INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING

Joselle A. Banocnoc

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 LAGUNA UNIVERSITY

Vision

Laguna University shall be a socially responsive educational institution

of choice providing holistically developed individuals in the Asia-Pacific
Region.

Mission

Laguna University is committed to produce academically prepared

and technically skilled individuals who are socially and morally
upright.

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Course Code: CS 1101 Introduction to Computing

Course Description:

This course provides an overview of the computing industry and

computing profession, including research and applications in different fields; an
appreciation of computing in different fields such as Biology, Sociology,
environment and gaming; an understanding of ACM requirements; an
appreciation of the history of computing; and knowledge of the components of
computer systems (organization and architecture), malware, computer security,
internet and internet protocols.
This introductory lecture/lab course provides students with a basic
understanding and experience with computers. Students will be introduced to
the basic functions of the microcomputer and software packages used by
business, the desktop and operating system environment, keyboarding and
hands-on experience will be provided through lab activities. Hands on lab
includes on operating word processing, spreadsheet, and database application
software packages and the use of Internet in email and searching web browsers.

Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILO):

At the end of this course, the students should be able to:

1. Describe what information technology and computer is all about.
2. Identify the components of computer system: hardware and software.
3. Demonstrate how to use the application software.
4. Illustrate the classifications, capabilities and limitations of computers.
5. Associate with the various computer careers that are of interest to the
students who wants to pursue a computer-based career.

Course Requirements:

 Assessment Tasks - 60%

 Major Exams - 40%
_________

Periodic Grade 100%

Final Grade = Total CS + Final Exam x 70% + 30% of the Midterm

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 Table of Contents

Module 1: OVERVIEW OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION

AND TECHNOLOGY
Introduction 1
Lesson 1. What is Computer? 2
Lesson 2. Nature of Computers 4
Lesson 3. Uses of Computers 5
Lesson 4. History of Computers 8
Lesson 5. Capabilities of Computers 11
Lesson 6. Limitations of Computers 12
Lesson 7. Disadvantages of using the computer 13
Assessment Task 17
Summary 21
Reference 21

Module 2: PARTS OF COMPUTER

Introduction 23
Lesson 1. Parts of Computer 23
Lesson 1.1 Systems 24
Lesson 1.2 Data Processing 31
Assessment Task 36
Summary 40
Reference 40

Module 3: CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Introduction 42
Lesson 1. Classifications of Computer 42
Assessment Task 50
Summary 53
Reference 53

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 List of Figures

Figure Description

1 Computer System 2
2 Devices that comprise the computer system 3
3 IPO 3
4 Input Hardware 25
5 Processing and Memory Hardware 26
6 Output Hardware 27
7 Secondary Storage Hardware 27
8 Communication Hardware 28
9 Application Software 29
10 System Software 30
11 IPO - Data Processing Cycle 31
12 Expanded Data Processing Cycle 32
13 General-Purpose Computer 43
14 Special-Purpose Computer 44
15 Computers by Data Handled 44
16 Analog Computers 45
17 Digital Computers 45
18 Hybrid Computers 46
19 Microcomputers 47
20 Minicomputers 48
21 Mainframes Computer 48
22 Personal Computers 49
23 Super Computer 49

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 MODULE 1
OVERVIEW OF INFORMATION
COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY

Introduction
In the earlier years, ICT have given society with a massive array of new and
latest communication capabilities. For instance, people can carry continuously
with others in diverse countries utilizing modernizations, for example, texting,
voice over IP (VoIP), and videoconferencing and interpersonal interaction sites
like Facebook.

Despite the very fact that there is no single, meaning of ICT, the term is
commonly recognized to mean all gadgets, organizing components, applications
and frameworks that consolidated permit individuals and associations (i.e.,
organizations, ventures, private and government offices) to communicate in the
computerized world.

According to Tech Terms (2020), ICT (Information and Communication

Technologies) introduces to advances that give access to data /information
through broadcast communications. It is like Information Technology (IT), yet
centers basically around correspondence innovations. This incorporates the
Internet, remote systems, mobile phones, and other correspondence mediums.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Have a better understanding of what computer is.

2. Explain the key historical development of computer.

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 3. Learn the definition and nature of computer.
4. Become familiar with the functions of computer and principal areas of
computer use.
5. Know what are the capabilities, limitations and disadvantages of using
computer.

Lesson 1. What is Computer?

 WHY DO WE NEED COMPUTERS?

In everyday living – training, work, delight, amusement, communication,

showcasing, business and etc., computer is constantly present. With the coming
of globalization, advanced upset has happened. Man must be computer
proficient in fact that is the interest of time and if he doesn't go with the tide, he
will be left behind (edu.gcfglobal.org, n.d.).

Three measurements to evaluate the level of computer literacy

(edu.gcfglobal.org, n.d.).

1. AWARENESS. Once you begin to learn about computers, you will be

conscious of their importance, adaptability and rifeness in our society.

2. KNOWLEDGE. You will distinguish what computer is and how they work.
This requires knowing some technical terminologies in order to know the
computer language.

3. INTERACTION. The most ideal approach to comprehend computers is to

use it directly for some simple applications, such as doing research via
internet, mailing and
communicating with love ones.  A computer
is an
electronic
 WHAT IS A COMPUTER? (edu.gcfglobal.org, n.d.)
machine,

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 operating under the control of most part,
the term is
utilized to
depict an
assortment
of gadgets
that work all
together.

Figure 1. Computer
instructions (software) stored in its own System
memory unit, that can acknowledge
information (input), controls information
(process), and produce information
(output) from the processing. For the
 An electronic device intended to control data and information in order
to accomplish a desired outcome based on the stored program or
commands. Based on Computer Basics: What Is a Computer?, (n.d.),
from edu.gcfglobal.org)

 An intelligent machine that is capable of connecting and

communicating.
 A powerful tool that can be used as basis for decision making.
 A system that may be custom designed to well-known information
(input), method it into useful data (output), and keep it (in an auxiliary
stockpiling gadget) for safety's sake or reuse.

 Devices that comprise the Computer System

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 Figure 2. Devices that comprise a Computer System

 WHAT DOES A COMPUTER DO? (www.computernetworkingnotes.com,

n.d.)
Computers will perform four general
operations that comprise the data and
information process cycle.

 Four Functions of Computer:

1. Input data / information
2. Process data / information
3. Output data / information
4. Stores data/ information
Figure 3. IPO
Based on Networking Tutorials. (n.d.) from
www.computernetworkingnotes.com, taking data and procedures from a
user, getting ready the records in line with directions, and displaying or
placing away the treated records, are the 4 great factors of a computer.
These capacities are in any other case known as the information work,
system work, yield capability, and capability work, separately.

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All computer processing requires data, which is a of raw facts, figures and symbols,
such as numbers, words, images, video and sound, given to the
computer during the input phase. Computers manipulate data to
create information. Information is collection data that is organized,
meaningful, and useful.

Lesson 2. NATURE OF COMPUTER

(www.computernetworkingnotes.com, n.d.)

 WHY IS A COMPUTER SO POWERFUL?

The three fundamentals characteristics of computer:

1. Speed – PCs provides the process speed essential to our fast society.

2. Reliability – capable of manufacturing correct and timely results.

3. Storage Capability – capable of saving tremendous volumes of

data/information that may be placed and retrieved resourcefully.

These three characteristics have the following by-products:

1. Productivity – more jobs can be performed at almost the same

duration of time. Multitasking results to greater productivity.

2. Decision-making – computer gives updated options so that it will

make the user select the best option.
3. Cost-reduction – computer facilitates us to maintain down the fee of
labor, power and paperwork. As a result, computer systems assist
lessen the fee of products and services

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Lesson 3. USES OF COMPUTER

According to Canlas, Fabregas, and Mateo (2007) on their “Basic

Foundation of Information Technology” The principal areas of computer use
are the following:

1. Graphics - computers offer image illustration of applied

mathematics reports through graphics, higher analysis are often
achieved.

2. Retailing - computers are utilized, they’re usually applied to

administrative exercises, parenthetically, wages and
compensations, recording physical developments of merchandise
into stores, distribution centers and, on the way, perceptive
advancement on get orders, doing accounts, and then forth. ... The
link-attached terminal could be a model.

