FEE321 – E.C.

T IIA – Oct 2020

Lecture 5: Singularity functions

(2 hrs)
Lecturer: Prof H A Ouma

30/10/2020
 Overview
Today’s class continues on singularity functions
• Unit step, 𝑢(𝑡) – continued from last lesson
• Rectangular pulse, 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡(𝑡)
• Triangular pulse, 𝑡𝑟𝑖(𝑡)
• Unit impulse, 𝛿(𝑡)
• Unit ramp, 𝑟(𝑡)
– Variants
– Waveform Representations
• Mathematical to graphical
• Graphical to mathematical

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 Unit step function[12]
Suggest the mathematical expression for 𝑥1 (𝑡)
𝑥1 (𝑡)

112

1
2

−1.5 0 2 𝑡

• 𝑥1 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑡 + 1.5 − 𝑢 𝑡 − 2
• 𝑥1 𝑡 = 𝑢 2 − 𝑡 − 𝑢(−1.5 − 𝑡)
• 𝑥1 𝑡 = 𝑢(𝑡 + 1.5) × 𝑢(2 − 𝑡)

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 Unit step function[13]
Suggest the mathematical expression for 𝑥2 (𝑡)
𝑥2 (𝑡)

−1 0 1 𝑡

• 𝑥2 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑡 + 1 + 𝑢 𝑡 − 2𝑢(𝑡 − 1)
• 𝑥2 𝑡 = 2𝑢 1 − 𝑡 − 𝑢 −𝑡 − 𝑢(−1 − 𝑡)

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 Unit step function[14]
Suggest the mathematical expression for 𝑥3 (𝑡)
𝑥3 (𝑡)

−1 0 1 3 𝑡
2 2
−1

• 𝑥3 𝑡 = −𝑢 𝑡 + 1 + 2𝑢 𝑡 − 12 − 𝑢(𝑡 − 32)
3
• 𝑥3 𝑡 = 𝑢 2
− 𝑡 − 2𝑢 1
2
− 𝑡 + 𝑢(−1 − 𝑡)

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 Unit step function[15]
• The (unit) step function is useful for modeling
the switching on or off of sources in circuits
• 𝑢 𝑡 + 𝑢 𝑡 = 2𝑢 𝑡
• 𝑢 𝑡 × 𝑢 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑡 , and in fact 𝑢𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑡

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 𝑢(𝑡)

0
𝑡

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 Unit step function[15]
• The (unit) step function is useful for modeling
the switching on or off of sources in circuits
• 𝑢 𝑡 + 𝑢 𝑡 = 2𝑢 𝑡
• 𝑢 𝑡 × 𝑢 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑡 , and in fact 𝑢𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑡
• If 𝑎 < 𝑏 then 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑎 × 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑏 = 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑏)

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 𝑢(𝑡)

𝑎 𝑏 𝑡

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 Unit step function[15]
• The (unit) step function is useful for modeling
the switching on or off of sources in circuits
• 𝑢 𝑡 + 𝑢 𝑡 = 2𝑢 𝑡
• 𝑢 𝑡 × 𝑢 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑡 , and in fact 𝑢𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑡
• If 𝑎 < 𝑏 then 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑎 × 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑏 = 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑏)
• Differentiating 𝑢 𝑡 gives
𝑑𝑢(𝑡) 0 𝑡<0
= 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡
0 𝑡>0
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 𝑢(𝑡)

0
𝑡

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 Unit step function[15]
• The (unit) step function is useful for modeling the switching
on or off of sources in circuits
• 𝑢 𝑡 + 𝑢 𝑡 = 2𝑢 𝑡
• 𝑢 𝑡 × 𝑢 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑡 , and in fact 𝑢𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑡
• If 𝑎 < 𝑏 then 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑎 × 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑏 = 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑏)
• Differentiating 𝑢 𝑡 gives
𝑑𝑢(𝑡) 0 𝑡<0
= 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡
0 𝑡>0

• Since differentiation determines the slope of the function,

note that for 𝑢(𝑡) the slope at 𝑡 = 0 would be infinite
𝑡 𝑡
• Integrating −∞
𝑢 𝑡′ 𝑑𝑡 ′ = 0
𝑢 𝑡 ′ 𝑑𝑡 ′ = 𝑡
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 𝑢(𝑡)

