Contents

• Number system
• Decimal Number System
• Binary Number System
• Octal Number System
• Hexadecimal Number System
• Number Conversion
• Simple Binary Arithmetic

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 Decimal Numbers

Characteristics
1. Base or radix is 10.
2. Numbers 0 to 9.
3. Weights before decimal point
…105 104 103 102 101 100.
4. Weights after decimal point
102 101 100. 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-4 …

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 Binary Numbers

Characteristics
1. Base or radix is 2.
2. Numbers 0 and 1.

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 Binary Numbers Decimal Binary
Number Number

A binary counting sequence for numbers 0 0000

from zero to fifteen is shown. 1 0001
2 0010
Notice the pattern of zeros and ones in each 3 0011
4 0100
column.
5 0101
6 0110
Digital counters frequently have this same 7 0111
pattern of digits: 8 1000
9 1001
10 1010
11 1011
12 1100
13 1101
14 1110
15 1111

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 Decimal to Binary Conversions
Convert the decimal number 25 to binary.

(25)10 = (11001)2

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 Decimal to Binary Conversions

Convert the decimal number 25 to binary.

The column weights double in each position to the
right. Write down column weights until the last
number is larger than the one you want to convert.
25 24 23 22 21 20.
32 16 8 4 2 1.
0 1 1 0 0 1.

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 Decimal to Binary Conversions
Convert the decimal number 0.16 to binary.

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 Decimal to Binary Conversions
Convert the decimal fraction 0.188 to binary by
repeatedly multiplying the fractional results by 2.
0.188 x 2 = 0.376 carry = 0 MSB
0.376 x 2 = 0.752 carry = 0
0.752 x 2 = 1.504 carry = 1
0.504 x 2 = 1.008 carry = 1
0.008 x 2 = 0.016 carry = 0

Answer = .00110 (for five significant digits)

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 Exercise
Convert the decimal number 12.75 to binary.

(12.75)10 = (1100.11)2

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 Binary to Decimal Conversions
Convert the binary number (110100)2 to decimal.

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 Binary to Decimal Conversions
Convert the binary number 100101.01 to decimal.
Start by writing the column weights; then add the
weights that correspond to each 1 in the number.
25 24 23 22 21 20. 2-1 2-2
32 16 8 4 2 1 . ½ ¼
1 0 0 1 0 1. 0 1
32 +4 +1 +¼ = 37¼

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 Decimal Binary
0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
10 1010
11 1011
12 1100
13 1101
14 1110
15 1111
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 Exercise
Convert (101100.1101)2 to decimal.

(101100.1101)2 = (44.8125)10

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 Binary Arithmetic

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 Binary Addition
The rules for binary addition are

0+0=0 Sum = 0, carry = 0

0+1=0 Sum = 1, carry = 0

1+0=0 Sum = 1, carry = 0

1 + 1 = 10 Sum = 0, carry = 1

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 Binary Addition

Add the binary numbers 00111 and 10101 and show

the equivalent decimal addition.
0 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 1 7
1 0 1 0 1 21
1 1 1 0 0 = 28

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 Binary Subtraction
The rules for binary subtraction are
0–0 =0
10 – 1 = 1, 0 – 1 with a borrow of 1
1–0 =1
1–1 =0

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 Binary Subtraction
Subtract the binary number 0110 from 1001.

1 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1

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 1’s complement
The 1’s complement of a binary number is just the inverse
of the digits. To form the 1’s complement, change all 0’s to
1’s and all 1’s to 0’s.

For example, the 1’s complement of 11001010 is

00110101

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 2’s complement
The 2’s complement of a binary number is found by adding
1 to the LSB of the 1’s complement.
For example, the 1’s complement of 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 is
00110101
+1
To form the 2’s complement, add 1:
00110110
(2’s complement)

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 Signed Binary Numbers
There are several ways to represent signed binary numbers.
In all cases, the MSB in a signed number is the sign bit, that
tells you if the number is positive or negative.
If MSB is 0 then it is positive number.
If MSB is 1 then it is negative number.

