TELECOMMUNICATION

A SUMMER TRAINING REPORT

Submitted by

DAMAN KHURANA
42914802717

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Technology

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 Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited Sangrur

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that the summer training project report entitled “Telecommunication” is a bonafide
record of the work done by Mr. DAMAN, atBHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED, SANGRUR,
for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the four year degree of
Bachelors in Technology in COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING, carried out under my
supervision during June 10,2019 to July 6, 2019

Dy G.M. TELECOM

O/o GMT ,BSNL SANGRUR

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This summer training is of an immense academic record ano his performance.

I would like to thank Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), SANGRUR that gave me

The honor of completing my summer training. I would like to thank all the employees and

associates of BSNL who helped me in understanding the activities of the organization. My

hearties thanks are due to MR. GURSHARN SINGH (JTO) who encouraged me to cope up with

the problems that I faced during this time.

DAMAN

Enrollment Number: 42914802717

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 ABOUT THE COMPANY (BSNL)

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. was incorporated on 15th

september2000 . It took over the business of providing of
telecom services and network management from the erstwhile
Central Government Departments of Telecom Services (DTS)
and Telecom Operations (DTO), with effect from 1st October‘
2000 on going concern basis.It is one of the largest & leading
public sector units providing comprehensive range of telecom
services in India.

BSNL has installed Quality Telecom Network in the country &

now focusing on improving it, expanding the network,
introducing new telecom services with ICT applications in
villages & winning customer's confidence. Today, it has about
36.42 million line basic telephone capacity, 7.13 million WLL
capacity, 95.96 million GSM capacity, 34,727 fixed exchanges,
1,17,090 GSM BTSs, 9,594 CDMA Towers, 102 Satellite
Stations, 7,73,976 RKm. of OFC, 4751 RKm. of microwave
network connecting 646 districts, 4519cities/towns & 6.25
lakhs villages .

BSNL is the only service provider, making focused efforts &

planned initiatives to bridge the rural-urban digital divide in ICT
sector. In fact there is no telecom operator in the country to
beat its reach with its wide network giving services in every

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 nook & corner of the country & operates across India except
New Delhi & Mumbai. Whether it is inaccessible areas of
Siachen glacier or North-Eastern regions of the country, BSNL
serves its customers with a wide bouquet of telecom services
namely Wireline, CDMA mobile, GSM mobile, Internet,
Broadband, Carrier service, MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP, IN
Services, FTTH, etc.

BSNL has set up a world class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol

convergent IP infrastructure that provides convergent services
like voice, data & video through the same Backbone &
Broadband Access Network. At present there are 21.86 million
broadband customers including both wireline & wireless
broadband.
During the 2017-18, turnover of BSNL is around Rs. 31,160 Crores.

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 ABSTRACT

This study is about the telecommunication and its advantages and also its types.
Telecommunication means making communication over the telephone lines and
signal. The telecommunication aims at the economic development of the country
and its aim is provide communication at the wider level. Telecommunications have
improved people's ability to stay in touch with friends and family. Telecom is one of
the fastest growing industries in India. Today India stands as the second-largest
telecommunications market in the world.
Telecommunication is communication at a distance by technological means,
particularly through electrical signals or electromagnetic waves. The word is often
used in its plural form, telecommunications, because it involves many different
technologies
Early means of communicating over a distance included visual signals, such as
beacons, smoke signals, semaphore telegraphs,signal flags, and optical heliographs.
Modern technologies for long-distance communication usually involve electrical
and electromagnetic technologies, such as telegraph, telephone, and teleprinter ,
networks, radio,microwave transmission, fiber optics, and communications
satellites.
The focus on telecom reflects the significant contribution that this sector can make
to economic growth in the country.There is substantial evidence that telecom
significantly enhances economic opportunities in both rural and urban areas.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO
NO

1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

2 ABOUT THE COMPANY(BSNL) vi

3 ABSTRACT vii

4 CONTENTS viii

5 LIST OF FIGURES ix

6 LIST OF TABLES ix

7 INTRODUCTION TO BSNL 10-11

8 12-15
WORKING OF BASIC TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK

9 LEASED LINES 16-17

10 INTRANET 18-20

11 CORPORATE NETWORK 21-23

12 WI-FI (WIRELESS FIDELITY) 24-26

13 WIMAX 27-31

14 GSM 32-34

15 (GPRS) 35

16 CDMA 36-37

17 FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM 38-40

18 REFERENCE 41

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

Fig 2.1 How Line Reaches From Subscriber To Exchange 12

Fig 2.2 MDF 14

Fig 4.1 Intranet Network 19

Fig 5.1 Corporate Network 22

Fig 6.1 WI-FI Network 25

Fig 7.1 WIMAX Network Architecture 30

Fig 8.1 Basic GSM Network 33

Fig 11.1 Optical Fibre Transmission 39

Fig 11.2 Propagation of Light Through Fibre 40

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TABLE NAME PAGE NO.

