The Ultimate a Coding Manual Master Coding Skills @ Step-by-Step Guides (% Learn Python 3 >) 10 1 BR S Learn the latest version of Python Featuring Python program listings os Packed with top tips and tutorialsYat Black Dog Media a Begi Master Your Tech ) "peer To continue learning more about your tech visit us at: www.bdmpublications.com FREE Tech (25) —o iphone EXCLUSIVE Offers on our Tech Guidebooks © Print & digital editions © Featuring the very latest updates © Step-by-step tutorials and guides © Created by BDM experts Check out our latest titles today! GuideBook SPECIAL DEALS and Bonus Content Sign up to our monthly newsletter, and get the latest updates, offers and news from BDM. We are here to help you Master Your Tech! bdmpublications.com/ultimate-photoshop Mega ieee earl tutorial ute omc RedThe Ultimate PYTHON Coding Manual The Only Python Manual You Need.. This manual aims to help you build a knowledge base around one of the best programming languages available: Python. Python is a fantastic programming language that has taken the world by storm. I's easy to use, powerful, useful, and fun. It works with other programming languages, and with all the major computer operating systems and platforms available today. It's the ideal choice for entry-level programmers who want to learn a new skill, or simply want to discover how they can create something on the computer that works for them, and it's used by data scientists and engineers who demand complexity and power. Within these pages are the essential tutorials that will help you progress through the process of building your first piece of code, to tackling variables, numbers and expressions, user input, Python modules, and building and manipulating lists of data. Learning Python is great fun, so what are you waiting for? Let's get coding!Contents Print (“The World of Code” 8 Being a Programmer 50 10 ABrief History of Coding eat 12 Choosing a Programming Language A 14 Creating a Coding Platform a 16 Using Virtual Machines ra 18 Equipment You will Need ra 2 eC a e pees. ee (Tinea. Pras Co a re ote laeerey 6s 6 Welcome to Python 70 n 22 Why Python? ™ 24 What can You Do with Python? 16 26 Python in Numbers 7 28 — How to Set Up Python in Windows 80 30 How to Set Up Python in Linux 82 32 Python on the Pi 84 34 Getting to Know Python 86 went Starting Python for the First Time Your First Code Saving and Executing Your Code Executing Code from the Command Line Numbers and Expressions Using Comments Working with Variables User Input Creating Functions Conditions and Loops Python Modules Python Errors ‘Combining What You Know So Far 64 Manipulating Data Lists. Tuples Dictionaries Splitting and Joining Strings Formatting Strings Date and Time Opening Files Writing to Files, Exceptions Python Graphics ‘Combining What You Know So FarMey re MUM exe Cory 90 92 94 96 98 10 Calendar Module 0S Module Using the Math Module Random Module Tkinter Module 10 Pygame Module 104 Basic Animation 106 Create Your Own Modules Learning Linux 410 Whats Linux? 112 Why Linux? 114 Using the Filesystem 116 Listing and Moving Files 118 Creating and Deleting Files 120 Create and Remove Directories 122 Copying, Moving and Renaming Files 124 Using the Man Pages 126 Editing Text Files 128 Getting to Know Users 130. Ownership and Permissions 132 _ Useful System and Disk Commands 134 Managing Programs and Processes 136 Input, Qutput and Pipes 138 Fun Things to Do in the Terminal 140 More Fun Things to Do in the Terminal 142 Linux Tips and Tricks 144 Command Line Quick Reference 146 AZof Linux Commands Contents ‘Master Python with the help of our fantastic Code Repository, featuring code for games, tools and 150 152 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 162 164 165 166 168 170 m m 174 178 180 182 186 188 190 192 More. See page 148 for more details. Code Repository Python File Manager Number Guessing Game Polygon Circles. Random Number Generator Random Password Generator Keyboard Drawing Script Pygame Text Examples Google Search Script Text to Binary Convertor Text Adventure Script ‘Mouse Controlled Turtle Python Alarm Clock Vertically Scrolling Text Python Digital Clock Python Scrolling Ticker Script Simple Python Calculator Playing Music with the Winsound Module Hangman Game Script Coding Projects & Tips Creating a Loading Screen Text Animations Tracking the ISS with Python Using Text Files for Animation Passing Variables to Python Python Beginner's Mistakes Glossary of Python Terms wumubangubteaionscom (BiPaine Galas World of Code") oo ~ ; < era ae E ON ee aN 3 .