Differential

Calculus
CALCULUS 1 REVIEWER
 Calculus
Calculus is the Mathematical study of continuous change. It is a branch of
mathematics that explores variables and how they change by looking at
them in infinitely small pieces

It is originally called as Infinitesimal calculus and was developed in the late

17th century by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.

Calculus has two principles. The differential calculus and Integral calculus.
 Differential Calculus
Differential calculus deals with the rate of change of one quantity with
respect to another. It is concerned with the instantaneous rates of change,
and the slope of curves.
 Functions
a relation between two Domain- set of all possible values of x
set of ordered pairs, Range- set of all possible values of y
x and y, in which no
two distinct ordered ex. y = x2 – 1
pairs have the same x -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
first number. y 8 3 0 -1 0 3 8
Then, our domain and range will be…
x- independent variable
y- dependent variable Domain: (−∞,∞)
Range: (−∞,∞)
 Functions
To evaluate functions, plug in the particular value of x to the x-variables
in the equation.

ex. f(b – 1) = x2 + 7
f(b – 1) = (b – 1)2 + 7 Substitute b – 1 to x.
f(b – 1) = b2 – 2b + 1 + 7 Expand the binomial.
f(b – 1) = b2 – 2b + 8 Simplify.
f(b – 1) = b2 – 2b + 8
 Operations on Functions
Addition ex. Given: f(x) = 2x – 2; g(x) = x2 – 1
(f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x) (f + g)(x) = (2x – 2) + (x2 – 1) = x2 + 2x – 3
Subtraction
(f – g)(x) = f(x) – g(x) (f – g)(x) = (2x – 2) – (x2 – 1) = –x2 + 2x – 1
Multiplication
(f • g)(x) = f(x) • g(x) (f • g)(x) = (2x – 2) • (x2 – 1) = 2x3 – 2x2 – 2x + 2
Division
(f / g)(x) = f(x) / g(x) (f / g)(x) = (2x – 2) / (x2 – 1) = 2 / (x +1)
Composite Functions
(f ○ g)(x) = f [g(x)] (f ○ g)(x) = [2 (x2 – 1) – 2] = 2x2 – 2 – 2 = 2x2
*Other composite functions can also be results from f ○ f, g ○ f, and g ○ g.
 Odd and Even Functions
Even Functions Odd Functions Neither odd nor even
The graph is symmetric The graph is symmetric with f(–x) ≠ f(x) and f(–x) ≠ –f(x)
with respect to the origin. respect to the y-axis. ex. f(x) = –x2 – x + 3
f(–x) = f(x) f(–x) = –f(x)
f(–x) = –(–x)2 – (–x) + 3
ex. f(x) = x4 + 2x2 ex. f(x) = x5 + x3 – x f(–x) = –x2 + x + 3
f(–x) = (–x)4 + 2 (–x)2 f(–x) = (–x)5 + (–x)3 – (–x)
f(–x) = x4 + 2x2 f(–x) = –x5 – x3 + x
 Limit Theorems
Limit of a Constant
lim k = k ex. lim 24 = 24
x→c x→4

Limit of x
lim x = c ex. lim x = 4
x→c x→4

Constant Multiple Theorem

lim k • f(x) = k lim f(x) ex. lim
9x = 9 lim x = (9)(4) = 36
x→c x→c x→4 x→4
 Limit Theorems
Addition and Subtraction Theorem
lim [f(x) ± g(x)] = lim f(x) ± lim g(x) ex. lim (8x + 9) = 8 lim x + lim 9
x→c x→c x→c x→4 x→4 x→4
= (8)(4) + (9) = 41
Multiplication Theorem
lim [f(x) • g(x)] = lim f(x) • lim g(x) ex. lim (2x)(x + 1)] = 2 lim x • lim x + lim 1
x→c x→c x→c x→4 x→4 x→4 x→4
= (2)(4) • (4 +1) = 40
Division Theorem

[ ] [ ]
lim lim
lim f(x) x→c f(x) ex. lim 4x 4 x→4 x (4)(4) 16
x→c = x→4 = = = =2
g(x) lim x+4 lim lim
4 +4
x→c g(x) x→4 x + x→4 4 8
 Limit Theorems
Power Theorem