For example, the positive number 58 is written using 8-bits

as 00111010

Sign bit
Magnitude bits

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 Signed Binary Numbers
Negative numbers are written as the 2’s complement of the
corresponding positive number.
The negative number -58 is written as:
-58 = 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 (2’s complement form)
Sign bit Magnitude bits

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Arithmetic Operations with Signed Numbers
Rules for addition: Add the two signed numbers. Discard
any final carries. The result is in signed form.
Examples:
00011110 = +30 00001110 = +14 11111111 = -1
00001111 = +15 11101111 = -17 11111000 = -8
00101101 = +45 11111101 = -3 1 11110111 = -9
Discard carry

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Arithmetic Operations with Signed Numbers
Rules for subtraction: 2’s complement the subtrahend and
add the numbers. Discard any final carries. The result is in
signed form.
Repeat the examples done previously, but subtract:
00011110 (+30) 00001110 (+14) 11111111 (-1)
- 00001111 –(+15) - 11101111 –(-17) - 11111000 –(-8)

2’s complement subtrahend and add:

00011110 = +30 00001110 = +14 11111111 = -1
11110001 = -15 00010001 = +17 00001000 = +8
1 00001111 = +15 00011111 = +31 1 00000111 = +7
Discard carry Discard carry

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 Octal Numbers

Characteristics
1. Base or radix is 8.
2. Numbers 0 to 7. i.e. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
3. Weights before decimal point
…85 84 83 82 81 80.
4. Weights after decimal point
82 81 80. 8-1 8-2 8-3 8-4 …

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 Representation of Octal Number
Each Octal number can be represented in binary using only 3
bits.
The equivalent binary number of Octal number are as given
below −
Octal Digit Value Binary Equivalent
0 000
1 001
2 010
3 011
4 100
5 101
6 110
7 111

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 Octal to Binary and vice versa
Example-1 − Octal to Binary
(27)8 = (010 111)2
(156)8 = (001 101 110)2
(25.35)8 = (010 101.011 101)2

Example-2 − Binary to Octal

(101110)2 = (101 110)2 = (56)8
(1001.1001)2 = (001 001.100 100)2 = (11.44)8

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 Octal to Decimal and vice versa
Example-1 − Octal to Decimal
(25)8 = 2x81+5x80=16+5=(21)10
(127)8 = 1x82+2x81+7x80=64+16+7=(87)10
(25.35)8 = 2x81+5x80+3x8-1+5x8-2=16+5+0.453125=(21.453125)10
Example-2 − Decimal to Octal
(21)10 =

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 Octal to Decimal and vice versa
The decimal value of any octal number can be determined using
sum of product of each digit with its positional value.
Example-1 − Octal Digit Value 23228
In polynomial form = ( 2×83 ) + ( 3×82 ) + ( 2×81 ) + ( 2×80 )
Add the results = ( 1024 ) + ( 192 ) + ( 16 ) + ( 2 )
Decimal number form equals: 123410
Example-2 − A decimal number 21 to represent in Octal
representation

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 Hexadecimal Number System
Characteristics
 Uses 10 digits and 6 letters, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F.

 Letters represents numbers starting from 10. A = 10, B = 11, C

= 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15.

 Base = 16

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 Hexadecimal Number System

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 Hexadecimal to Binary and vice versa
Example-1 − Hexadecimal to Binary
(27)16 = (0010 0111)2
(156)16 = (0001 0101 0110)2
(25.35)16 = (0010 0101.0011 0101)2

Example-2 − Binary to Hexadecimal

(101110)2 = (0010 1110)2 = (2E)16
(1001.1001)2 = (1001.1001)2 = (9.9)16

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 Hexadecimal to Decimal
Example Hexadecimal Number − 19FDE 16

Calculating Decimal Equivalent −

Step Hexadecimal Number Decimal Number

4 3 2
Step 1 19FDE16 ((1 × 16 ) + (9 × 16 ) + (F × 16 ) + (D ×
1 0
16 ) + (E × 16 ))10
4 3 2
Step 2 19FDE16 ((1 × 16 ) + (9 × 16 ) + (15 × 16 ) + (13
1 0
× 16 ) + (14 × 16 ))10
Step 3 19FDE16 (65536 + 36864 + 3840 + 208 + 14)10
Step 4 19FDE16 10646210

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 Binary Codes
 In the coding, when numbers, letters or words are represented by a specific
group of symbols, it is said that the number, letter or word is being encoded.

 The group of symbols is called as a code.

 The digital data is represented, stored and transmitted as group of binary bits.
This group is also called as binary code.

 The binary code is represented by the number as well as alphanumeric letter.

 Binary codes can be classified into two types.
 Weighted codes
 Unweighted codes

 If the code has positional weights, then it is said to be weighted code.

Otherwise, it is an unweighted code.