4. Energy – energy firms use computers to search for out oil, coal,
gas and metal. electrical businesses use laptop computer to
observe massive power networks.

5. Paperwork - within the schools, teachers works on lecturers and

clerks use computers to store, retrieve, show and print student
records. For instance, once a student gets a grade in associate
assignment it's entered into a laptop computer, the computer then
calculates the combination grade for that course.

6. Transportation - one huge utilization of computer in transportation

is Global Positing System, or GPS. These components a screen that

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 shows a guide your vehicle's movement through satellites signals
and through this it will pinpoint your zone between 100 feet.
Today, a few mobiles have likewise this system.

7. Law enforcement – most recent advancements in modernized law

requirement grasp national unique mark documents such as
national fingerprint files, and laptop computer modeling of DNA,
which might be utilized to match traces from alleged criminal
body, and to blood throughout against the law scene.

8. Money – banks and financials, instances of however computers are

utilized in the money market and places addressing cash. ATM -
once you create a withdraw from associate ATM, you're utilizing a
laptop. Digital currency - once depositing cash during a bank, its
holds on as a digital record.

9. Agriculture – farmers will currently use little laptop o facilitate with

the asking, crop data, price per acre, feed combos and market
value checks. Cows’ rancher’s cam conjointly use laptop for data
regarding farm animal breeding and performance.

10.Government – national government use computer to forecast

weather, estimate climate, manage parks, process employees,
manufacture agency security and protection frameworks, give
advantage checks and gather charges. Neighborhood
governments likewise use PC in tallying polling forms throughout
selections.

11.Education – computers will act with students to boost the

educational method. With multidimensional communications using
sound, print, graphics and color, the computer has become a good
educational tool in the home, in the classroom and business. One

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 of the most widely recognized utilization of PCs in training today
includes the continuous utilization of instructive programming and
projects that encourage customized online guidance for
understudies. Projects like iReady use computers to evaluate
understudies in perusing and math.

12.Home – desktop computer/ PCs are being utilized at home to save

records, make letters, prepare spending plan, draw pictures, edit
pamphlets and associate with others. PC games, a significant use
of PCs at home is playing. What's more, telecommuting,
individuals can deal with the workplace work at home.

13.Health and Medicine – hybrid computers facilitate monitor the

gravely unwell at the Intensive Care Unit and supply cross-
sectional assessments of the body. Physicians may use computers
to help in identification. In fact, computers have shown to
diagnose heart attacks properly a lot of ofttimes than physicians.
Tiny “computer on a chip” are being embedded in artificial hearts
and different organs. Once organs are planted within the body, the
pc monitors crucial inputs, appreciate pressure and flow, then
takes corrective action to make sure stability of operation in an
exceedingly continuous feedback.

14.Robotics – computers have prepared for robots to take over a

significant number of the employments that are disagreeable or
excessively hazardous for people, for example, opening bundles
accepted to contain bombs. Mechanical technology is the
utilization of PC controlled robots to perform manual undertakings.
Robots are normally utilized by the military and business
organization to complete tasks that are hazardous for people, such
as defusing bombs, exploring shipwrecks, and mines. It is similarly
used to perform repetitive occupations, for example, on a
sequential construction system.

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15.Sciences and Research – scientific researches have long benefited
from the highspeed capabilities of computer systems. Scientist use
computers as a device in experimentation and design. Aerospace
engineers use computer to simulate the consequences of wind
tunnel and to analyze the aerodynamics of an airplane prototype.
Chemist use computer graphics to create three (3) dimensional
perspectives of an experiment molecule.

16.Connectivity – permits someone to speak with other people who

have computers, regardless of whether for business or personal
reasons. Furthermore, desktop computers will offer the person the
choice of engaging at their homes rather than in town workplace.

16.Human Connection – kids specifically think about the pc their main

professional tool. Disabled persons with the assistance of the
computers is productive and a lot of capable.

17.Artificial Intelligence – today’s computer can imitate many human

movements such as reading, gasping calculating, speaking,
remembering, comparing numbers and drawings. Researcher are
working to expand these capabilities by developing computers and
programs that can imitate human intelligence. This general area of
research is called artificial intelligence. Example: Ridesharing
Applications such as Uber and Grab, business Flights Use
Associate in Nursing AI Autopilot, Google's AIPowered Predictions,
Spam Filters, good Email Categorization, Plagiarism Checkers,
Robo-readers and Mobile Check Deposits (Canlas, Fabregas, and
Mateo, 2007).

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Lesson 4. HISTORY OF COMPUTER (Steitz, 2006)

According to Steitz (2006), Brief History of Computer Vision,

computers is classed into generations, each generation lasted for an exact
quantity of time, and in each replacement associated improved computers
or an improvement to the prevailing computer

 Zeroth Generation: 1642 – 1945:

1642 PASCALINE by Blaise Pascal, Pascaline is a machine driven one
function
calculator (addition only) and power-driven by a hand operated
crank.
1646 LEIBNIZ MACHINE by Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz.
Comprised of stepped cylinder that could perform the four
fundamental procedure and square root.

11801 POWER LOOM by Joseph Marie Jacquard. Power loom also

known as Jacquard Loom First fully automated and
programmable Loom. Used punch cards to “program” the
pattern to be woven into cloth

1822 DIFFERENCE ENGINE by Charles Babbage, this engine was

numerical tables were developed by hand utilizing enormous
numbers of human “computers” (one who computes).

1837 ANALYTICAL ENGINE by Charles Babbage. It was the 1 st described

a general purpose, operated on the design until his death in
1871, had four components the store (the mill (computation unit),
the input (punch card reader) and output section (punched and
printed output)
1843 Augusta Ada Byron Countless of Lovelace, was recognized as the
world’s first computer programmer. She developed the modern
programming language is called Ada is named in her honor for
Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine.

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 1887 TABULATING MACHINE by Herman Hollerith were utilized for the
1890 U.S. Census Registration in about 6 weeks contrasted
and with 7 ½ years for the 1880 Census which was manually
calculated.

1936 Z1 COMPUTER by Konrad Zuse, a German engineering student

who built a series of Automatic Calculating Machines using
electromagnetic relays. First freely programmable computer,
electro-mechanical punch tape control.

 First Generation: 1937 – 1946:

1942 ABC COMPUTER by John Alford and Clifford Berry, ABC
computer who was
the first in computing bit it is not always as easy as ABC
1944 COLOSSUS MARK I & II, are widely recognized as the first
programmable
electric computers, and were utilized at Bletchley Park to decode
German codes encrypted by the Lorenz SZ40/42.

1946 ENIAC 1 Computer by John Presper Eckert Jr. and John William
Mauchly, Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
(ENIAC), the first general purpose (programmable to solve any
problem) electric computer - contained over 18,000 vacuum
tubes, 1500 relays weighed 30 tones and drew 140 kW of
power to operate.

1947 TRANSISTOR by William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter

Brattain. The
first transistorized computer was built at M.I.T.’S Lincoln
Laboratory, a 16-bit machine along the lines of Whirlwind 1.
The transistor replaces bulky vacuum tubes with a smaller,
more reliable, and power saving solid state circuit.

1951 UNIVAC, UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) was

developed and can
store 12,000 digits in random access mercury -delay lines. It was
the 1st computer to employ magnetic tape.

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 Second Generation: 1947 – 1962:
1953 IBM 701 EDPM COMPUTER, IBMI (International Business Machines)
released
in the market with its 1 st large scale electronic computer and it
was planned to be incomparable with IBM's existing punch card
processing system.
1954 FORTRAN by John Backus & IBM, it was the first successful high-
level
programming language, and compiler, that ran on IBM 701
computers. FORmula TRANslator was designed to make
calculating the answers to scientific and math problems easier.

1962 SPACEWAR COMPUTER GAME by Steve Russell, developed the

first computer
game and word processor the first computer game running on a
DEC PDP at MIT invents because the PDP-1 had a typewriter
interface, editors like TECO (Text Editor and Corrector) were
written for it. While, Steve Pinner and L. Peter Deutsch produced
the first “word processor” called Expensive Typewriter (MIT's
PDP-1 cost $100,000).

