HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND

1 TECHNOLOGY •
-
Societies Philosophical Transactions
one of the world's oldest peerreviewed
scientific journals.
Where is science now? • Nullius in Verba - Meaning
“no one's word”
In the pursuit of knowledge, human keeps
- The Royal Society based their
on asking questions like, “what is matter?”, “what
is life?”, “where are we?”, or even “where are unambiguous motto to “scientific method”
we?” These questions were asked and is which the founding members
continuously being asked today. developed into:
"Don't believe something just because someone tells you
1.1 – INTRO TO HISTORY OF SCI & TECH it's true. Test out each new hypothesis or educated guess
yourself."

What is matter?
• William Whewell
Science is not a single idea; it is not as stable as
- termed the word “science” in 1840.
other disciplines are. It covers compounding
contributions of different natural philosopher and - an English scientist who also served as
scientists all throughout the history. What was true a historian and priest.
then can "not be true" now, and what is true now, • Before 1840, scientists are called natural
can be "not true" in the future. philosophers.

Science is systematic, it abides with rules of

HISTORY OF SCIENCE
observations or experimentations that can be
universally be repeated. History of science includes more types of
people from the different parts of the world.
Two important concepts in understanding
science: It aims to show different worlds of knowledge
that will serve as lenses in viewing our relatively
a. Observe some specific aspects of the evolving science. Each system has social norms
world. Some of the generated knowledge that give account on what is a valid way to make
in science were generated through and share the generated knowledge to have a
observations. Ex: Theory of Evolution of global science perspective.
Charles Darwin
b. Conducting an experiment to answer Humanity is still historically crafting our
questions about the world. understanding of the world. This also serves as a
Experimentation plays an important role in lens of the science of the past which is
proving and disproving a proposed influenced by religion due to its unifying quest on
scientific principle. the neverending attempt of human in
searching for perennial truth. Humans has
To challenge or convince a scientist or engineer, numerical attempts of describing the natural world
the concept must be either observable or to know and to control it.
experimental, or both.
Knowledge is power. The knowledge of
NULLIUM IN VERBA knowing how things work and why such exists
gives bearer the power.

This highlights what is good and bad, and what

• The Royal Society of London for the should be the acceptable behavior of
Improvement of Knowledge scientists and engineers in facing the future
- formerly named as “College for the based on the learnings of the past.
Promoting of Physico-Mathematical
The history of science and technology gives
Experimental Learning”
everyone a glimpse on where we are today.
- founded by a group of knowledge
makers in 1660.
 1.2 – THE ALCHEMIST: NOT A WIZARD
ALCHEMY ALL AROUND THE WORLD
Alchemy
- This is not a practice of magic as many Alchemy was spread all around the world at
thought it was. different era and influenced by different cultures.
- It might mean “black earth” which Asian Alchemy
symbolizes the rich and fertile lands of • this was very evident in Asian culture (e.g.
Egypt; the land of Khem. Chinese alchemy).
- where the word Chemistry, the central
• Chinese Alchemy
science, came from.
- is very tied up to the ideas of
- It is the philosophical manner of thinking
nature (earth) and that earth is a
about the material world and changing
living organism.
it.
- They also detected important
Alchemist channels of transmission energy
- These are people involved in the using elemental metal and
practice of alchemy. magnets to organize system called
Feng Shui.
- They are experimentally skilled and
theorists of understanding and answering - The practice lead to development
the perennial question, “What is matter?” of powders in 900 AD.
- They wrote different books and published it - In conquest to “Elixir of Life” or
using allegorical codes. water of immortality, Chinese
alchemy had “Waidan”
(a) Books are not publicly available to the
public.
(b) Decknamen – the words written were • Indians Alchemy
not what it seems.
- they focused on natural medicine
Example: An attempt to decode an and preservation of heath.
allegorical code. - Ayurvedic practice – focused on
natural products and toxicology.
"Upon the battle of Venus and Mars,
- Ayurveda – a compilation of books
Venus watched as the God of War
that tackles the understanding of
decays."
the universe, of the things and
Explanation: Upon mixing copper and principles, as they try to explain it.
iron, iron immediately corroded.

• South Asian countries like Philippines also

The most known alchemical practice showed alchemical practices.
transcribed in many alchemical books was - Babaylans
focused on transmutation (changing the (a) Spiritual shamans who
materials into new form). specializes in communicating to
Two kinds of alchemical metals: spirits.
(b) They showed intelligence on the
a. Noble metals – Gold (sun) and Silver practice of
(moon) medicine, scientific crafts,
b. Base metals – Mercury (Mercury), Copper and predicting weather and
(Venus), Iron (Mars), Tin (Jupiter), and seasons.
Lead (Saturn)
Middle Eastern Alchemy
Two forms of Transmutations:
• Due to influence of Aristotelian, Chinese,
a. Particulars - one transmutation (e.g. and Indian alchemical practices.
Copper to Silver). • They are more advance, but the focus is
b. Universals - turning anything into new more on mathematics and
form (e.g. Philosophers stone). understanding the heavens.
 • Jabir Ibn Hayyan - Also known as ▪ practice of natural philosophy
“Geber” - a Persian alchemist. became a conquest for abstract
- He is known for authoring more knowledge.
than 3000 texts about alchemical
PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS
practices about minerology,
transmutation, medical elixirs, and These philosophers are:
invented new equipment.
- Philosophers before Socrates.
WHAT HAPPENED TO ALCHEMY? - There were many of them in the Ancient
Greeks who have taken initiatives to spark
questions on the material world.
Alchemy exhibits elements of both - School of Thoughts
religion and science. During the 16th and 18th ▪ not literal physical schools.
century, there was an evident separation of the ▪ a school for both teachers and
church and state making alchemy choose students, anywhere, wherein they
between “being a science” or “being a religion”. will have an intellectual discussion
Generally, alchemy is a principle of by a rational debate on certain
scientific practice rooted in culture and topics.
religion. However, for the discipline to survive, it ▪ to decline or confirm ideas, unified
chose to “be science”. thoughts of philosophers.
▪ based on rationality and logic.
It did not completely die, a part of it lives in the
discipline of Chemistry. Its death is a proof that Thales
“knowledge kept, dies; but the knowledge shared,
grows”. Chemistry continues to practice some of - first European philosopher recorded in
its alchemical roots but with more scientific the Ancient Greeks.
foundation. - known to be first on many things.
- first individual to have made and proved
1.3 – THE NATURAL PHILOSOPHERS his own theorem or the Thale's
Theorem.
Greeks - believed in separating the divinities of
- people of interest and craft the gods to the power of the human
- practiced natural philosophy, selfconscious intellect; knowledge became an object.
inquiry into nature. - founder of Milesians
- the Art of Scientific Inquiry (600-400 BC) ▪ first European “schools
(a) one of the contributions of the Greeks. of philosophy”
(b) started off on answering, "what is ▪ was known for its articulate attempts
matter?" and making theories in explaining the
- Greek Philosophers natural and material.
▪ are not purely scientists as there - his theories were later dismissed by Plato
was no single disciple of science and Aristotle.
then. Anixamander
▪ called natural philosophers
because they question "natural - one of the first who contributed on the
phenomena" in the material world. body of knowledge.
▪ they don't have detailed or - more recorded theories than Thales.
accurate knowledge based on - believed that the material and natural
observation; but a lot of theories world is governed by discoverable laws.
that attempts to answer the "why's" - ejected the theory of Thales about the
and "how's" of the material world. watery universe; proposed apeiron or the
▪ drew red lines between the formless initial state (e.g. hot objects
abstract and the material world. tendencies is to go back to its normal
▪ attempted to separate the myths temperature).
and truths. - also worked on astronomy, geometry, and
mathematics.
 - Gnomon Democritus
▪ used by Asian philosophers over
- most known natural philosopher.
two millennia.
- first person to scientifically answer "what
▪ helps identify the time during their
is matter" and "what is matter made
time.
of?" using philosophical approach.
- attempted to picture heavenly wheels by
- his biggest contribution in knowledge
developing model of cosmos.
was Atomism.
- worked on the possibility of animal
▪ a theory that remains a theory until
transformation.
today but has been supported
▪ influenced by Greek myths.
through time.
▪ one of its primordial points by
- held the idea of the small particle that is
asking "where did we come from?"
indestructible, uncreated, always in
that later lead to theory of
motion, and infinite number, which may
evolution.
in many forms and sizes.
Empedocles - he was also a materialist.
- in testing his void hypothesis:
- last great thinker and philosopher to be
associated with Milesian schools.
He held a bottle filled with air and placed it under water to
- On Nature
▪ formed his theories on the four prove that air is made of something as it forms bubbles.
classical elements (earth, air, fire,
and water) and adding all of those
by two strong forces of love and
- he argued with fellow philosophers such as
strife.
Zeno and Parminedez using the "void
- one of the primeval questions they attempted
hypothesis"
to answer, "what is matter?"
- the rational debate on atom go through
Pythagoras many centuries and it is important to take
note of the "structure of dialogue"
- one of the most famous pre-Socratic
philosophers. SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS
- studied the philosophy of the Milesians.
The urban Athens started in circa 399 BC, during
- he was more abstract thinker.
this era was the rise of the famous philosopher,
- introduced “idealism” or generating
Socrates.
abstract models of perfect materials.
- the Geometry Socrates
▪ his largest contribution known
until today. - he's not a natural philosopher; his
▪ new and pure mathematics. studies were more on politics, morality,
▪ his idealism shifted from Practical and citizenship.
Mathematics (Egyptian and - he contributed in understanding the
Mesopotamian) to geometry. universe by “asking questions”
- his creation of pure and abstract - Socrates Method
mathematics became a model of proving ▪ the art of questioning.
systems of knowledge which is used in ▪ used in many disciplines.
science to prove a point. ▪ In science, it is called “Scientific
inquiry method” that involves
Pythagoras on numbers; he hated irrational
constant questioning so that
numbers:
students can breakdown into the
"Numbers are not just mere counting numbers, problem and create and test their
numbers are sacred." hypothesis.
▪ relevant method in negative
hypothesis elimination and
improving the possibilities of
what is right.
- his biggest contribution was not booking of
philosophical phrases, but rather “legacy”
 ▪ he inspired two icons in classical - his theory of the heaven believes that the Greek
philosophy – his student wanderers of the cosmos, both stars and Plato and his
student's student planets form a uniform circular motion.
Aristotle.

"Sucess of the student is a shared success

for a teacher"
"If Socrates and his students find the wrong, they will see it a good. This meant that hypothesis

they are leaning further towards truth and away If Socrates shares the success of Plato, Plato

Two great schools of philosophy and intellect:

1. Academy of Plato
- physical school, it is a building.
- the training of how to think
properly over the door of the
academy.
- inspired by Pythagoras; thus,
based his philosophy on
geometry.
 from falsehood." also has his piece of success of Aristotle.

