CONCRETE WORK

1. STANDARD AND CODES OF PRACTICE

Unless otherwise specifecied,all concrete work shall be executed in accordance with the
requirement and recommendations of British Standard ,Code of Practise together with all
amendments and addenda,and shall conform to the requirement of following British Stardard
or American Standards or equivalent Malaysia Standard that is current at the date of tender:

BS :12 Part 2 portland cement(ordinary and rapid hardening)

BS:146 Part 2 portland blast furnace cement
BS:1881 Part 1-6)
101-122) Methods of testing concrete
BS:812 Part 1-4 Methods for sampling and testing of mineral
BS:882 Part 2 Aggregates from natural sources for concrete
BS:4449 Part 2 Hot rolled steel bars for the reinforcement of
BS:4466 bending demensions and schedule of bars of the
reinforest of concrete
BS:4483 steel fabrics for the reinforcement of concrete
BS:5135 metal-arc welding of carbon and carbon manganese steel
BS:5328 concrete including ready mixed concrete
BS:8110 the structural use of concrete.

ASTW American society for the testing of materials

AWS American welding stardard
AISC American Institute of steel construction
ACI American concrete institute

2. MATERIALS
 General material used shall be new,of the best quality and subject to the
approval of the architect /engineer before use.delivery of materials shall be made
sufficiently in advance to enable test to made on the samples.all stardard
referred to shall be the latest issue,and it is responsibility of the contractor to
ensure that all materials satisfy the requirement of the appropriate standard
,unless specifically excluded or modified hereafter.

CEMENT

 the cement used shall be Portland cement complying with BS:12 or Portland
blast furnace cement complying with BS:146 part 2 unless otherwise specified
3. MATERIALS

Cement
The manufacturer’s test certificates will in general be accepted aas proof of
soundness, but the architect/engineer reserves the right to carry out independent tests
to rejects any cement which does not comply with the specifications. All such
rejected cement shall be removed from site, and replaced entirely at the contractor’s
own expense.the architect/engineer may,without test being made,order that any bag of
cement, a portion of the content of which has hardened,or which appears to be
defective in any way,be removed from the site.

Cement shall be transported to the site in covered vehicles adequately protected

against water and weather.cement shall be restored,at least 300 mm above the natural
ground level,not more than 10 bags high,and in a waterproof store with ample
underfloor ventilation, all to the approval of the architect/engineer. Cement shall be
used in the order of delivery to the site.

All cement shall be be obtained from single specified source,unless otherwise

approved by the architect/engineer.

Temperature of the cement not exceed 75 degree C at the time incorporations into a
concrete mix

Notwithstanding the above provisions,the contractor may at his option receive

Supplies of cement in bulk,and store in silos of approved type and size. The capacity
of the silos shall be such that not more one week ‘s supply can be stored at any time

A record of the amount of cement used each day in the constructions of works shall
be kept by the contractor.the contractor is to allow for inspection of the record by the
architect/engineer, and copies to be submitted to him upon request.

The use of cement other than Portland cement or Portland blast furnace cement,will
not be permitted in any part of the works withouts the approval of the
architect/engineer .if such approval is given,the extra cost which may be incurred by
using alternative shall be borne by the contractor ,unless the use of the alternative has
been specially instructed by the architect/engineer in writing.such alternative cment
shall be subjected to be the provisions of the relevant British stardard,and to the
provisions as stipulated above for the Portland cement and Portland blast furnace
cement

 Aggregate

The fine and coarse aggregates shall be naturally occurring sand and crushed
stone,and shall be obtained from a source known to produced aggregate suitable
 for concreting . the aggregate shall comply with recommendations of BS:882 and
requirements of the revelents Malaysia standard.

MATERIALS

 Aggregate
For exposed or the presstressed concrete or concrete with sulphate resisting
cement ,aggregate with chloride salt shall not be used.

For the concrete,the total salt in shall not exceed 1.5% of the weight of cement.
For structural concrete grades the maximum size of fine aggragates shall be 7
mm maximum size of coarse aggragates shall be 20 mm
Aggragates shall be not contain any materials that deleteriously reactive with:
a. Alkalis in cement
b. Alkalis in the aggregates itself
c. Alkalis in th mixing water
d. Alkalis in water in contact with the finished concrete or mortar ,in amounts
sufficient to cause excessive localised or general expansion of the concrete or
mortar
Fine aggragates
Fine aggragate shall be natural sand as defined in (a) below or crushed stone
sand or crushed gravel sand as defined (b) below or mixed sand when it is the
product blending natural sand crushed stone or crushed gravel sand.
a. Natural sand:
Fine aggragates resulting from the natural disintegration of rock
b. Crushed stone sand or crushed gravel sand :
Find aggregates produced by crushing hard stone and gravel
respectively

The grading of the fine aggregate shall be comply with BS:882:1983,table 2.

Grading zone 2 or zone 3,as follows:

BS sieve Zone 2 percent Zone 3 percent

passing passing
100 100
3/8”(10 mm) 90-100 90-100
3/16 (5 mm) 75-100 85-100
No.7 55-90 75-100
 No.25 35-59 75-100
No.52 8-30 60-79

MATERIALS

Coarse Aggregates

The coarse aggregates shall be crushed granite complying to BS 882

obtained from approved quarries.

