To Contents

Page No
Chapter- I: Basic Grammar
,a) Parts of Speech
Tiui o-rtiff0_ oJ (09-56)
Sreyan Sarkar (Swargo) ~) Phrase q_J..u 6"ti.()')\ 09
35
~ Clause
,d) Sentence
Ce) Pru ~ -1·m DYi 39
47
Chapter-2: Applied Grammar
(57-162)
a) Tense
57
by Right form of Verb I Ppro~ i-tit.Y'(\ 63
c) Transformations 73
i) Narration 73
ii) Voice 80
iii) Assertive-Negative-Exclamatory 80
iv) Simple-Complex-Compound 80
v) Positive-Comparative-Superlative 81
Use of Linking words & Idioms 83
Corrections 127

Chapter-3: Others (163-182)

~ Analogy 163
X Antonym-Synonym 169
c) Abbreviations 183

Chapter-4: Writing (185-275)

a) Paragraph Writing 185
X Letter Writing 202
i) Formal 202
ii) Informal 207
iii) Official 214
j,1' C.V 217

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r1

Cu11~ .-111,,n \\ n 1111 ).! Chapter: J

JJ _wrn11. ~ Pn•,: 1:- \\ nllll •
Basic Grammar
_,-(') ,.\ J\ ~•rtJ ,,:(11,:1 1 \I Jl(Jll~
259
_..rr- R •1 Wn:ing 267
rt aJ Part<; ()f Speech
~ ()(ICC \\ 'n!tl g 272 Lac:h ;ind c, c.:11 v. ore! r • . -.
'• , . -:J I ...._,.; I) ~I ~ p -
fl , J ~ . •JI . , • .:._h
l 1a, pla.\ • d !'r,r,d
ChJr 1:r- :- . Ph n~·ti ·:- S Phono logy (276-316) Herc. C\cry ,, ,rJ O h
- t h - : T.: . c.:: b.: - ·'J. r ..
1 Ph n, · ~- Phon,) lligy. Differences betwee n Phonetics and It \ of eight cyp-: . - · ·' ''' p . .:d1
Phon logy 276 a)
1
. 0.Jn
En.: - h \ 'owe! 281 bl Pron u
..c, En), -h C n ona nts 289 c} \' ~rl,
1 Tr-:nscri rions 294 d} dJ · t1'. c.:
c1 ::l!' G:-:i=I Rub of Pronunciation that are Mispronounced 296 c) Ad\ c.:rb
"'n D1ffe'reTices berween British and American English. 3 IO f) Prep mon
Ou ter- 6: Re.ading (317-334) g) Conjunc1i n
h) l111c.:rjc t1 n

t ·o un
Any naming word i · kM\\ n ::i · Noun
Function: Noun \\ ork :..1 •
Objc.:u c) Compkmc.:111
a) Subject b )
d) Comp! ·ti\c and c.:) Appo: iti,e.
Subject:
Qualities of n ·ubjc.:ct:
a) Ir mu ·t be oun 'Pr n0un. , llUn Phra,e \! un
Clau e.
b) ltmustbc1 h~ct) i.: rd .:r.
Do ·c Subj ·ct: The subjc(t which works it. elf
Do r Subjecr: Th' :..ubjc:ct which doc:s not works
itself rather m:1kt·. th r do.
c) lt may prt·<.: ·Jc a wrb.
Such as, He has gllnc thcrc . Hert·. "He .. is the subject.
Object:
Qualitii.:. of an object:
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 . N,iun 1'n11w11n 1
Not1t1 Pl1111sd Nn1111 KinlJ1,:
,l I{ lllll:. t I '
· 1:111:--~·.
It must foll,iw .1 ,·crb. , .
[ ]
b) '-~ 1,·1rcrcnt or not about subJcct.
) It 11\ll~t l I.: (
1

c . . . k ·d by what/ whom, answer

n If a 4ucs11on is as I,;
c:m be found.
•• .. rice·· is the Object.
. H1.:n.:.
- ts ncc.
u b :i.s. H
Comptrmcnr~
J
ual iti . of 3 c mplement: . .
a) It must be Noun/Pronoun/ AdJec~1ve'.
Noun/ Adjective Phrase, Noun/AdJective Clause.
EJ I c.,,~ ~, n
1

b) It must follow a verb.

c) It must be same to or about subject.
Such as.. He 1.s a good boy • Here , "a good boy" is .. the Complement Countable l'ioun : The noun. whid, can be · um d. i-- c:illt'. Coumnbk
. -~Th;;,;e;~n:,;:o;..:::.;.-~----
Complen,·e; un or nouo after a preposition can be called
~,._.~.::..c~~------- Noun.
Corn.o leri-.:._e. Such ::i.s, Shi rt. Pen. vVntch t: tc.
Srrucrure: Preposition+ N/Pro. .
u h as.. He went to school. Here, "school." is the Completive.
Apposith e: 1 Uncountable Noun
Qualities of an Appositive Such as. Water, Rice:, Sugar er .
a) It must be Noun/Pronoun/ Noun Phrase/ Noun Clause. But, there is no airtight compartrn •nt bcl'l re n a ·ounrable and
b) It must be in between two commas. uncountable 1101111. This m ans that count:.1ble :ind uncoumable nouns
c) It will follow a noun/pronoun. both are interchangeable. One can use the rune noun :i.s countable and
d) It will gjve extra information about the preceding uncountable both. It depends totally on the: use of that particular noun
noun/pronoun. in the sentence. We generally think that ·h::iir' is an uncountable noun
but it can be used as the both.
Such as, Rah im, an English teacher, has come. Here, "an English Such as, I have got two hairs in my plate ot rice. Here, the word, hairs,
teacher·· is the€~~- Atro'J: ~ve... ' is used as plural of hair. So, here it is countable noun.
Proper Noun : Name of any p~rson or plal:l' is known n. Proper Noun.
Such as, Dhaka. Rahim, Karim etc.