Aristotle
Plato
-star student of Plato.
-had a great impact on what is now called - only Greek that has
more written
“Metacognition” philosophies than him.
▪ thinking about your own - a mentee and a rival to Plato in terms of thinking. Philosophies.
- his establishment of physical schools - his philosophy is more on the common called Academy
is still being used to sense unlike Plato whose philosophy is describe philosophical learning for
higher abstract.
education. - his work is passed on ideas that are
- he emphasized in the academy the grounded on empirical evidences.
training of how to think properly over - he observes and then explain as he the door of the
academy. develops his own theories.
- he was inspired by Pythagoras basing his ▪ this order of operations is being philosophy on
geometry. used in the practice of modern ▪ he taught inspired idealism, or a science.
theory of nature based on the - he came from Macedonian roots and abstracts of the world.
studied in the Academy of Plato for 20 - he fit his observation to the theories of years, until Plato died.
idealism rather than the other way around - he later took a job as the tutor of the son making him
regarded as philosopher of King Philip II of Macedonia, Alexander than a scientist, but the truth
is he is both. the Great.
▪ conquered parts of three continents Inscribed at the doors of the original Academy of
Plato: of Asia, Africa, and Europe.
- he is known for writing books on "Ethics"
"Let no one enter here who is ignorant of
Geometry."
but supported his student Alexander the
Great, to invade Persia, kill barbarians, and
- he was inspired by the pre-Socratics but conquer other states.
developed a more complete lens on how - he remained as Alexander's teacher and to view the
material and natural world. adviser until he died in a young age. - his system on cosmos was perfect. -
He then went back to Athens and put up his - believed that the natural world is governed own school,
Lyceum. by perfect rules.
- Platonic Solids
▪ all materials were made of atoms that varied geometrical shapes.

Tetrahedron - fire
Cubes - earth
Octahedron - air
Icosahedrons - water
Dodecahedron - whole universe
 2. Lyceum of Aristotle
- not a building, a classroom of
environment field with grove trees
- and plants outside the city. centuries and across the world. It ended in the
- they "walk and talk" about their
ideas.
Roman conquest in 146 BC.
- was called "Peripatetic" which
means walkie. An informal 1.4 – THE ENGINEERS
education.
- this was influenced because of The Engineer: The Artist
Aristotle's interest of plants and
living organism.
- Infrastructure before serves as a portal for
Aristotle wrote many of his books and works the modern world to have a glimpse of
on meta-physics. their lives in the past.
- On the heavens, On the soul. - Engineers are known for being the
▪ this book was a primeval book that artist than for being a scientist.
married protobiology and - Romans are known for being the
psychology. engineers.
- Physics
▪ his most influential natural Egyptians
philosophy textbook.
- The “great builders”
- he posed a complete system by joining
- They created measurement mathematics
the elements of the heavens which
for constructions purposes.
became the basic European
▪ Invented cubit system for building
understanding on the physical world for
the Pyramids of Egypt.
2000 years.
- There is a certain level of sophistication in
Plato saw the world of idealism while Aristotle had their living based on their infrastructures.
accepted some of the concepts of discord, and that - Pyramid use torches to light and they
things naturally messes up, but always trying to go back
to its original position or situation.
used the concept of reflection to light the
insides of the pyramids.
- he also loved looking at living things; he
Babylonians
looked at them very closely and
discovered details about it. - They were great builders and architects
- Aristotle trusted his senses as he is the - They built the Hanging Gardens of
first one to write down his observations Babylon’s during the time of
of animals and classified them in their Nebuchadnezzar as a testament of power.
kinds. - Hebrews became their slaves and eventually
- the taxonomy he created we based on became their builders as well.
what he called “system of souls”
▪ Plants - has the simplest soul, Mesoamericans
they have vegetative soul. - Great builders of temples and houses.
▪ Animals - have a mobility soul, - Construction of the city of Machu Picchu in
they have a vegetative and Peru.
sensitive animal soul. - They also have very good sophistication
▪ Humans - has the highest form of when it comes to engineering because
soul, combination of vegetative, they were able to create not just simple
sensitive, and the rational soul. pyramids but also multi-step pyramids.
NATURAL PHILOSOPHERS Romans
Both Plato and Aristotle's views on the material - Roman civilization has contributed
and natural world influenced many natural massively when it comes to engineering
philosophers. They both inspired centuries of and architecture.
scholars to think about thinking, observe the - Romans as great builders:
laws of nature, and to reflect on the universe.

The Ancient Greece has ▪ Romans ended the flourishing

indeed contributed a lot and has rippled through growth of reasoning of the
 ancient Greece as they • Architectons they do not write but they
conquered the state at around draw or illustrate their thoughts.
146 BCE. • Greco-romans adapted the
▪ Romans are great in building Greek civilization.
roads, bridges, arches, and • Greco-Romans politicians were also like
famous domes which remain most of the heads of state today
today. • They invested in technology and
▪ They engineered a lot of engineering to build big and strong
infrastructure that was useful for weapons.
the state (e.g. aqueducts).
▪ Romans are very particular on Archimedes of Syracuse
answering a specific - Most famous architect during his time.
question. For example, “how to
- One of the famous mathematicians that
apply the knowledge?”
also worked with geometrical proofs (e.g.
▪ They are practical. area of circle, infinitesimals, and
▪ Greeks' collection of knowledge exponents).
in geometry, physics,
- He is patriotic because he used his
astronomy, and even other knowledge on mathematics and
disciplines were mostly adapted
technology to defend his state or country.
by the Romans. (e.g. Roman
- His invention/concept on water
counterparts of Greek
contraptions and water screw is the
Mythology)
foundation of today’s water supply that
▪ There are two classifications of what we have – the water screw and
knowledge: useful and
compound pulley.
theoretical.
- He invented many machines for war.
- His difference with other engineers during
Aristotle sought knowledge and classified it
their time was that the engineers just only
in two forms:
plan and build. But Archimedes, he plans
and tries to explain the concept of that
1. Useful Knowledge – practical
certain invention.
knowledge; mostly used by the Romans.
▪ He writes accounts for his
2. Theoretical Knowledge –
invention.
reasoning/logic kind of knowledge; done
▪ He uses both practical and theoretical
by the Greeks.
knowledge by nature because he is a
Greek in a Roman empire.
Two forms of Knowledge
ROMANS AS GREAT BUILDERS
1. Techne
- The root word of “Technology” Making of weapons or engineering during their
- Associated with the arts or the art time was not a matter of attempting to
of craftmanship. understand the hydrodynamics.
- Practical knowledge or useful. ▪ Architectons build these stuffs for
2. Episteme practical purposes or practicality.
- The root word of “Epistemology” ▪ The roman engineers began mixing
- Considered as the study of ash, rocks, water, and lime to build
knowledge and its association Roman concrete.
with science.
- Requires logical reasoning. Opus Caementicium – method of cement
making.
• The more ships/catapults you have, the
▪ This material was durable and could be
more powerful you are.
poured and shaped in different forms.
• The strength of a state is also
▪ This technology was used to form
dependent on the strength of the
domes. ▪ Pantheon in Rome is covered
technology.
 143 ft. diameter of dome of concrete that • It should possess the basics:
stood until today. a. Principles of seeking knowledge
Arch aqueducts – water supply for their b. The rationality experimentation
territory; placed on the top. c. Ruthless self-examination
• Its development is given credit to the three
Cloaca Maxima – sewer or big sewers; placed great intellectuals who took part in the
at the bottom. pursuit of knowledge.
• Scientific Method is not linear.
Arches – believed to support stronger rather • Once you start and identify the answer, when
than straight joints. you question you try to seek the answer and
▪ The builders stepped up their game and when you seek the answer there is no single
took the art of logistics to a different way of finding the answer
level. • Scientific method is also circular or
branched out and it is restructured.
Appian Way – the first leg was built in 312
▪ A question that is answered can result
BCE.
in questioning more about it.
▪ Started from southeast Rome, through
the heel of Italy and connected several ▪
THE THREE INTELLECTUALS
towns and cities across the peninsula.
▪ Made up of layers of fitted stones and
1. Galileo Galilei
gravel.
- Born in 1564. An Italian scientist who
▪ Served as the open door for the roman
largely took part in the cosmological
troops to attack their enemies and
understanding of the world view today.
expand their empire.
- In 1609, he re-invented the
▪ This is where the famous quotation
telescope. o Upon his observation, he
originated:
developed his support to heliocentric
“All roads lead to Rome.”
view.
- In 1611, he became vocal with his
“Millae viae ducunt hominem saecula
Romam.”
stand on the cosmological
understanding of the world and
“A thousand roads lead a man forever towards
Rome.” -- Alain de Lille, French Poet supported heliocentrism.
(1775) o Due to this, he was called by
the church for inquisition.
Roman empire or civilization is a clear depiction - Galileo Galilei is the first person or
of the relationship of science and technology, scientist to use telescope in
socioeconomic and political power. understanding the universe.
- He believed in God and has faith on
The strength of a country is not only dependent him. He just had to think rationally.
on the leaders, but it is also dependent on the
strength of its science and technology. It goes “We conclude that God is known first
through nature, and again, more
with the saying, “Technology is a two-edged
particularly by doctrine, by His nature in
sword, it can either harm you or help you.” His works, and by doctrine in His
reveled word.”
“The technologies that engineers make are like the
sciences, political-only as good or bad as the humans Excerpt from the letter of Galileo Galilei to the
who use them.” – The Engineer of 2020 (2004) Grand Duchess Christian of Tuscany, 1615.