The grading of the coarse aggregate shall be within the limits given in the
following table(part of table 1 of 882:1983)

PERCENTAGE BY WEIGHT PASSING BS SIEVE

Guide line BS 82: 1965

for 2-
1/12’’(63
mm)max
aggregate
2 ½-3/16” 1 ½ -3/16” 3/4-3/16” ( 20 to ½ -3/16”
(63mm-5 (37.5 mm- 5 mm) nominal (14 to
mm) mm) nominal (C) mm)nominal
normal(a) (b) (D)
 3”(75 mm) 100 100 - -
2 ½ (63mm) 95-100 - - -
1 ½ (37.5mm) 45-75 95-100 100 -
¾ (20mm) 25-60 30-70 95-100 100
1/2 (14 mm) - - - 90-100
3/8(10 mm) 10-25 10-35 25-55 40-85
3/16(5mm) 0-0 0-5 0-10 0-10

type (a) and (b) coarse aggregates shall not be used in thin member and/or
where the reinforcement in congested .type(d) coarse aggregate shall be used
only when specifically required to be used

generals requirements
aggregates for concrete shall consist of the type of coarse aggregate to be
obtained with the type of fine aggregate or of all-in aggregates,all as defined
above
when an aggregate is to be supplied as a mixture of different size or type ,it shall
beproduced in such a way as to ensure thorough mixing of the yarious
compenenta materials and care shall be taken that the proportions are as
consistent as possible from consignment to consignment.

MATERIALS

General requirement

The aggregate shall be hard ,durable and clean ,and shall not contain deterious materials in
such a form in sufficient quantity to affect adversely the strength at any age or the durability of
the concrete.Example of such materials are clay, particularly as an adherent coating flaking or
elongated particles, mica, shale and other laminated materials, coal and other organic
impurities, iron pyrites and soluble sulphate slats such as those of calcium magnesium and
sodium.

Testing and Acceptance of Aggregates

Sample of the fine and coarse aggregate approved by the architect/engineer ,shall be kept on
site,and shall give a fair indication of the approved quality of the aggregates,for comparison
with aggregates delivered by during the course of the work . tests shall be carried out on
samples of the latter taken at intervels as required by the architect/engineer.the method od
sampling and amount of aggregate to be provided for the tests shall be those laid down in
relevant section BS:812.should a sample fail to comply with any of the test,the
architect/engineer may,at his own discretion,either reject the batch from which the sample was
the taken ,order it to be washed and/or screened,or permit such to be used with variationsin
proportions of th concrete mixes specified all at the Contractor’s expense,any batch of
aggregate rejected by the architect /engineer shall be removed from the site forthwith and
replaced entirely at the contractor’s expense.

All expense incurred for the testing og aggregates shall be borne by the contractor
Storage of aggregate

The fine and coarse aggregate shall be stored in properly constructed open bins with hard
,clean and adequately drained floor.Each size og aggregate shall be stored in a separate bin.in
bins are not provided,the different sizes of aggregate shall be separated by means to be
approved by the architect/engineer.

Water

Al l water used in concrete work shall be from the public mains and shall be fresh,clean nad
free from all harmful matter in suspension or solution and in accordance with the standard
proposed BS:5328.storage tanks of sufficient size shall be maintained in the site to ensure an
abundant servise under pressure at all times.the use of sea water is prohibited

MATERIALS

Admixtures

Suitable admixtures may be used in concrete mixes with the prior approval of the
architect/engineer. The type and source of admixture and the amount added and method of
used shall be to the approval of the architect/engineer,who shall be provided with the following
data:

 The manufacturer’s recommended dosage and detrimental affects of the

underdosage and overdosage
 The chemical name(S) of the main active ingredient(S) in the admixture
 Whether or not the admixture contains chlorides and,if so,the chloride content
of the admixture expressed as s percentage of equivalent anhydrous calsium
chloride by weight of admixture and
 Whether or not the admixture leads to the entrainment of air when used at the
manufacturer’s recommended dosage,
 Evidence of previous satisfactory performance of concrete cointaining the
additivies

Admixtures used in concrete containing prestressingtendons,reinforcement and embedded

metal and made with any type of cement,the chloride ion content should not exceed 2% by
weight of the admixture or 0.03% by weight of the cement.

All admixtures shall be used strictly in accordance with the manufacturer’s

instruction.admixture shall be incorporated through a dispensing system sufficiently accurate to
deliver within ±5% of the approved dosage rate.

Air entraining admixtures shall be of such a type that air content can be maintained within the
limits specified irrespective of extension of extension of mixing time 30 minutes
 Waterproofing Treatment to concrete

Unless specified otherwise on the drawing ,waterproofing treatment to concrete work shall be
with the addition of “Caltite” or other equal and approved integral waterproofer.the contractor
shall submit details of the proportions of waterproofing agent to be used and the warranty from
the manufacturer to the architect/engineer for his approval.the use of the waterproofing agent
admixture shall be in strict adherence to the manufacturer’s instructions and recommendations.

