texts such as the Pāli Canon claim that Kapilavastu was
the childhood home of Gautama Buddha, on account of it being the capital of the
Shakyas, over whom his father ruled.
The municipality is moderately ecologically vulnerable and is also exposed to fire and
cold waves, while it occasionally faces epidemics.

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Figure 1: Location map

Kapilvastu

Table 1: Ward wise household and population distribution of municipality, as per CBS 2068.

Population details of 2068

W Househo Male Femal Total
ar ld e Popul
d. ation
N
o.
1 468 1330 1408 2738
2 599 1628 1563 3191
3 434 1268 1232 2500
4 539 1359 1395 2754
5 404 1069 1118 2187
6 268 812 820 1632
7 312 823 901 1724
8 175 582 501 1083
9 281 802 977 1679
10 420 1169 1156 2325
11 187 617 587 1204
12 379 1252 1212 2464
13 310 1104 1102 2206
14 354 1389 1352 2741
T 5130 15204 15204 30428
O
T
A
L

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1800

1600

1400

1200

1000
Household
Male
800
Female
600

400

200

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Table 2: Ward wise household and population distribution of municipality, as per CBS 2058.

Population details of 2058

W Househ Male Femal Total
ar old e Popula
d. tion
N
o.
1 409 1300 1231 2531
2 540 1618 1435 3053
3 331 1154 1098 2252
4 463 1217 1162 2379
5 275 853 541 1694
6 225 745 611 1406
7 271 877 886 1763
8 145 550 456 1006
9 245 840 813 1653
10 332 1003 904 1907
11 177 596 560 1153
12 314 1153 1041 2114
13 283 1006 889 1894
14 328 1201 1080 2281
4338 14113 13057 27170

Figure 2: Household and population distribution of previous VDCs (2011)

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Table 2: Ward wise Population distribution, 2015 (Kapilvastu Municipality)

Figure 3: Wardwise Population distribution, 2015

Table 3: Population data by Religion (2001 CBS)

District and Not

Total Hindu Bouddha Islam Kirat Jain Christian Sikha Bahai
VDC Name Stated
Nakatajhijh 7190 7044 21 122 0 0 2 0 0 1
Dhalkebar 9912 8932 877 87 0 0 15 0 0 1
Begadawar 10638 8513 1752 42 0 0 89 13 0 229

Kapilvastu Municipality has become one of the fastest growing cities in Kapilvastu district in
terms of mainly education, infrastructure, highway, marketing, health & safety,
communication, trade and banking sectors. It has highway connections to the Indian Border
as well and airways connection with other parts of Nepal via Janakpur at Janakpur Airport.
Kapilvastu Municipality is located at a strategic junction of East West Highway. The existing
facilities at the municipality are communication, electricity, travel services, hotels, shopping
complexes, restaurants, banks, souvenir shops, camping grounds, standard and simple tea
stalls, simple and standard lodging facilities, arterial and sub-arterial roads and natural,
manmade, cultural and religious attractions.

2.3 Socio Economic Characteristics

2.3.1 Population

According to the national population census 2011, the total population of the Kapilvastu
Municipality is 30,428 with 5,130 individual households.

The collected house hold data are summarized in Annex 1.

2.3.2 Religion Festival and Caste

This municipality has cultural and ethnic diversity where madheshi have their settlement.
Even though they are different from ethnic status they have very good relationship among
themselves. All ethnic communities have cooperation and coordination among themselves in
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societal setting and cultural and religious festivals. The major languages used by the people
of in municipality is Awadhi by 90%, Tharu(5%) and native Nepali speakers (5%) . The
major festivals celebrated here are Chhath, Ramnabami, Holi, Dashain etc.

2.3.3 Educational and Occupational Status

The status of the municipality is governed to large extent by the educational and occupational
status. Higher the educational level of the residents, high will be the level of development
Majority of people have completed or are perusing school level education. Literate and
Illiterate population also share significant proportion.

Similarly, figure above highlights that almost one third respondent were students, followed
by people engaged in agriculture. Unemployed people also cover high proportion of people.

Based on the study, it was found that most of the service holder are educated one (school and
higher education status), whereas just literate and illiterate people are mostly engaged in
agriculture or are found to be unemployed.

2.4 Transport Characteristics

2.4.1 Income and Vehicle ownership

Annual or monthly earning of each household has significant role in the trip characteristics
and finally on the overall planning aspects of the locality. Higher the income, people tends to
live luxurious life i.e. tends to have their own vehicle and so on.

The main source of income is agriculture especially fruit production. The land is fertile.
There is high possibility of high production if a well irrigation system could be provided.

Vehicle ownership has a great role in trip making. Higher the number of personalized
vehicles, higher will be the number of shopping and social/recreational trips. Most of the
trips are made through cycle, rickshaw and animal carts. People use local buses and jeep
(locally called "magic") to reach local market centres such as Bardibas, Janakpur and other
nearest markets.

2.4.2 Trip Purpose and Mode:

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Trips are undertaken for various purposes, some trips are compulsory which involves trips
made for educational and work purpose, whereas trips made for shopping or recreational
might be regarded as optional trips, which can be managed.

Different means of transport are used for different trips. Based on sample, walking, rickshaw
and Cycling were found to be the most dominant modes as highlighted in above figure. Plain
terrain favours the use of non-motorized travel (NMT) mode, which includes walking,
cycling, rickshaw, cart, etc. In other words they are termed as active transport mode. More
than 70% of the trips are active mode user.

Active mode transport are essential mode of sustainable transportation system, as they
provide access to all economic level of people along with reducing demand on motorized
vehicle, reducing energy consumption and increasing average life expectancy.

Cycling is most used mode for trip in all wards. Public transportation mode doesn’t lies
within top three modes and thus it is necessary to take some step towards building proper and
adequate public transport network. Agricultural trips are undertaken by walking and
cycle/rickshaw, whereas education trips via public transport, walking and rickshaws. Bike
carries a significant proportion for social and business trips. Walking and cycling/rickshaw is
the predominant mode in shopping and recreational trips.

2.4.3 Origin and Destination Study:

Trip, simply called journey is the process of going from one place to another with some
purpose. Thus, trip is characterized by origin (starting point) and destination (ending point).
To be more precise, trips are characterized by trip production and trip attraction. Home end is
always trip production and the location which attract the produced trips for various causes
(job, shopping, and entertainment) are attraction end of trips. Most of the trips are home
based trips with different destination. The origin and destination study has been undertaken
by the consultant and is included in ANNEX 1 along with household data.