& » o Bs ee : vay 4 Nao 3 4 A < D ck a us De a m 73) As, x CS at 4 % 4 si “ OePrint (“The Where to start learning how to code? Remarkably, this is the most difficult step. There are plenty of programming languages out there, and a seemingly unlimited number of tools to help you achieve what you want; but where do you begin? In this section, we look at what you will need to take those first tentative steps into the world of coding. You won't suddenly become a programmer in twenty-four hours, learning how to code properly takes time and patience. But with a litle help, you can master the basics and start your coding journey. A Brief History of Coding a Programming Language irtual Machine Equipment You will NePrint ("The World of Code") } tz Being a Programmer(Being a Programmer € » MORE THAN CODE For those of you old enough to remember the ‘8s, the golden era of home ‘computing, the world of computing was avery different sceneto howitis today. 8-it computers that you could purchase asa whole, as opposed to bing in kit orm and you having to solder the parts together, were the stufF ‘of dreams; and geting your hands on one was sheer bls contained within a large plastic box. However, ie wasnt so much the new technology that ‘computers then offered, moreover it was te fat that forthe First time ever, you could control what was being viewed on the ‘television’ Instead of simply playing one of the thousands of games available at the Times have changed since programming in thes, time, many users decided they wanted to create their own content, thelr but the core values stil remain, ‘wn games; or simply something that could help them with thelr homework ‘orhome finances. The simplicity ofthe &-bit home computer meant that ‘creating something from a few ines of BASIC code was achievable and so “It’s up to you the first generation of home-bred programmer was born. ie 2) a Sores cea ctesoarenrrra heart your coding {areone wh codon soreontesren nd maemo the press of akey. adventure!” Trays tes move on end wht the technology tot we However, the Fundamentals of programming remain the same; but what exactly doesit take to bea programmer? The single most common trait of any programmer, regardless of what they're doings the ability to see a lagical patter. By this we mean someone who can logically follow something from start to finish and teuisage the intended outcome. While you may not Feel you're sucha person, its posible to train your brain into this way of thinking. Yes, takes time but once you start to think n this particular way you wil be able toconstruct and follow code, Second to logis an understanding of mathematics. You don't have to be ata genus level but you do need to understand the rudiments of maths. ‘Maths all about being able to solve a problem and code mostly fas under the umbrella of mathematics Being able to see the big picture is certainly beneficial for the modern ‘programmer. Undoubtedly, 35a programmer, you willbe part of a team ‘of other programmers, and more than tkely parcof an even bigger team ‘of designers, all of wham are creating final product. While you may only be expected to create a small element ofthat Final product, being able to ‘understand what everyone else i doing wil help you create something thats ultimately better than simply being locked in your own coding bie Finally, there's also a level of creativity needed tobe a good programmer. ‘Again though, you don't need tobe a creative gens, st have the imagination tobe able to see the end product and how the user wil interact witht ‘Theres of course alot more involved being a programmer, including learning the actual code itself. However, with time, patience and the determination to learn, anyone can become a programmer. Whether You want ta be part oF 3 triple-A video game team or simply create an ‘automated routine to make your computing life easier, it's upto you how far to take your coding adventure! ———>4 @ PU Gteenpece ie | eee aura te eRe UEC r cep crete al ele Rls Poet een ine ein ead etn MMe ae eect net ieee ue ne RRC RR RCRD eT | a) 1842-1843 1930-1950 Ce eres mm terr ree eee ene eat eset etree Cea pe ere scholars who worked inthe House of eens Pere ieaeetcl Ee eee eee teers eerie) ee eensreo res ee ees Seren eae ed rte eed Re ay eeu Cees Sau pee eet ee Us eos Ce eee eens peers ener Perr eerteee eerie Bee ee uri toon Exeeeniee! From the 1970s the development ofthe tkes oF SQL Cwith Classes (Crs), MATLAB, Common Lisp and more came tothe fore. The’80s was undoubtedly the golden age ofthe home compute atime when siicon processors were cheap enough for ‘ordinary folkto buy. Thisled to boom in home/bedroom coders with therise of bit machines. oS eee ‘e the development of BASIC AE ascaiO me (Beginners All-purpose 3 #4 the mid-sixties. ‘Adeital Grace Hopper was part oF ee er ero aay Coeur cs eet eee ad Deemer inane Rese eres Cee eens Co ea the team that developed the UNIVAC computer and she eventually ‘developed a compiler Frit. time, the compiler she developed beca COBOL (Common Business-oriented Language), a computer language that’s stillin use today, nr Cee «1Choosing a Programming Language Sel TM lotess 91 Lod ces SCCM eu tcIny PE oanieeroe Canetti and ways in which to ‘talk’ to a computer or device and set it instructions are being Parole le ae lL Ad eee RM Mr ee ot eee Leo Pelincedatucictcouiale tie ET Renn