[ ] [ ]
lim lim P ex. lim lim lim 4
[f(x)]P = f(x) (3x – 2)4 = 3 x– 2 = [(3)(0) – 2]4 = 16
x→c x→c x→0 x→0 x→0

Radical Theorem
( ) +(x→0 ) = (0) + 4 = 4
ex. lim 2
lim n = n lim f(x) lim x lim 4
+ 4=
2
x→c f(x) x→c x→0 x2 x→0
 Special Limits of Trancendental
Functions
A.)
( ) = x→lim0 2 4xsin 4x
lim sin x ex. lim sin 4x lim sin 4x 2
= 1 =
x→ 0 x x→ 0 2x x→ 0 2x 2
*Multiply both sides by 2 so that the denominator will become 4x.

( ) ( ) (1)= 2
2 lim sin 4x 2
= =
1 x→ 0 4x 1
B.)
lim 1 – cos x
x→ 0 x
= 0
ex. lim 6 (1 – cos x)
x→ 0 x
= ( ) x→lim0 1 – cos
6
1
x
x

= ( ) (0 )= 0
6
1
 Special Limits of Trancendental
Functions
C.)
lim ex – 1 ex. lim 4ex – 4 lim 4 (ex – 1)
= 1 =
x→ 0 x x→ 0 x x→ 0 x

( ) lim e – 1
4 x
=
1 x→ 0 x

= ( ) (1 )= 4
4
1
 Let’s try these…
Functions
1. For f(x) = 7x ─ 4, evaluate f(─3) and f(x ─ 1).
2. Determine whether the function is odd, even, or neither.
a. f(x) = x2 (4 ─ x2) b. f(x) = 3√x
3. Given that f(x) = x2 + 5x +4 and g(x) = x + 1, find:
a. (f +g) (x) b. (f ─ g)(x) c. (f • g)(x) d. (f / g)(x)
4. Given that f(x) =x2 ─ 1 and g(x) = √x, find:
a. (f ○ g)(x) b. (g ○ f)(x)
 Let’s try these…
Limits
Evaluate the following limits if it exist.
1. lim x4 4. lim 3x
x→ ─3 x→ 7 x + 2
2. lim (2x3 ─ 6x + 5) 5. lim 3x + 5
x→ 1 x→ 1 x + 1
3. lim (3x ─ 2)4
x→ 0
Differentiation by Definition
Let f(x) be a function, the derivative of f(x) is given by:

𝑓 𝑥 + Δ𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥)
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim = 𝑓′(𝑥)
Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥

The derivate of the function f(x) can be solved using the Four Step Rule

Step 1: Determine 𝑓 𝑥 + Δ𝑥 by changing all x by 𝑥 + Δ𝑥 on the given function

Step 2: Subtract f(x) from 𝑓 𝑥 + Δ𝑥

Step 3: Divide the expression both sides by Δ𝑥

Step 4: Apply the lim on the third step.

Δ𝑥→0
Example: 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 2 4th Step:

1st Step: 𝑓 𝑥 + Δ𝑥 = 5( 𝑥 + Δx)2 𝑓 𝑥 + Δ𝑥 − 𝑓(𝑥)

lim = 10𝑥 + 5Δx
Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥
2nd Step: 𝑓 𝑥 + Δx − 𝑓 𝑥 lim 10𝑥 + lim 5Δx
5(𝑥 + Δx)2 − 5𝑥 2 Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥→0
10 𝑥 + 5(0)
5 𝑥 + Δx x + ΔX − 5𝑥 2
10𝑥 + 0
5 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 Δx + x Δx + Δ𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 2
5 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 Δx + Δ𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 2
5𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 Δx + 5Δ𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 2 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 10𝑥
10𝑥 Δx + 5Δ𝑥 2