CONCRETE MIXES

a) Requirements of designed mixes

Before concreting,the contractor shall submit to the

architect/engineer for approval mix proportions and shall carry out trial mixes
according to hte proposed mix designs.the test procudere and number of specimens
shall the requirement of item 3(c)

The concrete mix shall be designed to have a target mean strength greater than the
specified characteristic strength ,by at least the current margin.the current margin
for each particular type of concrete shall be determined,or many be taken as1.64
timesthe standard deviation of cube test on at least 40 batches of concrete of
normally similar proportions of similar materials and produced over a period
exceeding 5 days but not exceeding 6 month by the same palnt under similar
supervision,but not less than 7.50N/mm

CONCRETE MIXES

Requirment for designed mixes

Evidence should be submitted to the architect /engineer foe each grade of concrete ,showing
that at the intended workability ,the proposed mix proportions and manufacturing method
will produce concrete of the required quality.

If adequate data for”target mean strength”(TMS) in not available,trial mixes is shall be

prepared,the current margin for the initial mix design shall be taken as lot less than 7.50N/mm

The following informations shall be provided before and designed mix is supplied to the
works.should there be any subsequent change in the sources of materials or any change in
cement content,the contractor shall submit to the architect /engineer the new data on the mix
design

1) Nature and source of each materials

2) Either:
(a) Appropriate existing data as evidence of satisfactory previous performance
for targent mean strength,current margin,workability and water/cement
ratio,or,
(b) Full detail of the test trial mixes
3) Proposed quantities of each ingredient per cubic meter of fully compacted concrete

Concrete shall not be placed in work until contractor has submitted to the architect/engineer
test results of the proposed design mix

Trial mixes

Result of all preliminary test shall be submitted as soon as available,and before any concrete
work start on site.

When trial mixes are required three separate bathes of concrete shall be prepared using
materials likely to be typical of the proposed supply.sampling and testings should be in
accordance with BS :1881.

The workability of each of the trial batches should be measured as specified in section 16(B)
and recorded. Nine cube shall be made from each batch ,three cube shall be tested in 7
days,,and three cubes at 28 days.the remaining three shall be tested as directed by the
architect/engineer.the trial mix proportions shall be approved if the test result by the
architect/engineer.

CONCRETE MIXES

Trial mixes

If the trial mixes are required to demonstrate that the maximum free water/cement ratio
is nit exceeded ,two batches shall be made in a laboratory ,with cement and surface dry
aggregate known from the past records of the supplies of the material.to be typical.the proposed
mix proportions shall not be accepted unless both batches have the correct cement content and
a free water/cement ratio below the maximum specified values,at the proposed degree of
workability ,for this purpose ,existing laboratory test reports my be accepted.instead of trial
mixes only ig the architect/engineer is satisfied that the materials to be used in structural
concrete are likely to be similar to those used the tests.
Adjustments of mix proportions

During production.adjustment to mix proportions may be made,subject to the approval of

the architect/engineer,in order to minimise variability of strength and to achieve the target
mean strength.such adjustments are regarded as part of proper production control but the
specified limitsof minimum cement content and maximum water/cement ratio shall be
maintained.change in cement content must be declared. Such adjustments to mix proportions
should not be taken to imply any change to the current margin.

READY MIXED CONCRETE

Thr architect/enginner may permit the use of ready mixed concrete from an approved
source ,provided that the contractor’s complies with the requirement for concrete mixes as
previously described. Such permission shall only be given as long as the architect/engineer is
satisfied that the concrete complies with soecifications and the recommendations of BS:5328

The architect/engineer may call for the test s to establish the cement content and water /cement
ratio of the ready mixed concrete delievered to site,in order to determine compliance with the
specifications,and the contractor is to allow for such tests.

The contractor is to maintain records of all supplies of ready mixed concrete placed on the
work,including:

(1) Delivery notes giving details of materials used and mix proportions
(2) The time at which each batch of concrete was mixed and details of an y additives used
(3) Position in the works where concrete is placed.

READY MIXED CONCRETE

The concrete is to be agitated continuosly by rotation of the mixer drum during transport the
site and while awaiting discharge

In the case of truck mixed concrete ,in water may be added either at the concrete supplier’s
plant ,or under the contractor’s supervision after arrival at site,but not during transit

The concrete is to be compacted in its final position in as short a time as possible after mixing.

CONCRETE TEMPERATURE CONTROL

For massive concrete pours,or id directly by the architect /enginner ,the contractor shall be
produce concrete of lower temperature at the time of palcing as required by the
architect/engineer,either by using ice chilled water or other approved means,in order to reduce
the effect of the heat of hydrations

FORMWORK

(a) General
Before erecting formwork.the contractor shall submit details to the architect/engineer of
the system of formwork he proposed to use for main structural members.metal form or
other system of formwork as approved by architect/engineer shall be used for the
construction of all circular colums.

If in the opinion of the architect/engineer the proposed system is in any way

unsatisfactory .he may instruct the contractor to have it modified.the contractor shall
bear the cost of any such modifications .the review of the teamwork design shall not
relieve the contractor in any way from his responsibility of providing an adequate
system that safe and sound

No metal part of any device used for maintaining formwork in the correct location/shall
remain permanently within the specified concrete cover to the reinforcement.