OMAK context. select onl one.nan elect TOR CLASSES anehae 7 a Eee aac es ect 5 ee ee orl (American National Standards Institut) standard, there are different versions of the SQL language. However, tobe compliant, they all support atleast the major Poomeeets eer tea ess etc Lester rate aCe ae JavaScript (often shortened to JS) isa lightweight, ee ese rer uted Functions JavaScript runs onthe client side ofthe web, that can be used to design SE nee tre cet _an easy to learn and also powerful scripting language, widely used For controlling Sod Pe Onn en gee) Se eee eee eee based content, games and mobile apps. The two main components ofthe Java platform are the Java Application Programming Interface (AP) andthe Java Virtual "Machine JVM) that translates Java code into machine language. eee eee eer ces bull a variety of secure and robust applications that run on the NET Framework. You can use CH to create Windows client applications, XML Web ee eee ee ere eee ete ere eae ota ara Pythonisa widely used high eve programming lanavage used ee ee Tae) Pees eee eet philosophy that emphasises code readablity and syntax that allows programmers ieee ner renee ae een Boas oom cot ery ec auae) language. thas imperative, object-oriented and generic programming ace See ied Deere oss iepeley ee ocean end ‘Matsumato, blended part of his Favourite languages (ert Seer iano sie ee Ruby has drawn devoted coders worldwide, Ruby is een 35a exible language, CeCe ee eae ea Loca? pret. cca Cee ee eu ea eer oe ed range of tasks including system administration, web development, network programming, Gul development and more. ts major Features are that’s Berar et ty Coca (neues powerfulbuiltn support for text processing and has one of the most impressive earners ES eg Ore ges eee en EN ener the syntax is concise yet expressive and Swift includes modern features that developers love. Swift code is sae by design, yet aso produces software that runs Pee eet recta! ————Print ("The World of Code") Creating a Coding Platform HARDWARE ‘Access tothe internets necessary to dawnload, install and update the cacing development environment, alongside computer wit indows 10, macOS, o Linux installed. YYoucan use other operating systems, butthese are the ‘big et and you wll Find that m sources are written with one, oral of these in ming Coding canbe one oft Perera eae ee ener Soyer eee eer reer te) rer Peres Internet and discover that t eae pee ree language in Perens nee teen ae ic Rec re ene a ee ta Into coding Like all good projects, you need a sol et te ee eee ee: available to hand to enable you to complete the basisteps. This Peter ate tet rao Peay re SOFTWARE ntermsof software, smostof the development ‘evonments:thetocs hatalow youto code compile the code and executelt-aefrely avaiable to dovmioadandinstal. There are some specialist tals avaiable that wl coat, buat this lvel hey re not necessary; so dort be adledint thinking you ned ta purchase ary exrasoftwarein ore to start leaming how to code. (Overtime, you may ind yourself changing from the mainstream, development environment nd using collection of your enn, cdscovered, tools to write your code in. t'sall personal preFerence eithe end and as you become more experienced, you wil stat touuse diferent tok to get thejob done, Sore environments willenhance sections of code, making esse to read others wil mplng and execution ’sallamatter of testingwindows 10% the most sed operating system in OPERATING SYSTEMS. the world, s0its natural thatthe vast majority oF coding toois are written for Microsoft's leading operating system. However, don't discount macOS and especialy Linux, J macOS users enjoy an equal number of coding tools to their ‘windows counterparts. In Fact, you wil probably ind that a locof professional caders use Mac over aPC, simply because ofthe fact that the Mac operating system is built on top oF Unix (the commandine OS that powers much ofthe world’s E lesystems and servers). This Unix layer lets you test programs in almost any language without using a specialised IDE, Linux however isby far one of the mast popular and important, coding operating systems avaliable. Notonly 4 does t have Unictke backbone, but i's aso free to download, install and use and comes with most ofthe tools necessary to start leaning howto code. Linux powers most of the serversthat make up the Internet's used on nearly all oF the top supercomputers, as wells speccallyin organisations suchas NASA, CERN and the military andi forms the base oF Android powered devices, mart TVs and in-carsystems. Linux, 153 coding platform, isan excellent ides anditcan be installed inside a virtual machine without ever affecting the instalation (OF Windows ar macOS, ‘THE RASPBERRY PI \fyouhver'talready heard ofthe Raspberry, then we suggest you head aver {to wwnwcaspberrypi.org, and 4 checkitout. In short, the Rasoberry 4 Piisasmall fully functional computer that comes with its own | customised Linncbased operating