10𝑥 Δx+ 5Δ𝑥 2

3rd Step:
Δx
Δx ( 10x+5 Δx)
Δx
= 10 𝑥 + 5Δ𝑥 2
 𝑓 𝑥 = 4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥
1st Step
2
𝑓 𝑥 + 𝛥𝑥 = 4 𝑥 + 𝛥𝑥 + 8 𝑥 + 𝛥𝑥
4th step
2nd step
𝑓 𝑥 + 𝛥𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 + Δ𝑥 − 𝑓 𝑥
lim = 8𝑥 + 4𝛥𝑥 + 8
4 𝑥 + 𝛥𝑥 2 + 8 𝑥 + 𝛥𝑥 − (4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥) Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥
4 𝑥 + 𝛥𝑥 𝑥 + 𝛥𝑥 + 8 𝑥 + 𝛥𝑥 − (4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥) = lim 8𝑥 + lim 4𝛥𝑥 + lim 8
Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥→0 Δ𝑥→0
4 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 𝛥𝑥 + 𝑥 𝛥𝑥 + 𝛥𝑥 2 + 8 𝑥 + 𝛥𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 = 8𝑥 + 4 ∗ 0 + 8
+ 8𝑥 = 8𝑥 + 0 + 8
4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝛥𝑥 + 4𝑥𝛥𝑥 + 4𝛥𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 + 8𝛥𝑥 − 4𝑥 2 − 8𝑥
4𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 2 + 8𝑥𝛥𝑥 + 4𝛥𝑥 2 + 8𝛥𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 8𝑥
8𝑥𝛥𝑥 + 4𝛥𝑥 2 + 8𝛥𝑥 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 8𝑥 + 8

3rd step
8𝑥𝛥𝑥 + 4𝛥𝑥 2 + 8𝛥𝑥
𝛥𝑥
𝛥𝑥 8𝑥 + 4𝛥𝑥 + 8
𝛥𝑥
 Let’s try these…
Differentiation by Definition
Solve using the Four Step Rule

1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 3
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 3
 Fundamental
Rules
of
Differentiation
Constant Rule

Examples:
The derivative of a Constant is
1. 𝑓 𝑥 =9
always zero. 𝑑
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 9
𝑑𝑥
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 0
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝑪

2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 0.00001
𝒅
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝒄 =𝟎 𝑓′ 𝑥 =
𝑑
0.0001
𝒅𝒙 𝑑𝑥
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 0
Power Rule

Examples:
If 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝒏
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 10
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 10 ∗ 𝑥 10−1
then,
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 10𝑥 9
𝒅
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝒏 = 𝒏 ∗ 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 1 ∗ 𝑥 1−1
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 1 ∗ 𝑥0
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 1 ∗ 1
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 1
Constant Multiple Rule
Examples:

1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 7𝑥 8
If 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒙𝒏 𝑑
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 7𝑥 8
𝑑𝑥
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 7 ∗ 8 ∗ 𝑥 8−1
where c is constant, then 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 56𝑥 7

2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 27𝑥
𝒅
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒙𝒏 = 𝒄 ∗ 𝒏 ∗ 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝑓′ 𝑥 =
𝑑
27𝑥
𝒅𝒙 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 27 ∗ 1 ∗ 𝑥 1−1
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 27 ∗ 1 ∗ 𝑥 0
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 27 ∗ 1 ∗ 1
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 27
Addition and Subtraction
Rule
Examples:

𝑓 𝑥 = 9𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2
If 𝒇 𝒙 =𝒈 𝒙 ±𝒉 𝒙 , 𝑑 𝑑
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 9𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = (9 ∗ 3 ∗ 𝑥 3−1 ) + (7 ∗ 2 ∗ 𝑥 2−1 )
then 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 27𝑥 2 + 14𝑥

𝒅 𝒅 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 2 − 14𝑥
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝒈 𝒙 ± 𝒉 𝒙 𝑑 𝑑
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝑓′ 𝑥 = 5𝑥 2 − 14𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 5 ∗ 2 ∗ 𝑥 2−1 − ( 14 ∗ 1 ∗ 𝑥 1−1
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 10𝑥 − 14
Product Rule

If 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒈 𝒙 ∗ 𝒉 𝒙 ,

then

𝒅 𝒅
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝒉 𝒙 𝒈 𝒙 +𝒈 𝒙 𝒉(𝒙)
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Product Rule

𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 2 2𝑥 + 1
𝑔 𝑥 = 5𝑥 2 ℎ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1

𝑑 𝑑
𝑓′ 𝑥 = ℎ 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 +𝑔 𝑥 ℎ(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1 5𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 2 2𝑥 + 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1 5 ∗ 2 ∗ 𝑥 2−1 + 5𝑥 2 2 ∗ 𝑥 1−1 + 0
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 2𝑥 + 1 10𝑥 + 5𝑥 2 2
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 20𝑥 2 + 10𝑥 + 10𝑥 2

𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 30𝑥 2 + 10𝑥
Product Rule
Example:
𝑓 𝑥 = (5𝑥 + + 6𝑥 )
10)(𝑥 2
g= 𝑥 = 5𝑥 + 10 , ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓′ 𝑥 = ℎ 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 ℎ(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓’ 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 5𝑥 + 10 + 5𝑥 + 10 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 2 + 𝑑 6𝑥
𝑓’ 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 5𝑥 + 10 + 5𝑥 + 10 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓’ 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 5∗𝑥 1−1 + 0 + 5𝑥 + 10 ( 2 ∗ 𝑥 2−1 + 6 ∗ 𝑥 1−1)
𝑓’ 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 + 10 2𝑥 + 6
𝑓’ 𝑥 = 5𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 + 10𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 + 20𝑥 + 60
𝑓’ 𝑥 = 10𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 2 + 30𝑥 + 30𝑥 + 20𝑥 + 60
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 15𝑥 2 + 80𝑥 + 60
Quotient Rule

𝒈 𝒙
If 𝒇 𝒙 =𝒉 𝒙

given that 𝒉 𝒙 ≠ 0 then,

𝒅 𝒅
𝒉 𝒙 𝒈 𝒙 −𝒈 𝒙 𝒉(𝒙)
𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒉 𝒙 𝟐
Quotient Rule
Example:
5𝑥 2
𝑓 𝑥 = 4
𝑥
𝑔 𝑥 = 5𝑥 2 ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥4 ′
10𝑥 5 − 20𝑥 5
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑑 𝑑 𝑥8
ℎ 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑥 ℎ(𝑥) −10𝑥 5
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ′
ℎ 𝑥 2 𝑓 𝑥 =−
𝑥8
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥4 5𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 2 𝑥4
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 or
′
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 5 10
𝑥4 2 ′
𝑓 𝑥 =− 5 3
′
𝑥4 5 ∗ 2 ∗ 𝑥 2−1 − (5𝑥 2 )(4 ∗ 𝑥 4−1 ) 𝑥 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 10
𝑥8 𝑓′ 𝑥 = − 3
𝑥
′
𝑥 4 10𝑥 − 5𝑥 2 (4𝑥 3 )
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥8
Quotient Rule
(𝑥 2 − 81)
𝑓 𝑥 =
(𝑥 − 7)

𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 81 ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑥−7

𝑑 𝑑
ℎ 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 −𝑔 𝑥 ℎ(𝑥)
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
ℎ 𝑥 2
𝑑 𝑑
𝑥−7 𝑥 2 − 81 − 𝑥 2 − 81 (𝑥 − 7)
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−7 2
𝑥 − 7 2𝑥 − (𝑥 2 − 81)(1)
𝑓′ 𝑥 =
𝑥−7 2
2𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 81
𝑓′ 𝑥 =
𝑥−7 2
𝑥 2 − 14𝑥 + 81
𝑓′ 𝑥 =
𝑥−7 2
Chain Rule

Chain Rule tells us how to find the derivative of a composite function.

A composite function is when one function is inside another function.