2.4.4 Road inventory

Road inventory survey was done and details of all the roads and cross structures were
collected. The following table shows the road status within municipality:

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Table 4: Summary of Road Inventory

Length of SRN within municipality: E-W Length= 18.19 km

highway and
District Road Core network (DRCN) Length= 14 km
Bituminous Road (without SRN) -
Gravel Road Length= 123.225 km
Earthen Length= 70.153 km

The Municipal Road Inventory table is as shown below. Detailed Map is attached in
ANNEX.2.
Table 5: Details of Road Inventory

Ward_N Width Length Road_surf

o Street_nam (m) (m) a Function
435.900 Muncipality
1 Bishwokarmachowk-sukjor khola 5 gravel road
592.013 Muncipality
1 Bishwokarma chowk-ra pravi 6 gravel road
1108.818 Muncipality
1 Prati tole road 6 gravel road
879.167 Muncipality
1 Bishal bazar road 6 gravel road
558.943 Muncipality
1 Janakpur highway-sukjor khola 5 gravel road
534.525 Muncipality
1 Dalit bhawan road 6 gravel road
186.472 Muncipality
1 Prati tole road 3 earthern road
213.367 Muncipality
1 prati tole road 3 earthern road
174.938 Muncipality
1 gavisa bhawan-pani tank 3 gravel road
134.731
1 Pani tank naktajij -gavisa bhawan 2 earthern Foot trail
225.708 Muncipality
1 Gavisa bhawan road 2 earthern road
1188.710 Muncipality
1 Janakpur road-cement factory 4 gravel road
1657.371 Muncipality
1 Cement factory road 4 gravel road
105.964 Muncipality
1 noble gas road 4 gravel road
305.628 Muncipality
1 Bisal bazar sadak 4 earthern road
275.008 Muncipality
1 Janakpur highway-prati tole 5 earthern road
Prati tole-chetriya krisi talim 963.241 Muncipality
1 kendra 4 earthern road
303.490 Muncipality
1 Prati tole sadak 5 earthern road
1 Prati tole sadak 4 188.725 earthern Muncipality

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Municipality Transport Master Plan Kapilvastu Municipality

road
71.383 Muncipality
1 pratitole sadak 4 earthern road
77.771 Muncipality
1 pratitole sadak 4 earthern road
295.538 Muncipality
1 Ra pravi aaurahai khola 6 earthern road
989.172 Muncipality
1 raghopur janakpur road 5 gravel road
chetriya krisi talim kendra- 430.110 Muncipality
1 raghopur-janakpur highway 4 gravel road
253.675 Muncipality
1 chetriya krisi talim kendra sadak 4 gravel road
676.946 Muncipality
1 prati tole road 4 earthern road
429.180 Muncipality
1 prati tole road 3 earthern road
629.349 Muncipality
1 sukjor khola sadak 5 gravel road
533.184 Muncipality
1 dalit bhawan to cement factory 4 earthern road
409.169 Muncipality
1 janakpur-ward no6 4 gravel road
ra pravi ko simana - krisi aayajana 2085.100 Muncipality
1 samma 6 earthern road
1788.617
1 Bateshor-Mahendra nagar road 8 gravel DRCN
929.258 Muncipality
1 Bateshor-Mahendra nagar road 8 gravel road
611.784 Muncipality
2 hajra chowk -chautara ward no2 5 gravel road
803.045 Muncipality
2 bishowkarma chowk-naktajijh 5 gravel road
654.520 Muncipality
2 rapravi - naktajijh 6 gravel road
783.219 Muncipality
2 chautara ward no2-aaurahai khola 3 earthern road
326.809 Muncipality
2 nagarik sachatana kendra sadak 5 gravel road
375.909 Muncipality
2 nagarik sachatana kendra sadak 5 gravel road
Sarbajanik sachatana kendra- 786.521 Muncipality
2 aaurahai khola 4 gravel road
474.964 Muncipality
2 janakpur highway-naktajijh 5 gravel road
Mahendra highway-chautara ward 813.204 Muncipality
2 no-2 -sarbajanik pokhari 6 earthern road
298.203 Muncipality
2 pani tanki sadak 4 gravel road
Mahendra highway-chautara ward 2264.011 Muncipality
3 no-2 -sarbajanik pokhari 6 earthern road
924.112 Muncipality
3 shreepur-chautara ward no3 4 gravel road
281.306 Muncipality
3 wardno 2 chautara-aaurahai khola 4 gravel road
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Municipality Transport Master Plan Kapilvastu Municipality

Mahendra rajmarga-bisrampur- 2060.178 Muncipality

3 aaurahai khola 8 gravel road
1489.410 Muncipality
3 aaurhithan road 5 earthern road
2227.965 Muncipality
3 Mahendra highway-aaurahai khola 6 gravel road
130.899 Muncipality
3 aaurahai sadak 4 gravel road
943.776 Muncipality
3 Aaurai khola road 5 gravel road
purbha bisrampur-paschim bisram 562.710 Muncipality
3 pur 3 gravel road
227.642 Muncipality
3 Bisrampur sadak 2 gravel road
160.845 Muncipality
3 mahendra highway-bisrampur 2 gravel road
833.402 Muncipality
3 Mahendra highway-shripur 8 earthern road
556.666 Muncipality
3 Shripur sadak 3 earthern road
1075.414 Muncipality
3 mahendra highway-shripur purbha 4 gravel road
395.862 Muncipality
3 nagarik sachatana sadak 3 earthern road
Nagarik sachatana kendra uttar- 427.965 Muncipality
3 pani tanki uttar 3 earthern road
mahendra highway-bisrampurl 1526.244 Muncipality
3 uttar 3 earthern road
1517.207 Muncipality
3 shripur-pani tanki 4 gravel road
nagarik sachatana kendra-basai 1137.786 Muncipality
3 khola 3 gravel road
789.632 Muncipality
3 nagarik sachatana kendra sadak 4 gravel road
235.059 Muncipality
3 mahendra highway- bishrampur 4 earthern road
618.006 Muncipality
3 Naya tole-Hade gau-Bisrampur 5 gravel road
241.483 Muncipality
3 Naya tole-Hade gau-Bisrampur 5 gravel road
360.801 Muncipality
4 sabedada-sukjor khola 6 earthern road
1371.199 Muncipality
4 mahendra highway-sabedada 8 gravel road
purbha kemlipur-paschim 750.125 Muncipality
4 kemlipur 4 gravel road
shree rastriya ni ma vikemlipur- 1780.992 Muncipality
4 purbha kemlipur 4 gravel road
673.296 Muncipality
4 purbha kemlipur- aaurahai khola 3 gravel road
835.806 Muncipality
4 eklabar-ward no-7 4 earthern road
grid sanchalan kendra uttar-sautani 592.323 Muncipality
4 khola 4 earthern road
4 Sabedada sadak 4 278.068 gravel Muncipality
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Municipality Transport Master Plan Kapilvastu Municipality