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 . ·I 1n, •i t·11111111011 qu:ility hy which lliat l11defi11il t l'rour, 1111 : Ir d:nnit
. . Th. \ \11111 \\ 1Ill 1 • . • .
Common , 0111 1. . . -, fr 111111 tht't'S or has a common qual11 y
c.111 h..- id •nu 1iu 1 ( Such as, Nobody, Somt:11 10 ,,
is c:dl . . l Con1t1Hlll Noun . Any+bod y/one lrhin !.! c-·
_ • 1:3 ,. . ,. cow c.irl. ass etc.
ll'11 :l~. '' , · ' - So mebod y h~h com.:
Relati ve Pronoun: It v. or~~. "'• 'i rh-~. t 'o)'--
· ~r Cl t J_ hu,: .! ,J Jl, n hdr.:- IP
. . . Tl , N ,un \\'hich denotes the collection of individual
Collccttn' :\oun. 1 1 l . connect two cln u. c-.
is calkd Collective Noun. Such a. . He is the b y ,vho c'-'m . . h::r
u-:h as. Cattle, the anny etc.
He goe "h 'r' I go.
Herc, who is Relati\c Prnnour. bur ·\\her- · 1 n,-11 (:CJ u,,: · \ ho · i,
Material ~oun: n1~ noun which denotes the name of material is called working a. th e subject of the · -cond cbu,-. : nd I"' · ,n, ;:~ i ,; h Hh ih,
. 1aterial Noun. clauses.
Such as, Iron, Gold etc.
Demonstrative Pronoun: It helps ro Lkmonstrar, )um •u11::1!! .
Such as. Thi s. th at. th re. those -
Abstract ~oun : The noun which can not be touched, seen, smelt but
can be felt by mind is called Abstract Noun. ,. Distributive Pronoun : The pronoun which scpar.:11c · 0 1 • from 1ht'.r 1.
Such as, Honesty, Love etc. ~ known as Distributi ve Pronoun .
Such as, Each boy will get a pen
Everybody I one / thing
Pronoun
The Pan of speech which is used instead of noun is called Pronoun. Reflexive Pronoun: If any pronoun has se lf or ·cl vt'S ac th' i:nd i-
Pronoun is of various types: called Reflexive Pronoun.
Structure: Pronoun + sci f / selves
a) Personal Pronoun
Such as, himsd f/ themselves
b) Indefinite Pronoun
c) Relative Pronoun Emphatic Pronoun: The pronoun with sd fi' · he · which gi\ i: :;
d) Reflexive Pronoun emphasis on somebody or something is called Emphatic Pronoun.
e) Reciprocal Pronoun Such as. He, himself, has <lone it.
i) Demonstrati ve Pronoun
g) Distributive Pronoun Interrogative Pronoun: It is used to ask questions and also works as
h) Emphatic Pronoun subject.
i) Interrogati ve Pronoun Such as. Who, which , whom
P: rsonal Pronoun : It de notes person. It is of three lYJ)cs· the relation among
Reciprocal Pronoun: It shows ho\\' rl·ciprnca l
I person: I, we •·
2nd various subjects is.
person: You, your Such as: each-other. one-another.
3rd
person: He. she, they

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 Such ai, . l -.:1,._· im i-.ooi n ('.. l her ( Pn ·,e nt p · ·
\ 'erh I go t a lwu c d1:cor ated ni c ·I (P .. J rt1 c1 plr)
. c) ast Panic 1p l
l J·-avmg see n the mo· 1~•. ••-L ,, • •
- tri , ..i · '- · ( P r1 rp
. • i :1 • ~nr •n• • is kncl\rn as vab. He went to play. (lnfi niti e) - ni ci ple)
1
..\nY kir. 0f •. cu
\ ·c:rb i: [\·:1rious typ s: \\ alkin g i good fo r h.. Ith. (G ru nd)
finire nd ;\on finit(': Statin and Dynami c \'er b:
finir r: Th.: ,--el1' " hi.:h changes its fonn according to tense i
Statin nrb: The w, \, 1-h c~ ·.:~ - 1- J"
.01 I n f
ul Fini:ew . something j- call ed S·.:! i\ e \ , .
S..!:h :.iS.. Such a: . Th .., b long t r......
H~ pl:iys Cri: .-.:-t w ry d:iy. (Present Tense) He looks g-" ::r i;- r
He played ri:ker Yesrerday. (Past Tense) Dynamic \"erb : Th;! er .::5
H::- "ill pl ~-Cri .·er Yesterday. (Future Tense)
verb.
Such as. He ears . _ :_cook
H:=-i!.. -· ::- ,-~ - pby. changes its form with the change of tense. He sleeps. Sh' cries.
'.\on rmire: the Yerb which does not change its form due to
~~ is ~ ed ~ on finite.
_.:~b ::.s. He wants to go. (Present Tense) Transithe and lntr:msitiH Yerb:
He wanted to go. (Past Tense) Transitive \'erb : If th~re is _ scn:c::.: . tl:c \ ;!I'D

The will want to go. (Future Tense) sentence is called Transiri\· verb.

I ~oo Fioite ,·erb

Such as. He c:Hs ri ...
Here, rice is an obj.: t. . ~ts j - 3 a-,....ru tn \ e v L .

' •!
Geru.od Infinith-e
t
lntransithe Ycrb: tr th' is 0~
sentence is called lntrJt sitiw v rb.
~t i, ~ scnrer.~e 1
-- - \ :rt vi , ..

Su h ns. H ' is a d1. · t r.

.-\gain here. :1 d ·t1. r is n · mpkn ·n . S". •is· i· r. 1 :1 tr:1...ri.~i \ · v,rl-.
Works as ~oun Works as /Adj/Adv
rr : n:rb-ing) (str : to+(base) wrb) Linking Yerb: Th~ \ erL"I \\ hi~h links :1 suti: ;. ·t wi it: .. ' r im .. · is
alled Linking Y ·rb.

1 l Principal and .-\m.i\i:.1~· wrb:

Prtw111

- r · 'e~ing
cb Perfttt

str: Having+, erb tP.P)

Prindp ~1l Yrrb: th ' l)nly l' \·'
prin ipal \'~rb.
u~h as. H ' is gl)in~
Hl' is fl)ing

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 .\u~ ili:ir) \ ah:
,\ :n?li-u: \,•~,
~ J,h
.
;i , .
; ~-- hdp :n::

H,: ,,
ll ·h
. ·,l t fl ~
''° '1, ,, 111 .:h 11.- lp

h.lJ ;t(O\\' .
th i: 111.1111 n :rli 1 (",tll •cl

·r ht ran)
It 1 . 1,>, 1 l,, 1,

,,f ·,p.:c h.
hr

wo rd '.':1th tht n<J rn I c ·/j .,~ rt '••. ,

l I - -~
l
,\djrcrin' i...
r,
He i~ in 1-:,·m·• r,:i ,.e. , .•..
'

ll crc, ·'on .. m·1.~cs :i rt:l ··i ,:-, f _ • ~--, · : •.•

TI ,. nJ ..-;: .·
,l' . r•~~' •·l1 \ ,·h·I h mo Jific Noun/Pronoun is called Adjecti ve.
• t ·H ;: ?, - l lU .1 lie •
{!ood
u
is modifying 'he'. So, good is c1n
:..:ti\ •.
rli . ::1, : :. of thre · types : o r I a ·;_
· :i . a·crtm~ of number. Such as; one, two

. djc ri,·c of quantity. Such as; some, few,

on
. dJ- ive of Quality. Such a5; good, bad, honest, dishonest.

Adverb

The .:T - of _peech which modifies mainly verb and also adjective and away from►
toward
adq~rb L cailed Adverb.
•-b -: He lay. good. Here, ' good' modifies 'play' . b sid
H:: 1s ,·t ry honest. Here, 'very' modifies 'honest'.
He pl ys Hry ..,ood. Here, 'very ' modifies 'good' which is an adverb.
to
from ►
Ad\. ~ is of various types :

Ad , erb <,fTime: This one denotes the time. into

I ~ ill go now. (If we ask by when answer can be found.)
Ad\ crb of pla e : This one denotes place.
I will go to Oh.ab. (If we ask by where .... )
Ad verb of Manner: ·niic, one denotes how something happens.
I am going fa~. Of ow?)
Ad \ LTh nf h co u1.:nc y . It d . .
. , · cnotc\ 1rnw often someth 111 g happens/ occurs. under / below / beneath
I will go twice.
I go every day.