If 𝒇𝒈 𝒙

then,

𝒇′ 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒇 ′ 𝒈 𝒙 ∗ 𝒈′ 𝒙
Chain Rule
Example
3
𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 + 1

Let u = (5x + 1)
𝑔 𝑥 =𝑢 , 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑢3
Substitute u with (5x+1)
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 [𝑔 𝑥 ] 𝒇′ 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟓 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟐
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑢3 (5x + 1)
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 3 ∗ 𝑢3−1 ( 5 ∗ 𝑥 1−1 + 0)
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 3𝑢2 5
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 15𝑢2
 Chain Rule
Example
𝑓 𝑥 = 29𝑥 − 8

Let u be = 29x – 8
1
Let 𝑓 𝑥 be 𝑢 2 Let g(x) = u Substitute u with 27x – 9
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 [𝑔(𝑥)] 1
29 29𝑥 − 8 −2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ′
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑑 1 𝑑 2
𝑓′ 𝑥 = 𝑢2 29𝑥 − 8 29
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑓′ 𝑥 =
1 2 29𝑥 − 8
−
𝑢 2
𝑓′ 𝑥 = ( ) 29
2
1
−
29𝑢 2
𝑓′ 𝑥 =
2
 Let’s try these…
Basic Rules of Differentiation
Solve using the Basic Rules of Differentiation
1
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 5
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 5 𝑥
1
3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2+1
4. 𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 4 𝑥 3 + 5
𝑥2
5. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 𝑥+1
 Implicit Differentiation

Implicit Differentiation is the process of differentiating functions of y with respect to x.

Differentiating a function of x with respect to y is straightforward but differentiating a

function of y with respect to x, we must apply the chain rule.

𝒅𝒚
Terms with respect to y must be multiplied by
𝒅𝒙
 Implicit Differentiation

𝑦 = 3𝑦 2 + 9𝑥 4 Combine like term terms.

Differentiate the functions with respect to x 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 1 − 6𝑦 = 36𝑥 3
(𝑦) = (3𝑦 2 ) + (9𝑥 4 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
Factor
𝑑𝑥
Differentiate the functions of y by applying the chain rule.
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 ∗ = 3𝑦 2 ∗ + (9𝑥 4 ) 1 − 6𝑦 = 36𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 (1−6𝑦) 36𝑥 3
𝑦1−1 ∗ = 3 ∗ 2 ∗ 𝑦 2−1 + 9 ∗ 4 ∗ 𝑥 4−1 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (1−6𝑦) (1−6𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 = 6𝑦 + 36𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦 36𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1 − 6𝑦
 Implicit Differentiation

3𝑦 3 − 3𝑥 3 = 7𝑥 4 − 5𝑦 2 Combine like terms

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
9𝑦 2 + 10𝑦 = 28𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Differentiate the functions with respect to x Factor
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
(3𝑦 3 ) − 3𝑥 3 = 7𝑥 4 − 5𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
9𝑦 2 + 10𝑦 = 28𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
Differentiate the functions of y by applying the chain rule 𝑑𝑦
𝑑 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 (9𝑦 2 + 10𝑦) 28𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 =
3𝑦 3 − (3𝑥 3 ) = (7𝑥 4 ) − 5𝑦 2 (9𝑦 2 + 10𝑦) (9𝑦 2 + 10𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 28𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2
9𝑦 2 − 9𝑥 2 = 28𝑥 3 − 10𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (9𝑦 2 + 10𝑦)
 Let’s try these…
Implicit Differentiation

Solve using Implicit Differentiation

1. 𝑥𝑦 = 1
2. 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 − 6𝑥𝑦
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Direct Differentiation Chain Rule Counterparts

𝑑 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑
𝑒𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 𝑒 = 𝑒𝑢 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
(ln 𝑥 ) = (ln 𝑢) = (𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑
𝑎 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 ln 𝑎 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑢 ln 𝑎 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑
(𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑢 = (𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
𝑦 = 15𝑒 3𝑥
Let u be 3𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 𝑑
𝑦=𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 = 𝑒𝑢 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑
𝑦 ′ = 15 ∗ 𝑒 𝑢 3𝑥
𝑑 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 ′ = 15 ∗ 𝑒 𝑢 (3 ∗ 𝑥 1−1 )
𝑦′ = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦 ′ = 15 ∗ 𝑒 𝑢 ∗ 3 = 45𝑒 𝑢
Substitute u=3x
𝑦 ′ = 45𝑒 3𝑥
 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