road
543.558 Muncipality
4 ranatole -sabedada 3 earthern road
304.833
4 uttereshor mahadev- jungle     Foot trail
140.227
4 way to uttershor mahedev temple     Foot trail
328.763
4 uttereshor mahadev- jungle     Foot trail
purbha kemlipur-paschim 977.302
4 kemlipur 1 earthern Foot trail
Shree rastriya ni ma vi kemlipur- 726.099 Muncipality
4 hadegau 4 gravel road
332.562
4 Basai khola sadak 1 earthern Foot trail
1031.421
4 Sabedada-uttereshor mahedev 1 earthern Foot trail
180.166
4 sabedada-basai khola najik 6 gravel Foot trail
1939.568
4 sabedada-eklabar-basai khola 5 gravel Foot trail
1683.707
4 Basai khola-shree rastriya ni ma vi 5 gravel Foot trail
1394.236
4 Eklabar- jungle 1 earthern Foot trail
2846.468
4 basai khola-jungle 1 earthern Foot trail
4605.710
4 Uttereshor mahadev - jungle 1 earthern Foot trail
1048.757
4 Uttereshor mahadev - jungle 1 earthern Foot trail
1263.868
4 Uttereshor mahadev - jungle 1 earthern Foot trail
1202.025
4 Uttereshor mahadev - jungle 1 earthern Foot trail
625.529 Muncipality
4 Aaurahai khola road 3 gravel road
556.434 Muncipality
4 purbha kemlipur road 4 gravel road
691.719 Muncipality
4 sukjor khola sadak 4 gravel road
624.669 Muncipality
4 Naya tole-Hade gau-Bisrampur 5 gravel road
uttereshor mahadev Basai khola- 3658.029 Muncipality
4 mahendra highway road 8 gravel road
Basai khola-mahendra highway 1023.104 Muncipality
4 road 8 gravel road
399.912 Muncipality
5 Laxmi bash road-dhalkebar road 10 gravel road
380.869 Muncipality
5 Post office road 5 gravel road
712.426 Muncipality
5 Muncipality road 4 gravel road
Janakpur road mahendra ma vi 454.822 Muncipality
5 -mahendra highway 6 RCC road
Mahendra ma vi-chautara ward no 1995.628 Muncipality
5 6 5 gravel road
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Municipality Transport Master Plan Kapilvastu Municipality

725.227 Muncipality
5 War no-6 chautara - Hajra chowk 3 earthern road
275.773 Muncipality
5 milk factory-laxmi bash road 5 gravel road
laxmibash road dhalkebar-sukjor 1696.265 Muncipality
5 khola 4 garvel road
408.767 Muncipality
5 Dhramsala - laxmibash 4 gravel road
563.455 Muncipality
5 Nepal telecome-magar tole 4 earthern road
mahendra highway-janak 196.500 Muncipality
5 international acedamy 4 gravel road
439.770 Muncipality
5 childrens acedamy sadak 3 earthern road
mahendra highway-childrens 81.819 Muncipality
5 acedamy 3 earthern road
185.797 Muncipality
5 purano bazar sadak 3 gravel road
130.884 Muncipality
5 mahendra highway- rana tole 3 earthern road
1005.767 Muncipality
5 mahendra highway-basai khola 5 gravel road
Kapilvastu muncipality-janakpur 191.925 Muncipality
5 highway 4 earthern road
Kapilvastu muncipality- 123.073 Muncipality
5 agricultural land 4 gravel road
85.091 Muncipality
5 Muncipality road 3 gravel road
208.633
5 daschin purbha Kapilvastu 1 earthern Foot trail
purbha Kapilvastu muncipality 57.927
5 bhawan road 1 earthern Foot trail
360.264 Muncipality
5 laxmibash road-dhalkebar 3 gravel road
330.720 Muncipality
5 krisi bikash -laxmibash 5 gravel road
256.035 Muncipality
5 Laxmibash road-old cinema road 5 gravel road
mahendra highway dasin-pipe 857.923 Muncipality
5 factory 4 gravel road
mahendra highway-janak 185.860 Muncipality
5 international paschim 4 gravel road
187.066 Muncipality
5 Janakpur highway-ward no 6 4 gravel road
Mahendra highway-magar tole- 2319.181 Muncipality
5 nhaktipur -janakpur road 4 gravel road
chautara ward no-6 janakpur 447.017 Muncipality
5 highway 6 gravel road
487.522
5 plyboard factory road 1 earthern Foot trail
261.495 Muncipality
5 petrol pump-dhalkebar 2 gravel road
145.847 Muncipality
5 janakpur highway-bhaktipur 3 gravel road
5 shripur-dhalkebar simana 3 478.061 earthern Muncipality
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Municipality Transport Master Plan Kapilvastu Municipality

road
naya tole-plyboard factory ko just 650.858 Muncipality
5 opposite 4 gravel road
mahendra highway west-durga 171.626 Muncipality
5 temple-mahendra highway,east 3 gravel road
338.710 Muncipality
5 milk factory road 4 gravel road
211.618 Muncipality
5 krisi bazar road 3 gravel road
280.416 Muncipality
5 mahendra highway-pani tanki 3 gravel road
242.346 Muncipality
5 krisi bikash bank 3 gravel road
1560.357 Muncipality
5 Bateshor to laxmi bash 8 gravel road
158.060 Muncipality
5 Naya tole-Hade gau-Bisrampur 5 gravel road
Basai khola-mahendra highway 1008.044 Muncipality
5 road 8 gravel road
ward no6 chautara-rampukar ko 682.236 Muncipality
6 ghar 8 gravel road
mahendra mahato-rampukar ko 800.868 Muncipality
6 ghar 6 gravel road
4578.377 Muncipality
6 laxmi bash road 10 earthern road
361.251 Muncipality
6 durga chowk-sukjor khola 6 gravel road
1002.656 Muncipality
6 sukjor khola-basai khola 6 gravel road
rampukar ko ghar dheki-sukjor 393.609 Muncipality
6 khola 6 gravel road
nimna ma vi ko purbha-chautara 479.055 Muncipality
6 najik 6 gravel road
806.939 Muncipality
6 aarula prali sadak 6 gravel road
chautara ko dasin-aarula prali ko 298.931 Muncipality
6 uttar 3 gravel road
laxmibash vdc boundary-sukjor 1094.872 Muncipality
6 khola 4 gravel road
843.958 Muncipality
6 sukjor khola jana bato 3 gravel road
rampukar ko ghar dheki-basai 932.956 Muncipality
6 khola 4 earthern road
sukjor khola dalit bhawan najik- 714.457 Muncipality
6 sukjor khola 4 gravel road
983.441 Muncipality
6 Basai khola -durga chowk sadak 3 gravel road
1028.923 Muncipality
6 sukjhor khola road 4 gravel road
249.885 Muncipality
6 chautara-bishnu shau 6 earthern road
941.859 Muncipality
6 Laxmibash road-Basai khola 3 gravel road
493.342 Muncipality
6 Laxmi bash road- basai khola road 3 gravel road
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Municipality Transport Master Plan Kapilvastu Municipality