0
𝑡𝑜 𝑡

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 Unit step function[15]
• The (unit) step function is useful for modeling the switching on or
off of sources in circuits
• 𝑢 𝑡 + 𝑢 𝑡 = 2𝑢 𝑡
• 𝑢 𝑡 × 𝑢 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑡 , and in fact 𝑢𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑡
• If 𝑎 < 𝑏 then 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑎 × 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑏 = 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝑏)
• Differentiating 𝑢 𝑡 gives
𝑑𝑢(𝑡) 0 𝑡<0
= 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑡 = 0
𝑑𝑡
0 𝑡>0

• Since differentiation determines the slope of the function, note

that for 𝑢(𝑡) the slope at 𝑡 = 0 would be infinite
𝑡 𝑡
• Integrating −∞
𝑢 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑢 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡
𝑡 𝑡
• Also −∞
𝑢 𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

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 Overview
Today’s class continues on singularity functions
• Unit step, 𝑢(𝑡) – continued from last lesson
• Rectangular pulse, 𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕(𝒕)
• Triangular pulse, 𝑡𝑟𝑖(𝑡)
• Unit impulse, 𝛿(𝑡)
• Unit ramp, 𝑟(𝑡)
– Variants
– Waveform Representations
• Mathematical to graphical
• Graphical to mathematical

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 Rectangular pulse[1]
• Mathematical definition
1 1
1 − < 𝑡< +
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡 = 2 2
0 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒
• Graphical representation
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡(𝑡)

1
−2 0 1 𝑡
2

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 Rectangular pulse[2]
• General rectangular function mathematical
definition
𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 𝐴 𝑡𝑜 − 2𝜏 < 𝑡 < 𝑡𝑜 + 2𝜏
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 =
𝜏 0 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒
• Graphical representation
𝑥(𝑡)

𝑡𝑜 − 2𝜏 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑜 + 2𝜏 𝑡

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 Rectangular pulse[3]
• Thus for the general rectangular function
𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 𝐴 𝑡𝑜 − 2𝜏 < 𝑡 < 𝑡𝑜 + 2𝜏
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 =
𝜏 0 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒

𝐴 𝜏

𝑡𝑜 − 2𝜏 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑜 + 2𝜏 𝑡
– 𝐴 is the height of the pulse
– 𝜏 is the width of the pulse
– 𝑡𝑜 is the mid-point of the pulse on the time axis
• Also when argument
– is zero we have the time mid-point of the pulse
1
– is − 2 we have the transition from zero
1
– is 2
we have the transition to zero

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 Rectangular pulse[4]
• Mathematical definition of sample variant
1 1
3 1 <𝑡 <2
𝑥 𝑡 = 3𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡 − 2 = 2 2
0 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒
• Graphical representation
𝑥(𝑡)

0 1
12 2 1
22 𝑡

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 Rectangular pulse[5]
• Mathematical definition of sample variant
1 1 2 1 𝑡+2
𝑥 𝑡 = 2
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 3
𝑡 + 3
= 2
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 3
• Graphical representation

𝑥(𝑡)

1
2

−312 −2 −12 0 𝑡

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 Rectangular pulse[6]
• Mathematical definition of sample variant
1 1 𝑡+2
𝑥 𝑡 = 2
rect(2𝑡 + 4) = 2
rect 1
2
• Graphical representation
𝑥(𝑡)

1
2

−214 −2 −134 0 𝑡

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 Rectangular pulse[7]
• Mathematical definition of sample variant
1−𝑡
𝑥 𝑡 = 5𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 1 − 𝑡 = 5𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
1
• Graphical representation
𝑥(𝑡)

0
1
2
1 112 𝑡
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 Rectangular pulse[8]
• Mathematical definition of sample variant
1
2
− 𝑡
𝑥 𝑡 = 2𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 1 − 2𝑡 = 2𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 1
2
• Graphical representation
𝑥(𝑡)

1 1 3 𝑡
0 4 2 4

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 Rectangular pulse[9]
• Mathematical definition of sample variant
−𝑡 − 12
𝑥 𝑡 = −2𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 −2𝑡 − 1 = −2𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 1
2
• Graphical representation
𝑥(𝑡)
3 1 1
−4 −2 −4 0
𝑡

−2

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 Rectangular pulse[10]
Suggest a mathematical expression for 𝑥1 (𝑡) in terms of the rect()
function 𝑥1 (𝑡)

112

1
2

−1.5 0 2 𝑡
𝑡−0.25
• 𝑥1 𝑡 = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 27𝑡 − 14
1
3.5
0.25−𝑡
• 𝑥1 𝑡 = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 1
14
− 27𝑡
3.5

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 Rectangular pulse[11]
Suggest a mathematical expression for 𝑥2 (𝑡) in terms
of the rect() function
𝑥2 (𝑡)

0 2 8 𝑡
𝑡−5
• 𝑥2 𝑡 = 2𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 2𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 16𝑡 − 56
6
5−𝑡
• 𝑥2 𝑡 = 2𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 = 2𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 5
6
− 16𝑡
6

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 Rectangular pulse[12]
Suggest the mathematical expression for 𝑥3 (𝑡)
𝑥3 (𝑡)

−1 0 1 𝑡
• 𝑥3 𝑡 = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡 + 12 + 2𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡 − 12
• 𝑥3 𝑡 = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 −𝑡 − 12 + 2𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 −𝑡 + 12
• Not very accurate due to the undefined point of intersection 𝑡 = 0?