Table 5.1 Difference Between Traditional and Ideal Network 21

Table 7.1 Reference Points 31

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 CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION TO BSNL

India is the fourth largest telecom market in Asia after China, Japan and South Korea.

The Indian telecom network is the eighth largest in the world.

TYPE: COMMUNICATION SERVICE PROVIDER

COUNTRY: INDIA

AVAILABILITY: NATIONAL EXCEPT DELHI & MUMBAI

OWNER: THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

WEBSITE: www.bsnl.co.in

1.1 How BSNL Came Into Market

The initial phase of telecom reforms began in 1984 with the creation of Center for
Department of Telematics (C-DOT) for developing indigenous technologies and
private manufacturing of customer premise equipment. Soon after, the Mahanagar
Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) were set
up in 1986.The Telecom Commission was established in 1989. A crucial aspect of the
institutional reform of the Indian telecom sector was setting up of an independent
regulatory body in 1997 – the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), to assure
investors that the sector would be regulated in a balanced and fair manner. In 2000,
DoT corporatized its services wing and created Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited.

1.2 Institutional Framework

It is defined as the system of formal laws, regulations, and procedures, and informal
conventions, customs, and norms, that broaden, mold, and restrain socio-economic activity
and behavior. The country has been divided into units called Circles, Metro Districts,
Secondary Switching Areas (SSA), Long Distance Charging Area (LDCA) and Short Distance

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Charging Area (SDCA). In India, DoT is the nodal agency for taking care of telecom sector on
behalf of government.
Its basic functions are:

· Policy Formulation

· Review of performance

· Licensing

· Wireless spectrum management

· Administrative monitoring of PSUs

· Research & Development

· Standardization/Validation of Equipment

1.3 BSNL Contribution To Development Of Telecom

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited was formed in year 2000 and took over the service providers
role from DOT. BSNL’s roadmap for providing customer with access to the latest
telecommunications services without losing sight of universal service access has been by way
of utilizing optimally the existing infrastructure and accelerating advances in technological
component by innovative absorption.
Achievements Of BSNL:

● BSNL has a customer base of over 11.62 crore and is the fourth largest integrated
telecom operator in the country.
● BSNL is the market leader in Broadband, landline and national transmission
network.

● BSNL is also the only operator covering over 5 lakh village with telecom
connectivity.

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 CHAPTER-2 WORKING OF BASIC TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK

This section includes brief introduction of how a call is processed when we dial a call from
basic telephone to another basic telephone or from basic to mobile or vice versa.

2.1 Call Setup

● When a subscriber calls to another subscriber first its request goes to the nearest
switching centre that is PSTN (Public Switching Telecommunication Network). Then
it processes the caller and subscriber’s number if it exists in the same BSC then call
setup is completed.
● If subscriber is not in the same BSC (Base Switching Centre) then call transfer to
MSC (Main Switching Centre) then it transfers the call to prior BSC then call setup is
completed.
● If Caller calls to a mobile subscriber then call transfer is done by MTSO now call
transfer is done on BTSs (Base Transceiver Station) and call setup is completed.

Fig 2.1 How line reaches from subscriber to exchange

Function OfEchange

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 · Exchange of information with subscriber lines with other exchange. This is done by two

type of signaling:
1. Inchannelsignaling
2. Common channel signaling
3. Processing of signaling information and controlling the operation of signaling
network.
4. Charging and billing.

2.2 Electronic Exchange

● All control functions by series of instructions are stored in memory.

● Memories are modifiable and control program can always be rewritten. For each
call processing step decision is taken according to class of service.

2.3 Carrier Room

Leased line connectivity is provided in carrier room. This room has two parts:

1. Conventional leased line system

2. MLLN

2.3.1 Conventional Leased Line System

● It consists of modems and routers that are provided by the company requesting for
that network.
● Connectivity of different ATM, banks etc. is provided by BSNL here.
● For this, we have 4 modems (2 in Exchange, 1 at sender and 1 at receiver)
● Modems are used for short distances i.e. trans and receive part are received here
and local lead connection is given to the subscriber.
● Local lead faults can be handled here but the trans and receive faults can be
handled by the department meant for it.
● Accept 64Kbps or 2 Mbps.
● For long distance communication we have MUXS and data is sent through optical
fibers. MUXS are present at both the ends.

