PROCESS FLOW CHART

Introductory sentence
how milk is produced
the process by
which
the stages/steps (involved) in the production of/ producing
The diagram(s) shows milk
The flow chart illustrates producing milk
The pictures highlights the process of paper-milking
milk production
the procedures for marking national exam papers

The production of involves various stages.

milk

Point of impact ONE Point of impact TWO

Describe each main stage manufacturing processes PASSIVE
in your own words, as far as possible. natural processes ACTIVE
You don't need to include every minor detail. * but this is a general rule.

SEQUENCING CONCURRENT STAGES

to begin with, first of all, first, at this stage,
second, secondly, at this point,
third, thirdly, during this process,
next, then, subsequently, afterwards, at the same time,
after this, after that, simultaneously,
following this, following that, meanwhile,
finally, *eventually, while …..,
The first/second/next stage/step is … at this point,

RELATIVE PRONOUNS OR ADVERBS

taken to a chocolate factory where they are roasted in an oven at ……
where
….. logs are delivered to a paper mill, where the bark is removed and ….
here into the small intestine. Here, it is mixed with a chemical …..

Routes From here it passes (along

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 travels (through a pipe) to a
moves (via chamber
From here there are two possible routes….
If the sample is approved, then it moves on to
If the sample fails the test, then it ……
Saying what happens at each stage
…..into a container where ( things happen)
…..to chamber in which ( things happen)
mixing during which ( things happen)
which (does things)
chamber
The next stage is finishing which involves washing, brushing and polishing.
cleaning includes three main elements:
The final stage/step is to ….. wind the paper
A further stage/step is to ….

RESULT
and therefore …..and therefore ensure that it is safe for
consumption

PURPOSE
so that; in order that …. so that impurities can be moved.
to; in order to: so as to to/ in order to remove impurities
for/ with the purpose of Ving ….. for/with the purpose of removing impurities
, which results in + Noun …. the milk is cooled and then homogenized
,which results in a product that does not separate
into milk and cream.
allow/enable .. to be a Past Participle Pulping breaks down the internal structure of the
wood and enables/allow the natural oils to be
removed.

You can expand your writing by giving extra information: reason

as ……… as this produces more milk overall than once a day
As this juice may still be dirty, milk of lime is added in order to clean it.
because because it stays fresher longer at around 4 degrees C
which (without …..a long tube which connects the throat with the stomach.
comma)
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 which (with …… with gastric acid, which breaks down the food further and ……
comma) …. sugar is drawn from the beets using hot water, which makes a kind of
sugar 'juice'.

Other links Use parallel expressions Reference links

as soon as once substance liquid liquor crystals mass the, it, they
when after mixture grains pieces blocks slabs this, these,
before chunks particles fragments mix
suspension(s) fluid(s) gas element
chemical solid (adj)
pounded mixture digested food

End with a suitable concluding sentence. But it is not always necessary.

Step one: Write your introduction.
Step two: Number the stages in order.
Step three: Think of a suitable verb for each stage
Step Four: Write a sentence describing each stage
Step Five: Organize your writing using connectives
Step Six: Divide your writing into paragraphs
Step Seven: Revise and edit your writing

Note: describe each stage as possible as you can using descriptive language:
size,length,material,etc.

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IELTS Writing Task 1: life cycle essay
The diagram illustrates the various stages in the life of a honey bee. We can see that the complete life
cycle lasts between 34 and 36 days. It is also noticeable that there are five main stages in the
development of the honey bee, from egg to mature adult insect.
The life cycle of the honey bee begins when the female adult lays an egg; the female typically lays one
or two eggs every 3 days. Between 9 and 10 days later, each egg hatches and the immature insect, or
nymph, appears.
During the third stage of the life cycle, the nymph grows in size and sheds its skin three times. This
moulting first takes place 5 days after the egg hatches, then 7 days later, and again another 9 days
later. After a total of 30 to 31 days from the start of the cycle, the young adult honey bee emerges from
its final moulting stage, and in the space of only 4 days it reaches full maturity.
(169 words, band 9)

Posted by Simon in IELTS Writing Task 1 | Permalink

Essay topics: the diagrams show how the bee makes honey, and the stages in the production of honey.
summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features.

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Sample One:  
The pictures show the steps involved in the life-cycle of the bee and the
process by which honey is produced.
Overall, it is noticed that there are 6 stages of making honey, from laying
eggs in honeycomb to leaving nectar in a hive in order to become a honey.
After that, production of honey experience 5 steps, starting with collecting
honeycomb and finishing with distributing and selling.
In terms of making honey, the first step is that a queen bee lays eggs in
honeycomb, which is prepared beforehand. These eggs develop to become
larvas. And until a week later, they get completely developed. The larvas
need three more weeks to turn into bees to be able to leave the hive.
Following this, the bees are mature enough to be capable of gathering nectar
from flower and subsequently stimulating the nectar in hives, which is called
honey, that are continuously produced to become commercial products.
If we look at the process of producing honey, first of all, beekeepers remove
the honeycomb from the hives. After being extracted the honeycomb by using
a machine, honey is then boiled and cleaned. The last step is that the honey
is poured into bottles so that they are delivered to bring to customers. (208
words)

Sample Two

The diagrams show the process of honey produced by bee and the
procedure of making honey products for sale.

