LESSON 2

ENGLISH 10
TEACHER JEN PARTOS
 LESSON OBJECTIVES

Determine the effect of textual aids like advance

organizers, titles, non-linear illustrations, etc. on the
understanding of a text.

identify the different forms of textual aids.

Define textual aids & determine the effects of textual aids

on the understanding of the text.
PRE ASSESSMENT
 CHOOSE BETWEEN ...

NON
LINEAR
OR LINEAR
TEXT
TEXT
 ANSWER

NON
LINEAR
LINEAR
TEXT
TEXT
FLOWCHART
 ANSWER

NON
LINEAR
LINEAR
TEXT
TEXT
 CHOOSE BETWEEN ...

NON
LINEAR
OR LINEAR
TEXT
TEXT
GRAPHS
 ANSWER

NON
LINEAR
LINEAR
TEXT
TEXT
 ANSWER

NON
LINEAR
LINEAR
TEXT
TEXT
 ANSWER

NON
LINEAR
LINEAR
TEXT
TEXT
DIFFERENT FORMS
OF TEXTUAL AIDS
What is Linear Text?
 LINEAR TEXT

Linear text refers to traditional text that

needs to be read from beginning to the end
to be fully understood. This type of text has
an order or sequence.
 LINEAR TEXT

In a linear, written text, the reader makes sense

of the text according to the arrangement of the
words, both grammatically and syntactically. In
such a reading path, there is a sequential time
to the text. Here are some examples of linear
texts.
 LINEAR TEXT

Examples are novels, poems, short stories,

letters, educational texts, and all those texts
we read from the beginning to the end.
Examples of Linear
Text?
 1. Novels

– It is an invented prose narrative that is usually long and

complex and deals especially with human experience through
a usually connected sequence of events.

Examples: Lord of the Rings, Ulysses, Harry Potter, The Odyssey

 2. Poems

– It is a composition in verse.

Examples Annabel Lee, Oh Captain! My Captain!, I Wandered

Lonely as a Cloud, All Things Bright and Beautiful
 3. Short Stories

– An invented prose narrative shorter than a novel usually

dealing with a few characters and aiming at unity of effect
and often concentrating on the creation of mood rather than
plot.

Ex. The Necklace, The Lottery, Rip Van Winkle, The Scarlet
4. Educational texts

a. Essay – An analytic or interpretative literary composition

usually dealing with its subject from a limited or personal
point of view

b. Articles – a nonfictional prose composition usually forming

an independent part of a publication.
4. Educational texts

c. Researches – the collecting of information about a

particular subject.

d. Letters - It is a direct or personal written or printed

message addressed to a person or organization.
What is Non-linear
Text?
 NON LINEAR TEXT

- is non-sequential which means that the

readers do not have to go through the text in
a sequential manner in order to make sense
of the text.
NON LINEAR TEXT

Examples of non-linear text

include flowcharts, charts, and graphs (ex: pie chart,

bar graphs), graphical organizers such as knowledge
maps and story maps. In fact, any text that is not read
from beginning to the end falls into the category of
nonlinear text.
NON LINEAR TEXT

As a reader transcoding linear to non-linear text will help

you gain better understanding and recall, and easier
access to information if you need to review. This is
particularly useful if you are preparing for an
examination.
NON LINEAR TEXT

On the other hand, you will need to transcode non-linear

to linear texts especially if you are writing a magazine
article, scientific or academic paper which often use both
text types.
Here is an example of transcoding
information through
linear and non-linear text.
PRACTICE ACTIVITY:
Transcoding Information

Directions: Transcode
the given linear text to
non-linear text by filling
in the chart.
PRACTICE ACTIVITY:
Transcoding Information

Directions: Transcode the given linear text to non-linear

text by filling in the chart below.

What is Cyberbullying? Technology means that bullying is no

longer limited to schoolyards or street corners. Cyberbullying
can occur anywhere, even at home, via smartphones, emails,
texts, and social media, 24 hours a day, with potentially
hundreds of people involved.
PRACTICE ACTIVITY:
Transcoding Information

Cyberbullies use digital technology to harass, threaten, or

humiliate you. Unlike traditional bullying, cyberbullying doesn‘t
require face-to-face contact and isn‘t limited to just a handful of
witnesses at a time. It also doesn‘t require physical power or
strength in numbers. Cyberbullies come in all shapes and sizes—
almost anyone with an Internet connection or mobile phone can
cyberbully someone else, often without having to reveal their
true identity.
PRACTICE ACTIVITY:
Transcoding Information

Cyberbullies can torment you 24 hours a day, seven days a

week, and the bullying can follow you anywhere so that no place,
not even home, ever feels safe. And with a few clicks the
humiliation can be witnessed by hundreds or even thousands of
people online.
PRACTICE ACTIVITY:
Transcoding Information

The methods kids and teens use to cyberbully can be as varied

and imaginative as the technology they have access to. They
might range from sending threatening or taunting messages via
email, text, social media, or IM, to breaking into your email
account or stealing your online identity to hurt and humiliate
you. Some cyberbullies may even create a website or social
media page to target you.
PRACTICE ACTIVITY:
Transcoding Information