2.3.2 Managed Leased Line Network

● No open wiring.

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 ● Route can be changed by the computer software
● In Hisar Gate Exchange, we have 3 VMUX of type II.

2.4 MDF (Main Distribution Frame)

M.D.F. is a media between switching network and subscriber’s line. It is a termination point
within the local telephone exchange where exchange equipment and terminations of local
loops are connected by jumper wires.

Fig 2.2 MDF

2.4.1 Functions Of MDF

● All cable copper wires supplying services through user telephone lines are terminated
and distributed through MDF.
● The most common kind of large MDF is a long steel rack accessible from both sides.
Each jumper is a twisted wire.

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 ● It consists of local connection and broadband connection frames for the main Exchange
area.
● The MDF usually holds central office protective devices including heat coil and
functions as a test point between a line and the office.
● It provides testing of calls.
● It checks whether fault is indoor or external.
● All lines terminate individually.

2.5 Power Plant

● It provides -48V to the switch rooms and 48V to the connections.
● Batteries are artificially discharged once in a year for their maintenance.
● Cooling is provided through fans & AC.
There is earth region too for protection

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 CHAPTER-3 LEASED LINES

3.1 Introduction
A leased line (dedicated line) is a permanent fiber optic or telephone connection between
two points set up by a telecommunications carrier. They can be used for telephone, data, or
Internet services. Businesses use a leased line to connect to geographically distant offices
because it guarantees bandwidthfor network traffic. For example, a bank may use a leased
line in order to easily transfer financial information from one office to another. Customers
generally pay a flat monthly rate for the service depending on the distance between the two
points. Leased lines do not have telephone numbers. The information sent through the
leased line travels along dedicated secure channels, eliminating the congestion that occurs in
shared networks.

3.2 Drawbacks Of Traditional Leased Line Circuits

● Limited range of services - Only Plain Leased Line Service, Data cards support only
up to 64 kbps, no support for N x 64 Kbps.
● From Operator point of view in case of Leased Line Circuit different boxes from
different vendors so difficult to manage & control.
● No Centralized Monitoring or alarm or performance monitoring.
● The solution to this is MLLN.

3.3 MLLN ( Managed Leased Line Network )

The MLLN service is specially designed mainly for having effective control and monitoring on
the leased line so that the down time is minimized and the circuit efficiency is increased.
This mainly deals with data circuits ranging from 64 Kbps to 2048 Kbps.

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 3.3.1 MLLN Features
● MLLN is an integrated, fully managed, multi service digital network platform
through which service provider can offer a wide range of service at an optimal cost
to business subscriber.
● Using NMS, MLLN can provide high speed Leased Line with improved QoS, high
availability & reliability.
● Except for connecting the local lead to the MODEM all operations & maintenance is
carried out through ROT (Remote Operating Terminal).
● NMS supports service provisioning, Network optimization, planning & service
monitoring.
● System offers end to end circuit creation and modification, circuit loop testing &
fault isolation, automatic rerouting of traffic in case of trunk failure, software
programmability of NTU etc.
● Banking, Financial institution, Stock market, paper industry, broadcasting & Internet
service Provider are the main customers for MLLN.

3.3.1 MLLN Advantages

● 24 hrs Performance Monitoring of the circuit.
● Circuit fault reports generated proactively.
● On Demand the Bandwidth can be increased.
● Low lead time for new circuit provisioning.
● Long drive on single copper pair.( for 64 kbps – 7 kms& for 2mbps – 3.5 kms) ●
Centrally managed from ROT connected to the NMS.

3.3.1 Application Of MLLN

● Corporate high speed internet access through Broadband.
● LAN interconnection.
● Hotline connectivity for voice.
● Point to point connection for data circuit.
Point to multipoint connection.

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 CHAPTER-4 INTRANET

4.1 Intranet
● Smaller private version of Internet. It uses Internet protocols to create enterprise-
wide network which may consists of interconnected LANs.
● It may or may not include connection to Internet.
● Intranet is an internal information system based on Internet technology and web
protocols for implementation within a corporate organization.
● This implementation is performed in such a way as to transparently deliver the
immense informational resources of an organization to each individual’s desktop
with minimal cost, time and effort.
● The Intranet defines your organization and displays it for everyone to see.