In watertight construction,method of fixing formwork that leaves opening through the

concrete section when the formwork is removed shall not be used.all wall ties shall have
water baffles and wall kickers shall be cast monolithicallt of any device used for
maintaining formwork in the correct location/shall remain permanently within the
specified concrete cover to the reinforcement.

In watertight construction,method of fixing formwork that leaves opening through the

concrete section when the formwork is removed shall not be used.all wall ties shall have
water baffles and wall kickers shall be cast monolithically with the base slab

Where the support of formwork is provided by the permanent structure. The adequacy
of the structure for this temporary role shall be checked and approved by the
architect/engineer before work commences.

FORMWORK

(a) General

The finish of all formed concrete surface shall be obtained by the use of properly
designed formwork of closely jointed sawm timber or other approved materials.small
blemishes caused by entrapped air or water may be excepted but the surface shall be free
from voids and honeycombing.

(b) Holes,insert and fixings

Approval for the size,type and position of any holes,insert or fixing required by
the thecontractor or any sub-contractor shall be ohbtained before work proceeds
 Unless otherwise specified or approved.all holes shall be formed and all insert cast in at the
time of pouring .no part of the concrete works shall be subsequently drilled,chipped or cut
away ,without approval from the architect/engineer.

(c) Relaese Agents

The internel faces of formwork shall be coated with an approved release agent.

Release agaent shall be materials marketed as such,and shall be of one of the following
type:

(1) Cream emulsion

(2) Neat oil with surfactant added
(3) Chemical release agent

Release agent shall be stored and used strictly in accordance with the
manufacturer printed instructions.

The contractor shall be responsible for ensuring that the realease agent is
chemically and physically compatible with the finishes to be applied later,where
there are no applied finishes,the contractor shall be responsible foe ensuring that
release agent will not stain the surface of the finished concrete.

Release agent shall be applied evently,and care shall be taken to ensure that the
release agents do not come into contact with the reinforcement

(d) Cambers

Unless otherwise directed,all formwork to suspended beams and slabs shall be

constructed with the following upward chamber:
Location % of spam
(1) Midspan between support of span at centre 0.3%
(2) Cantilevers at free end of span 0.5%

FORMWORK

(e) Flying forms

Where flying forms or similar type of form are used,they shall be designed
sufficiently rigid and stable to support the weight of concrete and construction loads and
mantain the finished work within the specified tolerences. The method of moving the flying
form from one floor to the next shall be carefully worked out to ensure the operation can be
carried out with full assurance of safety.flying form shall be cleaned of loose materials that
may fall on during transit, before it is brought out into the open.

(f) Formwork design

 Formwork panel shall be rigid enough to prevent damage to the concrete to the
concrete surface excessive movement of the panel during vibration of the concrete.

Taking design and construction of formwork shall be carried out by competent

personnel,taking the due account of the surface finish required.the formwork shall be
sufficiently rigid and tight to prevent loss of grout or mortar from the concrete during the
placing and compacting of concrete by appropriate methods.

Formwork (including support) shall be sufficiently rigid to maintain the form in correct
positions and to correct shape and profile so that the final concrete structure is within the
limit of dimensional tolerances and deviations specified.the support shall be designed to without
the worst combinations of self weight,formwork weight ,formwork forces,reinforcement
weight,wet concrete weight and construction loads,together with all incidental dynamic effect
caused by placing ,vibrating and compacting the concrete .

The formwork shall be so arranged as to be readily adismentled and removed without causing
damage to the see cast concrete.

(g) Repair of formwork

Damaged formwork shall not be used. Repaired formwork may be rejected if in the
opinion of Architect/Engineer, the repair may impair the surface appearance of the
finished concrete.
(h) Formwork props
If formwork props are to be left in place when soffit form are removed ,the props
shall not disturbed during the removal process without approval from the
Architect/Engineer.
Form work props shall be positioned between permanent support so that all member
are supported at not more than 3.00 m centres,in both direction
\

FORMWORK

(i) Stability During Construction

Temporary support to the structure may be required to resist loading conditions
imposed by construction. These shall be provided at the contractor ‘s own expense

(j) Prop Details

Not less than two weeks before the start of any concrete pour requiring props,the
contractor shall submit to the Architect/Engineer, drawing indicating the props he
 proposes to use ,a detailed programme of the fixing and striking sequences, and an
estimate of the loads to be carried by the props

All propping shall be done with steel props. The use of “bakau” props is not permitted.
Sawn timber props may be used only if specifically approved in writing by the
Architect/Engineer. If timber props are used, they shall be straight,clear of knots and
cracks,and shall not be spliced.

(k)Temporary works-Safety Precautions

The contractor shall be responsible for the provision of all necessary temporary works,and
safety measures in accordance with the regulation and bye – laws of the government of
Malaysia

The contractor shall employ a professional Architect/Engineer who shall be fully responsible
for the design and supervision of all temporary works to ensure complete safety for both
temporary and permanent construction

CONTRUCTION JOINT

(a) General

Construction joints are normally left to the contractor unless dictated by engineering
reason. Where construction joints are not shown on the drawings, but necessary for
constructions purposes, the contractor shall obtain approval from the
Architect/Engineer for their location before work commences. The contactor shall allow
in his rates for all construction joint required by him whether or not they are shown
on the drawing. At all construction joints, the surface against which new concrete is
cast shall be free from laitance and shall be roughened so that so that the larger
aggregate is exposed but not dislodged.