- He simply stated that “Science is the

1.5 – THE SCIENTISTS uncovering of God’s work.” o
Although, Galilei was a faithful man,
Scientific Method the church did not believe him.
• Not necessarily a step-by-step process that - In 1616, the church banned all the
follows one flow of direction to obtain a studies on the cosmos pertaining to
conclusion. heliocentrism.
- In 1623, he published the
“Assayer” where he strongly stated 2. Francis Bacon
that, “Scientists should be free to do - Born in London in 1561, also shares credit in
their works, that God moves the development of the scientific method.
heaven in many ways, so the - He proposed that there should be a whole
source of ultimate truth will new approach to science, which should be:
a. Practical
“I say I do not wish to be counted as an b. Instrumental
ignoramus and an ingrate towards
c. supported by the state.
Nature and toward God; for if they have
- He wanted a new replacement system of
given me my senses and my reasons,
why should I defer such great gifts to the understanding natural philosophy by wrapping
errors of some man? Why should I up all the fields of natural philosophies.
believe blindly and stupidly what I wish - He also believes that science should not be
to believe, and subject the freedom of
based on the
my intellectas liable to error as I am? to Aristotelian method
someone else who is just ” instead, it
should be experimentally proven.
- Galileo Galilei, Assayer (1623) - Natural philosophy should be used to
always be faith.” improve the well-being of humanity by leading
to technological advances.
- He wanted to understand the natural world
to control it by
means of “useful art” or “techne”
- During this time, there is an emerging/
unifying concept of the techne and episteme.
- He did not rely his science on ancient
sciences or natural philosophers instead, he
wants scientist or natural philosophers to have
a first-hand experience
- He introduced combining the natural
- Galilei’s message opened the philosophy on understanding on episteme and
techne.
“He called for specific tests that would
allow experimenters to redo and - He proposed the Solomon’s house.
confirm his laws by their own senses. In
his words, he stated that the true mark
- Solomon’s House o Solomon’s house is a
of being a true scientist is by
independent confirmation.” house filled with scientific people
o In 1626, he published his book “New
– Galileo Galilei, 1638
Atlantis” where he outlined his owned
“Dialogue of the Two Chief vision of a utopian scientific society.
systems of the Cosmos” in
o He proposed of developing a hub for
1632. o He stood for
intellectual work, a super university
the heliocentrism,
which did not match the which will be called as the “Solomon’s
Geocentrism of the church. House” o Solomon’s house is all male
o The dialogue did not participants and all these participants
end well so he was have segregated specific roles.
called for inquisition
and in 1633, he was - Solomon’s house different
house arrested for classifications:
the rest of his life.
- Isolation did not stop Galilei and a. The Traveler - They will
continued “Sciencing” astronomy, travel
physics, and other fields of sciences. the world to gather facts.
 technique and use it for
Bacon realized that the knowledge is not something relevant to the
only concentrated but it exists in all parts society and community.
of the word.
b. The Experimentalist - 3. Rene Descartes
They will conduct - Born in central France in 1596, but
experiment to create new he lived most of his time in
facts. Netherlands.
- He is known as one of the
c. The Bookworm - Extracts founding figures of modern
facts from the books mathematics, modern
which will be submitted to philosophy.
the experimentalist to test it. o He bridged geometry and
algebra that allowed him to
They read existing develop the “cartesian
knowledge and extrapolate coordinates”
it. - His book “Le Monde” or The
World that supports heliocentrism
d. The Analyzer - All results of was stopped after hearing what
the experiment will be happened to Galileo Galilei.
submitted to them and - In 1637, Descartes published his
will be analyzed. book called “Discourse on the
Method” and was his major
Experimentalists and contribution in the history of
bookworms work together scientific knowledge.
to create this new - Descartes wanted to challenge the
knowledge and after they king of philosophy, Aristotle, and
create, they will submit this his attack on him boils down to his
to the analyzer. two arguments:
TWO MAJOR ARGUMENTS OF
e. The Interpreters of Nature DESCARTES TO ARISTOTLE
- Composed of three men 1. Knowledge is obtained through
the senses, which lacks
who will take all the facts absolute certainty because the
and use them to produce senses often
new “axioms” or new truth. deceive us.”

After the analyzer is done 2. “Human reason can also be

deceived. Logical conclusions
analyzing the new from false premises will lead
knowledge or the newly you to wrong answers.”
acquired knowledge, it will
be submitted to the three - He used mathematics and only
men or the Interpreters of mathematics as a way towards
nature. proof to explain the natural world.
- He used the “Systematics
f. The Benefactors - The doubting” method, simply
“Dowry-men” will use the doubting yourself on what you
new axioms to put it in really know.
practical use, the people of
techne. Scientific Method was born, and the founding
members of the Royal Society pointed these three
They are the rich people persons abovementioned as their inspirations.
who will buy the
knowledge and develop
• Galileo Galilei is an experimentalist, a 2. Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier
rational thinker. - Born in 1743, worked on
• Francis Bacon is a practical thinker, understanding the chemical
focused on experimentation and social reaction of combustion.
norms. - He was able to develop the “law
• Rene Descartes is a pure philosopher, of conservation of mass”, and
asking himself “how sure you are of what he also published the first list of
you know?” elements.
- He established the states of
matter, by virtue of “law of
conservation of mass”
OTHER SCIENTISTS - He became a rational
experimentalist that became the
1. Sir Isaac Newton sign of overturning the one of the
- Born in 1643, an English scientific oldest natural philosophy, the
titan until today. alchemy, and the birth of
o he focused his work on chemistry
the universal - In 1777, he became the “Father of
gravitational and he also Modern chemistry”
worked on the three laws - One of the scientists who dealt and re-
of motions which introduced modern chemistry.
became the foundation of - Unfortunately, during the French
the modern physics. revolution, he was branded as a
- His discovery of calculus also traitor because he was involved in
allowed him to have powerful taxation and supported foreign
methods to solve complicated scientists.
mathematical problems. - He was one of many noblemen who
- The 1600s was a century of were killed despite being a great
science in London, while in 1700s contributor in the body of knowledge.
the philosophy centered in o Lavoisier died by the guillotine
Paris, this was called the
in 1794.
“enlightenment”
o The enlightenment
became a massive shift “The Republic need neither scientists nor

from the ideas about the chemists; the course of justice

world, away from the
cannot be delayed.” – Judge on the trial of
traditional sources of Antoine Lavoisier
authority like the church.
- This was a century of leaning “It took them only an instant to cut off
towards scientific rational his head, but France may not produce
knowledge, “dare to know” another head in a century.” – Joseph

o This became the rise new Louise Lagrange

ideologies and
philosophies o These 3. Madam Marie Sklodowska Curie
ideas were developed and - A polish and naturalized French
enriched by French Physicist and Chemist who was
philosophers. born in 1867.
- In the 18th century, it was - She is the first woman to win
regarded that physics was the Nobel prize and the first
already on its way to rationalized, person to win two of them.
quantification and standard o The only woman and only four to
measurement. win two different fields and
remain as the only person ever
 to win Nobel prizes in multiple Physics is regarded as one of the core
natural sciences. disciplines of natural science. In 1900s, it
- During her early years in was considered as an almost complete science
Poland, Russia, she went to a and the last puzzle piece for classical physics
secret school in the country to be completed was the hands of Albert
called flying university. Einstein.
- In 1891, when she went to Paris
and pursued her studies, she 4. Albert Einstein
met Pierre Curie, a French - Born in 1897, is a German born
physicist. Later, fell in love for theoretical physicist who became
the love of science. o They got the pillar of “modern physics”
married on July 1895. - In 1905, it was an “Annus
- Marie Curie heard about the Mirabilis” for Einstein meaning it
works of Roentgen and was a “marvelous/miraculous
Becquerel on radiations and year
basing her understanding of for him”
electromagnetism she used a o He was able to publish 4
sensitive electrometer different scientific
developed by Pierre to papers that have not
measure electric charges. entirely related each
- She developed the “theory of other.
reactivity”, which became
fundamental for modern - His 4 different Scientific
physics. papers:
o She proved that atoms
can be divided, and she 1. Brownian Motion - random
also studied the isotopes motion of particles suspended
of an atom, dwelling to in fluid, allowing the collision
the sub particles of of moving molecules in the
atoms. fluid.
- Major contributor in the
discovery of Thorium, Brownian motion has proven
Polonium, Radium. the existence of atoms.
- In 1903, Marie, Pierre and
Becquerel won a Nobel prize in 2. Photoelectric effect -
physics. supporting the idea that the
o She and her husband energy is a series of particles
applied her theory in and not a wave.
using radioactive
materials in curing 3. Equivalence of mass and
diseases like cancer and energy - mass can be
helping the transformed to energy
advancement of medical
science. ➢ equals to 𝑒=𝑚𝑐2
- Marie Curie died in 1934 due
“Mass and energy are both but
to cancer and in 1995 her different manifestations of
remains were buried in the
Pantheon for her achievements. the same thing unfamiliar
conception for the – of somewhat

Marie Curie’s works on average mind.” – Einstein on

radioactive materials, with other E=mc^2
radioactive and nuclear scientist like Ernest
Rutherford, the father of nuclear science.
 4. Special Relative - nothing The history of science is not about the
can move faster than light, people, it is about “how” the people of science
speed of light, it was about viewed the world during their time and how they
comparing physical effects sought knowledge.
from different observer
positions in terms of velocity, Science is not a one-man team.
or speed in a particular
direction. The questions on “what is matter?”,
“where are we?”, “when are we?”, “what is life?”
In 1915, he published another paper on and the “how’s and “why's” are questions that
the theory of general relativity, which explains goes back to the alchemists, natural
the physics of all situations. It was confirmed philosophers and even engineers of the ancient
further and accepted by the scientific community time, we still ask those question.
in 1919, which made him an icon of science
during their time, and until today. INTELLECTUAL AND
In 1911, Ernest Rutherford and Niels
Bohr theorized a model of the atom. Both SCIENTIFIC 2 REVOLUTION
scientists studied the physics of very small
particles. 2.0 – INTELLECTUAL AND SCI.
REVOLUTION
In the 1920's, the
controversy of understanding the subatomic Intellectual revolution and
particles became more controversial which Scientific Revolution are series of events
involved more particle scientist in the picture. that marked the emergence of new concept or
introduction of modern science.
In 1926, two German physicists worked out
the math behind quantum mechanics. In 1962, Thomas Kuhn published a
book called “The Structure of Scientific
1. Werner Heinsberg - who invented the Revolution”. He stated that different Sciences
matrix mechanic and the theory of undergoes
uncertainty principle that states, “any “revolution”.
observer can detect the position of
velocity of any quantum particle, at any The paradigm shift is a fundamental
given time change in the basic concepts and experimental
interval, but not both at the same time.” practices of scientific discipline, it is shifting
from
2. Erwin Schrodinger who studied wave “Normal” to the “New Normal”.
mechanics, used mathematical
equations to describe finding the 2.1 – COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
electrons in a certain position.
How we view the world…the universe rather.
SOLVAY CONFERENCE, 1927 BIRTH OF
“QUANTUM MECHANICS” “Where are we?”

HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY The quest in understanding how the days and
nights happen, and understand the heavenly
There were many scientists bodies like stars, moon, and sun.
who contributed to the body of knowledge
all through history and across the world.
This quest was primarily attempted by Greek
Scientist today seeks knowledge and aims to
Philosophers. In intellectual revolution, there are
contribute to the large pool of body of
two major concepts needed to be understood in
knowledge through research and
understanding the universe.
experimentation
 FIRST CONCEPT: GEOCENTRISM “The heliocentric view was not accepted,
instead, the geocentric view was more accepted
because it is more reasonable during the time of
Claudius Ptolemy Aristarchus.”
• Proposed geocentrism at around 150
BCE, and that is why it is sometimes
referred as the Ptolemaic model of
Nicole D’ Oresme
Universe.
• The geocentric view flagged the
• He is a Greek mathematician, astronomer,
understanding of the universe, this was
geographer, and astrologer.
challenged once again by him at around
• Lived in the city of Alexandria in the
1370.
Roman province of Egypt under the rule of
• A Philosopher Astronomer who wrote
the Roman Empire.
“The Book of Heaven and Earth”,
• Used Babylonian Observation &
supporting the heliocentric view of the
Babylonian Lunar Theory in understanding
universe.
the universe.
• He provided more evidence and
mathematical equations. But the concept
Geocentrism
was against the church, and it was once
• Geocentrism or the Geometric view is
again rejected by the community.
belief that the earth if fixed at the center
of the Universe.
“The geocentric view was once again prevailed,
• Claudius proposed his cosmological but in the 16th century, a Polish mathematician
almagests, also called as the and astronomer revisited the concepts of
“mathematical syntaxes” and it was said Aristarchus and Nicole D’ Oresme, this
that his almagests were edited by Hypatia, was
a female natural philosopher. Nicolaus Copernicus.”
• The almagests stated that the heavens
move like a sphere, the earth and the Nicolaus Copernicus
heavenly bodies are spheres, and the • He reintroduced the concept of
Earth is the center of the universe. heliocentric view with his book “De Rev”
or “De Revolutionubus Orbium
SECOND CONCEPT: HELIOCENTRISM Colestium” or The Revolution of the
Heavenly Spheres.
Heliocentrism • The book stated cosmological theories
• Heliocentrism or the heliocentric view is like the Earth is not the center of the
the astronomical model in which the universe, the center of the universe is
Earth and Planets revolved around the near the sun and the earth-sun
sun at the center of the Solar System. distance is negligible compared to the
• The Earth is not the center of the universe, distance to the stars.
but rather just part of the universe. • He did not publish this book because he
knew that his book will be controversial.
Aristarchus of Samos Upon his death, came the rise of the
• He initially introduced the heliocentric Copernican intellectual revolution.
view of the universe at around prior to
the formal proposal of the geocentric Tycho Brahe
view at around 310 C to 230 BC. • A Danish nobleman, astronomer, and
• He is an Ancient Greek mathematician writer known for his accurate and
and astronomer of Ionia who came up comprehensive astronomical observations,
with the revolutionary hypothesis. together with his sister Sophia Brahe.
• Because of lack of evidence, the concept • Took some concepts from geocentric view
was refuted and not accepted by the and heliocentric view and fused these two
community. concepts and proposed the
geoheliocentric view.
 • The Dutch king provided him a fully funded The Copernican intellectual revolution did
research island with two observatory not die along with Copernicus, in fact this has
castles. become a progressive series of events which
a. Uraniborg – the castle of the eventually led to birth of modern astronomy.
heavens.
b. Stjerniborg – the castle of the stars; Science is not a one man team, this is a
here he wrote his book “De Nova team effort, based on the series of events,
Stella” or the New Star. contributions of various astronomers, this has led
to our current understanding of the universe, and
until now, the humanity still seeks to further
In 1956, at age 20, Tycho lost part of his nose at understand the universe.
a sword fight with his third cousin, Manderup
Parberg. They were fighting because of a
mathematical equation. “The Copernican intellectual revolution did
not only change the way how we view the world
but also the universe.”
Johannes Kepler
• A German astronomer, mathematician and 2.2 – DARWANIAN REVOLUTION
astrologer wrote a book “Astronomia Nova”
or the New Atronomy, where he also “What is life?”
proposed three laws of Planetary motion.
• He provided evidence to strengthen the In the early 18th hundreds, the English society
heliocentric view and he in his own way is slowly moving away from the traditional way of
introduced the concept to the church thinking about life, which was called Natural
saying that his “faith, empirical data and Theology.
elegant math, all sync.”
William Paley wrote a book in 1802, the
Natural Theology, which inspired Charles
The heliocentric view is slowly being known Darwin in his pursuit of trying to understand the
across Europe, this concept was further “how” of life.
strengthened because of strong evidence,
brought by the invention of the telescope.
NOTABLE PEOPLE

Charles Darwin
Galileo Galilei
• Was born from a wealthy family where
• In 1609, Galileo Galilei did not invent the
he afforded to go to Cambridge
telescope, this was invented by a Dutch
University to study beetles and he
spectacle maker Hans Lippershey in
graduated in the age of 22 without
Holland.
definite plan.
• The first person to enhance the scientific
• His family sent him to South America
instrument and the first to use the
through the ship named Beagle for 5
telescope to understand the universe.
years where he eventually became a
• An Italian astronomer, physicist, and
theorist because of his experiences.
engineer, sometimes described as a
• He was able to collect different fossils
polymath, from Pisa.
and compare it. He started to think
• Called as the:
about the possibilities of ancestral
⎯ Father of observational astronomy lineage of the species.
⎯ Father of Modern Physics • His most notable experience was his
⎯ Father of the Scientific Method travel in the Galapagos Island, where
⎯ Father of Modern Science he took accounts on iguanas,
• He has provided more evidences mockingbirds, thrushes, tortoise, and
supporting the heliocentric view of the different finches.
universe. • He became obsessed with finches and
collected it, this turned out to be one in
several clues that would lead to
 developing the theory of evolution by • After surviving the incident in his ship, he
natural selection. still ventured his way to naturalism and
• Upon his return to London, he published went to Southeast Asia in 1854 to
his book on “The Voyage of the Beagle” collect specimens and pay for his dept.
where he became a naturalist. ⎯ He traveled different islands of what
• John Gould a fellow naturalist attested is now Malaysia, Indonesia, and
that the finches he found in the Singapore, where he observed
Galapagos Island are different species different environments produce
not varieties of one species. different populations.
• He then was inspired once again by the • He then coined the term self-acting
“Essay on the Principle of Population” process where the fittest would
by Thomas Robert Malthus, a survive then he sent a letter to Charles
proponent of the Malthusian theory of Darwin, where they both published a joint
population. letter.
• He stated that living beings compete • In 1869 after their joint publication, he
over resources and the most fit for a continued working in Southeast Asia and
certain region survives, where coined the later published his work on Malay
term Natural Selection. Archipelago.
• Darwin haven’t published his theory • He observed that there seems to be an
then because he had to collect invisible line now called as the
incontrovertible proof, for many years Wallace’s Line in Indonesia, where he
he ventured on studying pigeons and stated that resemblance of species
collecting further evidences. based on its geographic location.
• In 1858, he received a letter from Alfred • He invented the principle of biography,
Russel Wallace asking for his advice. a field where the biological species and
⎯ They both published a joint letter in geological formations together.
the Linnaean Society of London,
The Darwinian intellectual revolution was
presenting the summary of a
initially intended to challenge the “how” of life of
theory of natural selection.
living organisms.
• In 1859, he published his 500-page book
on The Origin of Species by means Both naturalists have agreed on the principle
Natural Selection. of natural selection
⎯ The book stated that the natural
In 1864, a fellow biologist, Herbert Spencer
selection modifies the current
re-coined the term as the “Survival of the
population where the fittest
Fittest”. This principle was initially intended for
survive and reproduce, then
animals but has slowly been applied to the
passing their traits.
human society by the “Social Darwinism”, in
⎯ In this book he also stated a chapter a way Darwin and Wallace would not agree off.
on the difficulties in his theory, and
he only presented things he knew “The Darwinian intellectual revolution did not
mostly about beetles, finches, only challenge the way how we view the life, but
pigeons, barnacles, and fossils. the HOW of life.”

Alfred Russel Wallace 2.3 – FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