Features Of Intranet
● It is scalable.
● It is Interchangeable.
● It is platform independent
● It is Hardware independent.
● It is vendor independent.

Why Intranet For An Organization

● Quick access to voice, video, data and other resources needed by users.
● Variety of valuable Intranet applications improves communication and productivity
across all areas of an enterprise.
● A 21st Century Telephone.
● An ISO Tool.
● A Target Marketing Tool.
● A Decision Making Tool.
● A Complete Communication Tool.

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 Fig 4.1 Intranet network

Applications Of Intranet
● Publishing Corporate documents.
● Access into searchable directories.
● Excellent Mailing Facilities.
● Proper Sharing of Information.
● Developing Groupware Applications.

Technical Overview Of Intranet Technology

Intranet runs on open TCP/IP network, enable companies to employ the same type of
servers and browser used for World Wide Web for internal applications distributed over the
corporate LAN. A typical Intranet implementation involves a high end machine called a
server which can be accessed by individual PCs commonly referred to as clients, through the
network. The Intranet site setup can be quite inexpensive, especially if your users are
already connected by LAN.

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Intranet Applications In A Circle
● Every circle must have an intranet server which should have the following:
● All posting/transfer/relieving orders issued within circle to be hosted on the
intranet.

● All letters circulars/letters issued from different sections of the circle office to be
hosted on the server for immediate access by SSAs. Each section in circle office
Administration, Operations, Marketing, Finance, Planning, Computersetc can have
web pages hosted on the server.

● A database can be maintained for MIS reports and all other reports to be sent
periodically by
SSAs to circle office. The database can have front end forms designed in ASP or PHP
for the SSAs to input the data. Separate programs can be developed to consolidate
the data fed by SSAs.
● All data prepared and /or distributed during SSA heads meetings can be hosted on
the Intranet.
● The implementation of the above will reduce the usage of paper and also reduce
the usage of FAX.

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 CHAPTER-5 CORPORATE NETWORK

5.1 Introduction
A corporate network (CN0) is a closed and private computer network that affords secure
communications between geographically dispersed LANs of an enterprise.

Table 5.1 Differences Between Traditional And Ideal Networks

Traditional networks An ideal network

● Informal ● Formal
● Socially oriented ● Business oriented
● Had geographical boundaries ● International infrastructure &
● Were expertise specific exposure
● No access to corporate resources ● Comprehensive expertise
● Not self sufficient ● Access to substantial corporate
resources self sufficient Self
● Not self sustainable No sustainable
● corporate governance
●
policies
●

● Governed by strict values and

principles

The requirement in a Corporate Network is same as ideal network.

5.2 WHY DO BUSINESSES HAVE CORPORATE NETWORK?

A business implements a corporate network to share applications and data between
different computing devices and users in different locations. Unless the application is web
based or database driven, this usually means copying files back and forth between a
network drive and a local computer, where a desktop application is used to read and/or edit
the files. The increasing need to access corporate data from anywhere has led to changes in
the nature of applications, in current model of corporate network.

A typical corporate network has the following characteristics:

● Many LAN segments.

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 ● More than one network protocol (IP or IPX).
● OSPF-configured areas, if it uses IP.
● Dial-up connectivity for users connecting from home or while traveling.
● Connectivity to external networks.
● Demand-dial connections to branch offices.
● Dedicated circuits to branch offices.

· A corporate network typically uses different types of network media. The different office
segments can be on 10-MB Ethernet or Token Ring networks, but the backbone
network used for connecting the different networks and hosting servers is usually
made up of 100-MB Ethernet . Connectivity to external networks (the Internet) is over
leased lines. Connectivity to branch offices is either over dial-up line or dedicated
media (leased lines).
·

Fig 5.1 Corporate Network

5.3 Features Of Corporate Network Security

● Complete bullet-proof protection of the remote computers you have on your
network.

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● Executable patches can be easily uploaded to all your remote computers and
executed remotely. Easy and intuitive configuration without lots of complicated
configuration files. Everything is configured through the stand-alone GUI interface
from any location where TCP/IP connection to your corporate network can be
established.
● You do not need to physically visit your workstations when you need to change
security settings or install patches.
● The remote client service application is bullet-proof. Your users will not be able to
disable, uninstall or delete it.
● All traffic between the server and the clients is encrypted. All local files are
encrypted as well.
● The server service application and the remote client service application work as NT
services under Windows NT/2000/XP and higher therefore they will keep working in
the log off mode.