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 Rectangular pulse[13]
Suggest the mathematical expression for 𝑥4 (𝑡)
𝑥4 (𝑡)

−1 0 1 3 𝑡
2 2
−1
1
𝑡+
• 𝑥3 𝑡 = −𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 3
4
+ 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡 − 1 = −𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 23𝑡 + 16 + 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡 − 1
2

• 𝑥3 𝑡 = −𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 −
2
𝑡 − 16 + 2𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 −𝑡 + 1
3
1
• Not very accurate due to the undefined point of intersection 𝑡 = ?
2

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 Rectangular pulse[14]
• The rectangular pulse function is useful for modeling the switching on and off of
sources in circuits
• 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡 + 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡 = 2𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡
• 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡 × 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡 , and in fact 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡
• Function is even, 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡(−𝑡)
• 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡 = 𝑢 𝑡 + 12 − 𝑢 𝑡 − 12
• Differentiating 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡 gives
𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡(𝑡) 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑡 = ±12
=
𝑑𝑡 0 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒
• Since differentiation determines the slope of the function, note that for 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡(𝑡)
1
the slope at 𝑡 = ± 2 would be ∓∞
1 𝑡 > 12
𝑡
• Integrating −∞ 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡 ′ 𝑑𝑡 ′ = 𝑡 + 12 − 12 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 12
0 𝑡 < −12
1
𝑡
• Also −∞
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡 ′ 𝑓(𝑡 ′ )𝑑𝑡 ′ = 2
1 𝑓(𝑡 ′ )𝑑𝑡 ′
−2

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 Content
Today’s class continues on singularity functions
• Unit step, 𝑢(𝑡) – continued from last lesson
• Rectangular pulse, 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡(𝑡)
• Triangular pulse, 𝒕𝒓𝒊(𝒕)
• Unit impulse, 𝛿(𝑡)
• Unit ramp, 𝑟(𝑡)
– Variants
– Waveform Representations
• Mathematical to graphical
• Graphical to mathematical

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 Triangular pulse[1]
• Mathematical definition
1
1 + 2𝑡 − ≤
2
𝑡≤0
𝑡𝑟𝑖 𝑡 = 1 − 2𝑡 0 < 𝑡 ≤ +12
0 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒
• Graphical representation
𝑡𝑟𝑖(𝑡)

1
−2 0 1 𝑡
2
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 Triangular pulse[2]
• General triangular pulse function mathematical
definition
1 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜
𝐴 1 + 2𝑡 −2≤ ≤0
𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 𝜏
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝑡𝑟𝑖 = 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜
𝜏 𝐴 1 − 2𝑡 0< ≤ +12
𝜏
0 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒
• Graphical representation 𝑥(𝑡)

𝜏
𝑡𝑜 − 2𝜏 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑜 + 2𝜏 𝑡
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 Triangular pulse[3]
• Thus for the general triangular pulse function
𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝑡𝑟𝑖
𝜏

𝐴
𝜏
𝑡𝑜 − 2𝜏 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑜 + 2𝜏 𝑡
– 𝐴 is the height of the pulse
– 𝜏 is the width of the pulse
– 𝑡𝑜 is the mid-point of the pulse on the time axis
• Also when argument
– is zero we have the time mid-point of the pulse
1
– is − 2 we have the transition from zero
1
– is 2
we have the transition to zero

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 Triangular pulse[4]
• Mathematical definition of sample variant
𝑥 𝑡 = 3𝑡𝑟𝑖 𝑡 − 2
• Graphical representation

𝑥(𝑡)

0 1
12 2 1
22 𝑡

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 Triangular pulse[5]
• Mathematical definition of sample variant
1 1 2 1 𝑡+2
𝑥 𝑡 = 2
𝑡𝑟𝑖 3
𝑡 + 3
= 2
𝑡𝑟𝑖 3
• Graphical representation

𝑥(𝑡)