Jn <;cn iti vc: It intensifies . orncthin g.

He is vcr; v cak .
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ACROSS

FROM lh«e ~~eone or e!l:i:19

Mo1M in cirdes or ii the · · cl

Ami
som!thi ~

ONTO I toaposition oo ar :rf~ t. as I

DOD ect to a iW j)C -·

10
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 Graph Asimple description: ,

It decreased from 10 to 4. • m

There was adrop of 6(units). .in ,. in lo\·

It dropped by 6(units). • at

Adecrease in the number of ... -- --

Between 2010 and 2014 ...
2016 From 2010 to 2014 ... I bt,..d co it)
t I

• on
Asimple description:.
~osition above I ~o the d k: n
It started at 4(units), ·n contact with I my scould.:r

It peaked at 1O(units). certain side (left, IOn the \\l( ; on th

8 w:uer
1

It dropped by 8(units) to its r - - - - -- - i

e state or process Ibnth .. t~ft sid .. : od1

lowest point at 2(units). - th bright side I

Ion le,n e: on fire: '
It increased to 6(units). I
~ - - - ~, ntbe"~
eans of conveyance
l 1
I

It remained stable between I on the phone: on

I

rf\'; on the menu

2004 1008 2012 2010 and 2012. n tnins; on the

- - 4------ It finished at 6(units) in 2012. us: on a plane

- -~- -- ---- I

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p

n.mplcs l f • ~ • .. I,-
l "'' 1 l

.,,.,i b.ar..ipl s
L.,!-.
off the toblc; off the wall:
fr\11n :t pl.t~t ,,r • ahovc Li _. er 1: ~n --th ., t! th~ <.! r: the clouds
• ff went off to Canada; got off
J'O~lll\'t\ d ~. O\ =rr 1~
t, ' ' , h rrubkm · cited
the bus; turned off the TV

-
by the door; beside the car-
• up • up b : hill. up thcr 1· a
3t the side of; ' [O\,\, :U-ds a hJ ::,
close to, next to stand by me point

• do'vvn a dcsc ndin:: • roll :d c! ·.,nth.. ru\\:

<lim:t1011
I • u:i£kr in a lower under the table; under water
position; beneath Pr ·-p · it ions of tim
the surface
• on days (of the ,1,.-cck) un6y: on ~b, bt: on
I,
& dates Chnst:""...:15 E\'e: on my
r-_ _ _ _ _ _ ___;__ _ _ 1111
~ .. mi.I"\.: n the: '" eekcnd
~nor at a position out sth. over a shirt; walk over ( Am£.)
r bove ISth.; over my dead body
,,
piore than • lll

nonth · / 1
~n ·ummcr / in I
·easons I vc1r\ :.iu\v , in _O\ 7
bver 100 years; over ten miles - - - ------111I-_
I
.. _ __ _ ---i\\
in the evening

n an hour; in the
m or to a lower below the surface; below d turc \
\ place; beneath 20°; below the clouds /
\,/
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 • f,,r
f t 11 : 15 p.m.: at •
rl r rr. l :i
half past six

t noon; at night;
earned English • af:: ~
.. . ; J_

t 42: at the a hr t r t ir:; .. -

,,eekend (BrE.); ; -,,·
• iO i~!:1~: ~: . . L-_
t first glance
1: : I

from a since 1980; since yesterday

-· - .::; - ,-· -, -
specific point in time
cnril now (past rill
now) • by r. L :.: r •...!r.

up to a certain point until Monday; I'll wait to call

in rime Co njunctio n
my manager until I bear from
the client
The pans of !.
conjunction.
• o,·er a for the first time in forever; for
Stru ru - o juncrion- buse
certain period 3 years
He is good but h t d I .
of rime

from now to a a second ago; a decade ago; a

Cohesive De,·ice
specific point in the while ago
past (now till past) A Yariety of ll.5 ful Engli h Conjuncrio e. is·-. v. hi h
complete this list of the most used Cohesfre De..-ice . Together,
throughout the course during summer; during the they can help to expres_ a ,. and e..1:>y
or duration of s.th. vacation; und~rstandable and read ble tcx .

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It i · of gcnc:i.\ll y 0f tlm.·c type~ :
• ' ubo rd m~ti nc unj un ·ti,m
~ ul,11 n li11 atin i,: Cr,nJ·u _.
n ctin rl\
Al \ c, <.,tlk: 1 1 '> Jr>< ,cJ, .
,. ,n,i (J ~ • r:::rr>d• ,•. ti
I
• orJtn. tine ( ,lllJ lllll'li,lll acl vcrh~ ha1 act ftk. . .__ . epe11d 111 dau e. These
• C0rr l:ltl\· · C nj un ·ti on C C<, 1JL, l 10- · · r I
clau~c - and a co · "' ,!. • P '.!.:_d .i th_ fro:it of h
,ma I r.cw.:d a t I .
phra. c v: htn I p· ed L . · - crL of u: _a ·, er ial

Examples:· ' '' rr..:.n I:'! !

Coordinnrin ~ Conjunctions If th e only ton/ ynu ha\'t! ;~ ah
p roblem a s a nail /4braL ,a,mmer, you tend ta u n:ery
Con usu:ill y in the middle of a sentence, and a comma is used , nam .• a~fowj
Som e p eople make h ead/in ~ i,;Jr ile ll .
before the conjunction (unless both clauses are very short). They fPhilip £/m er-D e Win/ " rer1 ma/..e l11 w ry.
j m individual words, phrases, and independent clauses.
\\ nereas coordinating conjunctions join parts of a sentence, the
purpose of transitional words and phrases usually is to join two Conjunction s Conces.sion
'sentences'. • though Conjunction Time
Examples: • although . :iJt.er
\Ve can draw lessons from the past, but we cannot live in it. • eYen though • as long
[Lyndon B. Johnson] • while • as soon as
The purpose of most computer languages is to lengthen your Conjunctions Condition • before
resume by a word and a comma. [Larry Wall] • if • by the tim

And, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet -

are the seven coordinating
• only if . now that
• unless • onc·e
conjunctions. To remember them, the acronym FANBOYS can
be used. • until • since
• pro,i ded th at • till
1. F =for • assuming th at • until
2. A = and • even if • ·when
• in case (that) • " hene,·er
3. N= nor • while
• lest
4. B = but Conjunctions Comparison Conjunc tio ns Reason
• th an • because
5. O = or
• rather th an
. since
6. Y = yet • so th:it
• whether
7. s = so • as much as • in order (that)

• whereas • why
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 ( 'un.lunl·lluns Mn1111 cr
• ch1,c • how Conj un cti ve AdHrh\

