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ET ISO 10539 (2012) (English): Animal
vegetables fats and oils - Determination
of alkalinity
ETHIOPIAN ES ,62 :2012
STANDARD First edition
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Published by Ethiopian Standards Agency
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Foreword
This Ethiopian Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Technical Committee for Animal
and vegetables fats and oils (TC 23) and published by the Ethiopian Standards Agency (ESA).
The standard is identical with ISO 10539:2002, Animal and vegetable fats and oils -‐Determination of
alkalinity, published by International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
For the purpose of this Ethiopian Standard, the adopted text shall be modified as follows.
x The phrase “International Standard” shall be read as “Ethiopian Standard”; and
x A full stop (.) shall substitute comma (,) as decimal marker.
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(7+,23,$1 STANDAR' (6ISO 10539:20
Animal and vegetable fats and oils — Determination of alkalinity
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies a method for the determination of the alkalinity of animal and vegetable fats
and oils without distinguishing between the various constituents. The method is not applicable to dry melted animal
fats, nor to oils and fats with an acidity greater than 60 % (mass fraction) as determined in accordance with
ISO 660.
NOTE Fats and oils can contain alkaline constituents either naturally (e.g. calcium soaps from bones) or accidentally (e.g.
sodium soaps in imperfectly refined fats and oils).
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these
publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For
undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC
maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 660:1996, Animal and vegetable fats and oils — Determination of acid value and acidity
ISO 661:1989, Animal and vegetable fats and oils — Preparation of test sample
ISO 3696:1987, Water for analytical laboratory use — Specification and test methods
3 Term and definition
For the purposes of this International Standard, the following term and definition apply.
3.1
alkalinity
proportion of alkali in a fat or oil determined by titration with hydrochloric acid, in accordance with the method specified
in this International Standard
4 Principle
A test portion is dissolved in warm aqueous acetone and titrated with hydrochloric acid.
5 Reagents
Use only reagents of recognized analytical grade, unless otherwise stated.
5.1 Water, conforming to grade 3 of ISO 3696.
5.2 Aqueous acetone
Mix 970 ml of acetone, 20 ml of water and 10 ml of bromophenol blue solution (2 g/l in acetone). Add sodium hydroxide
solution [c(NaOH) = 0,1 mol/l] to give a blue colour, then add hydrochloric acid [c(HCl) = 0,1 mol/l] until a yellowish
green colour appears.
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5.3 Hydrochloric acid standard volumetric solution, c(HCl) = 0,01 mol/l, standardized not more than 7 days
before use.
6 Apparatus
Usual laboratory apparatus and, in particular, the following.
6.1 Borosilicate glass apparatus, for aqueous acetone (5.2).
6.2 Conical flasks, with wide necks, and of capacities 400 ml to 500 ml.
7 Sampling
It is important that the laboratory receive a sample which is truly representative and has not been damaged or changed
during transport or storage.
Sampling is not part of the method specified in this International Standard. A recommended sampling method is given
in ISO 5555.
8 Preparation of test sample
Prepare the test sample in accordance with ISO 661.
9 Procedure
9.1 Preparation of the apparatus
Rinse each conical flask (6.2) and stirrer to be used with successive 20 ml amounts of aqueous acetone (5.2) until
the aqueous acetone does not change colour. Allow the flasks and stirrer to dry.
9.2 Test portion
From the test sample (clause 8) weigh, to the nearest 0,1 g, a test portion of up to 40 g (see Table 1) according to the
expected result and colour of the sample. Melt a solid test portion at below the boiling point of acetone. Add 100 ml of
the acetone (5.2) at 40 qC and stir. Allow to settle until the solution splits in two layers; in the presence of soap, the
upper layer is blue-coloured.
Table 1 — Mass of test portion
Expected result Mass
Colour of sample
mg sodium oleate/kg of sample g
Light up to 500 40
Light over 500 to 1 000 10
Light over 1 000 4
Dark not relevant 2
Very dark not relevant 1
For test portions of less than 10 g, take replicate portions totalling at least 5 g for titration and sum the masses and
titres to give the result for one determination.
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9.3 Determination
Titrate the warm (30 qC to 40 qC) solution with the hydrochloric acid (5.3) while stirring until the colour of the indicator
changes from blue (or blue green) to the yellowish green of the acetone (5.2) added. Allow the mixture to settle in order
to observe the colour clearly.
NOTE An explosion-resistant hotplate with magnetic stirrer and burette support is particularly useful.
9.4 Number of determinations
Carry out two determinations on the same test sample, treating the replications for small test portions as one
determination (see Table 1).
10 Expression of results
Alkalinity may be expressed as a mass, in milligrams, of sodium oleate per kilogram of fat or oil, or as a percentage
(mass fraction) of sodium hydroxide:
a) the alkalinity in terms of sodium hydroxide is given by the expression
4Vc
A
m
b) the alkalinity in terms of sodium oleate is given by the expression
Vc
S 304 000
m
where
A is the alkalinity expressed as a percentage (mass fraction) of sodium hydroxide;
S is the alkalinity expressed as milligrams of sodium oleate per kilogram of sample;
m is the mass of the test portion, in grams;
c is the exact concentration of the standard volumetric hydrochloric acid solution used, in moles per litre;
V is the volume of hydrochloric acid standard volumetric solution used to titrate the test portion, in millilitres.