530.307 Muncipality
6 aarula prali sadak 4 gravel road
782.455 Muncipality
6 basai khola-laxmibash road 4 gravel road
bateshor mahendrangar-sukjor 317.412 Muncipality
6 khola 3 earthern road
bateshor mahendrangar-sukjor 466.378 Muncipality
6 khola 3 earthern road
4337.259
7 Jamunibas kusumbisauna 8 gravel DRCN
986.116 Muncipality
7 janta school-rana tole-sukjor khola 3 earthern road
833.176 Muncipality
7 Gyanbhumi school-Badhari khola 4 earthern road
467.754 Muncipality
7 kusum bisauna- kisan nagar 4 gravel road
1082.144 Muncipality
7 kusumbisauna-sukjor khola 4 gravel road
656.804 Muncipality
7 kusum bisauna -sukjor khola 4 gravel road
2008.753 Muncipality
7 kusumbisauna Badari pool 6 gravel road
2492.012 Muncipality
7 kusumbisauna Badari pool 3 earthern road
410.691 Muncipality
7 Ra pravi school-badhari khola 3 gravel road
220.290
7 anari khola-ra pra vi uttar 1 earthern Foot trail
1258.711 Muncipality
7 ra pra vi-purbha sukjor khola 3 gravel road
1079.113 Muncipality
7 kusum bisauna-sukjor khola 3 gravel road
226.803
7 kusum bisauna 1 earthern Foot trail
209.536 Muncipality
7 kusum bisauna-badhari khola 4 earthern road
78.876
7 mahendra highway- touttar     Foot trail
150.329 Muncipality
7 Madhu oil purbha sadak 2 earthern road
263.016
7 madhu oil to uttar     Foot trail
83.590
7 kusum bisauna to purbha 1 earthern Foot trail
842.532 Muncipality
7 kusum bisauna krisi sadak 2 earthern road
534.722 Muncipality
7 krisi sadak kusumbisauna 2 earthern road
1137.780 Muncipality
7 krisi sadak 2 earthern road
Mahendra highway-Sikharpura 1256.503
7 tole-jungle 1 gravel Foot trail
996.911
7 jungle road of Majhitole 1 earthern Foot trail
2643.135
7 Badhari khola-jungle sadak 1 earthern Foot trail

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Municipality Transport Master Plan Kapilvastu Municipality

1301.323 Muncipality
7 badhari khola jungle sadak 1 earthern road
2585.726 Muncipality
7 Aansari khola-juminibas 8 gravel road
620.316 Muncipality
8 Lalghad chowk kisan nagar 10 gravel road
407.064 Muncipality
8 Lalghad chowk kisan nagar 3m gravel road
374.671 Muncipality
8 mahendra highway-sikharpura tole 4 gravel road
685.403 Muncipality
8 Lalbhitti Begnadawar 9 gravel road
182.960 Muncipality
8 Lalbhitti Begnadawar 6 gravel road
1061.266 Muncipality
8 Lalbhitti Begnadawar 6 gravel road
686.692 Muncipality
8 dad tole tinkuna pokhari 5 gravel road
655.013 Muncipality
8 Badhari chowk-sangam chowk 5 gravel road
uttar of new horizen-back of 269.273 Muncipality
8 redcross 3 earthern road
sangham chowk-east west 157.904 Muncipality
8 highway 8 earthern road
410.034 Muncipality
8 new horizen school-badhari bazar 4 gravel road
148.010 Muncipality
8 badhari bazar sadak 3 earthern road
355.100 Muncipality
8 new horizen school-badhari bazar 4 graveel road
sunflower boarding school-new 377.233 Muncipality
8 horizen school hostel 4 gravel road
576.621 Muncipality
8 sunflower school- badhari khola 4 gravel road
tinkuna begnadawar pokhari- 449.772
8 badari bazar 1 earthern Foot trail
948.450 Muncipality
8 Lalbhitti Begnadawar 5 gravel road
122.685 Muncipality
8 kisan nagar-bhadhari khola 4 earrthern road
tallobegnadawar-chaulika kisan 1023.899 Muncipality
8 nagar 4 gravel road
92.110 Muncipality
8 tinkuna pokhari -badhari khola 4 earthern road
2128.408 Muncipality
8 dada tole -tallo begnadawar 5 gravel road
hew horizen boarding-ward no 8 797.398 Muncipality
8 boundary 4 gravel road
mahendra highway-rana tole- 422.950 Muncipality
8 sangam chowk 4 gravel road
551.321 Muncipality
8 Kisan nagar- Laxmi Bash 5 earthern road
620.226 Muncipality
8 Kisan nagar- Laxmi bash 5 gravl road

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Municipality Transport Master Plan Kapilvastu Municipality