1964 The MOUSE AND WINDOW CONCEPT by Douglas Engelbart,

establishes the
world’s first “mouse”, nicknamed after the “tail”. SRI (Stanford
Research Institute) received a patent on the mouse in 1970, and
licensed it to apple for $40,000.

1958 INTEGRATED CIRCUIT by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and

Robert Noyce at
Fairchild semiconductor independently invent the first integrated
circuits or “the
chip”.
1958 SILICON IC’s by Robert Noyce, allowed dozens of transistors to
be put on a single

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 chip. This packaging made it possible to build computers that
were smaller, faster and cheaper than their transistorized
predecessors.

 Third Generation: 1963 – 1980:

1969 ARPANET by ARPA, (Advanced Research Projects Agency) now
DARPA begins. It was the first four nodes were located at UCLA
Stanford Research Institute UC Santa Barbara University of Utah.

1971 FLOPPY DISK by Allan Shugart and IBM, Nicknamed the FLOPPY for its
“Flexibility”.
1973 ETHERNET by Robert Metcalfe invents Ethernet Computing Networking so
that
multiple computers can talk to a new laser printer. At first,
Ethernet utilized a large coaxial cable and ran at 3Mbit/sec.

1975 PERSONAL COMPUTERS, Scelbi Mark-8 Altair and IBM 5100

computers are
first marketed to individuals (as opposed to corporations). Followed by the Apple
I, II, TRS-80, and Commodore Pet computers by 1977
1976 APPLE I sold for only $600. APPLE I, I and TRs-80 and
Commodore Pet Computers, first consumer computer sold in
USA.

1978 VISICALC SPREADSHEET by Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston, the

first individual
productivity software, is the “killer applications” for personal
computers, especially for small commercial owners.

1979 WORDSTAR SOFTWARE by Seymour Rubenstein and Rob

Barnaby, first
individual productivity software, word processor is one of the
“killer applications” for personal computers, especially for small
commercial owners.

1980 Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) was born and in 1981
IBM
introduced the personal computer (PC) for home and office use

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 Fourth Generation: Very Large-Scale Integration (1975 to 1990).
1980 VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integration) had made it possible to put
first tens of
thousands, then hundreds of thousands and finally millions of
transistors on a single chip. This progress led to smaller and
faster computers.

1981 The IBM PC is introduced running the Microsoft Disk Operating

System (MS DOS) along with CP/M -86. The IBM PC's open
architecture made it the de -facto standard platform, and it was
eventually replaced by inexpensive clones.

1983 Apple Lisa Computer, The first home computer with GUI
(Graphical User
Interface)
1984 The APPLE MACINTOSH, featuring a simple graphical interface
using the 8-MHz, 32-bit Motorola 68000 CPU and a built-in 9-inch
B/W screen.

1985 MICROSOFT begins the friendly war with Apple

 Fifth Generation: (Present and Beyond).

Based on www.blogspot.com (n.d.), History of Computer - fifth-
generation computers are work in progress stag. These computers will be
utilized ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale Integration) chips and there will be
development on intelligent and expert system to create intelligent
computers which can have vision, learning ability, object recognition and
synthesis ability, natural language understanding ability. The input and
output in the computers will be in the form of speech and graphic

For more information about the HISTORY OF COMPUTER look the PowerPoint
presentation provided by your Instructor and watch “The History of Computing” a
video presentation at https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=7cXEOWAStq4&list=PLpQQipWcxwtbPLYVbnfJOyKhMVcNexgx&index=1

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Lesson 5. CAPABILITIES OF COMPUTER (La Putt, 2007)

According to La Putt (2007), computer is indeed unique. Many have

envisioned PC frameworks as having human or superhuman qualities. Such
perspectives will in general overstate certain PC abilities. The PC has
likewise been depicted to be an idiotic machine since it is reliant
completely on the individuals who control it. Computer can broaden man's
intellectual prowess due to the accompanying capacities and properties
which have prompted the individual’s pictures made about it.

1. Ability to perform certain logic operations. Computer is an image

manipulator. It manipulates the logical ways in which are documents
like letters, numbers, words, sentences, mathematical expressions
and different symbols that individuals have given which meanings.
The computers make a “decision” by selecting between different
potential courses of action. This ability to check is a crucial
computer capability as a result of additional refined queries are
often answered by using of comparison choices.

2. Ability to provide new time dimensions. PCs works in one-step at a

time, it includes adds, subtract, multiples, divides numbers or even
extracting square root. The computer is so fast that it saves a
tremendous amount of time. Thus, man is freed from calculating to
use his time more creatively. His time dimension has been
broadened. Man can now obtain information that could not been
produced at all or that could have been produce in time to be of any
value.

3. Ability to store and retrieve information. PCs stores each facts and
guidelines in internal storage. The ease with which instructions can
be changed gives the computer great flexibility. The access time

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 required for information to be recalled from internal storage and be
available for use is measured in microseconds or more precise units.

4. Ability to control errors. PCs can assess that a person would make
one error in each five hundred to a thousand operations with a table
calculator. A computer, on the other hand, can perform hundreds of
thousands of arithmetic operations every second and can run
errorless for hours and day at a time.

5. Ability to check itself. PCs have the ability to break down its own
work. Through parity checking, computers check on data/information
once they enter storage, and leave within the form of output. The
parity check works by computer that involves in examination of each
character’s code to determine whether bits (binary digits or 0s and
1s) have been added or lost by mistakes.

Lesson 6. LIMITATIONS OF COMPUTER (La Putt, 2007)

According to La Putt (2007), computers are so prevailing and even

called amazing tools, they have also a limitation. Thus, they can’t be
utilized generally, among the important limitations of computers are:

1. Dependence on prepared instructions. The PC performs exclusively

what's customized to attempt to do and nothing else. It will never do
things by itself.

2. Inability to derive meanings from objects. A PC doesn’t have

emotions. Doesn’t have emotions. It cannot recognize and react to
living objects.

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 3. Inability to generate information. The computer can't create data
and information all alone. It is unable to assume and understand
related aspects of a given situation and receive intends to
accomplish an objective or game-plan.

4. It cannot correct wrong instructions. The PC will do precisely what

you train it to do, in any case pf what you mean. It can't interpret
the right guidelines from an inappropriate direction. It doesn't have
capacity to choose and perform just the correct ones.

Lesson 7. DISADVANTAGES OF USING THE COMPUTER

Based on e-Class (2011), the use of computer also presents some

danger for people and environment. Some disadvantages of computers are
the following:

1. Public Safety – people around the world are utilized computers to

share publicly their photos, videos, journals, music, and different
personal data. A number of these unsuspecting, innocent computer
users have fallen victim to crimes committed by dangerous
strangers through e-mail messages and on internet sites.

2. Health risks - inappropriate usage of computers can cause accidents

or issues of the hands, wrists, elbows, eyes, neck, and back. Two
behavioral health risks are computer addiction and technology
overload.

3. Impact on the Environment – improper disposal of computer parts

and computer waste are depleting natural resources and polluting
the surroundings. When computers are discarded in landfills, they

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 can release toxic materials and potentially dangerous levels of lead,
mercury, and flame retardants.

4. Use of power / impact on labor force – regardless of the fact that

computers have improved productivity in many ways and made a
whole industry with a huge number of new openings for latest jobs,
the abilities of a large number of workers have been replaced by
computers. Thus, it is crucial that workers keep their education up-
to-date. A separate impact on the labor force is that some
companies are outsourcing jobs to foreign countries instead of
keeping their homeland labor force employed.

5. Privacy violations - almost every life occasion is saved in a

computer, in clinical records, credit reports, charge/tax records, and
so forth. In several instances, wherever personal and confidential
records weren’t protected properly, people have found their privacy
violated and identities are stolen.

6. Green computing – computers includes reducing the electricity

consumed and natural waste generated one employing a PCs.
Policies that help green computing include recycling, regulating
manufacturing processes, extending the life of computers, and
immediately donating or properly disposing of replaced computers.
When you purchase a new computer, some stores offer to dispose of
your old computer properly (www.wpuict.wordpress.com, 2011).