As with face-to-face bullying, both boys and girls cyberbully, but

tend to do so in different ways. Boys tend to bully by ―sexting‖
(sending messages of a sexual nature) or with messages that
threaten physical harm. Girls,on the other hand, more commonly
cyberbully by spreading lies and rumors, exposing your secrets,
or by excluding you from social media groups, emails, buddy
lists and the like. Because cyberbullying is so easy to perpetrate,
a child or teen can easily change roles, going from cyberbullying
victim at one point to cyberbully the next, and then back again.
TEXTUAL AIDS
 TEXTUAL AIDS

also called text features are visual elements on a page such

as titles, bold or italic prints, charts, diagrams, maps and
tables, written texts, prints and some other way of writing for
an important word to stand out from the other.
 TEXTUAL AIDS

Text features in the form of pictures, illustrations or graphs

give the reader additional information to support what is
found in the text
 TEXTUAL AIDS

These are the forms/examples of Textual Aids:

01 02 2.1 2.2 2.3

1. Title gives 2. A 2.1. A 2.2. Venn 2.3. Cause

the gist of graphic flowchart diagram & Effect
the story organizer Diagram
 TEXTUAL AIDS

These are the forms/examples of Textual Aids:

2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7

2.4. Concept 2.5. Pie 2.6. Line 2.7.

Maps Graph Graph Timelines
 TEXTUAL AIDS

Textual aids can help you better "see" and understand the
information thus enhance your comprehension. They provide
visual explanations of concepts and relationships and enable
you to grasp and recall information easily.
 TEXTUAL AIDS

There are many types of textual aids and it is important for

you to understand the uses and purposes of each.
 1. TITLE
- gives the gist of the story. It summarizes the
main ideas or ideas of your study.

Purpose:
A title is a story's first impression. It creates
anticipation and expectation or, even,
disinterest. The main purpose of a title is to grab
attention and entice people to start reading the
text.
2. A GRAPHIC ORGANIZER

- A graphic organizer is a visual display that

demonstrates relationships between facts,
concepts or ideas. A graphic organizer
guides the learner's thinking as they fill in
and build upon a visual map or diagram.
2.1. FLOWCHART
- A flowchart is a graphical or
symbolic representation of a process.
Each step in the process is
represented by a different symbol and
contains a short description of the
process step. The flow chart symbols
are linked together with arrows
showing the process flow direction.
2.1. FLOWCHART

Purpose:
A flow chart or sequence chart shows a
series of steps or events in the order in
which they take place. It is an excellent
tool for teaching the steps necessary to
reach a final point. The following examples
illustrate the many uses of flow diagrams
or sequence charts
2.1. FLOWCHART
2.1. FLOWCHART
2.1. FLOWCHART
2.1. FLOWCHART
2.2. VENN DIAGRAM
(COMPARE OR CONTRAST)

- Venn diagram is a diagram used to

identify the similarities and differences
between two or more concepts. It is
represented by two overlapping circles.
2.2. VENN DIAGRAM
(COMPARE OR CONTRAST)

Purpose:
A compare/contrast or Venn diagram is
used to identify the similarities and
differences between two or more
concepts.
2.2. VENN DIAGRAM
(COMPARE OR CONTRAST)

Purpose:
A compare/contrast or Venn diagram is
used to identify the similarities and
differences between two or more
concepts.
2.2. VENN DIAGRAM
(COMPARE OR CONTRAST)
2.2. VENN DIAGRAM
(COMPARE OR CONTRAST)
2.3. CAUSE & EFFECT DIAGRAM

- emphasizes the connection between

the different concepts. This is called the
most beneficial organizer. It can be
applied to all subject areas.
2.3. CAUSE & EFFECT DIAGRAM
2.3. CAUSE & EFFECT DIAGRAM
2.3. CAUSE & EFFECT DIAGRAM
2.4. CONCEPT MAPS

these are general organizer or

textual aids that can show the
central thought with its matching
characteristics.
2.4. CONCEPT MAPS
These are actually helpful and
excellent for brainstorming,
refreshing stock knowledge, and
/ or generating alternative
expressions. This kind of maps
can also be used to show or rank
the hierarchical relationships as
the most significant concept or
concepts should be placed at
the top.
.
2.4. CONCEPT MAPS
2.4. CONCEPT MAPS
2.4. CONCEPT MAPS
3. GRAPHS

-The Graphs such as bar

or line present numerical
data pictorially, helping
readers visualize
relationships among
those data.
3. GRAPHS
3.1 PIE GRAPH

- A circular chart which is

divided into slices or portions
to illustrate proportion.
3.1 PIE GRAPH
3.1 PIE GRAPH
3.2 LINE GRAPH
50

- A common type of 40

chart which displays the

information as a series of 30

data points connected by

20
line segments to show
trends. 10

0
Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 Item 5
3.2 LINE GRAPH
3.2 LINE GRAPH
3.3. BAR GRAPH

A bar chart or bar graph is a

chart or graph that presents
categorical data with
rectangular bars with heights
or lengths proportional to the
values that they represent.
The bars can be plotted
vertically or horizontally
3.3. LINE GRAPH
25

20

15

10

0
Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 Item 5
4. TABLES

Tables compare information

expressed as numbers. They
present large amounts of
data in simple, brief and
clear format which would be
bulky, confusing and
inaccessible in prose.
5.MAPS

A map shows
location. It is a
representation of an
area of land or sea
showing physical
features.
6. DIAGRAM

- shows the parts of an object.