549.112 Muncipality
8 Lalbhitti -tallo Begnadawar 6 gravel road
621.604 Muncipality
8 Mahendra highway-sikharpura tole 6 gravel road
353.096 Muncipality
8 madan asrit pra vi-sikharpura tole 3 earthern road
Narayan kafle ghar-kisan nagar 425.155 Muncipality
8 gabisa simana 3 gravel road
314.404 Muncipality
8 madhan ashrit-kisan nagar 2 earthern road
188.987 Muncipality
8 madan asrit sadak 3 earthern road
65.103
8 uttar madan ashrit 1 earthern Foot trail
213.233 Muncipality
8 kafle tole-madhan ashrit 2 earthern road
Sikharpura tole-chautara shiv 720.004 Muncipality
8 mandir chowk 4 gravel road
59.871 Muncipality
8 redcross society road 2 gravel road
374.817 Muncipality
8 dada tole sadak 4 earthern road
132.363 Muncipality
8 tinkuna pokhari begnadawar sadak 3 earthern road
754.233 Muncipality
8 tallo begnadawar sadak 4 gravel road
759.343 Muncipality
8 sarbajanik uccha ma vi sadak 4 gravel road
307.806 Muncipality
8 sarbajanik uccha ma vi sadak 4 earthern road
mahendra highway-niji bhan 128.461 Muncipality
8 bhawan sadak 3 gravel road
mahendra highway-uttar of 343.858 Muncipality
8 chautaro shiv mandir chowk 1 gravel road
255.381
8 rana tole-redcross 1 earthern Foot trail
Tinkuna pokhari-Tallo 1066.061 Muncipality
8 Begnadawar 4 earthern road
153.324 Muncipality
8 sunflower boarding-badhari bazar 3 earthern road
tallobegnadawar-kisan nagar vdc 444.046 Muncipality
8 simana 4 earthern road
914.495 Muncipality
8 kisan nagar hospital chowk 10 gravel road
205.763 Muncipality
9 Lalghad chowk kisan nagar 10 gravel road
914.714 Muncipality
9 Lalghad chowk kisan nagar 10 gravel road
2228.733 Muncipality
9 kisan nagar hospital chowk 10 gravel road
Hospital chowk Dhanaugi chowk 857.111 Muncipality
9 road 10 gravel road
250.663 Muncipality
9 Hospital road dhahaugi 4 rcc road

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Municipality Transport Master Plan Kapilvastu Municipality

1065.419 Muncipality
9 dhanaugi - tulsi chauda vdc 5 gravel road
779.889 Muncipality
9 dhanaugi chowk- lalghad chowk 4 gravel road
169.238 Muncipality
9 dhanaugi chowk- lalghad chowk 5 earthern road
120.964 Muncipality
9 darjeeling tole jana bato 3 earthern road
367.593 Muncipality
9 dhanaugi chowk- lalghad chowk 8 gravel road
810.826 Muncipality
9 dhanaugi chowk- lalghad chowk 10 gravel road
396.567 Muncipality
9 Sahil chowk- Mahendra highway 5 gravel road
229.347 Muncipality
9 Kuti-ganesh chowk 5 earthern road
787.891 Muncipality
9 Dhanaugi chowk-Kuti 4 gravel road
363.415 Muncipality
9 Mahendra highway - Kuti 5 earthern road
1066.482 Muncipality
9 ganesh chowk lalghad 5 gravel road
mahendra highway-ardasha ucha 728.444 Muncipality
9 ma vi 4 earthern road
189.532 Muncipality
9 Mahendra highway -Lalghad 4 earthern road
168.166 Muncipality
9 Bal tole-Mahendra highway 5 gravel road
406.857 Muncipality
9 Mahendra highway-badhari khola 2 earthern road
396.361 Muncipality
9 Lalbhitti bal tole 2 earthern road
368.732
9 musari tole-mahendra highway 1 earthern Foot trail
2032.587 Muncipality
9 Lalbhitti hospital chowk 4 earthern road
darjeeling tole -end of ward 1454.007
9 boundary 1 gravel Foot trail
Sahil Chowk -Bal tole-Mahendra 389.057 Muncipality
9 highway 4 gravel road
383.201 Muncipality
9 Majhi tole-Sahil chowk 4 gravel road
199.847 Muncipality
9 ganesh chowk sadak 5 earthern road
184.344
9 East-west highway     Bridge
500.443 Muncipality
  Simana sadak 6 gravel road
690.137 Muncipality
  Sukjor khola -dhalkebar jana road 1 earthern road
312.414
  East-west highway     Bridge
Ward no 1 n 6 boundary road dalit 123.158
  bhawan 1 gravel foot trail
  Gavisa bhawan sadak 3 51.245 earthern Muncipality

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Municipality Transport Master Plan Kapilvastu Municipality

road
100.573 Muncipality
  gavisa bhawan sadak 3 earthern road
151.745
  Eklavar sadak 1 earthern foot trail
238.795
  Ward no 7-eklabar 1 earthern foot trail
175.410
  Anari khola-jungle 1 earthern foot trail
177.125
  Janakpur highway     Bridge
478.612 Muncipality
  Aurahai khola sadak 3 gravel road
Laxmibash vdc boundary-sukjor 400.132 Muncipality
  khola 4 gravel road
Bateshor mahendrangar-sukjor 264.067 Muncipality
  khola 3 earthern road
Bateshor mahendrangar-sukjor 605.798 Muncipality
  khola 3 earthern road
102.959
  East-west highway   BT Bridge
36.020
  East-west highway   BT Bridge
86.953
  East-west highway   BT Bridge
10212.28
3
  East-west highway   BT SRN
59.385
  Janakpur road   black top Bridge
7019.302
  Janakpur road   black top SRN
Shree rastrija ni ma vi -Basai 956.818 Muncipality
  khola 4 gravel road
         

2.4.5 Road Safety

The combination of rapid urbanization and motorization has been a key cause of numerous
transport problems in growing cities. Indeed, the rapid urbanization process, high vehicular
population growth and that of the mobility, inadequate transportation facilities and policies,
varied traffic mix with over concentration of non-motorized vehicles, absence of dependable
public transport system and inadequate traffic management practices and parking facilities
have created a significant worsening of traffic and safety problems in the major urban centres

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Municipality Transport Master Plan Kapilvastu Municipality

in Nepal and this municipality is also suffering from this. According to traffic police report,
the most vulnerable group in the road are motorcyclist and pedestrians.

2.4.6 Active road users

Active transport (also called non-motorized transport, NMT and human powered transport)
refers to walking, cycling, and variants such as wheelchair, scooter and handcart use.

The sample household survey shows that nearly 80% of the daily trips are done via active
mode of transport. Active mode of transport is beneficial in many aspects: this mode can be
used by people of any age group irrespective of gender and economic status, it consumes
human energy and does not depend on fossil fuel, and it is environment friendly and provides
many health benefits to the user.

Motorcycle is used in nearly 15% of the trips and public vehicles in nearly 6% of the trips.
Without proper access to public vehicles and road facilities, they are left out with no option
but to walk.

2.4.7 Public transportation

The use of public transportation for daily trips is limited to the major highways. These
include Bus/Tempo transportation from Dhalkebar to Jankpur, Jaleshwor and Indian boarder.
Similarly, Rickshaw, auto is available in the main city area. There is no public transport along
other road sections of the municipality.