• ,, h 1l( • nslhough They arc often u cd .: a lin kin(! d..;\ 1ct! octw en i dea,;; _They
. \\ h tl h'H' l' • us If ~how logica l rclation,h 1p .. c., prc, c m cbu,,__ . ., n1 ~nc s or
• \\h k h Conjunctions Place paragraphs.
• \\h ldll'WI' where Conjunctive adverb - ar ·ery ..:m ~,1c . .o tht:y '> hould b u cd
•
• • wherever sparingly.
N:d;11iw Pronoun
• ,, hn
Similar to And imila r to 0

• whMn'r
•
.
• wh om • accord ingly
• also
• whomen'r
• besides . con cqueatly
• whose furth ermore • hence
•
• like,Yise • meanwh il e
Corre.latin Conjunctions moreover • then
•
• therefo re
They are always used in pairs and denote equality; and show the Similar to But
• thus
relationship between ideas expressed in different parts of a •
sentence - and thus make the joining tighter and more emphatic. • however
\\'hen joining singular and plural subjects, the subject closest to • nevertheless
the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural. • nonetheless
• still
if. .. then • conversely
• as ... as •
not ... but • instead
• just as ... so •
what with ... and • othenvise
• both ... and •
• rather
hardly ... when • whether .•• or
•
scarcely ••. when • not only ..• but also
•
either .. . or • no sooner ••• than
•
neither . • . nor • rather ... than
•
•

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•
---- achievin~ cce· s.
J. Tea is one (a ) - ··-· · h~ mr, )~ !_r d:irJr 1~ ,1-; _ •~l~ cr d lt
b · ·i:-es: .~ of the following underlined words ;
J) l\:1me th , p:irt:- of . pu::C11 bas become w pop;i la;-?. B-: . Jl.::,.1 __·, ~ .:· ;,;:, ;:.'. . 1h1 ----- :i
rerno e ·i l2f-.. ar~ r,o·,,. ·· : d f·) •·· - , r.: ,::f · -· - T ·· l: ::;.;
. liege only 20% of the students were
\\ 11 ·n I " s at med1ca1 co , . gro·..'.· >, e I < ) ----- r.e ,, jo _ of .!'!:; Ti!::. r.:!::. '··.:- ~, \,r.::~-:
a gynecologist talkmg about how
w men.'' s:ivs Dr. N I a fiiza, rai m, ate r doe: .o· .::.::;-, ..1 ;;, _ ~u·:.:· ~ f e.1 ------ ~ ;:.'. .::.:.:1:·,._ ;i_
.· 'd . h early years. "But now I can see that the In Bangl2desh • . ,.,e ·.- • t ~=i ;.::r ... e;-.:: 1:-. u-.:: t:r:: ~.::-·0::· , ;1...
tbm _s were unng er ,, . .
- . between 40% and 50%. Thts 1s a clear -- Sylhe. ( rr:!l b J .u Cri ;LlJ '.;0 :1~. Sri L.:-~:.:. b n;::: I ~ l ----
~rcentage wa\ers .
indication that now more than ever women are entenng the - fore ign rurre y f hJ --- -- ,,_ o r: m~ t_ .
medical profession. "Mind you these women are h~r~ because of 4. We , the sruden· of 1:: cl:!..~s X i:.1 . lol::.: i: H!;: ~::.::oo' t:1
their merit" she emphasizes. "In the highly compet1t1ve world of Tangail, wen (aJ - - :i. p1cni :- !_,fi!y. Ve ·"' ..: I i - -
the medical profession over the years you can see that there has the National Park as ho-en ( ) - - :i..ll · __ r,:_ ' , of L~e
been a remarkable and notable increase in the participation and picnjc
performance of women. party. At 9.00 am. \,e got on a' us 2:1d re.!d:i · '"";: Ziir , 1-
- about I .3 0 pm. Th- is iID mbankme:i: ( J - - tl:! rk
and we selected ir (f) - - arran=cm~n- o" 1:e p:~~:. W soon
b) Put appropriate prepositions in the blanks; /
became busy (g) - - our resp ·e w • as d· 01' ..r.::.-
earlier. We heard romam soo~ bein= p :, -.. (hi ·- 3