• Was born from a poor family, he was
inspired by both Malthusians essay “To do or not to do?”
on the principle of population and The human behavior and personality are a
Darwin’s voyage of the beagle. puzzle for many people and many years, one
• In 1844, he met Henry Walter Bates psychologist sparkled the venture in this
and decided to venture on how evolution discipline in the late 19th century.
works to apply that knowledge to the
human society and in attempt to save Sigmund Freud, an Austrian neurologist, and
the people from greed and founder of psychoanalysis.
individualism.
 NOTABLE PEOPLE • Sigmund Freud introduced
psychosexual theory, where the
Sigmund Freud
personality development is focused on
• According to him, personality is a
the changing seat of sensual pleasure of
distinctive and enduring characteristics
an individual.
patterns of thinking, feeling, and
behaving of an individual. ⎯ The childhood stages of development
• Psychologist study personality in attempt during which, according to Freud, the
to understand differences in specific id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus
characteristics and look at how all their on distinct erogenous zones.
various parts of each person mesh • The Psychosexual Theory: 5 different
together as a whole. stages and different erogenous zones
• He introduced the “Psychoanalysis” (OAPhaLaGe)
also referred as the psychoanalytic
perspective. a. Orals Stage (birth – 18 months)
• He believes that the unconscious mind - center of pleasure is on the
plays a vital role in the human mouth, examples are sucking,
personality, and that our personality is biting, and chewing.
shaped by the enduring conflict between b. Anal Stage (18 months – 36 months)
our impulses to do whatever we feel like, - center of pleasure is anus and
and our restrain to control these urges. bladder, examples are bowel,
bladder elimination, and toilet
⎯ It is driven mostly by the sexual aggressive
training.
urges and social control; this is
c. Phallic Stage (3 years – 6
the pleasure principle.
years)
• The Psychoanalytic Theory involves 3
- center of pleasure is the
fundamental structures of the mind:
child’s genitals, examples
are incestuous sexual
a. Id – it is the most aggressive of the 3
feelings, this is mostly the
structures. Is concerned with instant development of Oedipus
gratification of basic physical needs and complex or Electra
urges, the unconscious mind. The complex.
structure of the mind that says, d. Latent Stage (6 years –
“I want to do that now!” puberty)
- there is no center of pleasure
b. Super ego – is the most rule governed because it repressed
structure of the mind, concerned with however, this also shows
social rules and morals, it is often called dormant sexual feelings.
the conscience or the moral compass. e. Genital Stage (puberty
The structure of the mind that says, “It’s onwards)
not right to do that”. - The center of pleasure is
genitals and directed to full
c. Ego – is the rational and pragmatic part sexual maturity and adult
of the personality as it pacifies both id sexual interests.
and superego. The structure of the mind • If any of these stages face an unsettled
that says, “Maybe we can compromise.” issue, one may undergo fixation or the
lingering focus of pleasure-seeking
• In this principle he introduced the energies at an earlier psychosexual
concept of defense mechanism, where stage, in which conflicts were
he stated that our defense mechanism is unresolved.
tied up mostly with our personalities,
whether it be (1) regression, (2)
repression, (3) reaction formation, (4)
projection, (5) rationalization, (6)
displacement or (7) denial.
 Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic and • Humanistic theories rose in attempt to
Psychosexual theories have indeed explain the personality with the focus on
revolutionized psychology, he was then followed the potential for the healthy personal
by the Neo-Freudians, or a group psychiatrist in growth. Some of them are Abraham
the mid-twentieth century who were influenced Maslow with his “Hierarchy of needs”,
by Sigmund Freud but extended his theories in Carl Rogers with his “Person-centered
different aspects. perspective”, where they both believed in
the goodness based on nurturing in
Karen Horney growth promoting environment that
• Non-Freudian psychologists focused requires three conditions: genuine,
on the non-sexual motivations and the acceptance and empathy.
conscious mind, some of them are • The humanistic theories in psychology
Karen Horney. developed the “self-concept” where mix
• Karen Horney is a German psychologists thoughts and feeling that aims to answer
and psychoanalyst, founder of feminist the question “Who I am?”.
psychology, who refuted her theory, • Psychoanalytic and humanistic theories
and of personality were incredibly influential,
she proposed the principle of self-help and up to date, many psychologists and
analysis. neurologists attempts to explain the human
Carl Gustav Jung behavior and personality. This has also
• Was a Swiss psychiatrists and brought to the development of
psychoanalyst who founded analytical personality measurements and
psychology, who once was a friend of assessment that is being used today.
Sigmund Freud, but because that the “The Freudian intellectual revolution
sexual drive does not solely dictate challenged and changed the way how we view
one’s behavior and it is just part of an the human mind and its relationship to behavior
equation. and personality”.
• He believed in the “Collective
Unconsciousness” where a group of 2.4 – AFRICAN REVOLUTION
shared images of archetypes that are
“We’re all African.”
universal to all humans, and this is also
why different cultures share similar myths The Egyptians were great builders, they
and imagery. created measurement mathematics for
construction purposes, they invented the cubit
Alfred Alder system and used it to build the Pyramid of
• A psychologist from Vienna, agreed on the Egypt.
importance of childhood, but he put an
emphasis on going social tensions, and • Africa is known to be the oldest
not on sexual ones, as most crucial to the civilization known in the history of
formation of personality. • He introduced of humankind, it’s history of science and
“Inferiority Complex” where much of the technology is rich and diverse.
adult behavior is linked to childhood ⎯ In the northern region of Africa,
struggles with feeling of inferior. And where Egypt, Nubia and Aksum
there were many more psychologists that are located, is the development
aims to uncover the puzzle in the human of a complex state system.
personality. • Africa became to be known as the
“cradle of civilization” because it is the
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory first state systems that were built
revolutionized how people view the human along the Nile River.
behavior and personality by exploring the • The Ancient African civilization were
mental life and personality. But the first to dwell with the applied sciences
psychoanalytical approach is only one perspective in (1) agriculture economy, (2)
on what makes us who we are. metallurgical sciences, (3) textile and
engineering productions, (4) ancient
 natural remedies and (5) field science massive structures of the ancient
dominated across the region. Egyptian state.
• Asian civilization and culture also • Their infrastructures also show
adopted some of the variety of African sophistication on architectures and
plants, including coffee, palm oil, African using nature to as means of lighting,
rice, and other agricultural crops. They the pyramid as an example.
are the first shamans to practice • The Egyptians also combined
natural medicine using natural mathematics and astronomy where
remedies. they were able to make a 24-hour
division in a day, and they also used
One of the most powerful empire was built
this to create the first solar calendar to
in the regions of Africa, the Ancient Egypt. It is
feature a 365-day ratio in one year.
the oldest known civilization that lived up to
• They also developed methods in
date. The Nile River became the life blood of
engineering like methods in surveying
Egypt as it sustained life and agriculture of the
of the lands along the Nile River,
Ancient Egypt, and until now, the river still flows.
creation of dams, canals, and even
• It is one of the most iconic and the irrigation systems that supported
powerful civilization in the history, its the life and allowed the flourish of
territory stretched as far as north, today agriculture of the state.
as Syria, and as far as south, today as • Egyptians developed a writing system,
Sudan. Hieroglyph, it is also known to be one
• Long before it became an empire, it was of the oldest writing systems.
a series of independent city states ⎯ It was developed at around 3150
namely BC, during the old kingdom and
the cities of Heliopolis, Memphis, Abydos, was used to inscribe on the walls,
Thebes, and Nekhen, which were all located pots, and other clay products.
along the strait of the Nile River. • Following a new writing system which is
⎯ In 3100 BC, all the cities were united to like a cursive form called the Hieratic,
form one Egyptian state. this writing system uses ink and later
⎯ It was so powerful that it sustained its was written on papyrus.
power along with the succession of ⎯ Papyrus, which is somehow like
300 Pharaohs. papers, were derived from the
▪ The Pharaohs are protectors, papyrus plant, which are very
rulers and serves as liaisons richly growing along the Nile
of the people to the gods. River.
▪ Upon their death, they believe • This writing system was more modern
that they will transcend as god way of keeping records and was used
themselves, they are to sustain culture.
mummified, and buried in
The word and the discipline of “chemistry”
labyrinth tombs, like the
derived from the Egyptian word “Khem”,
pyramid.
referring to the “first matter” from the land of
• The Pyramid did not only serve as
Khem, Egypt. Ancient Egyptians had applied this
tombs but served as representative of
term “black land”, as a representation of the
the innovative infrastructure of the
dark richness of the Egyptian soil. Chemical
state.
principles were applied in ancient Egypt like
⎯ They developed mathematics, particular mummification, leather tanning, cloth dyeing.
to measurement mathematics, which
harnessed their way of living. The art of mummification is one of the
⎯ They developed cubit as, measurement most known ancient scientific practices of the
of length – it is the length of the arm to ancient civilization, for it is the art and science
the fingers, it was said that they used of preservation. This practice can somewhat be
this to build the pyramid and other observed in the ancient Philippine society. They
also developed distillation systems that came
 from the process of fermentation of beverages fractions. They also created large tables
and brewing of beers in the different regions of for calculations, which are intended for
Africa. future calendar dates, very far future.
• They have made a lot of calculations
“The African intellectual revolution is the first
about time for religious reasons. They
societal intellectual revolution since it is the
have a complex astronomical system
cradle of civilization. Their civilization has
that was intended to generate prophesies.
enormously contributed to the body of
And with system of time, they coordinated
knowledge, their long and best cultural
it to the military campaigns, how the
contributions in linguistic, mathematics, science
individual would work on daily basis, and
and technology, has largely influenced a lot of
what will happen in the future.
succeeding civilizations and various civilization
• December 23, 2012 – stated the possible
all around the world.”
end of the world because of the end of the
2.5 – MESO-AMERICAN REVOLUTION Mayan Calendar.
• The Mayan civilization used
“2012.” extraordinarily complicated system of
The Mesoamerican or the Mexican five interlocking calendars of different
American civilization, has a very sophisticated lengths, which has provided them a very
culture and practices in science. They have accurate timing on the solar and lunar
number of codices (codex), of all, there were years, and even the Venusian year.
only four codices survived up to date, which Because to the Maya, Venus was the
were majorly destroyed by the Spanish most important heavenly body.
imperialists. This civilization aimed to answer an • The Mayans are regarded as people who
imperial question on “when are we?”, “what is was complete understanding of time,
time?”, and “how do we measure it?” answering the question “when are we?”
accurately across the literal millions of
• The Olmecs (1500-400BCE), now the years.
southern Mexico, has sophisticated • Their writing system carries both
understanding of the arts sciences, they symbolic and phonetic meanings. They
built human jaguars, colossal heads, have actively engaged to research in
from the volcanic heads. improving their tables, and understanding
⎯ They have an advanced art styles, Venuses’ movement over time, they also
writing systems, mathematics and have astronomical tables for Mars,
even included number zero, and Mercury, and Jupiter, and even had an
the calendar system that influenced academy of Mayapan.
the succeeding Mesoamerican • Mayan civilization also intensively
civilizations. practiced cultivation crops using their
sophisticated irrigation system. They
Ziggurat
domesticated dogs, and ducks, and
• The Mayan (2000 BCE- 1600 CE), now all
penned wild turkeys and dears.
of Belize and Guatemala, western El
• The Mayan civilization is also regarded
Salvador and Honduras and Southern
as a hydraulic empire, same scale of that
Mexico, reached the height of astronomical
of China. However, the fragility of the
knowledge.
food system destroyed the Mayans.
• They built great step pyramids, devoted for
• Deforestation to make lime stucco, or
kings and sites for astronomical
plaster for decoration, may have played a
observations.
role in changing rain patterns, leading to
• They built Caracol or Observatory of
famine.
Chichen Itza was built on align with the
extremes of Venuses’ rising and setting in Before the arrival of the Spaniards, a
the year CE 1000. number form the population of Mayan moved to
• They also have a Vigesimal the southern Mexico, the Nahuas, they are
mathematical system that is based on called the Aztec, they were great builders of the
twenty which included zero, but no central Mexico. They build the capital
 Tenochtitlan in 1325, it is still around, known as which they used for data in taxes,
the Ciudad de Mexico, or the Mexico City. calendar, and even military organization.
Aztecs Spanish genocide created a huge effect in
• Aztecs created system of canals, the Mesoamerican civilization, some of the
floodgates, and aqueducts. accounts are erased in the records of history.
⎯ They used dikes to separate fresh However, the Mayan civilization has still a
water and saltwater. This allowed compounding influence in the current society,
them to practice intensive they revolutionized engineering, infrastructures,
lakemarsh agriculture, growing hydraulic systems, and many more.
maze, amaranth, fish, and ducks. The Mesoamerican civilization was a powerful
⎯ Building a temple near a lake ancient civilization, they have flagged the history
requires a lot of engineering and by its culture, its science and technology. They
understanding of hydraulic are foundations of engineering, hydraulic
systems. systems, ancient architecture, and many more.
• They build their temples based on the
2.6 – MIDDLE EAST REVOLUTION
setting of the sun and not Venus, and
they built temples on equinoctial lines – “If it goes easy, something is wrong.”
a line along which the plane of the
Earth’s equator passes through the The Middle East civilization has a very rich
center of the Sun’s disk, once in the culture and tradition, they also have an enormous
spring and once in the fall. contribution to science and technology.
• They have collected a wealth of
• Islamicate scholars are people influenced
botanical and medical knowledge,
by Islamic civilization regardless of their
maintained by the priests who also
religious views.
served as astrologers.
⎯ They gave us mathematical terms
• They believed in complicated humoral
like algebra, azimuth, algorithms,
system that linked plants, animals, and
and many more.
the human body, and the heavens.
• Their culture flourished during the time of
• Aztec healers seem to have been
Abbasid Caliphate (750-1517), where it
specialists, focusing on surgery,
served as a crossroad trading Zones for
bloodletting, childbirth, creating herbal
Persia, India, Byzantine cultures, and
drugs, or treating sick turkeys.
various religions, and many languages
• Aztec physicians had an extensive
flourished in the civilization.
anatomical lexicon, and even treated
• The blended culture by the civilization and
dandruff.
various belief systems made the early
Inka Islamic science very inclusive.
• Inka developed an empire in the Andes ⎯ They have a very high literacy rate,
Mountains from roughly CE 1100- 1532 furthermore, they are adherent to
CE until the Spanish conquest. The most treat others equally.
famous Inkan site is the Machu Pichu, • Baghdad, the first capital of Abbasid,
Peru. was founded by Caliphate Al-Mansur in
⎯ This city of polished, carefully fitted &54 AD and became the largest urban
stones was built around 1450, on area in 930 AD.
top of a mountain. • The city housed the Bayt al-Hikmah or
• They have standard measurement units, the house of wisdom, a great library that
medical specialists, astronomical and began from the collections of Caliphate
calendric data, recorded into very AlMansur, which he then opened to the
architecture of their cities. visiting scholars, even the delegations
• Though they do not have a writing system, from other state like India.
they used a sophisticated system of tying • His successor, Caliphate Al-Rashid,
strings called khipu to keep records, carried on this tradition, and supported the
“Translation movement”.
 • In 832 AD, Caliphate Al-Mamun • Al-Mamun created a team that
refounded the House of Wisdom as an attempted to measure the
international canter for translation and circumference of the earth using
research. astronomical observations.
⎯ It eventually became the largest ⎯ They were able to derive a number
library in the world by 850. of 24,480 miles.
• He sponsored families of ⎯ In modern calculation, the earth’s
scholartranslators to bring useful texts circumference is 24,901 – which is
from different Greek, Chinese, Sanskrit, less than 2% accurate than the one
Persian, and Syriac to translate it to Arabic. made by Al-Mamun’s team.
• Caliphate Al-Mamun invested his power • In 820 AD, Al-Khwarizmi wrote kitab
in the Greek and Persian translation aljabr or the Compendious book on
because he found this as a sign of civic Calculations by completion and
status, a worthy cause, and a highly balancing.
practical calling. ⎯ an original manual of practical math.
⎯ This helped them have a better ⎯ He introduced rational, irrational
understanding in astronomy numbers and different forms of
which helped them to accurately numeric systems and calculations.
observed timekeeping for
• Middle east civilization also invented
mosques and they were also
astrolabes which are widely used in
able to improve their
navigations and developed algebra,
knowledge on geography that
trigonometry, and other numeric related
helped them align their prayers
systems. Their scholars practiced both
facing to Mecca.
techne and episteme of knowledge.
• Because of the fluid trade of knowledge
• The Abbasid state focused also on
collection, many Baghdad
improving the application of art such as
scholartranslators were influenced by
hydraulic engineering, and agricultural
the works of Aristotle like Ibn Rushd, he
science. They constructed buildings, large
is sometimes called “The Commentator”,
dams, waterwheels, and underground
being Aristotle’s top fan.
channels to tap ground water.
• There were also schools of Mu’tazila,
• In 850 AD, the House of Wisdom, the
their principles believed that rationalism
Banu-Musa brothers wrote “the book of
could be used to understand both the
Ingenious device” – a compendium of
physical world and spiritual world.
one hundred devices and how to use
• They brought the Greek Aristotelian them, this includes the earliest
reason-based debate about nature of the programable machine, “an instrument that
cosmos into the Islamic social context. plays by itself”.
• They established a lot of infrastructures
• Medieval Automaton
as house of knowledge, like observatories,
hospitals, public libraries, and Madrasas, ⎯ In 1206, Diyarbakir, Turkey,
an Islamic college. Polymath Al-Jazari wrote an
• They have a very rich pool of culture even more amazing book on
and religion with accumulated machines, “the book of
knowledge. In Madrasas, they can study knowledge of Ingenious
law, Greek natural philosophy, logic Mechanical devices”
arithmetic, astronomy, and astrology - it also covers hundreds of
during that time. machines, and with
instructions on how to
Number of ancient philosophers, astronomers, build them.
and polymaths from Persia, like Abu Mashar,
AlRazi, and Al-Biruni, also attempted to propose Like, waterwheel,
the heliocentrism, their theories were against watermill, giant water
Aristotle but with observed data. clock, elephant and castle
shaped clock, fountain,
 candle clock, musical of approved texts that
automata, and water flute. recorded the observations
⎯ His most notable inventions were and theories of earlier
“medieval automatons”, he thinkers.
invented a lot of medieval “The Canon of medicine”, is a book of a little
programmable devices for music, bit of everything in medical science, from the
household, and many more. collected accounts of Aristotle, Hippocrates, and
many more.
⎯ The Middle East civilization also
contributed to the health
sciences. The Middle East civilization has a very
- In 854 AD, a Persian rich culture of knowledge, hundreds of
polymath Abu Bakr Al- collections of knowledge and accounts.
Razi, wrote dozens of
It has become the urban center of trade
book with detailed
and knowledge exchange populated by natural
accounts of his work.
philosophers with keen desire to build upon earlier
- He is a major contributor in
insights.
the medieval field of
psychology and The middle east intellectual revolution has
ophthalmology. revolutionized mathematics, astronomy,
- He was the first to identify medicinal science, and engineering, up to date,
smallpox and measles, their sophistication to the field is very evident.
and most of his medicinal The colorful science and technology paired with
works are based on Greek their rich culture and religion revolutionized the
humoral medicine and way we view science and arts.
natural philosophy.
2.7 – ASIAN REVOLUTION
- He also wrote “al-Hawi
alKabir” or the Virtuous The Sleeping Giant
Life, a very influential
medical encyclopedia and Asia is a very large continent, a very large
also wrote Islamic melting pot of various cultures and practices. This
prophetic medicine “al-tibb is not only where most of the religions stemmed,
al-nabawi” that advocated like Hinduism, Christianism, Islam, Taoism, and
traditional medical many more, but also a cradle of science and
practices mentioned in the technology. Asia is a very big continent filled
Qur’an. with rich culture and science practices.
⎯ The best-selling book in medical Ancient China represented a hydraulic
education was “al-Qanun fi civilization that maintained its population by
alTibb” or “The canon of diverting rivers to aid irrigation. Chinese scholars
Medicine” by Ibn Sina, also were able to naturally develop a critical invention
referred Avicenna, he is a in knowledge transmission and state control,
Persian polymath born in 980 AD. standardized tests.
- He mashed up different
books of famous
physicians and made
notes of his own, which Xia Dynasty
helped the readers in • supported the different astronomical
easily understanding. research to create more accurate
- It is important to note in calendars. And in 400-0 BCE.
learning medical science • they measured the length of the solar
to participate in the year coming up with 365.25 days,
scientific wonder called • predicted eclipses, recorded supernovas
scholasticism or learning and sunspots and even founded a
through close readings bureau of astronomy.
 • They also determined the 26,000-year ⎯ They made the clocks, mechanical
cycle of precision of equinoxes. models of heavenly bodies, giant
• They also developed a grand model of machine replicated the heavenly
the cosmos, that in an infinite, empty bodies.
space enclosed by a great celestial ⎯ In 9th century, they invented the
sphere where celestial are bodies that gunpowder, but later harnessed it
float around, directed by a hard wind. to its potentials.
They also believed that the cosmos revolves • But the flagship of ancient China was its
around the middle kingdom - China itself, and infrastructure. In 117 BCE, they were
the symbolic center of China stands the “son working on iron products, but during the
of heavens” - the emperor. Song dynasty, 1078, they produced
125,000 tons of iron.
Confucius ⎯ They were able to do it by knowing
• He is one of the most known Chinese the science and chemical
philosophers, emphasizing his properties of iron and coal.
philosophies in the importance of
• In addition, the metallurgy was used in
tradition, etiquette, respect to elders and
hydraulic engineering in running the entire
patriarchs, he focuses on orderly
China.
human world.
• Living the philosophies of China, the What is the greatest infrastructure of Ancient
Han dynasty instituted imperial China?
universities and state exams. • The most known infrastructure of China
⎯ But the height of the science and is the “Great wall” but the most
technology of Ancient China was economical, social, and technical
the reign of the Song Dynasty. infrastructure of the empire was the
• In the 8th century, the Chinese “Grand canal” completed in 1327 that
civilization started rice cultivation, and in stretched throughout China, allowing the
1012, the Song state introduced the new production and trading faster.
early ripening and winter-ripening of rice, ⎯ The grand canal represented the
an agricultural technique acquired from powerful Chinese state's ability to
the engineer vast regions: they
Champa Kingdom, now known as connected smaller waterways to
Vietnam, which allowed the rice to be main rivers, opening where goods
produced faster with less water. and people could travel.
• During this time, traditional Chinese
Some of Chinese Inventions medicine also flourished. Their oriental
a. rice field plow or water lifting devices, medicinal practices were influenced by
b. wheelbarrow, elements of fire, water, metal, earth, wood,
c. silk production, and the yin-yang balance.
d. crossbow, • Diseases were caused by imbalances,
e. umbrella, hence in order to be cured, their
f. gunpowder, physicians had to practice moving the chi
g. porcelain, using acupuncture, acupressure, herbal
h. fishing reel, therapies, exercise, and prescription diets.
i. earthquake monitor,
j. paper money, Another Asian country that showed rich
k. suspension bridges, etc., culture is India, they have a very complicated
l. and at this time, urbanization metaphysical understanding on the inseparable
skyrocketed. knowledge and religious traditions and focused on
application.
• The Ancient Chinese civilization and the • Indians have a very high regard on “Veda”
state supported the arts and sciences, knowledge, they were concerned with
this allowed them to have rich accounts of math and astronomy, but mostly
science and arts. concerned rituals.
 • The Indian civilization has Philippines, famously called as pre-colonial
largely contributed to understanding period.
medicine.
• During the Gupta dynasty in India, they The science and technology in the
studied the science of life, Ayurveda, Philippines continue to thrive towards
which also included the five elemental development and innovation. Led by the current
theories of matter in ancient China. Department of Science and Technology of the
• One of the most regarded records is the country, continues to support the advancements
Charaka Samhita or one of the other of its role towards nation building.
Samhita, collections that could help you 3.1 – ANCIENT PHILIPPINES
memorize hundreds of named body parts.
• They studied anatomy and etiology, which The Heritage of the Ancient World: The three
causes different diseases. figures of foundation during the “sinaunang
• They focused on diseases for children, lipunan” of the country.
elderly diseases, mental illness, organ
diseases, surgery, poisons and antidotes, 1. Datu or Lakan
aphrodisiacs. ⎯ Known as the political leaders and
⎯ developed an understanding of protectors of the territory.
the five karmas or actions to ⎯ They are in charge to lead the
remove toxins. community.
• Ayurveda, the science of life, largely 2. Panday
concerns healthful living in general, ⎯ Known as experts in techne,
including how to prevent diseases and metallurgy, and agriculture.
influence hygiene and diet, almost similar
⎯ They are the architectons or the
to ancient Chinese medicine.
engineers of the ancient Filipino
civilization.
Generally, Asian intellectual revolution
has made a margin on the large contribution ⎯ They are the builders and the
of the ancient Asian civilization. The large blacksmiths of the community.
continent has contributed a lot in the field of ⎯ One of their major products are
science, technology, engineering, culture, arts, weapons for hunting and battles.
and religion. - One of which are the native
swords called Kampilan. ⎯ Related
Asian Intellectual revolution has to Indonesian word
revolutionized the world, by its inventions, rich “pande” or skillful hands.
culture and tradition, mathematical 3. Babaylans or Katalonans
contributions, and largely on oriental medicine, ⎯ They are shamans or spiritual
which until now, not even the modern western leaders of the ancient Filipino
medicine can explain its effectivity. civilization.
⎯ Most of them are women, but the
title is not exclusively gendered.