CONSTRUCTION JOINTS

(b) Preparation of construction joint

The contractor shall obtain approval from the Architect/Engineer for his proposals for
forming and preparing construction joint before commencing work.

(c) Position of construction joints

Unless otherwise instructed, the construction joint shall be located such that:
 (1) The effect of shrinkage of the concrete is minimum and within permissible
limits
(2) The spacing of construction joints for structure other than watertight
construction,shall not exceed the following:
Maximun area within joints.............................200m
Maximum distance between joint......................20.00 m
(3) The spacing of construction joints for watertight construction shall not exceed the
following limits:
Slab......more than 10.00 m in any direction
Walls ......maximum distance between joints 5.00 m

Where the position of construction jointed desired by the contractor will results in
alterations to the design, the contractor shall be responsible for providing
complete revised details for approval by the Architect/Engineer prior to
commencing work.
(4) Adjacent bays of slabs and wall shall not be cast within 7 calendar days apart.
(d) Kickers

Kickers shall be 80 mm high useless shown otherwise.

Kicker shall be cast and compacted in accordance with specification, using concrete of
the same grade as the adjacent concrete.
(e) Movement joints

Movement joints shall be left unconcreted until all expected movement of the structure
has occurred,or as otherwise directed by the Architect/ Engineer.

STRIKING OF FORMWORK

 General

Before any formwork is removed, the contractor shall ensure that the concrete has
attained sufficient strength and that structure will be stable and not adversely affected
when formwork is struck.
 The responsibility for the safe removal of any part of the formwork or props rests
entirely with the contractor
 Minimum Forming Period

The minimum period removing formwork to structural member, shall be as follow;

Location period
Beam sides,walls and colums 3 day
Slab soffit(formwork props left –in-place) 7 days
Formwork props to slabs 14 days
Beam soffit 8 days
Formwork props to beams 15 days

Earlier striking of forms(but not props) may be approved, if the Contractor can show
that this will not cause damage to the concrete of the structure. The contractor shall
make good any such damage at his expense should it occur.

The making and testing of cubes to establishthe period before striking, shall be at the
contractor’s own expense. These cubes shall be stored any cured in a manner that
simulates the curing of the concrete used in Works.
Permissions to strike formwork on the basisi of the strength of specially cast cubes,
shall be withdrawn if the Architect/Engineer is not satisfied that the strength of the
cubes is representative of the strength of the cast concreta.

The vertical propping to all formwork shall be carried down sufficiently far in the
structure to provide the necessary support, without damage or overstress or
displacement of any part of construction. As a minimum, the floor being constructed
shall be supported by 3 previously constructed levels.

Structural props shall be retained in position until new construction in sufficiently

strong to be self supporting , and any loads to be placed thereon during the
construction period, amd in no case shall props be spaced at more than 1.00 m centres.
In either direction.

All formwork to soffits shall be constructed such that formwork can be removed without
disturbing the structural props

REINFORCEMENT

(a) Materials

The types of reinforcement bars will be indentified on the Drawaing as a prefix to the bar
diameter

The prefixes have the following meaning;

 a. R: round mild steel bars complying with BS:4449
b. Y: High yield deformed bars to BS:4449
c. BMC: steel fabric complying with BS:4483

The sources of supply for all materials shall be approved by the architect/engineer before
these material are deliverd to the site

Reinforcement shall be stored clear of working areas and supported above the surface of the
ground , and shall be protected from damage and from deterioration due to exposure.

Reinforcement hooks and bends shall comply with the requirement of BS:4466. The contractor
shall prepare bar bending schedules, copies of which will be made available to the quantity
Surveyors for his assistance during re-measurement of reinforcement.

Reinforcement not readily identifiable as to required quality,will be liable to rejection.

(b) Test certificate

The contractors shall supply the architect/engineer with a test certificates from the steel
manufacturer showing compliance with specified requirement . one tension tes shall be made
for each lot of 50 tonnes supplied for the work, or as frequently as required by the architect
/engineer. All test shall be carried out at contractor ‘s own expense.

(c) Reinforcement fixing

Cutting and bending

Reinforcement details are provided in the drawing. The contractor shall determine from
these drawings the required dimensions of the bars, and shall cut and bend the
reinforcement in accordance with BS: 4466 to meet the requirement of cover, lap
length,etc., as indicated on the drawing

Reinforcement shall not be heated to facilities bending

Reinforcement shall not be re-bent unless approved by the architect/engineer. Any bar
that shown signs of fracture shall be replaced. Any estimated remedial work that is
consequential to bar damage and considered necessary by the architect/engineer entirely
shall be carried out at the contractor’s expense

REINFORCEMENT

(d) Reinforcement fixing

Cutting and bending

The rate for bar and fabric reinforcement shall include checking,sorting,storing,
fabricating, wastage, cleaning , hoisting in position, and provision of all necessary spacers,
hangers, stools, and chair supports, whether or not shown on drawings.
 Rates for fabric reinforcement shall include minimum 250 mm overlaps between adjacent
sheets, and for notching around obstructions.