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It is obvious from the diagrams that there are 6 stages in making honey
while keeping till selling honey has 5 stages in the process.

The honey making process begins after a queen bee lays eggs in a
honeycomb and then the eggs change to a group of larva within 3 days.
These larvae spend time for a week in order to grow fully and can leave the
hive in bee form within 3 more weeks later. Before making honey, the bees
have to gather nectar from flowers and leave the nectar in the hive to turn
into honey.

After honey is ready to keep, a beekeeper removes the honeycomb from the
hive and it is then sent to a machine for extracting of honey. This honey is
boiled in the cleaning process before being packed into jars and distributed
for sale later. (162 words)

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 2 4 6
1 1 1
7 8 1 5
1 7 1
3
1

1
1
1

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Answer key

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The Brick Manufacturing Process

The diagram explains the way in which bricks are made for the building industry. Overall, there are
seven stages in the process, beginning with the digging up of clay and culminating in delivery.

To begin, the clay used to make the bricks is dug up from the ground by a large digger. This clay is then
placed onto a metal grid, which is used to break up the clay into smaller pieces. A roller assists in this
process. 

Following this, sand and water are added to the clay, and this mixture is turned into bricks by either
placing it into a mould or using a wire cutter. Next, these bricks are placed in an oven to dry for 24 – 48
hours. 

In the subsequent stage, the bricks go through a heating and cooling process. They are heated in a kiln
at a moderate and then a high temperature (ranging from 200c to 1300c), followed by a cooling process
in a chamber for 2 – 3 days. Finally, the bricks are packed and delivered to their destinations.

Words 173

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The diagram illustrates the process by which bricks are made mainly from clay, a type of sticky
earth. The process involves approximately seven stages.
The first step is to dig up good quality raw clay, which is then transported to the factory. Here, the
clay is placed on a metal grid to remove rocks and other hard materials. At this stage, the grid is
shaken and this allows smaller chunks of clay to drop onto the roller blade, along which it travels to
an area where it is mixed with sand and water to make a thick sticky mixture.
The next stage is moulding, during which the clay mass is either passed through a shaping machine
where a wire cutter cuts the clay paste into bricks of required size, or molds are used to form bricks.
The next stage is to dry the bricks in a dry oven for 24-48 hours before being fired in another oven
called ‘klin’ at a moderate 200 C -980 C, then at a higher temperature of 870 C-1300 C. These
extremely hot bricks are then placed in a cooling chamber for 48-72 hours.
Once they get cold, they are packaged in plastic or fibre strips and delivered to job sites. (206 words)

Brick Manufacturing ( band 9 essay )

The process by which bricks are manufactured for the building industry can be
outlined in seven consecutive steps.
First the raw material, clay, which lies just below the surface of soil in certain
clay-rich areas has to be dug up by a digger.
Then the lamps of clay are placed on a mental grid in order to break up the big
chunks of clay into much smaller ones, which fall through the mental grid onto a
roller, whose motion further segregates the bits of clay. Sand and water are
added to make a homogenous mixture, which is then either formed in moulds or
cut into brick-shaped pieces by means of a wire cutter.
These fresh bricks are then kept in a drying oven for at least 24 and a maximum
of 48 hours, several dozens if not hundreds of bricks at a time. The dry bricks are
then transferred to a so-called kiln, another type of high temperature oven. First,
they are kept at a moderate temperature of 200c-980c, then at a high
temperature of 870c-1300c. This process is followed by cooling down the
finished bricks for 48 to 72 hours in a cooling chamber.
Once the bricks have cooled down and have become hard, they get packaged and
delivered to their final destination, be it a building site or storage.

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 How to make chocolate

Chocolate 1............(make) from up to 12 different types of cocoa

beans. First the beans 2.........(sort) by hand before being
roasted. Each type of bean 3.......(roast) separately, which is
time consuming but important.
Next, the beans 4..........(load) into a machine called a
‘winnower’, which removes the hard outer shells of the beans. After this
the beans 5.............(mash) into a thick paste and sugar and
vanilla 6.............(add). This paste 7..........(call) the
‘chocolate liquor’.
Then the chocolate liquor 8........(heat) for up to 72 hours to
make sure the liquid 9...........(blend) evenly. Following this, the
liquor 10............(temper) for several hours - repeatedly heated
and then cooled.
Finally, the chocolate 11........(allow) to cool and harden before
being packaged.
Writing