system, preinstalled with | everything youneedto start eaming howto codein Python, (Ces, Scratch and moc. Isincredbly cheap costing around €35 and allows youtoutise Ediferent hardware, the form of robotics nd electronics projects, as wells offering acomplete desktop experience, Altheugh not the most powerful computing devcein the wor, the Raspberry Phas alot going Frit, espedalyin terms of being ‘one ofthe best cocing platforms avaiable. YOUR OWN CODING PLATFORM Whichever method you choose, eemember that your coding platform wll probably change, as you gain experience and Favour ‘ne language over another. Dont be afraid to experiment along the way, as you will eventually create your own unique platform thatcan handle all the code you enter ina. 4 Avitualmachine isa pece of software that allows youto installa 2 Theadvantage ofavitual 4} machineisthatyoucan work } allthe Functionality of Linux while stl beng able touse Windows. dedicated toa particular taskin a fraction ofthe time VIRTUAL MACHINES fully working, operating stem within the confinesof the software ‘elf The installed OS wilallocate userdefined resources Fromthe host computer, providing memory, hard dvespace eas wellas sharing the host computer's intemet connection. with Linux, Forexample, without {eaffecing your curently ‘rstaled host 0S. This means thatyoucanhave Windows 10 ‘unnig, launch your vitual machine cert, Bootinto Unuxand use This ofcourse, makes it fantastic cading platform, as you can have oifferent instalations of operating systems running fom the host computer while using offerent coding languages. You can test your code withaut Fear of breaking your host OS. and it’s easy to return to a previous configuration without the ‘eed to reinstall everything again Virwalistion s the key to most big companies now. You wil probably ind, For exemple, rather than having asingle server with an installation of Windows Serve, the IT team have instead opted Fora vetuaised environment whereby each Windows Server instance is a vitual machine cunning From several powerful machines. This cuts down on the number ‘oF piel machines allows the team to better manage ‘resources and enables them to deploy an entire server MINIX NEO N42C-4 ‘TheNEON#2C4 kan extraordinary smal computer fom mini-PC developer, ‘MINOX. Measuring just 139 138.x30mm, thisntelN4200 CPU powered, windows 10 ro preinstalled computers one ofthe best coding platforms we've come across. ‘The beauty ofcourse lesinthe fect that with increased storage and memory avaiable, you're able to create a computer that cn ‘easly host mubipl vital machines, The vitual machines can cover Linux, Android and other operating systems alowing you ‘towrteand test oss platform code without fear of damaging, ‘or causing problems with other production or home computers. ‘The MINDKNEOIN42C-4 stats at around £250, wth the base 32GB eMMEC and 4G8 of memory. Youll need to add another hundred and fifty, ors, to increase the specications, but consider tata icense for Windows 10 Pro alone costs £219 from the Microsoft Store andyou can begin to see the benefits} ‘oF opting fora more impressive hardware foundation over the likes oF the Raspberry. wwbmpubeaonscom Creating a Coding Platform 4HZz ) Print (“The World of Code’ ) Using Virtual Machines PTV aE nee Se UE Oe al ae mC ted Peat cs eecu MDE ete Cen isolated environment. In short, it’s an ideal way to code Sounds good, but what exactly isa Virtual Machine and how does it work? The official definition ofa virtual machine isan efficient, isolated upliate of a eal computer machine’. This basically means that 3 virtual machine san emulated computer system that can operate in exactly the same way as a physical machine, but within the coofines of dedicated vitual machine operator, or Hyperisr. The Hypervsoritsel, js an app that wil allow youtoinstalla Separate operating system, creating a virtual computer system vith itself complet with access t the Intecnet, your home retwark and on, The Hypervsor wil take resources from the host system -your physical computer, ta crate the virtual computer. This means that partof your physical computers: memory, CPU hard drive space and other shared resources, willbe setaside For use inthe virtual ‘machine and therefore won't be available tothe physical computer Lunt the hypervisor as been closed down. This resource overhead ‘canbe crippling for the physical machineif you ‘dont already have enough memory, or hard rive space avilable, or your ‘computer hasa particularly slow processor While is entirely possible torun virtual machines ona ite 13268 of memory, tno ‘adhisabe. deal, you wil need a minimum of 82 ‘of memory (you can get ‘away with 4B, but again, ‘your physical computer wil begin to suffer with the lass of memary tothe virtual machine), atleast 25 Deel Coding for Linux ur Linux itles contain ta 8068 of Free space on stepson how toinstalla_yourhard drve and a quac- hypervisor and 0 cove processor (again, ou can havea