 WHY COMPUTERS SOMETIMES FAIL? (La Putt, 2007)

La Putt (2007), mentioned that despite the widespread use of

computers, there are repeatedly once computerized application fails to
fulfill its purposes of increased speed, accuracy and significant

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data/information. The reasons for these problems are diverse, among the
most common are:

1. Input Errors - (GIGO) Garbage IN Garbage OUT. When the

information/data is type into a computer it ought to be especially
error-free, if it’s to be managed correctly. The vast majority of so-
called “Computer error” end result from erroneously entered input.

2. Errors in instructing a computer. PCs work on information/data

employing a set of instructions equipped by a programmer which are
used to read data, process it and yield output. At times, programs
contain error or “bugs” that do not become evident until a specific
set of circumstances arises. The greatest danger here is the
program that appears to work but doesn’t the output that is “almost
right”.

3. The communication gaps. One principal cause why automated

process regularly fails to satisfy their required objectives is because
computer professionals and the people who will actually utilize the
information, called “users”, do not understand each other’s needs or
have not communicated successfully.

4. Improper controls. As the use of computer for wide ranging

applications continue to grow, the need for proper control and
security measures increases dramatically. The result has been an
increase in errors, some resulting in innocent mistakes, other causes
by deliberate attempts to defraud by computer.

5. Lack of standards. The lack of standards leads to issues once a

corporation gets new instrumentation, hires new computer
professionals like IT administrator or programmer and tries to
produce some consistent set of procedures to be adopted by its

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 computing workers. There are times that prepared software for an
application may not work on a certain brand of computer system
because it is only designed to be used on particular set of
equipment.

6. Lack of adequate manufacturer support. Problem encountered in

implementing the system and maintaining it are handled by the
manufacturer or distributors are not always able to maintain
purchased equipment, usually due to lack of spare parts, trained
technician or that the particular machine model is no longer in
productions.

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Assessment Task

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``
Activity No. 1

Graphics Money Medicine

Retailing Agriculture Robotics
Energy Government Sciences
Paperwork Education Connectivity
Transportation Home Human
Law enforcement Health Connection

Activity No. 2
Choose the correct answer, write the letter on the space provided.

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 a. Analytical Engine f. William Shockley
b. Artificial g. John Presper Eckert Jr.
Intelligence
c. Floppy Disk h. Douglas Engelbart
d. Fortran i. Steve Russel
e. Tabulating j. Jack Kilby
Machine

A 1. One of the machines that Charles Babbage invented and designed,

it’d had been programmed the usage of punch-cards and could have
covered capabilities along with consecutive control, loops, conditionals and
branching. If constructed, it has been the first “computer” as we think
about them today.

E 2. Invented by Herman Hollerith used for 1890 U.S. CENSUS

B 3. Allan Turing considered as Father of theoretical computer science and

was invented the __?

D 4. John Backus and IBM invent the first programming language and
compiler that ran on IBM701 computer.

C 5. Invented by Allan Shugart and IBM and it was nicknamed the FLOPPY for
its
“Flexibility”

F 6. Who invented the Transistor in 1947 and awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize
in Physics?

G 7. Who invented the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and

Computer)?

23
 H 8. Who establish the world’s first “mouse”, nicknamed after the “tail”?

I 9. Who invented the Space war Computer Game running on DEC PDP-1?

J 10. He was awarded at the National Medal of Science and National Inventors
Hall of Fame because of Integrated Circuit.
Activity No. 3

1. Differentiate computer to a mobile phone?

Cellphones are also designed for mobility. Since they have internal
batteries which may be charged from any wall outlet, they can be used
practically anywhere. They are also intended for personal use, meaning
they are rarely used by more than one person. Cell phones have less
command functions than a PC's keyboard and considerably less
storage space. Some cell phones may be used as a GPS device while
desktops have much more room for software and digital media than
any cell phone, and can oftentimes play CDs and DVDs. It's also easier
to attach hardware like printers, speakers, and external drives to a PC.
2. How do the four functions of the computer perform?
Input: the transferring of information into a computer system; data
entry. In addition to the more commonly found methods of input
(keyboard, scanner, flash drive, CD), data can also be entered via vocal
dictation and even body movements. For our purposes, input will be
accomplished when you, the programmer, type source code at the
keyboard or open a previously typed program.
Processing: the manipulation and control of information (data) within
the computer system. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the "brain"
of a computing device. Manipulations are handled by the Control Unit,
the Arithmetic Logic Unit and Temporary Storage. The Control Unit is
the computer's "policeman" that directs the traffic of the computer's
"thinking". The Arithmetic Logic Unit performs mathematical and
logical computations, and the Temporary Storage (RAM) holds the
"thoughts" of the CPU.
Storage: the means by which information can be "permanently" saved
(until such time as you wish to delete it). This storage may be a
computer's internal or external storage. Storage usually occurs on a
hard drive, flash drive, a CD, or a cloud account.

24
Output: the displaying of information. Output may occur via a display
monitor, audio file, hard-copy printing on paper, or printing as 3-D
models. For our purposes, output will be accomplished when your
program displays information on the monitor.

3. Based on the content of limitations of computer and capabilities of

computer, can you site other limitations and capabilities?

A computer's main limitation is its programming which is limited by the

capabilities the hardware possesses. Physical limitations of a computer
are the amount of RAM and storage it can access, the type
and speed of the CPU and other low level system devices.
4. Give two disadvantages of using computer in terms of health risks
and give an example.

Carpal tunnel and eye strain

A computer requires a lot of repetitive movement that often leads

to carpal tunnel syndrome. For example, moving your hand from
your keyboard to a mouse and typing are all repetitive and can cause
injuries. Taking breaks, keeping the proper posture, and understanding
computer ergonomics can all help prevent or delay these injuries.
To much sitting
Too much of anything is bad and too much sitting for a long time and
becoming a mouse potato can lead to health problems. Substituting a
traditional desk for a standing desk is not a perfect solution. Studies
show that standing for long periods of time is not healthy, but is better
than sitting. The best solution is to take frequent breaks to move
around, stretch, and exercise.

5. Define the two behavioral health risk of computer addiction and

technology overload.
Give an example.
Addiction to computer games - affects various dimensions
of health and increases physical problems, anxiety and depression,
while decreases social functioning disorder.

25
Internet addiction - alters the volume of the brain. The brain changes
are similar to those produced by alcohol and cocaine addiction. IAD
shrinks the brain's gray and white matter fibers which results in
changes to emotional processing and brain functioning

Summary

This module has introduced you the overview of ICT – a rapidly changing
ad exciting environment. We have discussed:

 What is computer?
 Nature of computers
 Principal areas of computer use
 The History of computers
 Capabilities of computers
 Limitations of computers
 Disadvantages of using computers

References

o Albano, Gisela May A. Canlas, Rosita E., Fabregas, Aleta C. and Mateo,
Neil B.: (2007).
Basic Foundation of Information Technology. Philippines o La
Putt, Juny Pilapil. (2007). Introduction to Computer Concepts:
Philippines

o Steitz, B. (2006). Brief History of Computer Vision.

Retrieved from http://people.bu.edu/baws/brief computer
history.html

26
o e-Class. (n.d.). Advantages and Disadvantages of Computers Retrieved
August 19, 2020, from
https://wpuict.wordpress.com/2011/12/13/advantages-and-
disadvantagesof-computers/

o The History of Computing:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=7cXEOWAStq4&list=PLpQQipWcxwtbPLYVbnfJOyKhMVcNexgx&index=
1

o Limitations of Computer: https://theintactone.com/2019/10/12/cf-u1-

topic-3-limitationsof-computers/

o Networking Tutorials. (n.d.). Retrieved August 7,

2020, from https://www.computernetworkingnotes.com/networking-
tutorials/
o History of Computer: 4th & 5th – GENERATION COMPUTER (1975 – 1990
– Present). (n.d.). Retrieved August 9, 2020, from
http://histryofcomputr.blogspot.com/2010/12/fifth generation-computer-
1991-present.html

o Tech Terms, T. C. D. (2020). ICT (Information and Communication

Technologies) Definition. Retrieved from
https://techterms.com/definition/ict

27
 MODULE 2
PARTS OF COMPUTER

Introduction
Computer are comprised of hardware and software. The term “computer”
originates
on or after the word to compute, meaning to calculate. It is one word which
is utilized habitually nowadays, and it is normal information that the across
the board utilization of computers is tremendously affecting all parts of
human life, both from an individual and a social perspective. This is on the
grounds that they are an essential piece of our ordinary presence. In the
school, banks, shops, railroad stations, emergency clinic, government
organizations, business or your own home, PCs are available all over,
making our work simpler and quicker for us. As they are such necessary

28
pieces of our lives, we should know what they are and how they work. In
this module we are going to discuss the parts of computer that includes
the system and data processing system.

Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Describe the computer’s part.

2. Identify and explain the six elements of computers and communication
systems.
3. Learn the details of data processing.

Lesson 1. PARTS OF COMPUTER

According to Albano, Canlas, Fabregas, & Mateo (2007), a computer is

a complex machine. A computer and correspondence framework have six
components parts such as people, procedure, data / information, hardware,
software, and communication. This module will give you that the
computers can be an instrument for pretty much anybody from a
businessman, craftsman, maid and student - an incredibly powerful and
flexible tool.
Lesson 1.1 SYSTEM (Albano et al. 2007)

System is a set of related components and operations that have

interacts to perform a task.

 Six Elements of Computer and Communication System:

1. People 4. Hardware

29
 2. Procedures 5. Software
3. Data and Information 6. Communicati
on

1. PEOPLE - the most significant part of, and beneficiaries of, a PCs and
communication system.

 Two types: professional and end-user

A computer programmer might be a one who compose

programs. Most individuals don’t compose programs, we tend
to use programs written by other people. This means we are
the users – those who buy and use computer software and
applications.

.
2. PROCEDURES - are guidelines of how things are done. These are the
phases for accomplishing a result. A few rules are might be
communicated in manuals or documentations.

 Manuals are called documentations which contain procedures and rules

to follow when using hardware or software.

3. DATA - are considered the raw materials (regardless of whether or not

in paper, electronic or completely different structures) processed by
the computer.

INFORMATION - is a collection of manipulated data or otherwise

summarized data that is useful for decision-making.
 Characteristics of useful Information:
a. Relevant
b. Timely
c. Accurate

30
 d. Concise
e. Complete

4. HARDWARE - contains of all gear and equipment in a computer system.

It refers to the physical instrument or parts of electronic data
processing.

 Five Categories of Hardware are:

1. Input Hardware
2. Processing and Memory Hardware
3. Output Hardware
4. Secondary Storage Hardware
5. Communication Hardware

 Input Hardware – includes of machinery that let the users to

enter data/ information into the computer in a form that the
computer can read.

Example:
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Scanners
• Graphic Tablet
• Digital Camera
• Voice Recognition
(Microphone)
• Joystick Figure 4. Input Hardware

• Webcam
• Stylus

31
  Processing and Memory Hardware - The brain of the computer
are the processing and the main memory devices, built within
the computer system unit. The SYSTEM UNIT or SYSTEM
CABINET, houses the electronic circuitry called the CPU (Central
Processing Unit), which does
the actual processing and the
main memory supports the
processing.

Example:
• CPU
• Primary Memory

Figure 5. Processing and Memory Hardware

 CPU (Central Processing Unit) – is the processor or the

computing a part of the computer. It controls and
manipulates data to produce information. The CPU is
usually a single fingernail size “chip” referred to as
“microprocessor” and alternative parts necessary to make it work
and mounted on a main circuit board called a “mother board” or
“system board”.

 CPU consist of Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) does arithmetic

compares values, and logically determines their quality. It can
also distinguish between positive and negative numbers and
Control Unit (CU) interprets the program instruction and monitors
their execution. It also determines the time when
data/information are read into memory, when arithmetic is
performed on the date and when output is printed.

32
 PRIMARY MEMORY it is the work as the storage – memory also
called MAIN MEMORY) RAM (Random Access Memory) or primary
storage. Memory is the computer “work space” wherever
information/data and programs for immediate process are
command. Once the computer is turned on the operating system
is derived to the RAM. It is VOLATILE – data/information within it is
lost once computer’s power is turned off.

 Output Hardware - Output Hardware comprise of machines

that interpret data/information managed by the computer
into a form that individuals can understands. There are Three
Principal Types of Output
Hardware: Screen, Printer
and Sound

Example:
• Monitor
• Printer
• Speaker
• Headset
• Earphone

Figure 6. Output Hardware

 Secondary Storage Hardware – also called External Storage, it

contains of devices that store data/information and instructions
on disk or tape. Some use
the term “storage media”.

Example:

33
 Figure 7. Secondary Storage Hardware
• Diskette
• Hard disk
• Magnetic tape
• Flash drive/ flash memory
• DVD- Digital Video Disc
• Optical Disk
• External Drives
• Memory Card

 Communication Hardware - Computer communications are the

following types:
a. Wired Connection- corresponding to telephone wire or cable.
(fiber optic and coaxial cable)

b. Wireless Connection –
corresponding to via
radio waves. (router,
cellphones with Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth)

Example:
• Modem
• Router
• Fiber Optic

Figure 8. Communication Hardware

34
MODEM (MOdulator DEModulator) is a communication hardware needed to
interpret a computers digital signals into analog form for
transmission over telephone wires (Digital transmission is used to
represent data/information in a

separate or digital form).

5. SOFTWARE – is a program that contains series of procedures that tell

the computer how to achieve a task.

 Two major types of software:

1. Application Software
2. System Software

 APPLICATION SOFTWARE - The type of software that individuals

utilized to perform a general-purpose task, corresponding to
data processing software used to prepare the text for
document, desktop publishing or payroll processing.

 There are two kinds of application software:

1. Customized Software - Software intended for a selected

client. Simply just in case we have to hire a computer
programmer or software developer to create a system
software for the certain customer

2. Packaged Software Is the kind of “off-the-shelf”

programed developed available to the public. Example
are word processing and spreadsheet programs.

35
 Application software is composed of different computer programs
that allow users to perform different task like the following:

• Word processing
• Spreadsheets
• Presentations and Movie Makers
• Photo Editors
• Web Browsing
• Database
• Electronic Mail (e-mail)
• Graphics Design
• Desktop Publishing (DTP)
• Personal Information Management (PIM)
• Project Management
• Games

 Example of Application Software:

• MS word, Word Perfect, Lotus Word
Pro
• MS Excel, Lotus1-2-3, Quatro Pro
• MS PowerPoint, and Movie Makers
• Adobe Photoshop, GIMP
• Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox,
Opera
• MS Access, dBase, Fox Pro, Oracle,
Paradox
• MS Outlook, Netscape Mail
• Paintshop Pro, Photo paint

• MS Publisher, Figure 9. Application Software

• MS Outlook, Lotus Organizer
• MS Project 2000,
• Candy Crash, Tetris, Farmville, DOTA, Ragnarök, etc.

36
You can also watch video of Computer Basics: Understanding Applications
at https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=MYgy4rjV4J0&list=PLpQQipWcxwtbPLYVbnfJOyKhMVcNexgx&index=7 to
learn more about the application software.

 SYSTEM SOFTWARE - comprise of several programs, that runs and

manages computer, it is also known as “OPERATING SYSTEM”.

 The Operating System (OS) work as the main control program

that runs the computer. The reason for the working framework
is to authorized system applications to work by normalizing
access to shared resources, for
example, disks and memory.

Examples of Operating
System are:
• MS-Disk Operating
System
• Windows 95, 98, 2000,
• MS Windows VISTA, XP,
NT, Me
• LINUX
• UNIX
• MAC OS
• Android
Figure 10. System Software

You can also watch video of Computer Basics: Understanding

Operating System to learn more about the system software.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=pTdSs8kQqSA&list=PLpQQipWcxwtbPLYVbnfJOyKhMVcNexgx&index=6

37
 6. COMMUNICATION – is electronic transfer of data/information on or
after one place to different of all six elements of computer-and-
communication system. Communication is maybe the foremost
active frontier at this time.

Lesson 1.2 DATA PROCESSING

 Data processing is the management of data/information into more

valuable form (Albano et al. 2007).

 It is considered as paperwork, and that includes the collecting,

processing and distributing of facts and figures to attain a desired
result (Albano et al. 2007).