3 SCIENCE AND
- This is a proof that the
women in the ancient
Philippine society are
TECHNOLOGY IN THE specially regarded in their
roles.
PHILIPPINES ⎯ According to Zeus Salazar, a
Filipino historian and archaeologist:
- In the sinaunang lipunan,
3 .0 – SCIENCE AND TECH IN THE
the babaylans are the core
PHILIPPINES
in terms of culture, religion
and medicine, and
Science and Technology developments in the
maintains the flow of life.
Philippines began in the ancient times of the
 ⎯ Babaylans have 3 major roles. • The Ancient Filipinos have also practiced
1) They serve as the this techne, with the evidence of various
spiritual leaders. They uses whether it be cooking or even for
communicate with the burying.
ancient Filipino deities or • The art of burying in some of the areas
“Anitos” as liaisons for the in the Philippines involved
people. mummification. This practice was
2) They are the teachers. preserved until the arrival of the
They memorize the ancient Spaniards, and the caves of the
culture and literature and is containing mummies remained
responsible for knowledge untouched until the 19th century.
transfer to the • Manunggul Burial Jar and Maitum
next generations. Burial Jar are some of the numerous
3) The alchemists of the jars discovered in caves which were
ancient Philippine believed to
civilization. They are the be burial sites of the ancient Philippine
physicians that practices civilization.
healing techniques with the ⎯ Most of the Manunggul Burial Jars
use of plants by were found from the Tabon Cave
understanding the natural Complex in Lipuun Point, Quezon,
world. They are also Palawan.
responsible in ancient ⎯ These jars were excavated in March
astronomy and astrological 1964. The jar has a unique and
practice of the society. creative covering feature – a boat
⎯ The died during the Spanish of the dead – which can be related
conquistadors in the to ethnological and cultural link,
Philippines. these jars contain mummified
bodies.
The Babaylans practiced ⎯ This is an evidence that “the art of
natural philosophy (episteme) while useful science” plays a vital role in
the Panday practiced the art of the culture of the ancient Philippine
building or useful knowledge (techne). society.
Both are part of the three major figures in
the Philippine culture that embodies
The Panday were the Masters of Art and
characteristics of understanding on scientific
craftmanship, they practiced the techne of
knowledge. They are the evidence that the
creating pots and jars. They are also responsible
regard to science and technology in the ancient
in iron melting and regarded as the blacksmiths of
Filipino civilization is considerably high.
the community.
Philippines is not a political empire but a
The word “Panday” similar to the
social unit.
Indonesian word “Pande” means skillful hands,
• There were numerous, scattered,
this may also mean that they are builders in
thriving, relatively sufficient, and
Javanese. Usually the Pandays are men, but
autonomous community in the ancient
similar to babaylans, the title is not exclusively
Philippines, though not united by name,
gendered, though most women practice the craft
but united in culture and in practice.
of weaving.
• The relationship of Philippines with other
countries along Asia also influenced the
Panday are also responsible in the art in
prevailing culture and scientific practices
and science and agriculture, and both men and
in the country.
women, share the tasks of in farming.
Potteries
• The manufacture of potteries is one of
Ancient Philippine Engineering
the most known technological practice
that came from Asia.
 One of the engineering features of the It does not have one empire; it was formed
ancient Philippine society can be observed in the of autonomous villages called the barangays
Cordilleras, they built the rice terraces, not that scattered all over the archipelago.
exclusively the Banaue rice terraces, but the
sophistication in engineering and agriculture These were social units rather than a
can be seen in the entire region. political unit, a self-sufficient community. Each
community exhibited uneven technological and
The structure and art of farming of the scientific advancements depending on the
Filipinos allowed them to cultivate crops on the exposure and need of the community.
mountain side in spite being in a cold
temperature. they have sufficient understanding The communities settled along the coastal
of engineering and hydraulic engineering to areas which exposed them to trading and
control the rise and flow of water, through the crosscultural contacts, such as Mindoro, Cebu,
irrigation system, the water from the forests and Southern Mindanao, Sulu and even Manila,
mountains were used to water all the crops. showed evidences of sophistication as product
of trading.
Unlike other infrastructures in the ancient
world, the function or the “useful knowledge” Ancient Philippine
diminished all throughout the history, but the rice Writing
terraces, still serves its purpose up to date. The Laguna
copper plate
The art of farming and agricultural dated 900 AD on
engineering is still evident today, the rice display at the
terraces continue to serve its purpose as one of Nat’l Museum of the Philippines.
the major sources of food production and a The Philippines also has its own system of
portal to the rich ancient Philippine society. writing, called the baybayin which was richly used
by the ancient Philippine society as mode of
The Pandays are known builders, in the communication and writing documents. many
coastal regions of the country. they built boats colonizers, like the Spaniards, claimed that they
for sailing and trading called balangay. During brought education in the country. But, prior to their
the 10th century AD, this art of craftsmanship arrival, the Philippines already has its own system
became highly developed technology. of education.