Fixing

All reinforcement shall be accurately placed with correct cover and securely fixed in the
position shown on drawing , by an approved method. Typing wire, etc. Shall be fixed such that
it does not encroach into the concrete over.

The concrete cover to the reinforcement shall be within ± 5 mm of that specified.

Unless instructed otherwise , cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with BS 8110

Where spacers are used to maintain the concrete cover to the reinforcement ,these may be of
either concrete or plastic , unless otherwise specified . plastic spacers shall be of approved
design, and are not to be used to support heavy loads.

The contractor shall supply and fix all chairs required to maintain the reinforcement in the
correct positions

The contractor shall be obtain approval for the size and spacing of chairs, if not detailed.

Spacer blocks shall be made of cement, sand and fine aggregate, and shall match the
proportions of the surrounding concrete, being similar in strength, durability and appearance

(e) Rusting staining

Concrete surfaces which will be exposed to view in the finished works, shall be protected from
staining due to rusting of projecting reinforcement, by coating the reinforcement with cment
grout or by other approved means.

REINFORCEMENT

(f) Splicing
 Laps and joints including lapping bars, sleeving, threading, and other mechanical
connections shall be made strictly in accordance with the method specified and at the
positions shown on the drawings or as otherwise approved by the Architect/Engineer.

(g) Welding Of Reinforcement

Reinforcement in structure shall not be welded except detailed on drawing or required by

the specification. If the reinforcement needs to be welded, the reinforcement shall comply
with requirement B.S.4360

Welding shall be carried out in accordance with BS:5135 and BS : 638. Butt welds shall
be of the double V type and two butt weld bots test shall be carried out on a specimen
prepared to represent each from of butt welded joint used in welding the reinforcement
and for each position of welding. The method of making butt weld tests shall be that laid
down in BS: 709.the specimen shall past the test to the satisfaction of the
architect/engineer before approval is accorded to use the joint which the specimen
represent.

Welded jointshall not be made at bends in reinforcement . unless otherwise approved by

the architect/engineer.jointsin parallel bars of principal tensile reinforcement shall be
staggered in the longitudinal direction at a distance not less than the end anchorage length
for the bar.

All welding shall be performed by a compentent welder approved by the

Architect/Engineer .
The architect/engineer shall be informed in advance of when welding is to be carried out
so that he may supervise and inspect the work. Welding shall not be performed in field
during rain or other adverse conditios.

CONCRETING

(a) Final preparations and inspection

CONCRETING

(a) Final preparations and inspections

No claims for extra costs or extension of the time will be authorised because of delay due
to failure to give notification or make allowance, as described above. The inspection or
 approval by the Architect /Engineer shall not relieve the contractor of his
responsibility for the proper execution of the work.

Immediately before the concrete is placed in any section of the formwork, the interior of
that section shall be completely cleared of all extraneous materials, including water, by
means of compressed air or other approved methods.

Each section of formwork for structural members,shall be inspected by the

architect/engineer immediately before concrete is placed in that section,and the
contractor shall carry out any adjustments to formwork ,reinforcement or levels, as
instructed by the Architect/Engineer ,prior to placing of any concrete.

All reinforcement shall be free mud, paints, oils, retarders, rust, loose mill scale,grease
or any other substance which may adversely affect the steel or concrete chemically, or
reduce the bond . the Architect/engineer may instruct the contractor to clean off
thoroughly any such substance by wire brushing or other method and the
contractor shall allow in his rates for any such cleaning.

(b) Mixing

The volume of mixed materials in each batch shall comply with the mixer
manufacturer’s written recommendations

The quantity of cement , fine aggregate and the various sizes of coarse aggregate, shall
be measured by weight

A separate weighing device shall be provided for weighing the cement. Alternatively,
the cement may be measured by using a whole number of bags in each batch

The amount of water shall be measured by volume or weight

Solid admixtures shall be measured by weight, while liquid or paste admixtures may be
measured by weight or volume.

The batch weight of aggregate shall be adjusted to allow for a moisture content typical
of aggregate being used.

The accuracy of the measuring equipment shall be within ± 3% of the quantity of

cement , water or total aggregates being measured, and within ± 5% of the quantity of
any admixture being used. All measuring equipment shall be maintained in a clean,
Serviceable condition.

CONCRETING

(c) Mixing

The accuracy of all measuring equipment , over the entire range of the scale, shall be
checked when set up at each site, and thereafter at least once per month. The accurary
 of each scale shall be checked and adjusted daily to read zero when not loaded.
Checking shall be done using proper certified weight.

The mixer shall comply with the requirement of BS: 1305 or BS: 4251,where applicable.
Mixing time shall be not less than that used by the manufacturer in assessing mixer
performance.

The water content of each batch of concrete shall be adjusted to produce a concrete that
has the workability of the trial mixes.

(d) Transporting and Placing

Concrete shall be transported and placed by approved methods that ensure segregation
or loss of material will not occur. Concrete drop during pouring shall not exceed 2.50 m,
the contractor shall pour concrete through enclosed chutes or access hatches, details of
which shall be approved by the Architect/Engineer.