CHAPTER-6 WI-FI (WIRELESS FIDELITY)

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 6.1 Wi-Fi Network
A Wi-Fi network provides the features and benefits of traditional LAN technologies such as
Ethernet and Token Ring without the limitations of wires or cables. It provides the final few
meters of connectivity between a wired network and the mobile user. WIFI is a wireless LAN
Technology to deliver wireless broadband speeds up to 54 Mbps to Laptops, PCs, PDAs, dual
mode Wi-Fi enabled phones etc.

6.2 Working Of Wi-Fi Network

In a typical Wi-Fi configuration, a transmitter/receiver (transceiver) device, called the Access
Point (AP) , connects to the wired network from a fixed location usingstandard cabling. A
wireless Access Point combines router and bridging functions, it bridges network traffic,
usually from Ethernet to the airwaves, where it routes to computers with wireless adapters.
The AP can reside at any node of the wired network and acts as a gateway for wireless data
to be routed onto the wired network. It supports only 10 to 30 mobile devices per Access
Point (AP) depending on the network traffic. Like a cellular system, the Wi-Fi is capable of
roaming from the AP and re-connecting to the network through another AP. Like a cellular
phone system, the wireless LAN is capable of roaming from the AP and re-connecting to the
network through o ther APs residing at other points on the wired network. This can allow the
wired LAN to be extended to cover a much larger area than the existing coverage by the use
of multiple APs such as in a campus environment. It may be used as a standalone network
anywhere to link multiple computers together without having to build or extend a wired
network.

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 Fig 6.1 Wi-Fi Network

End users access the Wi-Fi network through Wi-Fi adapters, which are implemented as cards

in desktop computers, or integrated within hand-held computers. Wi-Fi wireless LAN

adapters provide an interface between the client Network Operating System (NOS) and the

airwaves via an antenna.

6.3 Benefits Of Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi offers the following productivity, conveniences, and cost advantages over traditional
wired networks:
● Mobility: Wi-Fi systems can provide LAN users with access to real-time information

anywhere in their organization.

● Installation Speed and Simplicity: Installing a Wi-Fi system can be fast and easy and

can eliminate the need to pull cable through walls and ceilings.

● Installation Flexibility: Wireless technology allows the network to go where wire

cannot go.

● Reduced Cost-of-Ownership: While the initial investment required for Wi-Fi

hardware can be higher than the cost of wired LAN hardware, overall installation

expenses and life-cycle costs can be significantly lower.

● Scalability: Wi-Fi systems can be configured in a variety of topologies to meet the

needs of specific applications and installations. Configurations are easily changed

and range from peer-to-peer networks suitable for a small number of users to full

infrastructure networks of thousands of users that allows roaming over a broad

area.

● It offers much high speed up to 54 Mbps which is very much greater than other
wireless access technologies like CORDECT, GSM and CDMA.

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 6.4 Limitations Of Wi-Fi
● Coverage: A single Access Point can cover, at best, a radius of only about 60 meters.
For 10 square kms area roughly 650 Access Points are required, where as
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO requires just 09 sites.
● Roaming: It lacks roaming between different networks hence wide spread coverage
by one service provider is not possible, which is the key to success of wireless
technology.
● Backhaul: Backhaul directly affects data rate service. Wi-Fi real world data rates are

at least half of the their theoretical peak rates due to factors such as signal strength,

interference and radio overhead .Backhaul reduces the remaining throughput

further..

CHAPTER-7 WIMAX

7.1 Wireless Broadband Services

There are two fundamentally different types of broadband wireless services. The first type
attempts to provide a set of services similar to that of the traditional fixed-line broadband
but using wireless as the medium of transmission. This type, called fixed wireless broadband,
can be thought of as a competitive alternative to DSL or cable modem. The second type of
broadband wireless, called mobile broadband, offers the additional functionality of
portability, nomadicity and mobility.

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WI-MAX is an acronym that stands for World -wide Interoperability forMicrowave Access

and this technology is designed to accommodate both fixed andmobile broadband

applications.

7.2 Salient Features Of WIMAX

● OFDM-based physical layer.
● Very high peak data rates.
● Scalable bandwidth and data rate support.
● Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC).
● Link-layer retransmissions.
● Support for TDD and FDD OFDMA.
● Flexible and dynamic per user resource allocation.
● Support for advanced antenna techniques.
● Quality-of-service support.
● Robust security.
● Support for mobility.
● IP-based architecture.