l. Many animals are very useful (a) ::-~--- man. The dog is one cassene player. We compktcd our cooking I ) - - r:e l:o r.
of them. There are many stories (b) ~----- the bravery and After taking our bath (j} - - a nearby pond ,,..,e ~--d h.:l,111=
faithfulness of dogs. King Edward VII's funeral procession our meal.
was led (c ) ----- his dog Caesar. The famous composer 5. Environmental pollution i po,,m= a gre3t I.hr J la) --··
.v1ozart's coffin was followed only by his dog. Gelert, a dog, human life. Rapid growth (b) ----- indusmatiz.an on ,- the
wa,; r.i lk d by his master owing (d) ------ misunderstanding. main cau e of en viro nmental pollution. Air and wat:!r ar · th~
But when the fact was revealed, a village was named (e) ------ rwo major elements (c) ---··· en ironment but they are
that dog, ge ting pollution every day aus in= :n olb con m (d l -----
2. Secrc (aJ ------ any succe1,c.; in life is (b) __: ___ making the our health. We are suffering (e) ----- \ ariou.:, d1. eas - due <f)
bcJ uv.; (c;) ----- - time. One who does not care (d) ------ time, ----- polluted ai r and wat ~r. Ai r 1s pol Iuted ( g) - -- - it is
invite,; mi <.cry (CJ------ his life. Lots of sufferings await him mi xed (h) ------ different kind~ of smoke . (i) - -- the other
(f) ···--· tht long run . A 1,tudcnt, who docs not realize the
value of time, fai )', ()r can not do good results (g) --- --· 31
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• .
h· d industnn1 wa~ ~--
-, •s chcrnicnI
fertilizer and insecticides
. I 0. On day the king wa~ !yin , ( a - - -- - - .
ttn . . .) __': ___ pollutmg water. on a wa ll and saw g J th e fort. He cast lm eyes
arc the main source:; 0 . 'l wall B t . . a 5>p1dcr. It was climbing (b) ------ the
. I annot live (a) ------ company. · u Jt was very h'gh1 · Th e: :--p1ckr.
M . ,ocial berng so ie c . . . t' fell (e) ----- - every
6. 1 an I:, a - . . Jar place and mamtam relat10ns 1me,
He lives (b) ------ a parucu it tried. But it did not give
· (d ) ------ its
. attempt_. His heart was
(c) ----- his relative and neighbors. He can~ot do ~ven (d) ---
. h t peaking (e) --~~--. A neighbor 1s our best filled (e) ------ joy. He said to himself. ''Why should I loose
-- a day Wll OU s heart? I must try again.
(g) ------ need of hours.
friend as he comes (f) ------ Our help ..
11. One day the Sul tan asked the Qazi whether it was lawful to
Our neighbors belong (h) -- -::- different commumt1es. We
cut (a) --~--- some limb or another of those dishonest people.
live (i) ---- harmony U) ------ everybody.
The Qazi declared that such punishments were (b) ------ the
7. Student life is the period __ 1__1._ attain good manner and other rules of Islam. The Sultan became very annoyed (c) ______
qualities of good character. A man _L..:._J_ character is no this. The Sultan further asked whether the wealth be gained
better than a 1peast. Good education with good character through his conquests belonged (d) ------ him or the public.
I
The Qazi replied that the army fought (e) ----- it and as such
paves a man -:-,--- the path - ---- prosperity and happiness.
it belonged to public treasury.
Good character and noble virtues keep men a_loof -~----
12. When a boy George Washington was about to go (a) ------
unsocial and other acts.
sea as a sailor everything was ready. His box bad been
I
carried (b) --~-·-- to the boat. When he came to his mother to
8. Sultan Salauddin, king of Egypt, had a fight (a) _ a brave
bid her farewell, he saw tears bursting (c) ------ her eyes..
warrior Richard of England. But Richard's horse was killed.
However, be said nothing to her, turned (d) ------ to his
Sultan Salauddin sent an Arab horse (b) _· _ Richard.
servant and said. "Fetch my box back. I will not go (e) ------
Another day Richard became ill and many doctors were
1 to break my mother's heart.
called (c) _ < but his condition remained unchanged. (d) •
13. Ferdous suddenly fell (a) ----- evil days. The
last, Sultan Salauddin went to the tent, wearing the dress (e) bv_J
Government of the country became very displeased (b) -----
_ a physician.
him for some unknown reasons. Consequently he had to
leave his beloved place (c) ~ .....--- birth. So he was naturally
9. Tea is one (a) ~ the most popular drinks in the world. It
very sad. Now Ferdous started moving from place to place
has beco'.11e so popular in Bangladesh that people (b) ~ ;
and from country to country in search (d) ------ fortune . At
remote village are now used (c) _··_drinking tea. Tea plants
that time Gazni was ruled (e) ------ by Sultan Mahmud.
gr?w well (d) _ ' the slope of hills. The hilly lands where
14. Zilla School advertised for the post of an English teacher.
rainwater dose not stand are suitable (e) , tea plantation
Mr. Rahim thought that he was competent (a) ------ the post
In Bangladesh there are tea gardens in-the h1·11 . .
(f' . y regions because the considered himself good (b) ------ English. So he
)_ Sylhet, _Com11la and Chittagong. Sri Lanka is famous
applied (c) ------ the headmaster (d) ------ the post. The
(g) - of foreign currency U) _'_ exporting tea.
headmaster appointed him (e) ------ the post.
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 . • I (:l) ______ t I1~
·t1 . Th~ new~ app~ared (b) Basic Grammar
' tr. Sohd wa:- n..:,·u:-• l • . ·d (c) ______ the news. He
I- · 1
•-s lie wa~ a~i.unc.; b) Phrase
------ s01nc pnpct ... . d.. ·, I committee. lt appeared (e) ----
i i) __::,___ the 1u 1c.;1,1 Phrase is a group of words \\'hich do . . . -
:1rrcJfCU ( l
. , , .11 he. was 11u1ocent.
. t d II · nut co ntJin any subJcct or tmitt:
-- the' cornnllfkl 111 . ver) an a the words of a phrase work alike. Such as.
I have bought a new shirt to observe the Pahela B:iishak.
Here, all the underlined words ar L' •separate Iy phr.isc a~ tJ1crc 1s no
subject and finite verb in those .

Phrase is of seven types;

l. Noun Phrase
2. Adjective Phrase
3. Adverb Phrase
4. Verb Phrase
5. Preposition Phrase
6. Participle Phrase
7. Infinitive Phrase

Noun Phrase: The Phrase which works like a noun is called a Noun
Phrase.
Structure: M+H+Q/M+H/H+Q.

Here, "M" refers to modifier "Q" refers to qualifier and •'ff' refers to
head word which is the most dominating word of that phrase. Modifier
and qualifier both are same except their position. If any wors sits before
headword it is called modifier and if after headword then qualifier.

Condition: "H" must be Noun, "M and "Q'' must be an

Adjective,
Example: He is a good boy indeed.
M H Q
Adjective Phrase: The Phrase which works like an Adjective is called
an Adjective Phrase.

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 r \l-H- Q . 1-H ·H-Q
_-\..t. . rl-- . H-· ·, wn· 2 ood indet'd. a) _., · I Q= AdJe ti\- H-""
· -.'<OUn
fa:i.m;~- ~ ,. ~t. - H Q If we can onh· p I an ,d· .,_. _
p hras e. - , - ~-- ll1, e berore r a.rter an un n. ·omes 3 ;\' un
Adwrb Ph n1~e ·
• Th"'.. phrJ.se whi h works like an Adwrb is called an
-\cn·..;t, Phr.1.."e- Ex: Go d boy ind~d H nest m:m
~tan inc· \'e
- Stru ru.re: M.._H~ l+H/H+Q. Q ~1 H H Q
Cundiri n: .. ff• mu.st be Ad verb. •'l.f
1~ and '·Q" must be an :\ l/Q=Adwrb. H= .-\dje tiYe
.-\dwrb.
fa3Dlpk: He plays nry good indeed. \\ ith the same strucru.re. if\\ e can only ut an ad. erb bd re or after :m
adjectiYe it becomes an Adje.. tive Phrase.
M H Q
, -erb Phrase: The Phrase which worl---s Like a Verb is called an \ erb
Ex: Very Good indeed \ 'ery Honest
Phrase.
:\I H Q ~1 H
Structure: VA+MIP.
l'vUQ=Adverb, H= AdYerb
Here...L.. refers to Lexical "A'' refers to Auxiliary and "M'' refers to
~lain 3Ild ·'P·· refers to Principal Verb.
In the same\\ ay, if we can only put an adYerb before or after an adwrb
Example: He is going there.
it becomes an Adverb Phrase.
LM
Ex: Very nicely indeed \ ery nicely Nicely done M
Preposition Phrase:
H Q 1\1 H H Q
Structure: Pre +NIP
Here, · Pre" refers to Preposition "NIP'' refers to Noun or pronoun. Method No: 2
Example: He plays very good indeed in stadium.
Str: Aux.i Yerb + Main Verb
Pre N The passive verb is a good example of verb phrase.
Participle Phrase:
Ex: Has been done Was punished
Structure: Participle+ Partner
A M A M
Example: He saw me going there Method No: 3
Parti+ Partner Str: Participle + Partner
Ex: a) Going there b) Decorated nicely c)
Infinitive Phrase:
Having done quickly
Structure: To+ Verb (base)
Example: He saw me to go
Method No: 4
Str: Preposition + Noun/ Pronow1
How to make Phrases:
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 By doing, Without Basic Grammar
·a On Going,
Ex·. T0 Dllak
• ' '
re V now1 pre V noun pre V noun
Playing. pre noun P c) Clause
Method No: 5
Str: To+ Verb (base)
Ex: To go To play Clause is a group of words wh • h . .
IC contains a subJect and finite verb
Suc h as, ·
Exercise He plays cricket.
Convert the key features of the following sentences into Phrases and Here, H~ is a su~j~ct and GOES is a finite verb. As there is a subj ect
name the phrases. The first one is done as example. and a fimte verb, 1t 1s a clause.
a) Shamima is the finest girl I have ever met. Ans: Shamima, the
finest girl ever met by me. Noun Phrase Finite Verb: The details of this can be seen in parts of speech section.
b) She is a student of class X. The structure of a clause is;
c) She is serious in her studies. S+P+C/O+A
d) She learns her lesson minutely.
e) She never wastes time. Here, S means Subject
f) Rehana is her close friend. P means Predicator
g) She likes her (r) very much. C means Complement
h) Rehana also likes her. 0 means Object
i) They read in the same class. A means Adjunct
j) When it is holiday Rehana visit Shamima's house. Here, only S and P are must to make a clause. The others are not
k) Her house is in the same village. compulsory.
l) Shamima becomes very happy to see Rehana .
m) They pass happy hours together. • Subject:
Qualities of Subject: A subject
a) must be NIP/ Noun Phrase/Clause.
b) must be the doee or doer.
c) may precede a verb.
Such as, He has gone there. Here, "He" is the subject.