Concrete shall be transported as quickly as possible from mixer to its final position, and
in no case shall the time interval between the addition of water and placing exceed 30
minutes. Where retarders are used, such interval Concrete shall be transported as
quickly as possible from mixer to its final position, and in no case shall the time interval
between the addition of water and placing exceed 30 minutes. Where retarders are used,
such interval may be extended subject to the approval of Architect/Engineer.

All placing and compacting shall be carried out by experienced workman and under the
direct supervision of a competent staff.

Gangways for concrete transporter and foot traffic,shall not be permitted to bear on the
fixed reinforcement. They shall be supported on chairs or stools designed for the
purposes, clear of reinforcement.

Concrete shall remain in sufficiently plastic condition for adequate compaction when
placed.

Concrete shall be placed as near as possible to its final position, and shall be placed
square against the forms. Concrete shall be moved into by means of vibrations.

In walls,the concrete shall be placed in approximately horizontal layers. The concrete

shall be placed in one continuous operation, rising uniformly in the formwork at a rate
not less than 2.00 m per hour .the concrete shall be handled in any manner that may
cause segregation.

CONCRETING

 Transporting and Placing

A competent steel fixer shall be in continuous attendance during concreting, to adjust

and correct the position of any reinreforcement which may be displaced.
 Concreting must be stopped during rain and the Architect/Engineer will decide whether
work can be done under light drizzle. The Contractor is to carry out concreting in such
a sequence so as to minimise the effects on the permanent work of temporary stoppage
of concreting due to rain. The Contractor shall also provide adequate covers and
protection for the permanent work from inclement weather.

 Compacting

Unless otherwise specified, all structural concrete shall be compacted by mechanical

vibrations of an appropriate type.

The Contractor shall submit detail of the type, size and number of vibrations to be used
in the works. Whenever concrete is being vibrated, at least one spare vibrator in
serviceable condition of each type in use, shall be available in case of breakdowns.

Compaction shall commence as soon as there is sufficient concrete within the formwork
to immerse the vibrator. Vibration shall continue during the placing operation so that at
no time shall there be a large volume of uncompacted concrete in the formwork

The concrete shall be thoroughly worked into all parts of the formwork and between
and around the steel reinforcement. It shall be compacted to give a dense and compact
concrete,free from voids of any kind. Steel reinforcement shall be prevented from being
displaced or deformed during concreting

The contractor shall provide sufficient vibrators, based on the assumption that one
vibrator can compact 5-8 m of concrete per hour,unless instructed

 Cleaning

All equipment used for mixing,transporting,placing and compacting concrete, shall be

thoroughly cleaned before changing from the one type of aggregate or cement to
another, and whenever mixing ceases.

 Records of Placing

The contractor shall be submit weekly, a complete record of the concrete works
completed during the week including details to the and date of each pour.

CONCRETING

 Curing
 All concrete shall be cured by a material such as polythene sheet on curing compound or
absorbent material kept constantly damp by frequent watering or by any method as
approved by the Architect/Engineer.

Liquid curing membranes shall not be used without approval

Where the use of a liquid curing membrane has been approved, the concrete shall be
cured by the application of the approved liquid membrane in accordance with the
manufacturer’s written instructions.

The contractor shall use a curing method which also shields the concrete ,and his shall
be placed in position on later than half an hour after final tamping. If the surface
exhibits cracking while the concrete is still plastic, it shall be retamped to close the
cracks.

Any formwork made of metal. Concrete or other material of high thermal capacity,
shall be cooled with water before it comes in contact with poured concrete.

The surface of concrete shall be adequately cured for a minimum period of 7 days

 Treatment of Cast Concrete

Unless otherwise directed, no treatment of any kind, other that required for curing the
concrete, shall be applied the concrete after removal of the forms, until the concrete has
been inspected by the Architect/Engineer.

The contractor’s methods of making good any defect are to be subjected to the
approval of the Architect/Engineer in each case, and the remedial measures shall be
carried out immediately after the inspection by the Architect/Engineer or when
directed by the Architect/Engineer. Making good will only be permitted on the basis
that, if the results are not satisfactory, demolition may be required.

PUMPED CONCRETE

Concrete may be pumped subject to the approval of the Architect/Engineer. All pumping
machinery shall be of an approved type. Complete standby equipment shall be provided in
order to maintain a continuous concrete supply in the event of a breakdown. All machinery
and pipes shall be kept clean and shall be thoroughly washed out when placing a continuous
‘wet edge’ is maintained. Aluminium pipes are not permitted.

PUMPED CONCRETE

The contractor shall ensure that the following is complied with:

 (a) Pipes shall not be secured to formwork or reinforcement which any be displaced by the
pulsating movement of the pipe.
(b) Pumping shall commence first with blowing of water through the pipeline, followed by
cement mortar, both or sufficient quantities and all these shall be discharged away from
the area to be concreted
(c) When extra sections of pipe are to be added, each length of pipe must be thoroughly wetted
inside but no free water shall be remain in the pipe.
(d) Where the pipeline is exposed to the sun, the line shall be protected against absorption of
heat by covering with damp sacking or other approved material during pumping.