These techne gave way to the ancient The language is a representation of

Philippine society to participate in trading; the culture and tradition, which allowed the Philippine
inhabitants of Butuan have a trading history with culture to flourish, not as an empire but as a social
the Kingdom of Champa (Vietnam), well the unit.
people of Ma-i (Mindoro) made trades with
China. According to Raul Navarro, a Filipino
linguist and artist, the songs of epic and culture of
There were evidences in the ancient the ancient Philippine society were written in
Chinese archives that the Philippines were the baybayin because the Spaniards cannot
involved in their trading. understand it during their colonization, they
burned to the ground many accounts of literature
The relationship of the two countries were and culture, some of these are oriental medicine
established further during the tenth to the books of the babaylans.
fifteenth century, the trading flourished further
and crossed from Song dynasty (960 – 1278 --
AD) until the Ming dynasty (1360 – 1640 AD). The Babaylans also serves as teachers
during the ancient times of the Philippines, they
The Philippines in the Ancient World are responsible in knowledge transferring of the
culture and tradition, as well as “theoretical
knowledge”.
 Parents are also responsible in educating
and training of their children Some of the
of “useful knowledge”. Filipino artifacts our
house in different
Education is accessible to both men and museums all over
women, providing an impression of mutual respect the world. one of
to both genders in the ancient history. which is the
Chicago museum
There are only few written documents that that houses more
depicts for culture, tradition, in status of science than 10,000 Filipino
and technology in the ancient Philippines, but artifacts. along with
through artifacts, excavated in archaeological many treasures of the world the
expeditions, there are proofs that Philippines had Granger hall of gems,
a certain level of sophistication. one of the galleries of the museum, is the
Golden Tara or the Agusan Gold Image – it is
The Ayala Museum a golden statue of a woman that depicts the
houses more than 1,000 gold sophistication of the Philippine society in the 13th
artifacts in their “Golden century.
Ancestors” gallery mostly
ranging from 22–24 karat gold Philippine Textile
artifacts.

There are figurines, belts, bowls, and other

gold artifacts; One of the most sophisticated gold
artifacts in the museum is the Golden Regalia, it
was made of detailed gold beads, gold threads,
• The clothes that we wear also represents
and gold cords.
the culture that we have.
Gold is one of the natural resources • The art of weaving is one of the most
of the Philippines. Written in the boxer codex, evident sophistication of Filipinos in terms
a manuscript written in 1590, about the of science and technology.
illustrations on the ethnic groups of Southeast • Textiles, being one of the necessities of
Asian countries, the Philippines is depicted as the people, also serves as a historical
people wearing a evidence.
piece or more of gold as a part of their • The oldest existing textile sample in the
daily wear. Philippines is a linen cloth found in a
wooden coffin in the island of Banton near
Showing that the Philippines has certain southern Luzon, along with ceramic
level of sophistication; men and women wear pieces dated in 14th century.
gold across the social strata. • Their cloth also exceeded sophistication in
the designs that includes geometrical
• Filipinos in the ancient world are aware patterns and color combinations.
of the techne in processing gold. • Also recorded as the earliest existing
• They collect gold minerals in rivers or specimen of a wrap tie-dye textile in the
ores then shapes it. Southeast Asian region.
• Some gold designs are observed to be • The Philippines has a very colorful tradition
in patterns of coconut shell for bowls, and culture which is depicted in different
“banig” patterns for belts, and seashell clothing patterns.
patterns for jewelry accessories. • Nature is the best architect, observing
• The ancient Filipino civilization knows the the patterns of textile across the country, it
techne of harnessing gold. can be observed that the nature, culture,
• The designs of these artifacts depict the tradition, and livelihoods are crafted in
culture and status of science and these textiles.
technology of the Philippines. • The colorful textiles can be seen in the
ancient Philippine society because they
 already possess understanding of ancient Filipinos that gives us an impression on
harnessing nature as a source of coloring, the sophisticated status of the country with the
for clothes they used it for dying the aid of science and technology.
textiles.
• The Philippines today has more than Though their use of science and technology
100 plant-based dye sources. cordillera is majorly driven by religious beliefs, these
is one of the richest parts of the country practices also exhibit scientific explanations, like
that maintained the culture of weaving the process of mummification, fermentation of
textiles. rice wines of the northern Philippines, and other
• Across the region, it can be observed that practices that involves rituals were results of
there are different prevailing patterns techne.
and colors indicating their culture,
some hold symbolisms that are still --
considerably sacred in until today.
• The ancient Philippine society gives The practice of science and technology of
importance to the connection of nature the ancient Philippines died out because of
and tradition by nurturing the tradition that the Spanish colonization that did not only
serves as identity of each social units. destroy the culture and tradition, but also
• The legacy of weaving textiles originated in deprived the Filipinos in harnessing and
from different ancestral tribes that was cultivating knowledge.
passed down until today.
• the Philippine Textile Research Institute Though the university of Santo Tomas was
(PTRI) under the Department of Science established in 1611, one of the oldest standing
and Technology is dedicated to university across Asia, the education was not
maintaining this industry and preserve open to the Filipino public. Until in 1863, by
culture. Weaving is an art and an important virtue of Education Decree, provided
part of the Philippine culture influenced by establishment of two free primary schools, one
techne and episteme. for boys and one for girls, for every town under
the responsibility of the municipal government.
Indigenous Art of Healing

The Babaylans practiced “It took hundreds of years before the Spaniards provided
scientific medical arts, they use hands on free education to the Filipinos, but it only took more than
healing art that involves plants, intuitions, and 20 years to spark a revolution.”
massage with rituals.