 It comprises of numerical calculations as well as operations for

instance, the analyzing, verifying, classifying and the transmission of
data/information from one place to another (Albano et al. 2007).

 The three-part functions of data processing are (Albano et al. 2007):

1. The provision of source data by the staff as a basis for computer
processing.
2. The transformation of data into information for management.
3. The management information which is the output of a data
processing operation.

 DATA PROCESSING CYCLE (La Putt, 2007)

According to La Putt (2007), the Data Processing Cycle could be

a sequence of steps administered to extract useful data/information.
Each step ought to be taken in order, this order is cyclic.
Nevertheless, of the kind of data processed or the equipment used, all
data processing systems contains of a minimum of three basic steps
which are the input, processing and output. These three stages
constitute the data processing cycle.

38
 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Figure 11. IPO - Data Processing Cycle

 INPUT– in this phase the raw data/information or enter records are

organized in some convenient sort of process.

 PROCESSING – in this phase the input

data/information are modified and combined to other
data/ information, to produce data in a more useful
form.

 OUTPUT – the outcomes of the previous process steps are

collected.

 EXPANDED DATA PROCESSING CYCLE (La Putt, 2007)

There are three stages that added to the fundamental data processing
cycle to acquire the expanded data processing cycle. These three
additional steps are origination, distribution and storage. The output and
storage stage will affect to the duplication of the data/information
collection stage, leading to another cycle of data processing. The cycle
provides an interpretation on however the data/information transforms
from origination to distribution and ultimately, utilized in efficient
decisions.

39
 Note:
FLOWLINES
between processing
& storage =
interaction of the
two steps

Figure 12. Expanded Data Processing Cycle

 ORIGINATION – this can be the step that deals with

the process of gathering the original data. (an
original recording of data/ information is called
“source document”)
 DISTRIBUTION – this stage refers to the distribution of the
output data/information, (recording of the output data is often
called “report document”)

 STORAGE – is that the vital in several data processing

procedures. Data processing outcomes are typically placed in
storage to be used as input file for additional processing at later
date.

 AREAS OF DATA PROCESSING (La Putt, 2007)

Data processing could be categorized as either scientific or business

in nature.

40
 1. Business Data Processing – is described by the requirement to
determine and process documents of data for producing useful
information. It includes a huge volume of data, limited arithmetic
operations and a comparatively massive capacity of output.

2. Scientific Data Processing – in science, data processing comprises

volume of input and plenty of logical or arithmetic calculations. In
contrast to business problems and issues, most of scientific problem
are non-repetitive requiring a “one-time” resolution.

 DATA PROCESSING OPERATIONS (La Putt, 2007)

Processing contains of the actual operations performed on the

input data. These operations include:

1. Recording – it refers to the exchange of data/information onto some

procedure or type of document.

2. Verifying – when the data is recorded in manual procedure, it’s

important that documented data/information be carefully checked for
any errors.

3. Duplicating – this activity comprises in repeating the data/information

onto several forms or archive document.

4. Classifying - this activity isolates information/data into various

classifications; recognizing and organizing things like trademark into
gathering, classifications or classes.

41
 5. Sorting – arrangement of data/information in an exceedingly specific
order. It’s sometimes important to organized them to predetermined
sequence to facilitate process.

6. Calculating – arithmetic manipulation of the data/information.

7. Summarizing and Reporting – a set of data/information is reduced and

sure conclusion from the data/information are describe in a
meaningful format. Reducing the volume of data/information to a
more usable form – summarizing.

8. Merging – in this operation, it takes two or additional groups of

data/information, all sets having been sorted by a similar key, and
place them along to make one sorted set of data/information.

9. Storing – putting similar data/information into files for future

reference.

10. Retrieving – recovering/finding saved data and/or information when

once required.

11. Feedback – it is the comparison of the output(s) and objectives set

ahead.

 METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING (La Putt, 2007)

The four primary stages of application development are:

1. Batch Processing – could be a method/ strategy within which

data/information to be handled or arranged to be executed are

42
 collected into groups to allow convenient, efficient and serial
processing.

2. Online Processing – refers to equipment or devices underneath the

direct management of the central processing unit (CPU) of a
computer. It’s been developed as an answer to the batch processing
deficiencies.

3. Real-Time Processing – a technique of data processing which has the

ability of a quick response to get data/information from process, it
can perform computations and return a response quickly enough to
have an effect on the result of the activity or process or method.

4. Distributed Processing – the foremost advanced level of computer

data processing, usually it includes remote terminals connected to a
huge central computer system to assist the user conduct inquiries
regarding accounts, process jobs or others.

43
 Assessment Task

Activity No. 1

DIRECTION: Identify the following digital devices. Write IH -Input Hardware,

PMH -
Processing and Memory Hardware, OH -Output Hardware, SSH -Secondary
Storage
Hardware or CH- Communication Hardware for each device.

1. IH
2. SSH
3. PMH

44
4. OH
5. IH
6. CH
7. SSH
8. CH
9. OH
10. OH
11. OH
12. IH
13. OH
14. SSH
15. PMH
16. IH
17. IH
18. SSH
19. SSH
20. IH
Activity No. 2
DIRECTION: Write I for Input or O for Output for each device.

O 1. Monitor I 6. Mouse

I 2. Keyboard O 7. Speakers

I 3. Scanner I 8. Camera

I 4. Stylus Pen I 9. Touchpad

O 5. Printer O 10. Headphone

45
Activity No. 3

1. Explain the expanded data processing thru example.

1. Origination

In this step original data is collected on certain documents which are

known as the source documents. For example student record (roll no.,
name, address, marks, class, age). In case of error this original
document is referred. During processing some information is required or
some information is to be written on the storage.

2. Storage

During processing some information is required or some information is

to be written then the storage is used. For example the no. of students
who passed with different grades. This information is to be written the
stored information is used for further purpose.

3. Distribution

In this step the output is distributed to the different departments

according to their requirement. For example income tax statement is
sent to the income tax department. The output of one system becomes
the input for the other. In the above example the income tax
department receives income tax report from various departments and
prepares a summary from this report and sends it to the finance
division.

The terms mentioned below are also related to the expanded data
processing cycle and in my view should also be understood by the
students.

46
 CardReader:

The data can be fed to the computer by using a card reader. The data is
punched in the form fo holes. When the card is read by the computer
the light passes through the holes which is sensed by the computer and
the data is stored in the computer memory. One card contains 80
columns and 12 rows.

Tape Drive:

The data can be fed to the computer by using a magnetic tape which is
mounted in the tape drive. The width of the tape is ½” to 1”. The length of
the tape is 1200 feet to 2400 feet.

Before the data can be written on the magnetic tape it is mounted in

the tape drive. System checks the tape. In the case of errors system
indicates the errors. This step is known as tape initialization.

While the data is written on the tape the tape moves on the heads.
Usually there are two spools (reels). One is known as feeding spool or
supply reel and the second is known as take up spool or take up reel.
For reading the data similar action is repeated and the data is read by
the read head.

Inter Block Gap (IRG)

When a record is written on the magnetic tape due to the momentum of

the tape the tape can not stop suddenly and strops after some time.
Due to which a gape occurs between each record which is known as
Inter Record Gap or IRG. It is usually ½”.

Inter Block Gap (IBG)

The IRG cannot be reduced but to overcome this there is a term known
as Inter Block Gap (IBG). If the records are blocked then the gap after

47
each block is known as Inter Block Gap. Assume there are 100 records
and each block contains 10 records then there will be 9 IBGs. In this
case about 5” of tape is wasted. In the case of IRG 50” of tape is
wasted.

Advantages of Blocking

1. It saves space on the magnetic tape by reducing IRG.

2. Computer time is saved. Assume there are 10 records on the
magnetic tape. If we read the sequentially one record will load in the
memory and processed. The reading of the record from the tape or disk
is known as physical read. Reading from the memory is called logical
read. In case of IRG there will be 100 physical and 100 logical reads. If
the IRG is blocked 10 records per block then in one read 10 records are
read. Similarly there will be 10 physical and 10 logical reads due to
which the time of the computer is saved.