Mobility relies on the privately owned vehicles or walking. It is prime time to implement
interventions to introduce proper public transport routes and services so that a sustainable
proper public transportation can be established and increase in number of private vehicles can
be controlled.

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Municipality Transport Master Plan Kapilvastu Municipality

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

Municipal roads are supposed to provide both access and mobility to all possible and
potential areas. MTMP will help to assist the planning of such roads to fulfil the stated
objectives. Better planning is incomplete without relevant quality data and quality data can
only be acquired by use of properly selected survey methods. The chapter deals with the
methodological framework adopted for data collection covering all used survey method,
sampling techniques, quality and quantity of data along with data processing, analysis and
presentation methodology.

3.1 Approach:

Municipality Transport Master Plan (MTMP) has been prepared using participatory bottom-
up approach and differs from conventional practices of trickle down approach. Techno-
Political interface has been incorporated in the planning process, where active participation
from representatives of political parties, line agencies, municipality officials is crucial. The
Municipality Road Coordination Committee (MRCC) has been constituted as authorized
legislative body of municipality. This body, comprising all political parties’ representatives
and concerned technical officials, helps in necessary policy decisions during the MTMP
preparation and implementation process.

3.2 Methodological Framework:

The study started with preliminary planning or desk study where basic background of
municipality is studied with help of secondary data including census data, GIS data. The
study got acceleration with formation of MRCC and inspection report. Various field surveys
were carried out with objective of collecting primary data on transportation network, trip
characteristics and service facilities. Along with the primary data, demands for various
transportation projects (construction/upgrading/maintenance) were obtained from each ward.
Also, potential areas/locations for various facilitieswere also identified based on interaction
with local people and MRCC. The scoring criteria for prioritizing road network was
identified based on ToR and will be approved by municipality. Then, the hierarchy of roads
will be purposed and perspective plan of various interventions will be purposed and analysed
based on available fund and finally physical and financial implementation plan of prioritized
roads for MTMP period. After analysis, the study will come up with potential roads, that need

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immediate intervention and roads that need to be given consideration for effective future
planning.

3.3 Secondary Data Collection

Any sorts of data that were collected from secondary sources are called secondary data.
These data were collected from annual report published by district level offices and
consultation with various concerned stakeholders. Municipality Road Coordination
Committee (MRCC), which compromises people from various fields and political parties, is
the next source for various secondary data. Field study was also carried out for general socio-
economic assessment of the Municipality that includes collection of data regarding high
development potential areas such as extensive agriculture, horticulture, livestock farming,
high value cash crops, cottage and agro-based industries, centre for
business/commerce/markets places, tourism area, service centers (hospital, health post,
agriculture service sub-center etc.). The information about demographic data of municipality,
various maps showing service centers, transport infrastructure inventory, past plans and
sector study reports, sector standards and policy targets were collected from the secondary
sources, which includes Bureau of Statistics, Survey Department, Local NGOs, line agencies,
DDC, municipality etc. Digitized topographic maps, administrative map of municipality,
strategic road network map prepared by DoR, etc. were some other secondary data that were
used during the study.

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Topographic, Demographic and Land

Use information from different line Preliminary Study
agencies and different publications

Data collection from journals and

publications from line agencies, Secondary Data collection
NGO’s/INGOs

MRCC
formation

· Meeting with stakeholders

and concerned agencies
· Socio-economic survey
Primary Data collection
· Traffic count survey
· O-D survey
· Inventory of existing roads

Data input and tabulation

Assessment of mobility and

accessibility scenario

Field report
presentation

· Assessment of future need of

· Population Growth forecast transportation
· Land use forecast Transport modeling and · Incorporation of active and passive
· Vehicle ownership forecast analysis mode facilities requirement
· Travel Demand forecast · RoW, road network system and their
requirements

Comments from Draft report

stakeholders presentation

Municipal Transport Masterplan

Figure 4: Methodological framework

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3.4 Primary Data Collection:

Primary information on present household and trip characteristics, traffic characteristics,

existing accessibility and mobility level of settlements, prioritized road network required for
each wards are obtained via various reliable methods. Tracking of the existing road network
along with detail information of its width, surface type and possible intervention required for
the effectiveness of services is also carried out.

The primary data collection methods carried out in the field was:

 Origin and Destination (OD) Survey

 Road Inventory Survey
 Demand Survey
 Public Transport and Services Study

Household questionnaire method is used to conduct the OD surveys which give various
information on questionnaire reflecting personal, household and trip making characteristics.
This survey will also help to visualize the accessibility and mobility scenario of road network
and to public transportation from the settlement/wards. As all the household can’t be covered
a realistic and statistically significant sample size was calculated based on probabilistic
method.

Road inventory survey was conducted to collect data on its condition of road, road linkage,
road safety status and issues that need to be highlight. It helps in field validation of base maps
and also assists in preparation of road inventory map, nomenclature and coding of the road
linkages and to propose various interventions.

Road Demand survey comprised of interaction session with the members of each
Wadafollowed by asking them to fill up demand survey form, which includes demand of new
facility or interventions to improve existing roads based on priority. The road demand forms
are attached in ANNEX 3.

Classified vehicle count will be conducted so as to reflect the usage of various vehicles in the
certain route, especially where maximum volume occurs. Twelve-hour count has been
planned at required location and the vehicles have to be classified to different types and
finally traffic volume have to be converted to passenger car unit (PCU) to visualize the exact

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condition. This is not yet conducted due to less volume of traffic on the roads due to blockade
in the fuels in market which don’t gives the real condition of traffic.

Public Transport and Services Study highlights the services provided by public
transportation and location of various services and facilities. It was carried out by directly
interviewing the route operators.

Different Workshopsin ward level and municipality levels are carried out. Different decisions
are made in meeting. The photographs are attached in ANNEX 4.

3.5 Data Processing, Analysis and Presentation of Reports

Data collected at field were first entered at MS office tools (MS excel and Word) and GIS
database. All the complete and reliable sets of data were transformed into useable information
and the present scenario of municipality are shown through graphs, figures and tables.
Similarly, those which were entered into GIS database provide various types of maps.
Population and traffic were forecasted for the MTMP and MTPP time period. Various
transportation models were used for interpretation and forecasting. And, finally various
intervention were purposed and their economic analysis were also performed.

3.6 Preparation of Visionary city development plan

A creative description of Kapilvastu future, the vision guides our decisions, helps us set
direction and encourages us to align our priorities as we work to make Kapilvastu, the city we
want it to become in the year 2092/93 is the visionary city development plan. This will be
finalised by the municipality. Based on this vision, the urban transportation planning is to be
done.