7.3 EVOLUTION OF BROADBAND WIRELESS:

1. NARROWBAND WIRELESS LOCAL-LOOP SYSTEMS: The first application for which a
wireless alternative was developed and deployed was voice telephony. These
systems, called wireless local-loop (WLL). WLL systems based on the digital-
enhanced cordless telephony (DECT) and code division multiple access (CDMA)
standards continue to be deployed in these markets. During the same time, several
small start-up companies focused solely on providing Internet- access services using
wireless, antennas to be installed at the customer premises. These early systems
typically offered speeds up to a few hundred kilobits per second. Later evolutions of
license-exempt systems were able to provide higher speeds.

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 2. FIRST-GENERATION BROADBAND SYSTEMS: As DSL and cable modems began to be
deployed, wireless systems had to evolve to support much higher speeds to be
competitive. Very high speed systems, called local multipoint distribution systems
(LMDS), supporting up to several hundreds of megabits per second, were
developed. In the late 1990s, one of the more important deployments of wireless
broadband happened in the so-called multichannel multipoint distribution services
(MMDS) band at 2.5GHz. The MMDS band was historically used to provide wireless
cable broadcast video services, especially in rural areas The first generations of
these fixed broadband wireless solutions were deployed using the same towers that
served wireless cable subscribers. These towers were typically several hundred feet
tall and enabled LOS coverage to distances up to miles, using high-power
transmitter. The advent of satellite TV ruined the wireless cable business, and
operators were looking for alternative ways to use this spectrum. A few operators
began to offer one-way wireless Internet-access service, using telephone line as the
return path.
3. SECOND-GENERATION BROADBAND SYSTEMS: Second-generation broadband
wireless systems were able to overcome the LOS issue and to provide more
capacity. This was done through the use of a cellular architecture and
implementation of advanced-signal processing techniques to improve the link and
system performance under multipath conditions. Many solved the NLOS problem by
using such techniques as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), code
division multiple access (CDMA), and multi antenna processing.

4. WIMAX AND OTHER BROADBAND WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES:WIMAX is not the only

solution for delivering broadband wireless services. WiMAX occupies a somewhat

middle ground between Wi-Fi and 3G technologies when compared in the key

dimensions of data rate, coverage, QoS, mobility, and price.

WIMAX Network Architecture

The overall network may be logically divided into three parts:

1. Mobile Stations (MS) used by the end user to access the network.

2. The access service network (ASN), which comprises one or more base stations and
one or more ASN gateways that form the radio access network at the edge.

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 3. Connectivity service network (CSN), which provides IP connectivity and all the IP
core network functions.

Fig 7.1 WIMAX Network Architecture

Base Station (BS): The BS is responsible for providing the air interface to theMSS. Additional

functions that may be part of the BS are micro mobility management functions, such as

handoff triggering and tunnel establishment, radio resource management, QoS policy

enforcement, traffic classification, DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol) proxy, key

management, session management, and multicast group management.

Access Service Network Gateway (ASN-GW): The ASN gatewaytypically acts as a layer 2

traffic aggregation points within an ASN. Additional functions that may be part of the ASN

gateway include intra-ASN location management and paging, radio resource management

and admission control, caching of subscriber profiles and encryption keys, AAA client

functionality, establishment and management of mobility tunnel with base stations, QoS and

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policy enforcement, and foreign agent functionality for mobile IP, and routing to the selected

CSN.

Connectivity Service Network (CSN): The CSN provides connectivity to the Internet, ASP,

other public networks, and corporate networks. The CSN is owned by the NSP and includes

AAA servers that support authentication for the devices, users, and specific services. The CSN

also provides per user policy management of QoS and security. The CSN is also responsible

for IP address management, support for roaming between different NSPs, location

management between ASNs, and mobility and roaming between ASNs, subscriber billing and

inter operator settlement, inter-CSN tunneling to support roaming between different NSPs.

Reference Points: The WiMAX NWG defines a reference point as a conceptual link that

connects two groups of functions that reside in different functional entities of the ASN, CSN

or MS. Reference points may not be a physical interface except when the functional entities

on either side of it are implemented on different physical devices

Table 7.1 Reference points

Reference point End points Description

R1 MS and CSN Implements the air interface (IEEE

802.16e) specifications.