They scan the body to diagnose the areas of 3.2 – PATH OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
energy imbalance, just like other oriental
medicine practices of Asia and principles of ARTICLE READING 01
Ayurveda, they believe that the diseases are
caused of imbalance. The advancement of science and
technology of the Philippines increased
The art and science of healing in the ancient during the American occupation as they rise of
Philippines existed for more than thousands formal education arrived in the country.
of years. Each social unit has different
techniques of healing, they use the elements of In 1901, the Act No. 74 was
nature in the practice. promulgated by the Philippine Commission,
which acted as the executive and the legislative
The ancient Philippine society has a very body of the Philippines until 1907.
rich and colorful culture and tradition.
• The act paved the way to the creation of
The writing system, textile patterns, ancient
the Department of Public Instructions in
engineering, metal works, artifacts, and medical
the Philippines, providing the
arts, are some of the traditional practices of the
establishment of public schools that would
 give free primary education using English
language as mode of instruction. • They pioneered the research on
diseases like leprosy, tuberculosis,
Followed by the development of the cholera, dengue fever, malaria, and
Philippine Normal School, which is now the beriberi; and the results were readily
Philippine Normal University, to train Filipino available for the purpose of research
teachers by the Thomasites. advancements and for the Bureau of
Health.
In the same year, the Manila Trade School
was established, which is now known as the In 1906, the Bureau of Science published
Technological University of the Philippines, to the Philippine Journal of Science which
provide instructions for the Filipinos on useful served as the official publication of the bureau
trades. for reports and results of scientific
developments.
In 1904, the establishment of the Manila
Business School, which is now known as the The Bureau of Science and the Bureau of
Polytechnic University of the Philippines, in Health were not the only science and technology
order to address the growing business in related bureaus.
government and private services.
In order to foster further the advancement of
In 1908, by Act No. 1870, the University of science and technology, the Philippine
the Philippines was established to give Commission and the American colonial
advance instructions on philosophy, arts, and authorities developed different scientific
sciences. There were many public and private related bureaus:
academic institutions established during the
American occupation, paving the way for further a. Bureau of Mines (1900)
advancements. b. Bureau of Forestry (1900)
c. Weather Bureau (1901)
The Philippine Commission introduced the d. Bureau of Agriculture (1901)
study of science subjects and the e. Bureau of Geodetic Survey (1905)
industrialvocational education to the f. Bureau of Plant Industry (1927)
Philippine school systems, but because of the g. Bureau of Animal Industry (1927)
more than 300 years of colonization, the practice
of science and technology was a challenging There were many professional societies
paradigm shift. abroad that urged for the development of
National Medical Research Council and the
In 1905, the Bureau of Science was National Research Council, the process started
established, which served as the principal in 1927.
government research establishment. It had
biological laboratories, chemical laboratories, In 1933, the act for the creation of the
serum laboratory to produce vaccine virus, National Research Council of the Philippine
serums and prophylactics. Islands (NRCP) was passed by the Philippine
Commission – Legislative.
• Most of the senior scientists of the
bureau were initially Americans but In 1934, the NRCP actively participated on
eventually, Filipino scientists rose up the the deliberations and discussions in drafting
ranks and took over the position. the “commonwealth constitution”, which had
anything that will affect science and the technical
The Bureau of Science served as training industry.
ground for the Filipino Scientists, performing
biological and chemical examinations for the In 1935, the Philippine Commonwealth
Philippine General Hospital and the Bureau of inaugurated towards full political
Health, which became a springboard for the independence. Since the NRCP was part of the
development of serums and prophylactics. deliberations for the constitution, the science and
technology development were given importance
as stipulated in its Article XIII, sec. 14, “The state • The board is responsible for the
shall promote scientific research and development of policies pertaining to
invention, Arts and Letters shall be under its science and coordinating the work to
patronage…” science allied agencies.
• The Act also created the Philippine
The following year (1936), many private Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)
academic institutions were established, Centro and the National Institute of Science
Escolar University, Far Eastern University, and Technology (NIST) and placed
National University, etc. Together with the along the NRCP, under the NSDB.
previously established universities in the
American occupation and the reformed In 1960s, the role of National Science
universities established in the Spanish regime, Development Board (NSDB) expanded into
these academic institutions helped in training organizations and different functions; paved
scientists and engineers in the Philippines the way for the establishment of the:
before the World War II.
a. Philippine Inventors Commission (1964)
After the second world war, in 1946, the b. Philippine Coconut Research Institute
Philippines obtained its full liberty. In the same (1964), Philippine Textile Research
year, the number of academic institutions Institute (1967)
(colleges and universities) increased together with c. Forest Product Institute and Industries
the rise of government scientific agencies. Development Commission (1969).

In 1947, the Bureau of Science was While the National Research Council of
renamed and reorganized as the Institute of the Philippines (NRCP) also expanded and
Science, in the same year the Institute of Nutrition reorganized, forming the Metal Industry
was established. Research and Development Center (MIRDC),
as well as the development of the Philippine
In 1952, under the National Research Council Science High School (PSHS), and the
of the Philippines (NRCP), was the Philippine Council for Agriculture and
establishment of the Commission on Resources Research (PCARR).
Volcanology, for basic research on volcanology.
In 1967, science was necessary for the
In 1957, a report submitted to the President development programs, making the
pointed out that the advancement of science Department of Education responsible for
and technology in the Philippines started to revitalizing science subjects in public
deteriorate, and based on the analysis of the science high schools. The Department of
causes of the decline were: Education together with the National Science
Development Board (NSDB) organized a
a. Lack of government support. project to develop selected high schools
b. Scarcity of scientists which were highly with science teaching experiments over four
trained and skilled. years which paved for Philippine Science
c. Low morale of scientists. High School (PSHS).
d. Lack of public awareness of science.
In 1968, technology was regarded as a
• This report became a springboard for leading factor in the economic development,
recommendations towards long range hence additional funds were channeled to new
development of science in the science and science education. Programs and
country. trainings were provided to science teachers in
both public and private schools, whether high
In 1958, the Congress promulgated and school and college teachers, these trainings
enacted the Science Act, R.A. 2067 of 1958, were taken place in order to support the
this act created the National Science advancement of the science and technology, the
Development Board (NSDB). program also awarded scholarship grants.
 Department of Agriculture, Department of
In 1972, by virtue of the Presidential Decree Trade and Industry, Department of
No. 49, s. 1972, this decree paved a way for the Transportation and Communication, and
development of another science agency, the other academic institutions involved in
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and science and technology.
Astronomical Services (PAGASA) under the
Department of National Defense, the function of The Science and Technology Agenda for
the agency was to provide environmental National Development (STAND) prioritizes:
protections and to utilize scientific knowledge
to assure the safety of the country. a. Exporting the winning products identified
by the DTI.
In 1976, the National Academy of Science b. Domestic needs identification by the
and Technology was established, the academy Presidential Council for Countryside
is composed of scientists with innovative Development.
achievements in both pure and applied sciences c. Support Industries.
to serve as scientific and technological experts of d. Coconut industry etc.
the country.
During this period, several science and
In 1982, the National Science Development technology related laws were enacted, among
Board (NSDB) further reorganized into a the following were:
National Science and Technology Authority
(NSTA) composed of four research agencies a. R.A. No. 8439 – Magna Carta for
and development councils: Science and Technology Personnel
b. R.A. No. 7687 – Science and
a. Philippine Council of Agriculture and Technology
Resources Research and Development Scholarship Law of 1004
b. Philippine Council for Industry and Energy c. R.A. No. 7459 – Inventors and
Research Development Inventions
c. Philippine Council for Health Research and Incentive Act
Development d. R.A. No. 8293 – Intellectual Property
d. National Research Council Code
of the of the Philippines
Philippines
In 1999 the R.A. No. 8749, The Philippine
• The NSTA has eight research Clean Air Act was enacted, designed to
development institutes and supports protect and preserve the environment, as well
the agencies under it, these were the as to ensure the sustainability and
former organic and attached agencies of development of natural resources.
NSDB which were reorganized.
In 2004, R.A. No. 9275, The Philippine Clean
In 1993 to 1998, a five-year development plan Water Act was enacted, it aims to protect the
of the administration under the Department of bodies of water of the country from any
Science and Technology initiated a Science and possible pollution from the land-based
Technology Agenda for National Development sources, such as industries, commercial
(STAND). establishments, etc

• A presidential task force was formed, it There were many laws and policies
was tasked to formulate a science and enacted across different political bodies, among
technology program that would support the the following are:
national development goal of attaining the
New Industrialized Country (NIC) as the a. R.A. No. 9367 – Biofuels Act of 2006,
21st century approaches. this is an Act to direct the use of
• The task force was composed of the Biofuels, establishing for the purpose
Department of Science and Technology,
 of biofuel programs, and appropriate h. Forest Products Research and
funding. Development Institute (FPRDI)
b. R.A. No. 9513 – Renewable Act of i. Advanced Science and
2008, this act aims to accelerate the Technology
development of the country’s Institute (ASTI)
renewable energy resources. j. Industrial Technology Development
c. R.A. No. 10612 – An Act expanding Institute (ITDI)
the coverage of Science and k. Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and
Technology Astronomical Services Administration
Scholarship Program and (PAGASA)
Strengthening the Teaching of Science l. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
and Mathematics in the Secondary Seismology (PHIVOLCS)
Schools and for further purpose. m. Science Education Institute
d. R.A. No. 10844 – An Act Creating the n. Science and Technology
Department of Information and Information
Communication Technology (DICT), Institute Advisory Bodies
which was enacted as a law in 2016. o. National Academy of
Science and
There were numerous acts enacted for the Technology (NAST)
advancement of science and technology in the p. National Research Council
country. There were also major science and of the
technology development plans, among the Philippines (NRCP)
following were:
These agencies work together towards
a. Science and Technology Master Plan the advancement of the Philippines in
(STMP) Science and Technology. The development of
b. Science and Technology Agenda for science and technology of the Philippines was
National Development (STAND) of up and down for more than a century of liberty
1993-998 from Spanish colonization.
c. National Science and Technology Plan
(NSTP) of 2002-2020 ARTICLE READING 02

Today, the agency that is responsible The advancement of science and

for the advancement of science and technology in the Philippines continues towards
technology is the Department of Science and new age. It is evident in all initiatives of different
Technology, the agency has attached agencies agencies. Filipino scientists and inventors in the
which are: Philippines and abroad also create a name in
the advancement of science. Whether it be in
Sectoral Planning: science education, space agency, and many
a. Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and more.
Emerging Technology Research and
Development (PCIEERD) In 2012, the K-12 curriculum was
b. Philippine Council for Health Research and implemented by virtue of R.A. 10533, or the
Development (PCHRD)Service Institutes Enhanced Basic Education Curriculum, this is
c. Philippine Nuclear Research Institute a curriculum change.
(PNRI)
d. Technology Application and Promotion • In the context of science education, the
Institute (TAPI) discipline-based subjects are now
e. Food and Nutrition Research Institute transformed into an interdisciplinary
(FNRI) science curriculum, called the
f. Philippine Textile Research Institute “Integrated Science”.
(PTRI) • The program, “Integrated Science” is a
g. Metals Industry Research and new approach in science education, it
Development Center (MIRDC)
 is more holistic than compartmentalized
discipline-based science education.
“This landmark bill will pave the way for the Philippines to
• The science education curriculum of the join other nations which have their own space
K12 program still needs to be innovated agencies.
in order to address problems in We are no longer bystanders when it comes to [space]
technology. We can now do things. What we have done
education.
mostly were in the areas of space research and
development, and space industry capacity building,”
In 2018, the higher education institutions of -Sec. Fortunato Dela Peña
the Philippines also had a curriculum change
to adopt in the changes of the basic
education, and courses also innovated.

In 2018, the Department of Science and

Technology initiated an initiative to establish
the Philippine Space Agency, this aims to
improve and innovate the space science of the
Philippines.

In 2019, it was enacted by the congress

under the Republic Act of 11363 – An Act
Establishing the Philippine Space Development
and Utilization Policy and Creating the Philippine
Space Agency, and for Other Purposes.

Sec. Fortunato dela Peña, the secretary

of DOST, talked about the exciting space science
and technology applications that is being
developed and housed in DOST.

• he also said that the agency invested a

total of Php. 7.48 billion on the space
related research and development.
• 15 space-related programs and projects
implemented by different universities and
agencies across the country.
• Three Filipino made satellites that are
currently operational, the Diwata 1 & 2,
Maya-1.
• 25 space research and development
facilities operating nationwide.

The Philippine Space Agency shall become

the main government agency to take up
activities and issues related to space science,
space technology and its applications. This will
include the crafting and the development of space
policies, space-related research, and the related
development programs.

The agency shall also be the official

representatives of the country in international
conventions, meetings, events, and
agreements pertaining to space science and
technology.