1
2

−312 −2 −12 0 𝑡

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 Triangular pulse[6]
• Mathematical definition of sample variant
𝑥 𝑡 = 12𝑡𝑟𝑖(2𝑡 + 4) = 12𝑡𝑟𝑖 𝑡+2
1
2
• Graphical representation
𝑥(𝑡)

1
2

−214 −2 −134 0 𝑡

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 Triangular pulse[7]
• Mathematical definition of sample variant
1−𝑡
𝑥 𝑡 = 5𝑡𝑟𝑖 1 − 𝑡 = 5𝑡𝑟𝑖
1
• Graphical representation
𝑥(𝑡)

0
1
2
1 112 𝑡
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 Triangular pulse[8]
• Mathematical definition of sample variant
1
2
− 𝑡
𝑥 𝑡 = 2𝑡𝑟𝑖 1 − 2𝑡 = 2𝑡𝑟𝑖 1
2
• Graphical representation
𝑥(𝑡)

1 1 3 𝑡
0 4 2 4

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 Triangular pulse[9]
• Mathematical definition of sample variant
−𝑡 − 12
𝑥 𝑡 = −2𝑡𝑟𝑖 −2𝑡 − 1 = −2𝑡𝑟𝑖 1
2
• Graphical representation
𝑥(𝑡)
3 1 1
−4 −2 −4 0
𝑡

−2

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 Triangular pulse[10]
Suggest a mathematical expression for 𝑥1 (𝑡) in terms of the tri()
function 𝑥1 (𝑡)

−1.5 0 2 𝑡
𝑡−0.25
• 𝑥1 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑟𝑖 = 𝑡𝑟𝑖 27𝑡 − 14
1
3.5
0.25−𝑡
• 𝑥1 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑟𝑖 = 𝑡𝑟𝑖 1
14
− 27𝑡
3.5

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 Triangular pulse[11]
Suggest a mathematical expression for 𝑥2 (𝑡) in terms
of the tri() function
𝑥2 (𝑡)

0 2 8 𝑡
𝑡−5
• 𝑥2 𝑡 = 2𝑡𝑟𝑖 = 2𝑡𝑟𝑖 16𝑡 − 56
6
5−𝑡
• 𝑥2 𝑡 = 2𝑡𝑟𝑖 = 2𝑡𝑟𝑖 5
6
− 16𝑡
6

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 Triangular pulse[14]
• The triangular pulse function is often encountered as the generating
function of the triangular wave in sources for circuits
• 𝑡𝑟𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑡𝑟𝑖 𝑡 = 2𝑡𝑟𝑖(𝑡)
• 𝑡𝑟𝑖 𝑡 × 𝑡𝑟𝑖 𝑡 ≠ 𝑡𝑟𝑖 𝑡
• Function is even, 𝑡𝑟𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑟𝑖(−𝑡)
• Differentiating 𝑡𝑟𝑖 𝑡 gives
1 1
𝑡+4 𝑡−4
2𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 1 − 2𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 1 = 2𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 2𝑡 + 12 − 2𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 2𝑡 − 12
2 2

0 𝑡 < −12
1 1
𝑡+ 1 + 2𝑡 − 12 ≤ 𝑡 < 0
• Integrating: 𝑡
−∞
𝑡𝑟𝑖 𝑡 ′ 𝑑𝑡 ′ =
2
1 1 1
2

− −𝑡 1 − 2𝑡 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 12
2 2 2
1
𝑡 > 12
2

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 Content
Today’s class continues on singularity functions
• Unit step, 𝑢(𝑡) – continued from last lesson
• Rectangular pulse, 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡(𝑡)
• Triangular pulse, 𝑡𝑟𝑖(𝑡)
• Unit impulse, 𝜹(𝒕)
• Unit ramp, 𝑟(𝑡)
– Variants
– Waveform Representations
• Mathematical to graphical
• Graphical to mathematical

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 Unit impulse[1]
• Mathematical definition
𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑡=0
𝛿 𝑡 =
0 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒
• Graphical representation 𝛿(𝑡)
1

0 𝑡
• Note that 1 is not the amplitude of the function,
but its weight

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 Unit impulse[2]
• General impulse function mathematical definition
𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑡 = 𝑡𝑜
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 =
0 𝑒𝑙𝑠𝑒
• Graphical representation 𝑥(𝑡)
𝐴

𝑡𝑜 𝑡
• The weight is the result of integration of the given impulse
function over a range containing the impulse
• When several impulse functions are on the same graph
their heights would be made relative to their weights to
illustrate the difference in weight