Take as the result the mean of two determinations, provided that the requirement for repeatability (see 11.2) is met.
11 Precision
11.1 Interlaboratory test
Details of an interlaboratory test are summarized in annex A. The values derived from this interlaboratory test may not
be applicable to concentration ranges other than those given.
11.2 Repeatability
The absolute difference between two independent single test results, obtained using the same method on identical test
material in the same laboratory by the same operator using the same equipment within a short interval of time, will in
not more than 5 % of cases exceed the repeatability limit r given in Table A.1 for the relevant level of the mean value
determined.
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11.3 Reproducibility
The absolute difference between two single test results, obtained using the same method on identical test material in
different laboratories by different operators using different equipment, will in not more than 5 % of cases exceed the
reproducibilty limit R given in Table A.1 for the relevant level of the mean value determined.
12 Test report
The test report shall specify:
all information necessary for the complete identification of the sample;
the sampling method used, if known;
the test method used, with reference to this International Standard;
all operating conditions not specified in this International Standard, or regarded as optional, together with
details of any incidents which may have influenced the test results;
the test results obtained or, if the repeatability has been checked, the final result obtained.
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Annex A
(informative)
Results of an interlaboratory trial
An international collaborative test has been carried out on the method given in this International Standard. The test,
involving fifteen laboratories in six countries, was organized by AFNOR and the results obtained were subjected to
statistical analysis in accordance with ISO 5725-2 to give the precision data reported in Table A.1.
Table A.1 — Precision data
Sample D Sample E Sample H
Number of laboratories 15 15 15
Number of laboratories retained after eliminating outliers 14 11 12
Mean alkalinity (mg/kg) 8,3 216,3 12,5
Repeatability standard deviation, sr (mg/kg) 0,7 0,6 0,5
Repeatability coefficient of variation (%) 8,1 0,3 3,6
Repeatability limit, r (mg/kg) 1,9 1,8 1,3
Reproducibility standard deviation, sR (mg/kg) 2,3 8,4 9,5
Reproducibility coefficient of variation (%) 27,1 3,9 76,1
Reproducibility limit, R (mg/kg) 6,4 23,7 27,0
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Bibliography
[1] ISO 5725-1:1994, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results — Part 1:
General principles and definitions
[2] ISO 5725-2:1994, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results — Part 2: Basic
method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard measurement method
[3] ISO 5555, Animal and vegetable fats and oils — Sampling
[4] ISO/TC 34/SC 11 N 683, Animal and vegetable fats and oils — Determination of alkalinity — Results of an
international collaborative test
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Organization and Objectives
The Ethiopian Standards Agency (ESA) is the national standards body of Ethiopia
established in 2010 based on regulation No. 193/2010.ESA is established due to the
restructuring of Quality and Standards Authority of Ethiopia (QSAE) which was
established in 1970.
ESA’s objectives are:-
7
Develop Ethiopian standards and establish a system that enable to
Ethiopian Standards Agency
ƯųŊƵǶƲ ƯƶąljƗŒŵdžŦď
check weather goods and services are in compliance with the
required standards,
Facilitate the country’s technology transfer through the use of
standards,
Develop national standards for local products and services so as to
make them competitive in the international market.
$)
Ethiopian Standards
The Ethiopian Standards are developed by national technical committees which are
composed of different stakeholders consisting of educational Institutions, research
institutes, government organizations, certification, inspection, and testing
organizations, regulatory bodies, consumer association etc. The requirements and/
or recommendations contained in Ethiopian Standards are consensus based that
reflects the interest of the TC representatives and also of comments received from
the public and other sources. Ethiopian Standards are approved by the National
Standardization Council and are kept under continuous review after publication and
updated regularly to take account of latest scientific and technological changes.
Orders for all Ethiopian Standards, International Standard and ASTM standards,
including electronic versions, should be addressed to the Documentation and
Publication Team at the Head office and Branch (Liaisons) offices. A catalogue of
5
Ethiopian Standards is also available freely and can be accessed in from our
website.
ESA has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications may be
reproduced in any form without the prior permission in writing of ESA.
International Involvement
ESA, representing Ethiopia, is a member of the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), and Codex Alimentarius Commission (CODEX). It also
'
maintains close working relations with the international Electro-technical
Commission (IEC) and American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).It is a
founding member of the African Regional Organization for standardization
(ARSO).
More Information?
Contact us at the following address.
The Head Office of ESA is at Addis Ababa.
011-‐ 646 06 85, 011-‐ 646 05 65
011-‐646 08 80
2310 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
E-‐mail: info@ethiostandards.org,
Website: www.ethiostandards.org
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