2. EXPLORE the different parts of computers. Give at least five parts and
explain how it works.

1. The motherboard is lovingly named, because it is either the

origin point of other parts of the computer or where every
other component connects to. In a way, it is a lot like what
you would refer to your home country as: the motherland.
The motherboard is basically a circuit board of a decent size,
depending on the size of the computer we’re dealing with. It
acts as a nexus of sorts because it facilitates the
communication of the other components in the computer.
There are ports on the motherboard that face the outside of

48
 the computer, allowing you to plug in different components
into your computer and also to charge it. Most motherboards
also allow you to scale up by including slots that allow for
expansion. You could add in components like CPUs and RAMs,
Video cards, and so on. You can also expand the motherboard
by adding more ports that allow you to connect even more
auxiliary devices to your computer. In other words, you have
control over just what your computer’s capabilities are.

Apart from this, the motherboard plays other roles like storing
some simple information when the computer is off, such as the
system time. That’s why your computer always tells you the
correct time, even when you turn it on after a long time.

2. The power supply, as you might have already guessed is

the powerhouse of the computer. It ensures that every other
component gets the juice that it needs to function properly.
The power supply looks like a black box of sorts, with a fan
built into it. It is plugged into the motherboard, where it
supplies power to the other components of the computer.On
the one hand, the power supply is plugged into the
motherboard. On the other, it is connected to some kind of
power source. If you’re using a laptop, then that power source
is a removable or permanent battery. If you’re using a
desktop, then that power source is a power outlet. The fan on
the power source plays a very important role. It cools it down
as it does its duty to prevent the computer’s internals from
overheating. It’s important to keep that fan clean so that the
computer’s power supply functions like it’s meant to.
3. The Central Processing Unit You may have heard of the
cliché that the central processing unit is the brain of the
computer. Well, the only reason it’s a cliché is that it’s true.

49
 The central processing unit, or CPU, is where all the magic
happens. It is to the computer what an engine is to a car.

The CPU mainly does arithmetic and logical tasks. It will make a
bunch of calculations to ensure the functions of the computer are
carried out efficiently. The CPU doesn’t always function at a single
speed. The speed can vary depending on the priority and
intensity of the task at hand. The CPU will generate a lot of heat
as it does its work and so that fan that comes built into the power
supply comes in real handy at this point.

The more powerful a CPU is, the more capable it is of carrying out
more and more intense work. For the basic things that an
everyday computer does, like word processing, preparing
spreadsheets, and browsing the internet, an average CPU will do.
However, when you need to edit high definition video, program
complicated software, or play CPU-intensive games, you will need
a powerful CPU.

4. The Random Access Memory, or RAM, is a temporary form

of memory. When you open an application in our computer,
the computer will place that application and all its data in the
RAM. When you close the application, then space in the RAM
is freed. That is why your computer gets so slow when you
have too many applications open; your RAM is probably being
used at capacity.

Since RAM is only temporary, it has a volatile nature. The minute

you turn your computer off, all of the memory that is stored in
RAM is lost. That’s why you’re advised to keep saving the work
you do in applications as you go along to avoid losing all of it in
case your computer suddenly goes off.

50
 The more RAM you have, the greater the number of programs
that you can run simultaneously.

5. The Hard Drive or Soild State Drive Remember that we

said RAM is volatile due to its temporary nature, which means
the computer still needs a more permanent form of data
storage. That’s why the hard drive or solid state drive exists.
Traditionally, the hard drive is a drum with several platters
piled on it and spinning, and physical arm then writes data
onto these platters. These disks are very slow because of the
mechanics through which data is stored, although latest hard
drives, solid state drives, are much faster.

Solid state drives have the same kind of memory as the one on
your phone or flash drive, also known as flash memory. They cost
more but are also faster and more efficient than traditional hard
drives.

The data stored in the hard drive does not disappear when you
switch your computer off. It will be there when you switch the
computer back on. You are, however, advised to keep it far away
from magnets as they could damage it and cause you to lose your
information.

Activity No. 4

CROSS WORD PUZZLE: Complete the crossword puzzle below

51
Across

4. The comparison of the output(s) and goal set in advance. FEEDBACK

6.Placing similar data into files for future reference. STORING
7.This operation separates data into various categories. CLASSIFYING
8.Usually a manual operation, it is important that recorded data be carefully

checked for any errors. VERIFYING

10.Reducing masses of data to a more usable form of? ORIGINATION

11.Recovering stored data and/or information when needed
Down

1. Arithmetic manipulation of the data. CALCULATING

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2. A collection of data is condensed & certain conclusion from the data

are represented in a meaningful format . REPORTING

3. This operation takes two or more sets of data, all sets having been

sorted by the same key, and put them together to form as. MERGING

5. This operation consists in reproducing the data onto many forms or

document. DUPLICATING

9. Refers to the transfer of data onto some form or document.

RECORDING
10. Arranging data in a specific order. SORTING

Summary

This module discussed the parts of computer which includes the:

 System which includes the six elements of computer and
communication system: the people, procedures, data/Information,
hardware, software, and communications with their types and
examples.

 Data Processing which includes the cycles (also the expanded data
processing cycle), Areas, Methods and Operations of Data
processing (recording, verifying, calculating, reporting and
summarizing, merging, storing, sorting, retrieving, classifying,
duplicating and feedback)

References

o Soriano, Mary A and Caballero, Jonathan M., (2010). Computer

Fundamentals.

53
 Philippines:
o Albano, Gisela May A. Canlas, Rosita E., Fabregas, Aleta c. and Mateo,
Neil B.:
(2007). Basic Foundation of Information Technology.
Philippines o La Putt, Juny Pilapil. (2007). Introduction to
Computer Concepts: Philippines o Computer Basics:
Understanding Operating System from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=pTdSs8kQqSA&list=PLpQQipWcxwtbPLYVbnfJOyKhMVcNexgx
&index=6

o Computer Basics: Understanding Applications from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=MYgy4rjV4J0&list=PLpQQipWcxwtbPLYVbnfJOyKhMVcNexgx&index=
7

54
 MODULE 3
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS

Introduction

Based on Classification of Computers from

computerassignmentcms.wordpress.com/, (n.d.), there is lot of variety of
computers and also range of models accessible is rapidly growing. To some
extent this variety is redundant, several machines are similar in capacity.
However, to better level the variety of computers is associated to
significant differences in capabilities and functions. The difference
between the several classes of computers has been dependent upon
controversy. Computers can be classified in according to their purpose,
kind of processing or kinds of data they use and to the size/dimension of
the device and speed of its internal operations. Speed of operation is
commonly the primary important consideration when making a decision
which equipment to select for a specific task. With the present machines,
it’s usually obvious that the greater the machine, the quicker the working
operating speed.

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 Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Become familiar with the types and classifications of computers.

Lesson 1. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS (La Putt, 2007)

According to La Putt (2007), Computers are dependent on their

data/information in terms of processing abilities. They are classified
according to purpose, data handling and functionality / capacity.

 THREE CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPUTERS

1. By PURPOSE
The main purpose of the computer is for calculations, store,
retrieve and process data/information. A computer has computer
language that tells the computer what to do and how to do its
purpose. Digital computers may be applied either special or general
purpose.

 Two Types:

a. GENERAL-PURPOSE COMPUTERS – the aim of the machines

have capacity of managing a wide range of issues, and can
act because of projects made to address various issues. It
can store various programs of methods and it has the
capacity to perform different of tasks.

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 Example:
 Desktop Computer and Laptop

Figure 13. General-Purpose Computer

b. SPECIAL-PURPOSE COMPUTERS – this computer is intended

to perform a task. The programs of directions are designed
into, or permanently stored within the machine. Most
special-purpose computers have the ability of performing
just one task. They’re often cited to as “dedicated”, because
of their restrictions to the performance of the precise task at
hand.

Example:

 ATM Machine, Washing Machine, Cash Register

Figure 14. Special -Purpose Computer

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2. By DATA HANDLED

There are two kinds of computer processing, each is made of

different kind of circuitry, and different purposes. The type of
data/information, is capable of manipulating (specifically, whether the
system is according to data handling), computers are analog, digital
or hybrid.

Figure 15. Computers by Data Handled

 Three Types:

a. ANALOG COMPUTERS – the term “analog” is from the word

“analogous” that signifying “similar” are utilized for scientific,
engineering and process-control purposes since they manage
with quantities that constantly variable, they give approximate
results. Specifically, this computer is suitable for solving
problems that involve relationships between variable amounts
in systems that change with time. This computer convert data
into voltages and compute by measuring the changes in
voltages.