R2 MS and CSN For authentication, authorization, IP host

configuration management and mobility

management, only a logical interface

between MS and CSN

R3 ASN and CSN Supports AAA, policy enforcement,and

mobility mgmt. capabilities

R4 ASN and ASN A set of protocols originating/terminating

in various entities within the ASN. In

Release I , R4 is the only interoperable

interface between different ASNs or

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 heterogenous ASNs.

R5 CSN and CSN A set of protocols for interworking

between home and visited network.

R6 BS and ASN-GW A set of control and bearer plane

protocols for communication between BS

and ASN-GW. It may serve as a conduit

for exchange of different MAC states

information between neighboring BSs.

R7 ASN-GW-DP An optional set of control plane protocols

and ASN-GW- for coordination between two group of

EP functions identified in R6.

R8 BS and BS A set of control plane message flows and

bearer plane data flows between BSs to

ensure fast and seamless handover.

CHAPTER-8 GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM)

In wireless communication every region is divided into cells. Cell size is constant for whole

system. GSM is a form of multiplexing, which divides the available bandwidth among the

different channels. Most of the times the multiplexing used is either TDM (Time division

multiplexing) or FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing). SM differs from its predecessor

technologies in that both signaling and speech channels are digital, and thus GSM is

considered a second generation (2G) mobile phone system.

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 Fig 8.1 Basic GSM network

8.1 MAIN FEATURES OF GSM:

● Support for voice and data services

● Better frequency efficiency, smaller cells and more customers per cell

● High audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone calls at higher
speeds (e.g. from cars, trains) i.e. high transmission quality.
● Authentication via chip-card and PIN. · Worldwide connectivity.

8.2 GSM Subsystems

● RADIO SUBSYSTEM (RSS)
● NETWORK AND SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM (NSS)

8.2.1 Radio Subsystem

Mobile Station (MS):

A mobile unit is a transmitter as well as receiver too. It has a SIM (Subscriber Identity
Module) which gives a unique identity of a subscriber. Every mobile unit has a unique IMIE
(International Mobile Equipment Identity) number.

Base Transceiver Station (BTS):

● A base transceiver station or cell site (BTS) is a piece of equipment that facilitates
wireless communication between user equipment (UE) and a network.
● It encodes, encrypts, modulates and feeds the RF signal to antenna.

● It produces time and frequency synchronization signals.

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 ● It does power control and frequency hopping too.

Base Station Controller (BSC):

● Its main work is to control several transceivers.

● Switching between BTSs

● Managing of network resources

● Mapping of radio channels

8.2.2 Network And Switching Subsystem

This subsystem does mainly switching, mobility management, interconnection to other
networks, system control.

Components
1. Mobile Services Switching Centre (MSC):
It controls all connections via a separated network to/from a mobile terminal within the
domain of the MSC – several BSC can belong to a MSC.

2. Database:
Home Location Register (HLR):

Central master database containing user data, permanent and semi-permanent data of all
subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs).

Visitor Location Register (VLR):

Local database for a subset of user data, including data about all user currently in the domain
of the VLR.

8.2.3 Function Of Main Switching Center (MSC):

● Manages communication between GSM and other network (PSTN, Data Network
and GPRS).
● Call setup basic switching, call handling.
● Location register.
● Billing for subscriber

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8.3 Features GSM:
● GSM is already used worldwide with over 450 million subscribers.
● GSM is mature, having started in the mid-80s. This maturity means a more stable
network with robust features. CDMA is still building its network.
● The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules, which are smart cards that provide
secure data encryption give GSM m-commerce advantages.

CHAPTER – 9 GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE (GPRS)

● General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service available to
users of the 2G cellular communication systems, global system for mobile
communications (GSM), as well as in the 3G systems. In 2G systems, GPRS provides data
rates of 56-114 kbps. It provides moderate speed data transfer, by using unused time
division multiple access (TDMA) channels.
● Its supported protocols are Internet Protocol (IP), Point to Point Protocol (PPP) and X.25.

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● GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data
communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time,
independent of whether the user actually is using the capacity or is in an idle state. GPRS
is a best effort packet switched service, as opposed to circuit switching, where a certain
Quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection for non-mobile users.
● GPRS extends the GSM circuit switched data capabilities and makes the following
services possible:
● “ Always on” Internet access

● Multimedia messaging service (MMS)

● Push to talk over cellular (PoC/PTT)

● Instant messaging and presence – wireless village

● Internet applications for smart devices through wireless application protocol (WAP)
●Point to Point (P2P) service: inter-networking with the internet (IP).

● Increase message sending speed 30 messages per minute approximately.