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 Binary Codes – 8 4 2 1 code
Decimal Digit 8421 Code
8 4 2 1 code
0 0000
 The weights of this code are 8, 4, 2
and 1. 1 0001
2 0010
 This code has all positive weights. 3 0011
So, it is a positively weighted
4 0100
code.
5 0101
 This code is also called as natural 6 0110
BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)
7 0111
Code.
8 1000
9 1001

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 Binary Codes – 8 4 2 1 code
Example Decimal Digit 8421 Code

 Let us find the BCD equivalent of the 0 0000

decimal number 786. This number has 3
decimal digits 7, 8 and 6. From the table, 1 0001
we can write the BCD 8421 codes of 7, 8 2 0010
and 6 are 0111, 1000 and 0110 3 0011
respectively.
4 0100
 (786)10 = (011110000110)BCD 5 0101
6 0110
 There are 12 bits in BCD representation,
7 0111
since each BCD code of decimal digit has 4
bits. 8 1000
9 1001

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 Binary Codes – Excess 3 code
Decimal Digit Excess 3 Code
Excess 3 code
0 0011
 This code doesn’t have any weights. So, it 1 0100
is an un-weighted code. 2 0101
3 0110
 We will get the Excess 3 code of a decimal
number by adding three 00110011 to the 4 0111
binary equivalent of that decimal number. 5 1000
Hence, it is called as Excess 3 code. 6 1001
7 1010
 It is a self-complementing code.
8 1011
9 1100

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 Excess 3 code
Example Decimal Digit Excess 3 Code
0 0011
 Let us find the Excess 3 equivalent of the 1 0100
decimal number 786.
2 0101
 This number has 3 decimal digits 7, 8 and 3 0110
6. From the table, we can write the Excess 4 0111
3 codes of 7, 8 and 6 are 1010, 1011 and
5 1000
1001 respectively.
6 1001
 Therefore, the Excess 3 equivalent of the 7 1010
decimal number 786 is 101010111001 8 1011
9 1100

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 Gray code
Decimal Number Binary Code Gray Code
 The table shows the
0 0000 0000
4-bit Gray codes
corresponding to 1 0001 0001
each 4-bit binary 2 0010 0011
code. 3 0011 0010
4 0100 0110
 This code doesn’t have 5 0101 0111
any weights. So, it is 6 0110 0101
an un-weighted code. 7 0111 0100
8 1000 1100
 In the above table, the
9 1001 1101
successive Gray codes
10 1010 1111
are differed in one bit
position only. Hence, 11 1011 1110
this code is called 12 1100 1010
as unit distance code. 13 1101 1011
14 1110 1001
15 1111 1000
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 Logic Gate

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 Logic Gates
 Logic gates are the basic building blocks of any digital
system.

 It is an electronic circuit having one or more than one

input and only one output.

 The relationship between the input and the output is

based on a certain logic.

 Based on this, logic gates are named as AND gate, OR

gate, NOT gate etc.

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 AND Gate
AND Gate
It produces HIGH output only when all the inputs are
HIGH.
Logic Circuit
Truth Table
Inputs Output
A B Y
0 0 0
Logical Equation
0 1 0
Y=A.B 1 0 0
1 1 1
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 OR Gate
OR Gate
It produces HIGH output when one or more inputs are
HIGH.
Logic Circuit
Truth Table
Inputs Output
A B Y
0 0 0
Logical Equation
0 1 1
Y=A+B 1 0 1
1 1 1
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 NOT Gate
NOT Gate
It produces HIGH output when input is LOW. And when
the input is LOW, the output is HIGH.
Logic Circuit
Truth Table
Inputs Output
A Y
Logical Equation
0 1
Y= A 1 0

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 NAND Gate
NAND Gate
A NOT-AND operation is known as NAND operation. It
has n input (n >= 2) and one output.
Logic Circuit Truth Table

Logical Equation
Y = AB

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 NOR Gate
NOR Gate
A NOT-OR operation is known as NOR operation. It has n
input (n >= 2) and one output.
Logic Circuit Truth Table

Logical Equation
Y =A + B

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 XOR Gate
XOR Gate
XOR or Ex-OR gate is a special type of gate. It can be used in the
half adder, full adder and subtractor. The exclusive-OR gate is
abbreviated as EX-OR gate or sometime as X-OR gate. It has n input
(n >= 2) and one output. Truth Table
Logic Circuit

Logical Equation
Y = A B
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 END

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