Example:
• SPEEDOMETER in an automobile, the rotation of a shaft is
converted into an approximation of the speed of the

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 automobile, which is shown on an indicator in kilometers
per hour.

• Service station gasoline pump which translates the flow of

pumped fuel into two measurements – the price of the
delivered gas to the nearest centavo and the quantity of
pumped fuel to the nearest tenth or hundredth of a letter.

Figure 16. Analog Computers

b. DIGITAL COMPUTERS – this machine is specializing in counting.

Digital computers are able to add, subtract, multiply, divide
and compare. And they will be programmed to distinguish and
manipulate numeric symbols that have been translated into
their special machine language. It is also capable of storing
data/information inasmuch as needed, can performed logical
operations, editing input data/information and printing outputs
of its processing at high speed.

Example:

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  Basic Operations (subtract, multiply, divide, addition)

Figure 17. Digital Computers

c. HYBRID COMPUTERS – this computer is the combination of the
measurement capabilities of the analog computer and logical
and control capabilities of digital computer. It gives an effective
and cost-effective method of working out special types of
problems in science and various areas of engineering. Also,
hybrid computers encompass special devices to convert analog
voltages into digital voltage and vice-versa.

Example:
 ECG- extensive care unit

Figure 18. Hybrid Computers

3. By CAPACITY

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 The term “CAPACITY” deals with the volume of information/data
processing capability that the computer can handle. Their performance
is based by the:

1. Quantity of data/information that can be saved in the computer

memory
2. Speed of internal process of the computer
3. Kinds of peripheral devices
4. Amount and kind of software package accessible for the users of
the computer.

Units of Measurement for Capacity:

 Computer deals with “ON” and “OFF” (high-voltage and low
voltage) electrical states, that are represented within the
hardware in terms of 0’s and 1’s, so-called bits.

 Bits are combined in group of eight character referred as

bytes.
 Computer system has the data/information that is saved in
the computer storage, which is represented by bytes,
kilobytes, megabytes, gigabytes and terabytes.

a. Kilobytes (K or Kb) is equivalent to approximately 1000

bytes (or characters) = 1024 (210) bytes

b. Megabyte is about 1 million bytes

c. Gigabyte is about 1 billion bytes
d. Terabyte (T or TB) is bout trillion bytes
e. Petabyte (PB) is about 1 quadrillion bytes

Capacity – is measurement of the numbers/amount of jobs

(applications) that it can run instead by volume of data that it can
process.

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a. MICROCOMPUTER – is a small-sized computer in which a
microprocessor is built. These microcomputers are electronic
parts with base integrated circuit. Designed for hobbyist; is a
digital computer system under “read-only memory” and
“randomaccess memory”. It is designed for hobbyists. Now they
are beginning to compete with minicomputers in the market, and
are especially attractive to small business operations. The
combination of their substantial computational power, low cost
and flexibility make them ideal for applications in which relatively
small amounts of data

must be handled.

Figure 19. Microcomputers

b. MINICOMPUTER – these computers are close to mainframe
computers, in connection with speed and storage capacity limit.
Were at first used for laboratory process control applications, OS
developed for minicomputer system is to support both
multiprogramming and virtual storage. Microcomputers usually
have from 8K to 256K memory storage locations, and a relatively
established applications software. PDP-8, the IBM System 3 and
the Honeywell 200 and 1200 computers

62
are typical examples of minicomputer.

PDP -8 Computer IBM System 3

Figure 20. Minicomputers

c. MAIN FRAMES COMPUTER – in terms of computer language, large

computer is also called mainframe. It has the ability of processing
or handling data/information at very high-speed millions of
commands per second and have access to billions of characters of
data/information. A key attribute of large computer is that they
can exist together and work in massive data/information stores
are being kept on “large servers”. In the large server, the
mainframe is still the most accurate way to manage

massive types of data.

Figure 21. Mainframes Computer

d. PERSONAL COMPUTER – these computers are referred to as
microcomputer or home computers. Workstations computer is
used by engineer, financial traders and graphic designers are

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 small enough to fit on a desktop but approach the power of the
mainframe. Computers that were developed for private use is
commonly referred as PC’s for short. Based on external
appearance different kinds of personal computers have
multiplied. They can be classified as follows: desktop type, laptop

type, notebook type (the size of A4 or B5 paper, thin and light), and palm -top type .

Figure 22. Personal Computers

e. SUPERCOMPUTER – it is the mightiest computer and the most

expensive are known as super computers. It can a process trillions
of instructions per second because it is biggest and fastest
machines. It can utilize billions or even trillions of calculations are
needed. Supercomputers are machine that have capabilities way
on the far side even the traditional large-scale systems. Their
speed is in the 100million instructions per second range. These
machineries are important for applications ranging from nuclear
device development to exact weather forecasting.

Figure 23. Super Computers

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 Assessment Task

Activity No. 1:
MAZE PUZZLE

Activity No. 2
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. These computers have the capability to do a variety of tasks

depending on the type of program or software that are provided is

called _______________________? A

a. General-Purpose Computer

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 b. Analog Computer
c. Hybrid Computer
d. Minicomputer
2. Can be used for multiple purposes, capable of performing office works

as well as scientific and engineering calculations. C

a. General-Purpose Computer
b. Analog Computer
c. Hybrid Computer
d. Minicomputer

3. Gigabyte is _________________? A
a. Thousands of bytes
b. Billions of bytes
c. Millions of bytes
d. Trillion of bytes

4. All arithmetic computations depend ultimately on counting. It handles

numbers in discrete form. B

a. General-Purpose Computer
b. Analog Computer
c. Hybrid Computer
d. None of the choices

5. Give examples of analog and digital devices (5 example each)

Digital Devices
 Laptop computers.
 Mobile phones.
 Tablet computers.
 E-readers.
 Storage devices, such as flash drives.
Analog Devices
 Photocopiers.
 Old land-line telephones.

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  Audio tapes.
 Old televisions (intensity and color information per scan
line)
 VCRs (same as TV)

Activity No. 3
WORD SCRAMBLE: Please unscramble the words below
CLUE FOR

67
 SCRAMBLED WORDS

1. MICROCOMPUTER

68
2. MINICOMPUTER
3. SUPERCOMPUTER
4. COMPUTER
5. HYBRID
6. ANALOG
7. DIGITAL
8. PERSONAL COMPUTER
9. FASCIATIONS
10. PURPOSE
11. HEADLAND
12. CAPACITY
13. SPECIAL PURPOSE
14. ENLARGE PURPOSE
15. MANIFRAME

Summary

This module discussed the classifications of computer: it deals with

computer by purpose, by data handled and by the capacity.

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 As indicated by purpose, computers are either general purpose or
special purpose. General purpose computers are intended to do a range of
tasks and it has the capability to store numerous programs, but lack in
speed and efficiency. While special purpose computers are considered to
handle a specific problem or to perform a specific task, and built only for
this machine. In data handling computers includes the analog, digital or
hybrid computers.

And for functionality / capacity this type of computers is classified as:

Microcomputer, Minicomputer, Mainframe, personal computer and
supercomputer.

References

o Soriano, Mary A and Caballero, Jonathan M., (2010).

Computer Fundamentals.
Philippines:
o Albano, Gisela May A. Canlas, Rosita E., Fabregas, Aleta C. and Mateo,
Neil B. (2007).
Basic Foundation of Information Technology. Philippines o La Putt, Juny
Pilapil. (2007). Introduction to Computer Concepts: Philippines o
Computerassignmentcms (n.d.) Classifications Of Computers-
Introduction retrieved from
https://computerassignmentcms.wordpress.com/2012/09/03/classificatio
ns-ofcomputers/

- END OF THE PRELIM TERM MODULE -

EXAMINATION FOR PRELIM IS ON SEPTEMBER 21 TO OCTOBER 3, 2020
CHECK YOUR EXAM SCHEDULE FOR THIS COURSE.

DO NOT FORGET TO TAKE THE EXAM AS SCHEDULED.

THANK YOU AND GOD BLESS

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