3.7Preparation of Indicative Development Potential Map (IDPM)

IDPM is basically the indication of the existing and potential market/service centres (key
growth centres) and the areas having various development potentials such as high value cash
crops, agro-based industries and tourism. Thus, IDPM shows the areas of high value cash
crops, tourism potential, extensive agriculture, extensive horticulture, livestock farming,
fisheries, hydropower location and the other social service centres areas such as hospital, post
office, telecommunication, school, campus, VDC centres, security offices and large
settlements, important historic and religious places. Finally, it indicates the grading of various
markets of the district thus providing the basis of network planning.
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3.8 Digital Name Coding

Digital Name is a code given to each road which is unique and generated by an order of
alphabetical and numerical digits. Each code is different to the other and forms the basis of
differentiating from other road.

The first step taken in naming the streets is to identify the start and end point of a street. This
was done with the help of municipal officials and local participation. A start point may be
defined as a point located in the western end of a street, if the street is aligned in the West-
East alignment and vice-versa. Similarly, in case of a street aligned in the North-South
alignment, the start point shall be located in the Northern end of the street.

If the alignment of a street is not exactly North-South or West-East then the start point is
defined by the angle by which a street is deviated from the North-South or the West-East line.
If a street’s deviation is within 45 degrees from North-South line then its start point shall be
on the Northern end, else on the Western end of the West-East line. Although the above
convention was followed, the situation of streets in some places can imply the method to be
impractical. Hence, major service centres and markets or thoroughfares are also considered as
the reference point for start point of a street.

After the designation of the start and end points, streets are assigned a unique code in the
format A010101. The first letter in the Code represents a major road network (SRN, DRCN
or Feeder Roads) in the municipality, which shall be taken as the reference for the Digital
Name Coding of the municipal roads. The 2 nd and 3rd number represent the number of
primary branches from this major road network. Similarly, 4th and 5th number represent the
number of secondary branches from the primary branches linking the major road and so on
which maintains a hierarchy in coding. Each code may contain 1 letter only to a combination
of 15 numbers and letters or more.

While coding, the streets branching from the main streets to the left are given only odd
numbers (A01 or A13) and those branching from the right are given even numbers (A02 or
A10). The major issue in Digital Name Coding process arises in the coding of new roads in
the future. This issue is important as the codes are allocated progressively to each street and
any new street shall be given a subsequent code after the last assigned code depending upon
the left or right side of the street. The new Digital codes will break the continuity of the
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Digital naming of the streets but whatsoever these codes will be used for computer database
as the local people only use street names for the recognition of the roads in the municipality.

3.9 Scoring Criteria for Prioritization

A network consists of several links. It is not possible to construct all roads at a time due to
resource and time constraint. Therefore, each link in a network needs to be prioritized. After
developing a municipal level network, the cost estimate of the road is prepared. Existing
population within the zone of influence, present road demand, future potential route,
accessibility situation, land use pattern, environmental and social safeguard, proximity to the
market/service centers, religious and tourism places were taken as the indicators for
prioritization. The scoring criteria will be finalized after rigorous study and approval from
municipality and MRCC.

Table: Scoring Criteria for prioritization of municipal roads

Table 6: Scoring criteria for Prioritization

S.N Scoring Criteria Scoring Unit Score

Link providing service to large settlement
1 areas/population Population served/km 15-20
Link providing service to areas with high Annual production
potential for agriculture, horticulture, livestock equivalent to
2 production NRs..................../km 5-10
Link providing service to existing Estimated annual 25
transaction in these
 commerce and business centres
centres equivalent to
 market sites (Local haat) NRs. ................../km

 tourist attraction areas

3
 areas having agro-based and cottage
industries

 other obligatory centres as decided by the

municipality

4 Link providing service to the existing service Population served by 15

centres such as health centres, education centres these service centres
(schools/campuses), offices (municipality expressed as persons
office/Government office, etc.), communication per km per year
centres (post office/telephone, etc.)
5 Link providing service to the potential growth or Anticipated number 10
service centres identified by the municipality of people to be

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and shown in the Indicative Development directly benefited by

Potential Map of the municipality new growth or
service centres
expressed as persons
per km per year
6 Link providing service to the potential future Anticipated annual 15
development sites such as potential town financial turn-over
development; potential industrial area and or from developing the
forming ring road to municipality etc. as sites expressed as
indicated in the Indicative Development NRs. ................../km
Potential Map of the municipality.
7 Link providing service to the areas recognised  Very 10-15
by the municipality as areas for special important
consideration, such as areas inhabited by  Important
backward and poor ethnic groups/communities,  Less
isolated remote areas, historic sites, religious important
sites etc
8 Direct link with another linkage  National highway 5-10
 Feeder road
 District road
 Village road
 Airport

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CHAPTER 4: Field Data Collection

4.1 Introduction
Primary and secondary data are the basic source of information for preparing Municipality
Transport Master Plan (MTMP). Extensive data are collected by staffs in the period of 3
months. The data specially collected are secondary data and Primary data:

4.2 Secondary Data Collection

Any sorts of data that were collected from secondary sources are called secondary data.
These data were collected from annual report published by district level offices and
consultation with various concerned stakeholders. Municipality Road Coordination
Committee (MRCC), which compromises people from various fields and political parties, is
the next source for various secondary data. Field study was also carried out for general socio-
economic assessment of the Municipality that includes collection of data regarding high
development potential areas such as extensive agriculture, horticulture, livestock farming,
high value cash crops, cottage and agro-based industries, centre for
business/commerce/markets places, tourism area, service centers (hospital, health post,
agriculture service sub-center etc.). The information about demographic data of municipality,
various maps showing service centers, transport infrastructure inventory, past plans and
sector study reports, sector standards and policy targets were collected from the secondary
sources, which includes Bureau of Statistics, Survey Department, Local NGOs, line agencies,
DDC, municipality etc. Digitized topographic maps, administrative map of municipality,
strategic road network map prepared by DoR, etc. were some other secondary data that were
used during the study.