𝑦 = 4 ln(3𝑥 2 − 10)
2
𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + 8𝑥
Let u be 3𝑥 2 − 10
2
Let u be 𝑥 + 8
𝑑 1 𝑑
𝑑 1 𝑑 (ln 𝑢) = (𝑢)
(ln 𝑢) = (𝑢) 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑
1 𝑑 2 𝑦′ = 4 ∗ (3𝑥 2 − 10)
𝑦′ = 2 𝑥 + 8𝑥 3𝑥 2 − 10 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 8 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑
𝑦′ = 4 ∗ 2 3𝑥 2 − 10
1 3𝑥 − 10 𝑑𝑥
𝑦′ = 2𝑥 + 8 1
𝑥2 + 8 𝑦′ = 4 ∗ 2 6𝑥
3𝑥 − 10

24𝑥
2𝑥 + 8 𝑦′ =
𝑦′ = 2 3𝑥 2 − 10
(𝑥 + 8)
 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

3 +3𝑥 2 −5𝑥−7)
𝑦 = 5𝑎(4𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥
Let u be 4x Let u be 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 7
𝑑 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑
𝑦′ = 5 ∗ 𝑎𝑢 ln 𝑎 𝑢 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑢 ln 𝑎 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 3 +3𝑥 2 −5𝑥−7 𝑑 3
𝑦 ′ = 5 ∗ 𝑎4𝑥 ln 𝑎 4𝑥 𝑦′ = 𝑎𝑥 ln 𝑎 𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 7
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 ′ = 5 ∗ 𝑎4𝑥 ln 𝑎 4 𝑦′ = 𝑎𝑥
3 +3𝑥 2 −5𝑥−7
ln 𝑎 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 5
𝑦′ = 20 𝑎4𝑥 ln 𝑎 𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 5 𝑎 𝑥
3 +3𝑥 2 −5𝑥−7
ln 𝑎
 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 5𝑥 𝑦 = 2𝑙𝑜𝑔5 15𝑥 2 − 10

Let u be 5x Let u be 15𝑥 2 − 10
𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑑 1 𝑑
𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑢 = (𝑢) 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎 𝑢 = (𝑢)
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑 1 𝑑
𝑦′ = 𝑢 𝑦′ = 2 ∗ 𝑢
𝑢 ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 ln 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑 1 𝑑
𝑦′ = 5𝑥 𝑦′ = 2 ∗ 15𝑥 2 − 10
5𝑥 ln 2 𝑑𝑥 2
15𝑥 − 10 ln 5 𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑦′ = 5 𝑦′ = 2 ∗ (30𝑥)
5𝑥 ln 2 15𝑥 2 − 10 ln 5
5 60𝑥
𝑦′ = 𝑦′ =
5𝑥 ln 2 15𝑥 2 − 10 ln 5
 Let’s try these…
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

1. 𝑦 = log 4 5𝑥 + 1
32𝑥
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥
3. 𝑦 = 5𝑒 3𝑥 2 +2𝑥
Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
Formulas:
d du d du
(sin u) = cos u (cot u) = – csc2 u
dx dx dx dx

d du d du
(cos u) = - sin u (sec u) = sec u tan u
dx dx dx dx

d du d du
(tan u) = sec2 u (csc u) = – csc2 u cot u
dx dx dx dx

*Chain rule differentiation.

Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
Sample Problems
1) y = sin (cos t) 2) y = tan (ln 2x)
d (y) = d sin (cos t) d (y) = d tan (ln 2x)
dx dx dx dx
To differentiate, let u = cos t and y = sin u. To differentiate, let u = ln 2x and y = tan u.
dy d d dy d d
= (sin u) (cos t) = (tan u) (ln 2x)
dx du dx dx du dx
dy To differentiate, let u = 2x and y = ln
= (cos u) (– sin t)
dx dy d d d
= (tan u) (ln u) (2x)
Substitute our u, which is cos t and simplify. dx du du dx
dy
= – cos (cos t) sin t dy 2 sec2 ln (2x)
dx = sec ln (2x) 2x =
2
dx
x
Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Formulas:
d 1 du d 1 du
(sin-1 u) = (cot-1 u) =
dx 1 – u2 dx dx 1 + u2 dx

d 1 du d 1 du
(cos-1 u) = (sec-1 u) =
dx 1 – u2 dx dx │u│ u2 – 1 dx
d 1 du d 1 du
(tan-1 u) = (csc-1 u) =
dx 1 + u2 dx dx │u│ u2 – 1 dx

*Chain rule differentiation.