Predicator:
Qualities of Predicator:

a) It must be a Verb or Verbal Phrase.

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 ·
crures of vanous types ·
O
fi llow IJic 5tru · d"
b) It may H "is going" ts a pre 1cator. Direct ObJ'ect·· If the cio,,-~
,.
is ooing to school. ere, . b. . , ·
J ...,_ I an ln2"1 •m~ •.,, o - -
Such as. He e DJrect '- .
. ql.12.1r· .I'--: • ... • - ·- . ::. ..:: u ~:!,
O ~ect. Herc . oth -er rr: ·-
Suc h as, · •·--> o, an u,T eq rer:;-• - , -
· • .., --m.;:.
Complement:
. . of Complement: He plays football.
Qualiu:) It must be NIP/Adjective Here, Football is an inanimate object <;o i· i· D·- r,
.- . _"} •. ea J c- ~ .
b) It must follow a verb. .
) Jt must be same to or about subject. Indirect ObJ"ect·• Ifth e ob.~ect is · a:1 am!T'.::.~
.
0 .,.. :., .. 0 , : _, .
as cHe is a good boy. Here, "a good boy" is the Complement Indirect Obje{:t. Here, 0 her q!.!2li·ies 0 ~ c.n • :~ --~- ··.-- -~Jee: r,r..:.,._ -
SUC b. ,
Such as, • 0 1 - - - rer.-.21:1 ~:::.-.e.
Complement is of two types.
He gave me a shirt
Such as, Here, me is an animate object. So, it is Irni"-ec: O' ~e=t.
• Complement to the Subject
• Complement to the Object According to structure, Clause is of three types:
Complement to the subject: The complement which extra information • Main Clause
about Subject or modifies the subject is called Complement to the • Sub-ordinate clause
subject • Co-ordinate clause
Such as,
He is a doctor. Main Oause: The Clause whi ch has only one 5Ubjoct. one ;·eri, z::d
Here, "'a doctor" is a complement to the subject. As it gives an extra does not depend on others for its meaning is cal e . f~· Oz ,-... It C2:l
information about subject it is Complement to the subject. also be called Independent Clause or Principal Clall.!.e.
Such as, He said that I will go.
Complement to the object: The complement which extra information
Here, He said is ID1lin clause as i1 has only one suhjxr. one verb zru:!
about Subject or modifies the object is called Complement to the object. does not depend on others fo its meaning.
Such as,
Sub-ordinate clause: The Clause which depends 0:1 others rm.• y
He is playing good football.
Main Clause for its meaning and starts \\ith a Sub-ordirure Conj c ion
Here. "good." is a complement to the object, football. As it gives extra (that, which, vhat., ·when, as since, than et.:. ) is caUed Sub-o~di.nzte
informarion about object it is Complement to the subject Clause. It can also be called Dependent Clause
Object is of tv,o types .
Such as,
Such as. He said that I will go.
• Direct Object. Here, that I will go is Sub-ordinate clause as it depends . fain Clause
• Indirect Object for its meaning and stam \\ith a Sub-ordinate Conjunction. that.

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r
. h depends on others mainly Main As these underlined clau .
The Clause whic . . ( Clause. ses are workmg as Object, they are Noun
Co-ordinate clause: . h a Co-ordinate ConJunctlon and,
. in and starts wit
Clause for its mean g · Clause.
. called Sub-ordinate Example of Noun Clause as Complement:
but or etc. ) 1s
su:h as, He said and I will go_- lause as it depends Main Clause for • Rahim is what we think of him
I ·n o is Co-ordmate c • She was as her mother was.
Here, and wi g . h Co-ordinate Conjunction, and.
its meaning and starts wit a • They were stronger than our team was.

. fun t·on Sub-ordinate Clause is of three types: As these underlined clauses are working as Complement, they are Noun
Accordmg to c 1 , Clause.
• Noun Clause
• Adjective clause Example of Noun Clause as Completive:
• Adverb Clause • They insisted on what they wanted only.
• We brought out what was known as forbidden procession.
Noun Clause: The Sub-ordinate Clause which works as Noun is called As these underlined clauses are working as Completive, they are Noun
Noun Clause. Clause.

NB: Function of Noun is discussed in the Parts of Speech Part. Example of Noun Clause as Appositive:
[ . • He, whom we know as good person, is sent to Jail.
So, As Noun, Noun Clause also works as the followmg: • SSC examination, which is appeared after class ten, is
going to be no longer in practice.
Example of Noun Clause as Subject:
• What he said, was true. As these underlined clauses are working as Appositive, they are Noun
• When he came, was uncertain Clause.
• What he said, shocked me.
• What his name is ,is known to me. Adjective clause: The Sub-ordinate Clause which works as Adjective is
As these underlined clauses are working as Subject, they are Noun called Noun Clause.
Clause.
NB: Function of Adjective is discussed in the Parts of Speech Part.
Example of Noun Clause as Object:
• I know what his name is. So, As Adjective, Adjective Clause also works as the following:
• We do what we like
• She sang which one was more interesting. Example of Clause modifying Noun/ Pronoun:
• They said that I will go.
• He is my brother who came here tomorrow.
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,
oy who played well in the game. Herc, as fast as J go 1s
· an Advcrh Cl
• I know t he b • d · •
·11 b ya car which will have maxamum spee • subject is going. au~t: as 11 15 denotes how lh <.:
• I WI u . d' N
• .d clauses are modifying their prece mg oun or
Here the underIinc .
' S th . e clauses are Adjective Clause. Apparently 1t may
Pronoun. o, cs . . Adverb Clause of Reason. It d. t h .
Clause as Appositive and AdJective Clause are . eno es w y something happens and
seem that Noun us_ually answers can be found if the verb i asked a question by why. In
same but there is a differenc~. this regard, usually the Sub-ordinate Clause starts with as, since
Such as, He goes since I have said him to go.
Adverb Clause: The Sub-ordinate Clause which works as Adverb is
Here, since I have said him to go is an Adverb Clause as it is denotes
called Adverb Clause. why the subject is going.
NB: Function of Adverb is discussed in the Parts of Speech Part.
Adverb Clause of Purpose: It denotes the purpose or aim of any
Adverb Clause is as the following: activity. In this regard, usually the Sub-ordinate Clause starts with so
that.
Adverb Clause of Place: It denotes place and usually answers can be Such as, We eat so that we can live.
found if the verb is asked a question by Where/Wherever. In this regard, Here, so that we can live is an Adverb Clause as it is denotes the
usually the Sub-ordinate Clause starts with where/wherever. purpose or aim of eating.
Such as, I live where he lives. Adverb Clause of Result: It denotes result or fruit of any action. In this
Here, where he lives is an Adverb Clause as it is denoting place and can regard, usually the Sub-ordinate Clause starts with so .... that.
be replaced by the name of place. Such as, He walked so slowly that he missed the train.
Here, so slowly that he missed the train is an Adverb Clause as it is
Adverb Clause of Time: It denotes time and usually answers can be denotes the result of his slow walking.
found if the verb is asked a question by When/Whenever. In this regard,
usually the Sub-ordinate Clause starts with when/whenever but not Adverb Clause of Condition: It denotes condition of any action. In this
always. regard, usually the Sub-ordinate Clause starts with if. It is of three types:
Such as, He goes when I go • l st Conditional
Here, when I go is an Adverb Clause as it is denoting time and can be • 2nd Conditional
replaced by time. • 3rd Conditional