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Field Report Rural Infrastructural Developers Consultant Pvt. Ltd
Municipality Transport Master Plan Kapilvastu Municipality

3.4 Primary Data Collection:

Primary information on present household and trip characteristics, traffic characteristics,

existing accessibility and mobility level of settlements, prioritized road network required for
each wards are obtained via various reliable methods. Tracking of the existing road network
along with detail information of its width, surface type and possible intervention required for
the effectiveness of services is also carried out.
The primary data collection methods carried out in the field was:

 Origin and Destination (OD) Survey

 Road Inventory Survey
 Demand Survey
 Public Transport and Services Study

Household questionnaire method is used to conduct the OD surveys which give various
informations on questionnaire reflecting personal, household and trip making characteristics.
This survey will also help to visualize the accessibility and mobility scenario of road network
and to public transportation from the settlement/wards. As all the household can’t be covered
a realistic and statistically significant sample size was calculated based on probabilistic
method.
Road inventory survey was conducted to collect data on its condition of road, road linkage,
road safety status and issues that need to be highlight. It helps in field validation of base maps
and also assists in preparation of road inventory map, nomenclature and coding of the road
linkages and to propose various interventions. Most of the roads are non-paved roads
especially gravel and earthen road. The road inventory is attached in detail in ANNEX 2.
Road Demand survey comprised of interaction session with the members of
wadanagarikmanchfollowed by asking them to fill up demand survey form, which includes
demand of new facility or interventions to improve existing roads based on priority.
Classified vehicle count will be conducted so as to reflect the usage of various vehicles in the
certain route, especially where maximum volume occurs. Twelve-hour count has been
planned at required location and the vehicles have to be classified to different types and
finally traffic volume have to be converted to passenger car unit (PCU) to visualize the exact
condition. This is not yet conducted due to less volume of traffic on the roads due to blockade
in the fuels in market which don’t gives the real condition of traffic.

42
Field Report Rural Infrastructural Developers Consultant Pvt. Ltd
Municipality Transport Master Plan Kapilvastu Municipality

Public Transport and Services Study highlights the services provided by public
transportation and location of various services and facilities. It was carried out by directly
interviewing the route operators.

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CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION

For the preparation of Municipality Transport Master Plan (MTMP), process for MRCC
formulation has been started. The consultant had organized ward level meeting and
workshops. Extensive discussions were made in the meeting. The representative of respective
wards is called for put forward their demand and priority for road intervention purpose. A
workshop on municipality is planned to perform to present the Field Report. After
preparation of Field Report, it is expected to incorporate all the missing things in Final
Report. Slow process of formation of MRCC and finalization of the scoring criteria after the
approval of MRCC are the key steps to perform as early as possible by the municipality.

The study is expected to formulate the hierarchy of roads which is necessary for long term
rapid development of the municipality area. This report presents the data collected in field
survey including household data, Origin and Destination study data, Traffic data and Road
Inventory data.

The draftversion of the report isto be prepared incorporating comment of various stakeholder,
municipality and political party representative. Financial Analysis and prioritization of the
road network, Budget calculation in short as well as long run will be incorporated in final
version of report.

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Glossary

Active transport (also called non-motorized transport, NMT and human

powered transport) refers to walking, cycling, and variants such as
Active wheelchair, scooter and handcart use. It includes both utilitarian and
transport recreational travel activity, plus stationary uses of pedestrian environments
user such as standing on sidewalks and sitting at bus stops

The maximum number of vehicles that can pass over a given section of a
lane or roadway in one direction (or in both directions for a two-lane or
Capacity
three-lane highway) during conditions.

Collector roads provide both access and movement within residential,

commercial and industrial areas. They are typically discontinuous between
residential areas, so as to avoid traffic infiltration through neighbourhoods.
Lower density developments and community land uses such as schools
Collector and convenience retail are often located on collector streets.
road

Emergency Maintenance works that are to be carried out due to unexpected and
maintenance sudden blockage of roads that stop vehiclular movement due to natural
disaster

The process of determining the future values of land use,socioeconomic,

Forecasting and trip making variables within the study area.

Local road Local roads provide direct property access in residential, industrial,
commercial and downtown areas. With local streets connecting primarily
to collector roads, travel distances are short, speeds are relatively low and
volumes are modest, as their primary function of accommodating traffic
from adjacent lands.

Maintenance The process of preserving the original condition or function of an asset

MTMP The MTMP is a strategic planning document designed to identify and

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address the municipality’s needs to the year 2020 and beyond. The MTMP
is the documents that identify, classify and prioritize the municipal roads;
identify possible sources of funds and materials for the construction of the
prioritized roads according to their respective standards and scientific
mobilization of the available resource.

Network Set of nodes and connecting links that represent transportation facilities in
an area.

New The location of the beginning of a trip or the zone in which a trip begins.
construction

Periodic Maintenance works to be carried out in intervals of years and of large-

maintenance scale

Recurrent Small maintenance works not falling under routine maintenance that are
maintenance carried out a few times a year in all roads to repair minor damage resulting
from traffic and rainfall

Routine Small maintenance works that are to be carried out in all the seasons on all
maintenance roads on a regular basis

Specific Spot treatments and repairs that do not occur every year or in every road,
maintenance and which are very specific in nature and location.

Trip A one-direction movement which begins at the origin at the start time,
ends at the destination at the arrival time, and is conducted for a specific
purpose.

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Upgrading
The process of addition or change that makes something better than it was
before

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References

Australia, M. R. (2011). Road Hierarchy Criteria.

Central Bureau of Statistics. (2013). National Census 2011. Kathmandu: Government of

Nepal, National Planning Commission Secretariat.

Cole, S. (2005). Applied Transport Economics Policy, Management and Decision Making.
London: Kogan Page Limited.

Elgar, E. (2002). Transport Economics. Cheltenham: Edward ELgar Publishing Limited.

Eppell, V. A., Bunker, J., & McClurg, B. (2001). A four level road hierarchy for network
planning and management. Proceedings 20th ARRB Conference. Melbourne: Jaeger,
Vicki, Eds.

http://kapilvastumun.gov.np/en/node/40

kadiyali, D. L. (2011). Traffic Engineering and Transport planning.

Litman, T. (2015). Evaluating Active Transport Benefits and Costs (Guide to valuing walking
and cycling improvements and encouragement programs). Victooria Transport Policy
Institute.

McClurg, B., Bunker , J., & Eppell, V. (2001). A four level road hierarchy for network
planning and management. ARRB. Melbourne.

Meyer M.D & Miller E.J. Urban Transportation Planning.

National Planning Commission. (2012). National population and housing census ( A national
report). Kathmandu: Central Bureau of Statistics.

Government of Nepal, (2068). Nepal Urban Road Standard 2068 (Field).

Department of Roads, Nepal Road Standard 2070.

TRB. (2013). Transit capacity and quality of service manual. Washington D.C.: Transit
cooperative research program.

SECTION 1.

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Field Report
 ANNEX 1
Household Data
ANNEX 2
GIS Maps
 ANNEX 3
Road Demand Forms
ANNEX 4
Photographs