Note:
The term “arcsin x” is read as
“the arcsine of x” or
sometimes “the angle whose
sine is x.” An alternative
notation for the inverse sine
function is “sin-1 x”. The same
goes with hyperbolic
functions, whereas “arcsinh x”
is also an alternative notation
for “sin-1 x.” “
Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Sample Problems
1) y = tan-1 (sin x) 2) y = sec-1 (x2 + 4)
d (y) = d tan-1 (sin x) d (y) = d sec-1 (x2 + 4)
dx dx dx dx
To differentiate, let u = sin x and y = tan-1 u. To differentiate, let u = x2 + 4 and y = sec-1.
dy d d dy d d
= (tan-1 u) (sin x) = (sec-1 u) (x2 + 4)
dx du dx dx du dx
dy 1
= (cos x) dy d d d
dx = (sec-1 u) (x2 ) + (4)
1+u
2
dx du dx dx
Substitute our u, which is sin x and simplify.
dy 1 2x
dy cos x = (2x) =
= dx │u│ u2 – 1
dx 1 + sin2 x │ x2 + 4 │ (x2 + 4)2 – 1
 Let’s try these…
Differentiation of Trigonometric and Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Find the derivative of the following functions.

1. y = 3 sin 2x
2. y = 2 cos √t
3. y = sin 3x cos 3x
4. y = sec-1 5t
5. y = sec-1 x + csc-1 x
 Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions
Formulas:
d du d du
(sinh u) = cosh u (coth u) = – csch2 u
dx dx dx dx

d du d du
(cosh u) = sinh u (sech u) = – sech u tanh u
dx dx dx dx

d du d du
(tanh u) = sech2 u (csch u) = – csch u coth u
dx dx dx dx

*Chain rule differentiation.

Differentiation of Hyperbolic Functions
Sample Problems
1) y = ln (sinh x) 2) y = coth (1 /2x)
d (y) = d ln (sinh x) d (y) = d coth (1 /2x)
dx dx dx dx
To differentiate, let u = sinh x and y = ln u. To differentiate, let u = 1/ 2x and y = coth u.
dy
dx
=
d
du
(ln u)
d
dx
(sinh x)
dy
dx =
d
du (coth u)
d
dx ( )
1
2x
dy 1
( )
d d
= (cosh x) dy d (2x) dx (1) – (1) dx (2x)
dx u = (coth u)
dx du (2x)2
Substitute our u, which is sinh x and simplify.

( )
dy = cosh x or coth x dy 1 csch2 (1/2x)
dx = (–csch u) – 2x2
2 =
dx sinh x *Quotient Identities
2x2
 Differentiation of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Formulas:
d 1 du d 1 du
(sinh-1 u) = (coth-1 u) =
dx 1 + u2 dx dx 1 + u2 dx

d 1 du d 1 du
(cosh-1 u) = (sech-1 u) =
dx dx dx │u│ u2 - 1 dx
u2 – 1
d 1 du d 1 du
(tanh-1 u) = (csch-1 u) =
dx 1 – u2 dx dx │u│ u2 - 1 dx

*Chain rule differentiation.

Differentiation of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
Sample Problems
1) y = 3 coth-1 (9x) 2) y = tanh-1 (2√x)
d (y) = 3 d coth-1 (9x) d (y) = d tanh-1 (2√x)
dx dx dx dx
To differentiate, let u = 9x and y = cosh-1 u. To differentiate, let u = 2√x and y = tanh-1.
dy d d dy d d
=3 (coth-1 u) (9x) = (tanh-1 u) (2√x)
dx du dx dx du dx

( )
dy 1 dy 1 2
=3 (9) =
dx 1 – (9x)2 dx 1 – (2√x)2 2√x
dy 27 dy 1
= =
dx – 81x2 + 1 dx √x(1 – 4x2)
 Let’s try these…
Differentiation of Hyperbolic and Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

Find the derivative of the following functions.