CHAPTER- 10 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA)

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) consistently provides better capacity for voice and
data communications that other commercial mobile technologies, allowing more subscribers
to connect at any given time, and it is the common platform on which 3G technologies are
built.
CDMA is a spread spectrum technology, allowing many users to occupy the same time and
frequency allocations in a given band/space. As it name implies, CDMA assigns unique codes

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to each communication to differentiate it from others in the same spectrum resources,
CDMA enables many more people to share the airwaves at the same time than do alternative
technologies.

10.1 Advantages Of CDMA

● Increased cellular communications security.
● Simultaneous conversations
● Increased efficiency, meaning that the carrier can serve more subscribers.
● Smaller phones
● Low power requirements and little cell-to-cell coordination needed by operators.
● Extended reach-beneficial to rural users situated far from cells.

10.2 Disadvantages Of CDMA:

● Due to its proprietary nature, all of CDMA’s flaws are not known to the engineering
community.
● CDMA is relatively new, and the network is not as mature as GSM. · CDMA cannot
offer international roaming, a large GSM advantage.

10.3 Difference Between CDMA And GSM:

● The GSM stands for global system for mobile communication and CDMA for code
division multiple accesses.
● GSM is a form of multiplexing, which divides the available bandwidth among the
different channels. Most of the times the multiplexing used are either TDM (Time
Division Multiplexing) or FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing). On the other hand
CDMA is a type of multiple access scheme (which means allotting the given
bandwidth to multiple users) and makes use of spread spectrum technique which is
essentially increasing the size of spectrum.
● In CDMA each user is provided a unique code and all the conversations between 2
users are coded. This provides a greater level of security to CDMA users than the
GSM ones.

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 CHAPTER- 11 FIBER OPTIC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

11.1 Introduction
Optical Fiber is new medium, in which information (voice, Data or Video) is transmitted
through a glass or plastic fiber, in the form of light, following the transmission sequence give
below :
(1) Information is encoded into Electrical Signals.

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 (2) Electrical Signals are converted into light Signals.

(3) Light Travels down the Fiber.

(4) A Detector Changes the Light Signals into Electrical Signals.

(5) Electrical Signals are decoded into Information.

Fig 11.1 Optical Fibre Transmission

11.2 ARCHITECTURE OF FIBER:

The optical fiber has two concentric layers called the core and the cladding. The inner core is
the light carrying part. The surrounding cladding provides the difference refractive index that
allows total internal reflection of light through the core. The index of the cladding is less than
1%, lower than that of the core. Most fibers have an additional coating around the cladding.
This buffer coating is a shock absorber and has no optical properties affecting the
propagation of light within the fiber.

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 Fig 11.2 Propagation of light through fibre

11.3 Classification
There are three types of fibers:

(A) Multimode Step Index fiber (Step Index fiber)

(B) Multimode graded Index fiber (Graded Index fiber)
(C) Single- Mode Step Index fiber (Single Mode fiber)

(I) Step-Index Multimode Fiber: It has a large core, up to 100 microns indiameter. As a
result, some of the light rays that make up the digital pulse may travel a direct route,
whereas others zigzag as they bounce off the cladding. This type of fiber is best suited for
transmission over short distances, in an endoscope, for instance.

(II) Graded-Index Multimode Fiber: It contains a core in which therefractive index

diminishes gradually from the center axis out toward the cladding. The higher refractive
index at the center makes the light rays moving down the axis advance more slowly than
those near the cladding. A digital pulse suffers less dispersion.

(III) Single-Mode Fiber: It has a narrow core (eight microns or less), and theindex of
refraction between the core and the cladding changes less than it does for multimode
fibers. Light thus travels parallel to the axis, creating little pulse dispersion. Telephone and
cable television networks install millions of kilometers of this fiber every year.

11.4 Advantages Of Optical Fibres

● SPEED:Fiber optic networks operate at high speeds - up into the gigabits.

● BANDWIDTH: large carrying capacity.

● DISTANCE: Signals can be transmitted further without needing to be refreshed or

strengthened.

● RESISTANCE: Greater resistance to electromagnetic noise such as radios, motors or

other nearby cables.

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● MAINTENANCE:Fiber optic cables costs much less to maintain.

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 REFERENCE

❖ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Sanchar_Nigam_Limited

❖ http://www.bsnl.co.in/

❖ https://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/definition/broadband

❖ https://www.britannica.com/science/fiber-optics

❖ www.dot.gov.in/

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