Adverb Clause of Manner: It denotes how something happens and • 151 conditional: If+ Sub+ Verb (pre),+ Sub+ Will+ Verb
usually answers c~n be found if the verb is asked a question by (base)
how/how~ver. In this regard, usually the Sub-ordinate Clause starts with
as, how, like etc but not always. Ex: If you go, you will get it. (Possible in present)
Such as, He goes as fast as I go.

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,.
.. b +Subject+ Others+ ? He plays well
Srrucrure: Aux1hary ver
Such as; Have you come ?. =He does not play well.
But, i~ both the cases, if there is any Adj/Adv, one has to bring the
opposite to that Adj/ Adv. Such as,
• Tag Question . . . .
. Tag 1s
Quest10n • a short question which s1ttmg after a sentence Judges He is a good boy.
whether the sentence is right or wrong. =He is not a bad boy.
Again, if there is no Adj/Adv, one has to make it a neg-int snt. Such
Such as, as,
He is going, isn't he? He plays Cricket.
=Does he not play Cricket?
Imperative Sentence: The sentence which is used to request, order, Rule: 2: if there is "Only", one has to bring
propose, is known as Imperative sentence. • none but (person)
Structure: Verb+ Others. • nothing but (thing)
Such as; Let's play. Do it. Please sing a song for me. • not more/less than (number)
Such as,
Optative Sentence: The sentence which is used to express wish and He is only 24.
desire, is known as Optative sentence =He is not more than 24.
Structure: Modal Verb+ subject+ Others.
Such as; May I have a car. Rule: 3: If there is "Modals", one has to bring
• Cannot but + Verb (base)
Exclamatory Sentence: The sentence which is used to express emotion • Cannot help + Verb + ing
or exclamation, is known as Exclamatory sentence. Such as,
Structure: I wish/ What/ How+ Others+ Verb+! . He must go.
=He cannot but go.
Such as; What a beautiful the bird is! =He cannot help going.

Rules of changing (Aff-Neg) Rule: 4: If there is "As soon as", one has to bring "No sooner had".
Such as,
Rule: 1:
• Jf there is Auxil" b . As soon as she saw me, I went away.
A . iary ver , one Just has to put a "NOT" after that than l went away.
ux1 verb.Such as, =No sooner had she seen me, b . "S that" Such as
. " Too .. ·· t0 " , 0 ne has to nng o. •·
Rule: 5: If there 1s · '
He is a good boy.
He is too weak to walk.
. ==He is not a good boy.
• If there 1s Auxiliary v 6 . =He is so weak that he cannot walk.
+ Not". Such as er 'one Just has to bring "DO/DID/DOES 49
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 . "ti "n otha/ Tiu.• + SUI' •·. one has lo bring
i
•I I . 6·· 1r1 rhcrt' 1s i..
Rue. •·111•·
-' - Is he a had boy'!
I'
HNo other+ Sub". Such as.
Again, if there is no Adj/Adv, one ha.., to make ir a neg-int snt. Such
as,
• He is better than any other boy.
He plays Cricket.
He is the best boy.
=Does he not play Cricket?
=No other boy is as good as he.
But, be careful that not is before Noun and after Pronoun.
Rule: 7: If nere
I · "As .. ,.. r,-\s" • one has to bring "Not more than I not
1s
less than·•. Such as, Rule: 2: ff there is "Every + body/ one··, one bas to bring .. who +
• He is as good as I. does/did not+ Verb(base)". Such as,
=He is not more good than V He is not less good than I. • Every body hates him.
Ruic: 8: If there is "Every + body/ one", one has to bring "There is/
= Who does not hate him? Or
was+ nobody/none+ who+ does/did not+ Verb(base)". Such as,
= Who loves him?
• Every body hates him.
= There is nobody who does not hate him. Or Rule: 3: If there is "Every+ Noun··. one has to bring '·Is/ was+ there
= There is nobody who loves him. +any+ Noun+ but+ Verb''. Such as ,
Rule: 9: If there is "Every+ Noun", one has to bring "There is/ was+ • Every player hates him.
no+ 1"oun +but+ Verb". Such as, = Is there any player but hates him?
Rules of changing (Ass-Ex)
• Every player hates him.
Rule: 1: To make a simple Ass snt, Exclamatory one bas to bring;
= There is no player but hates him.
What (a)/ How+ Adj/ Adv +Noun/ Pro +Verb+!
Rules of changing (Assertive-Interrogative) Such as, He is a very good boy.
Rule: 1: =What a good boy he is!

• 1f there is Auxiliary verb, one just has to put an Auxi verb at the Rule: 2:lf there is "I Wish" one can bring "Had/ ir· to make an ex:
first position of the sentence. Such as,
snt:. Such as,
He is a good boy.
• I wish I were a bird.
=Is he not a good boy?
= If I were a bird!
• If there is Auxiliary verb, one just has to bring
"DO/DID/DOES". Such as • I wish I had a car.
He plays well
' = Had I a car!
Rules of changing (Ex - Ass)
=Does he not play well?
But, i~ both the cases, if there is any Adj/Adv, one has to bring the . h /Fie / Uhh/, one has to bring It's a
opposite to that Adj/ Adv. Such as , Rule: 1:Ifthere 1s Alas/ Hurra_ d that+ Sentence. Such as,
' matter of great joy/ sorrow/ gnef / won er
He is a good boy.
Hurrah! He has won.
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,,...- · . ih·11 ht· h:1s won .
• 3(11.'r (If i:rt':l( J\)) • . •" Rules of changing
== It s m · ~ . S ·nH·n~c is of three 1ypc.:s.
-- fi !lllC. IO. tnt.:lllfl, • Simple Complex Com pound
•.\ 1.. '- ...