1. f(x) = tanh (4x2 + 3x)
2. y = sech (5x2)
3. y = (csch-1x)2
4. f(x) = coth-1 (x2)
 Higher Order Derivative

Higher Order Derivatives are also called repeated derivatives. It is the process of
taking the derivative of a function, and then taking the derivative of the first
derivative.
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 , then the higher order differentiation of this function is given by:

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑑
First Derivative: = 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑦′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
Second Derivative: 2 = = 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = 𝑦 ′′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑2 𝑦
Third Derivative: 3 = 3 = 𝑓 ′′′ 𝑥 = 𝑦′′′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑4 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 3𝑦
Fourth Derivative : = = 𝑓4 𝑥 = 𝑓4
𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3
 Function
Derivative of
the Function
d 𝑑𝑦
First Derivative ∶ y′= 𝑦 =
dx 𝑑𝑥

2
d 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑦
Second Derivative: y ′′ = = 2
dx 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Second
Derivative of the
Function

Derivative of
the Function
 Higher Order Derivative

Second Derivative:
𝑦 = 10𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 2
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦
First Derivative: =
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑
𝑦 = (10𝑥 4 + 8𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 2) 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 40𝑥 3 + 24𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 4
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 40𝑥 3 + 24𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 4 𝑑2𝑦
𝑑𝑥 = 120𝑥 2 + 48𝑥 − 12
𝑑𝑥 2
 Higher Order Derivative

Fourth Derivative:
Third Derivative:
𝑑4𝑦 𝑑 𝑑3𝑦
𝑑3𝑦 𝑑 𝑑2𝑦 =
= 𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑4𝑦 𝑑
𝑑3𝑦 𝑑 = (240𝑥 + 48 )
3
= 120𝑥 2 + 48𝑥 − 12 𝑑𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑4𝑦
𝑑3𝑦 = 240
= 240𝑥 + 48 𝑑𝑥 4
𝑑𝑥 3
 Higher Order Derivative

Fifth Derivative:

𝑑5𝑦 𝑑 𝑑4𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4

𝑑5𝑦 𝑑
= 240
𝑑𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥
𝑑5𝑦
=0
𝑑𝑥 5

Note: The last derivative of a polynomial function is always zero.

Higher Order Derivative

2
𝑦 = 2𝑒 𝑥
Let u be = 𝑥 2
First Derivative:
𝑑 𝑑 2
𝑦 = (2𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑 2
= 2∗ (𝑒 ) ∗ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= 2 𝑒 𝑢 2𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
= 4𝑥𝑒 𝑢 = 4𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 Higher Order Derivative

2
Let 𝑔 𝑥 = 4𝑥 Let ℎ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 Let u = 𝑥 2

Second Derivative:
𝑑2𝑦
2
𝑑 𝑦 𝑑 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑢 4 + 4𝑥 𝑒 𝑢 (2𝑥)
= 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 = 4𝑒 𝑢 + 8𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑢
=
2
(4𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 2 2
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑 𝑑 2
= 4𝑒 𝑥 + 8𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥
= ℎ 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑥 ℎ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2𝑦 𝑢
𝑑 𝑑 𝑢
𝑑 2
= 𝑒 4𝑥 + 4𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
 Let’s try these…
Higher Order Derivatives

Find the Second Derivative of the given functions.

𝑥 2 +3𝑥
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥−4
2. 𝑓 𝑥 = sec 𝑥
 Answer Key
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1MkA-
E4GVsrzNimHupLlIIT9xWH8djwFi/view?usp=sh
aring
 References:
Leithold, L. (1976). The Calculus
with analytic geometry (3rd ed.).
New York: Harper & Row.

Larson, R., & Edwards, B.H.

(2018). Calculus: With CalcChat
and CalcView. Boston, MA:
Cengage Learning.