CONCRETE FINISH

The concrete shall be uniformly levelled and tamped. When hardened sufficiently the surface
shall be wood floated by hand to produce a uniform.

Alternatively , where required , the surface shall be steel-floated by hand or machine to produce
a dense, smooth, uniform surface free from towel marks.

PROTECTION

After being placed in position, all fresh concrete shall be protected from rain, sun and drying
wind, and shall not be subjected to any vibrational disturbance other than that arising from
compacting.

Surfaces which are exposed to view in the finished works, shall be protected from spillage
strains and other damage.

Concrete placed below ground level shall be protected from falling earth and vegetation, and
the excavated ground shall be kept free of any water by pumping or other means of drainage.
Approved means shall also be taken to protect immature concrete from damage by
debris,excessive loading, moving vehicles, mixing with earth or other materials, flotation and
other influences that would impair the strength the durability of the concrete with ground and
with water draining therefrom, during placing and for a period of 3 days or as otherwise
instructed thereafter.

TESTING EQUIPMENT

(a) General
 All test and checks on site shall be carried out in the presence of, or as directed by the
Architect/Engineer.

The contractor shall be responsible for carrying out all test required by this specification,
or called for by the Architect/Engineer and shall arrange for copies of test results to be
supplied direct to the Architect/Engineer, immediately they are available .

For all cement and reinforcement delivered to the site, the contractor shall obtain ,and keep
on the site, a copy of the manufacturer’s certificate of tests , carried out the frequency and
using the methods specified in the relevant British standard certificates. For reinforcement
this shall include the rebend tests and shall be accompanied by details of manufacturer’s
identification mark rolled into each brand of bar supplied.

The contractor will not be reimbursed for any special test called for by the
Architect/Engineer in consequence of any failure by the contractor to comply with this
specification

(b) Testing facilities

Before concreting commences, the contractor shall establish on the site a laboratory
,manned by suitably qualified staff, for carrying out test required by this specification

Unless otherwise directed, the contractor shall maintain on the site the following apparatus,
which shall be kept in good condition throughout the contract, and shall remain the
property of the contractor:

 Apparatus for carrying out the tests described in clause 11 and 14 of BS : 812
 Syphon can, gammon, morgan or speedy apparatus for measuring the moisture content
of aggregates or other approved method
 Apparatus for assessing workability in accordance with clause 2 of BS:1881:part 2
 Apparatus for making and curing the concrete test cubes required by this specifications,
all in accordance with BS: 1881, except that the cubes shall be stored in a tank
containing water at ambient temperature and the protected from the sun. The test
cubes shall be weight and tested by the testing Authority in accordance with BS:1881

In case of ready mixed concrete, the apparatus described in above may be maintained at the
depot of the ready mixed concrete supplier.

TESTING AGGREGATES

(a) All sampling and testing of aggregates shall be carried out in accordance with BS: 812
(b) Pleliminary test
 As soon as source of supply of aggregate have been approved, the contractor shall
instruct the testing authority to carry out the following test.

I. Sieve analysis
II. Test for clay,salt and dust content
III. Test for arganic inpurities
IV. Test for salt content

The results of these tests shall be submitted for approval as soon as available

(c) Works tests

The contractor shall carry out such test on the aggregates as are necessary for the
production of the specified concrete. The grading of each size of aggregate from each
source shall be determined at least once weekly

(d) Test for salt

Test for soluble salt content shall be made on hardened concrete specimens or samples
of aggregates if so desired. The means of carrying out the tests shall be subjected to
approval of the Architect/Engineer.

TESTING OF CONCRETE

(a) General

The sampling of works concrete shall be generally be at the average rate of one sample for
every 20 m concrete placed. For critical elements, the average rate may be increased to one
sample for every 10 m of concrete placed. If, for any reason ,the Architect/Engineer is not
satisfied with the work concrete.he may instruct the contractor to further increase the rate of
sampling.

TESTING OF CONCRETE

(a) General
 At least one sample shall be taken on each day on which concrete of the grade is used.

(b) Workability

The required workability for any part of the work shall be determined by the
contractor, subject to agreement by the architect/engineer. The mix design shall be
ensure that this workability is obtained.

The workability shall be checked by means of the slump test and the slump shall be
within 25 mm of the required value. If the slump is not within these limits. Or if the
slump test show likelihood of segregation, the architect/engineer may reject the mix.

As an alternative , flow test to BS: 1881: part 105 or other means of assessing
workability may be considered subject to approval by the architect/engineer.

(c) Work tests

At the commencement of the construction works, a sample of the concrete shall be taken
on each of the first 5 days and work cubes shall be made. For reinforced concrete 6
cubes shall be made from each samples of concrete taken. 2 cubes for test at 3 days, 2
cubes at 7 days and 2 cubes at 28 days. For prestressed concrete work 2 cubes each
during the period 3 and 9 days to determine the attainment of the minimum transfer
stress for prestressing work proceed. The concrete shall be accepted as complying with
the specied characterist requirement if thr result meet both the following:

 Each individual test result is grater than 95% of the specified characteristic
strength
 The average 28 days strength determined from any group of 4 consecutive test
cubes exceed the specified characteristic strength .

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