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Model answer

Milk is produced on farms that are usually largely fed on grass. First, the cows are
milked. This usually happens twice a day, using a milking machine as this produce
more milk overall than once a day. Then, the milk is cooled and stored in large,
refrigerated containers because it stays fresher longer at around 4 degrees C.
Refrigerated tankers collect the milk on a daily basis from many small farms and
deliver it to the dairy. Next, at the dairy, milk is made into various products
including cheese, cream, butter and liquid milk for drinking. Liquid milk is usually
pasteurized in order to kill any bacteria. This is done by heating it to 72 degrees for
a very short time, usually about 16 seconds and therefore ensures that it is safe for
consumption.
After that the milk is again cooled and then homogenized, which results in a
product that does not separate into milk and cream. Following this, the milk is
packaged in plastic containers, which could of various sizes from 0.5 litres to 2
litres. Finally, these are delivered to supermarkets or shops so that they can be
sold. (191 words)

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The diagram below shows how sugar is produced from sugar beets.

Sample answer

The diagram shows the process of extracting sugar from sugar beets. First, the sugar
beets arrive at the plant and are unloaded from the trucks. They are dirty because
they have come straight from the farm, so they are shaken in order to remove the dirt
and then washed in a machine called a ‘beet washer’.

Next the beets are cut up into small pieces, which are called ‘cossettes’. After this,
sugar is drawn from the beets using hot water, which makes a kind of sugar juice. As
this juice may still be dirty, milk of lime is added in order to clean it. The mixture is
then filtered so that the milk of lime can be removed.

Following this, the sugar juice is heated several times, which evaporates the
water. This results in a pure sugar solution. Finally, the sugar is boiled and spun in a
centrifuge to create crystals.

(151 words)

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Extra readings

Production of sugar from sugar cane

After harvesting, the thick stems of the sugarcane are stripped of leaves. In the sugar
factory the stems are crushed and shredded between toothed rollers. The juice of the
crushed stems is extracted in mills consisting mainly of a system of rollers, often 9 or 12 in
number, through which the shredded material passes. This process is called grinding.
During grinding, hot water is sprayed over the crushed material to dissolve out some of the
remaining sugar. The solid, pulpy material remaining after extraction of the juice is known
as bagasse; it is dried and used as fuel. Lime is added to the raw juice drawn from the mill
and the mixture is heated to boiling; during this heating, unwanted organic acids form
insoluble compounds with the lime, which can be filtered off along with other solid
impurities. Often the juice is treated with gaseous sulfur dioxide to bleach it and is then
passed through filter presses. The resulting clear juice is then evaporated in a partial
vacuum and heated until it forms a thick syrup containing many crystals of sugar. The
dense mass of crystals and syrup is known as massecuite. The massecuite is placed in a
centrifuge turning at a rate of 1000 to 1500 rpm; the centrifuge walls are pierced by small
holes through which the syrup, called molasses, is forced out during centrifuging. The
yellowish or brown sugar removed during the centrifuging process is called first sugar, or
raw sugar. The first sugar is sprayed with water to remove any molasses that may have
clung to the crystals, and is then moved to the refinery. The molasses may be boiled again
and reevaporated in an attempt to crystallize out some of the rich sucrose content of this
liquid; in modern cane-sugar manufacture, the syrup is usually crystallized only once. The
molasses is a valuable by-product of the sugar industry, being used in the manufacture of
ethyl alcohol and rum, as a table syrup and food flavoring, as food for farm animals, and in
the manufacture of several processed tobaccos. At the refinery, the raw sugar is
redissolved, decolorized, and recrystallized into crystals of desired size. Powdered,
granulated, and lump sugar, as well as brown sugars, which contain some molasses, are
produced in the refineries.

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 Sugar Beet
The sugar beet, a member of the goosefoot family, is the source of nearly 40 percent of
the world’s sugar supply. Following harvest, the root of the sugar beet is cut and crushed
to remove the juice. The juice is then processed, refined, and bleached to produce sugar,
while the crushed pulp is used as a livestock feed. Sugarcane is grown in tropical areas,
and sugar beets are generally grown in temperate areas. Leading sugar beet producing
countries include Germany, France, Poland, the northwestern United States, and the
former Soviet Union.

Production of sugar from sugar beets

Sugar is manufactured from the roots of the sugar beet, the leaves and tops being removed after
harvesting and used as stock feed. The roots are cut into cossettes, or chips, at the sugar factory,
and the cossettes are crushed to remove the juice. The pulp remaining after the extraction of the
juice is a rich food for domestic animals. After extraction lime is added to the juice, and the
remainder of the process is similar to sugar production from sugarcane. Beet molasses is fed to
livestock; no table molasses is made from beets because of difficulties in purification. The sugar
that is produced from the sugar beet is identical to the sugar that is derived from the sugarcane.

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