• Simpl • Ruic : I :
• C mpkx # Verb ing A Since ,\nd(Rea. on)
• Compaund .
. • ,1 ·ubiect and a fimte verb.
Simple: It conr:11n:. . :. :., ,
f Ex: As he was poor h v; • punished. (Compk~)
Such as. = Being poor he w 2·
puni -h . (Sim k )
He will go there. =Hew:i·p orandh- w:is p m: h.!d . (Com U[d )
Here. •·He" is a ~ubject and "will go" is a finite verb. So, it's a
Simple Sentence. Rule: 2:

Complex: It contains a "Main clause" and one or more # To + verb (base) \So th:it ~ Sub + 2-n \ nd (P rpo ·
··Subordinate clause". A Subordinate clause Starts with a 1 could T Vl!rb .J.. mg
Subordinating conjunction (that, which, hat, when, how, where,
than, as since, etc) Such as, Ex: He went to pby . . (Simple)
He said that he would go. =He went so that he could pb.y. (Compkx)
Main Sub clause =He went an\ he could play. (Compound)

As there is a main clause and a subordinate clause that starts with a Rule: 3:
subordinate conjunction, that, it's a complex sentence.
#Too .. ... to + verb \So ... that + Sub + can ru1d (Result1
Compound: It contains a "Main clause" and one or more (ba>I!) I c0uld +not + Verb ~iog

"Coordinate clause". A Coordinate clause Starts with a

Coordinating conjunction (and, but, or etc) Ex: He was too weak to play. • (Simple)
Such as, =He was so weak that he could not play. (Complex)
He said and I would go. =He was very weak and he could not play. (Compound)
Main Sub clause Rule: 4:
Complex Compound
Simple
Asthere is a main clause and a Coordinate clause that starts with a And ttime)
Coordinating Conjunction and, it's a compound sentence. # At (short) When/\\ hik
ln (Long)
At the age
of (Age)
At the time of
52 (Indefinite time) 53

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► - . . ,,ot our ,nckpcntkrll:c. (Sintpll')
Ex : In !9 il. \\l - t c)1tr ,·,1l·l··11cndc11cc. (Complex) Exercises:
· . - I 971 \\'C C() "
- \\ ht"ll 11 11 • :- • ~ (C pound)
- j . • , our independence. • om
.=:- I( \\':l, 1() j I ;1ll( \\ ~ g
01 Read the follo wing pa. <iagt.: and tr<1 n'i frlrnl t h·e underlined s
directed in brack ets: entences as
Rule: 5:
I. (a) My friend
.
in vite~ me to pa· , a ..
J ' ' i sit to Cox's Bazar
But (Interrogative) (b) I gladl y• accepted• the in vnato fP .
# In pire Despite of Though/ Although 1 n. as t\'e) (c)·
+ (verb +ing) .' Noun When I reached there, my fnen d rccm_;d m cordial! Y- (C ompountl)
(d) J was very glad to see ~he sea-beach. (Exclamatory) (e) It was
Ex: Inspire of being. poor, he is honest. (Simple) one of the most memorable Journeys in my hfe. (Positive)
= nwugh he is poor he is honest. (Complex)
= He is poor but he is honest. . (Compound)
2. (a) The elephant is larger than all other land animal.. (Sup rlauve)
(b) It looks very ugly. (Negative) (c) Its eyes are small but its eJrs
Rule: 6:
If (neg) Or look like fans. (Complex) (d) Its legs look very clumsy
Without
( pos) And (Condition) (Exclamatory) (e) It can carry heavy loads and rrunks. (Pas· ivi:)
By + Verb+ Ing
3. As I forgot him, I went outside the cabin. (Simple) The writer also
Ex: said that she went back to work closing the door. (Complex) Jerry
• \\ itbout going, you cannot get it. (Simple) was very curious and active boy. He said tbat. as he was ill, he could
=If you do not go you cannot get it (Complex). not go to school. (Simple) He was able to chop wood. Though bt" U)
was a small boy he could work like a man. (Compound). The
=Go or you cannot get it. (Compound) authoress appreciated Jerry blindly. (Passive)
• By going, you can get it. (Simple)
= lf you go you can get it. (Complex)
4. (a) Television is wonderful invention (make it Exclamatory). Modem
= Go and you can get it. . (Compound) life and television are inseparable. (b) We spend a lor of time
Rule: 7: 57 everyday watching television (make it compound). (c) Though
Simple Complex television is indispensable in our life many do not think so (make it
Compound
simple). (d) ls it the best media of advertisement (Make it Positive).
# Because of + As/Since And so (Reason)
Verb +ing (e) The bad effects of television cannot be ignored (make it active).
(If there are 1wo different
5. (a) People in general are fond of glittering things (Complex). They
Subs and shows reaso n)
are the lovers of surface. (b) Th ey arc concerned with the outer
show of things and beings. (Active). They do not _bother_ about
Ex: As h.is father was ill he could not go Complex) =Because of his
intrinsic value. (c) Gold is a metal which is very precious (Simple).
father. b~rng ill he could not go · (Simple)
· .
== Hts father Its value is universally recognized. (d) But there are some other
was I1I and so he could not go . . (Compound)
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F

. .k , ,old (Cotnpound). ( c) They fade soon and lose

tl\L'tals lnok 111g 11 g
thl'ir h ·auty (S illlpl ·).
. . , ·t· , the vv·,y of lile Maghs have! (Assertive). I wish I could
(l , l I() \V 111 t 'I C:-i II l < • , •
.. ... ,vlwre the Maghs live. (Exclam'1tory). They build thei· r
\ tstt l1l • p1,l
house on high platforms to keep the1n free from <lamp. (Complex).
They use the vacant space below their house to keep agricultural tools
(Passive). No other food is as favorite to then1 as boiled rice with
vegetable (Superlative).

7. (a) How interesting the way of life the Maghs have! (Assertive) (b)
They build their house on high plain forms to keep them free from
damp (Complex). (c) They use the vacant space below their house to
keep agricultural tools (Passive). (d) No other food is as favorite to
then1 as boiled rice with vegetables (Superlative). (e) I wish I could
visit them (Exclamatory).
8. (a) Snow White was the fairest of all women (Positive). This made
the queen ferocious. (b) She ordered her huntsman to kill Snow
White (Passive). (c) The huntsman took the child into the forest but
he did not want to kill her (Complex). (d) He killed a young boar
instead and took its lungs and liver to the queen (Simple). The queen
was convinced at it (Active).
9. No person can be happy without friends. So, (a) everybody wants
friends (Negative). The heart is formed cannot be happy without the
opportunity of giving a receiving love (Int). But (c) you cannot
receive affection unless you give it (Aft). You cannot find others to
love you unless you love them. Love is too important for cultivating
a cheerful and obliging disposition. (d) You cannot live without it.
(Interrogative) So, (e) as love is divine everybody wants love (Int).
10. (a) We all love flowers (Negative). (b) Flowers are used to various
functions (Neg) Cultivation it on a large scale, we can earn a good
profit (Int). (d) So, we should not lose our time any more and start
its cultivation immediately (Aft). (e) God should also be with us in
this move (Negative).
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