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 Unit impulse[3]
• Unit impulse function is also known as the dirac delta
function
• Some properties of 𝛿(𝑡):
1. Zero everywhere, apart from at time zero where its value is
undefined
2. Integral yields a 1 when included in the interval of
∞
integration −∞ 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑡 = 1
3. 𝑓 𝑡 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 = 𝑓 𝑡𝑜 𝛿 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜
∞
4. −∞ 𝑓(𝑡)𝛿 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑡𝑜 )
∞
5. 𝑓(𝑡
− 𝑡𝑜 )𝛿 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(−𝑡𝑜 )
−∞
6. 𝛿 𝑡 = 𝛿 −𝑡
∞
7. 𝑢 𝑡 = −∞ 𝛿 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑 𝑢(𝑡)
8. 𝑑𝑡
= 𝛿(𝑡)
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 Unit impulse[4]
• Unit impulse function can be visualized from earlier functions
• From Rectangular pulse: 1
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑡
1 𝑡 𝜏 𝜏
𝛿 𝑡 = lim 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 1
𝜏→0 𝜏 𝜏 𝜏

2 𝑡
𝜏 0 𝜏 𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑖
• From Triangular pulse: −2
2 𝜏 𝜏
2 𝑡 2
𝛿 𝑡 = lim 𝑡𝑟𝑖 𝜏
𝜏→0 𝜏 𝜏

𝜏 𝜏
−2 0 2 𝑡
• δ 𝑡 is used in sampling theory and also in frequency domain representation
of signals
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 Content
Today’s class continues on singularity functions
• Unit step, 𝑢(𝑡) – continued from last lesson
• Rectangular pulse, 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡(𝑡)
• Triangular pulse, 𝑡𝑟𝑖(𝑡)
• Unit impulse, 𝛿(𝑡)
• Unit ramp, 𝒓(𝒕)
– Variants
– Waveform Representations
• Mathematical to graphical
• Graphical to mathematical

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 Unit ramp[1]
• Mathematical definition
0 𝑡≤0
𝑟 𝑡 =
𝑡 𝑡≥0
• Graphical representation
𝑟(𝑡)

0 𝑥 𝑡

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 Unit ramp[2]
• General ramp function mathematical definition
0 𝑡 ≤ 𝑡𝑜
𝑥 𝑡 = 𝐴 ∙ 𝑟 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 =
𝐴 𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 𝑡 ≥ 𝑡𝑜
• Graphical representation
𝑥(𝑡)

0 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑜 + 1 𝑡

• The ‘magnitude’ represents the slope of the ramp

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 Unit ramp[3]
• Mathematical definition of sample variant
0 𝑡≥2
𝑥 𝑡 = 2𝑟 2 − 𝑡 =
2 2−𝑡 𝑡≤2
• Graphical representation
𝑥(𝑡)

−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 𝑡
−1

−2

−3

−4

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 Unit ramp[4]
• Mathematical definition of sample variant
𝑥 𝑡 =2𝑟 𝑡−1
• Graphical representation
𝑥(𝑡)

0 1 2 𝑡

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 Unit ramp[5]
• Mathematical definition of sample variant
𝑥 𝑡 = −𝑟 𝑡 − 1
• Graphical representation

𝑥(𝑡)

0
1 2 3 𝑡
−1

−2

−3

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 Unit ramp[6]
• Mathematical combination of ramps
𝑥 𝑡 = 2 𝑟 𝑡 − 1 − 𝑟(𝑡)
• Graphical representation
𝑥(𝑡)

0
1 2 𝑡
−1

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 Unit ramp[7]
• Obtain the mathematical expression of the combination of
ramps for 𝑥(𝑡) 𝑥(𝑡)
2

1
2

−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 𝑡

−1

5 3 1 1
𝑥 (𝑡) = −𝑟(𝑡 + 2) +2𝑟(𝑡 + 1)− 2 𝑟(𝑡 − 2)+ 𝑟(𝑡 − 3) − 𝑟(𝑡 − 4) 2 𝑟(𝑡 − 5)
+
2 2

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 Summary
Today’s class completed coverage of the singularity
functions
• Unit step, 𝑢(𝑡) – continued from last lesson
• Rectangular pulse, 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡(𝑡)
• Triangular pulse, 𝑡𝑟𝑖(𝑡)
• Unit impulse, 𝛿(𝑡)
• Unit ramp, 𝑟(𝑡)
– Variants
– Waveform Representations
• Mathematical to graphical
• Graphical to mathematical

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 QUESTIONS?

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