dual-core CPU, but that cn cause a bottleneck on your physical computer) The imi to how many different virtual machines you host on your physical computers restricted, therefore, by the amount of physical, "System resources you can allocate to each, while stil leaving enough for your physical computer to operate on pararro wa You're abe to install Linux, and code inside a virtual machine ona Windows 1Ohost. VIRTUAL OS From within a hypervisor you're able to runa number of different ‘operating systems, The type of OS depends greatly onthe hypervisor you're running, as some are better a emulating 2 patticular system over others, For example, VitwalRox, a free and easytouse hypervisor from Oracles great at running Windows and Linux viral machines, but isn’t so good at Android or macOS, QEMUs goad For emulating ARM processors, therefore ideal For ‘Android and such, but itcan be officl to master. There are plenty of hypervisors available tory for free, with an equal amount commercialy available that are significantly more powerful and offer better Features. However, for mast users, both bbeoinner and professional, vttualBox does a good enough jb. ‘Within a hypervisor, you're able to set up and install any ofthe newer distributions of Linux, orf you feel the need, youre aso able tonstall some ofthe more antiquated versions. You can instal early versions of windows, even as Far back as Windows 3 complete with (DOS 6.22 ~ although you may ing some Functionality ofthe VM ost Cueto the older drivers (uch as access tothe networ \With tis ia mind then, you're able to have an installation of Linux "Minor che ates version of Ubuntu, running inan app on your \Windows 10 PC. This the beauty of using a virtual machine Conversely, i your physical comouter has Linux. ts installed ‘operating system, then with ahypervsor you're able to create 3 Windows 10 vital machine although you will ned to have a licence code avaible to register and activate Windows 10.Using virtual machines removes the nee to dua-boot. Duak booting shaving two, oF more, physical operating systems installed on «he same, or multiple, hard drives ona single computer. As the ‘computer powers up, you're gven the option to choose which OS you want to boot ito, While this sounds like a more idea scenario sn aluays as straight forward as ie sounds, as all the operating systems that are booted into wil have Fullaccess to the computer's entice system resources ‘The problems with dual-booting come when one ofthe operating systemsis updated, Most updates cover secunty patching, or bug ning, however, some updates cn alter the core -thekernel, of the 05. when these changes are applied, the update mayalter the way inhi the OS stats up, meaning the initial boot choice you made could be overwritten, leaving you without the ability to access th other operating systems installed on the computer. To rectify his, youll need to access the Master Boot Record and alter the configuration to reallow booting into the other systems. There's aso the danger of possibly overwriting the Fist istlled 0S, or ‘overwriting data and more oftenthan not, mast operating systems don play well when cunning sde-bysde. Indeed, while good, dua: booting has more than its far shar of problems. ncontrast, using a vietual machine environment, tile stil problematic at times, takes ‘ut some ofthe mre nasty and dsastraus aspects of using multiple ‘operating systems ona single computer. Scere ee ere ewes Virtual machines can be as simple, or as complex a5 Your needs require. (_ Using Virtual Machines G4 ADVANTAGES FOR CODERS For the coder, having a virtual machine setup offers many advantages, the most popular being cross-platform code. Meaning if you write code within Windows 10, then with an installation of Linux astro ina hypervisor, you're able to quickly and effortlessly Power up the reual machine and test your code na completely {ferent operating system. From this you'e able toiron aut any bugs, tweak the code soit works better ona diferent platform and ‘expand the reach of your code to non Windows users ‘The advantage of being able to configure a development environment, specific ways or spect projects s quite invaluable. Using a virtual machine setup greatly reduces the ‘uncertainties that ar inherent to having multiple versions oF programming languages, ibraris, IDEs and modules installed to support the mary diferent projects you may become involved in as acoder. Elements of code that ‘talk’ directly to specifics ofan ‘operating system can easly be overcome, without the need to utter up your mai, host system with cross platform braves, \ihich in turn may have an affect. on other libraries within the IDE. Another element to consider is stability I you'e witing cade that could potentially cause some instability tothe care OS during ts development phase, ten executing and testing that code ona virtual machine makes more sense than testing iton your main computer; where having to repeatedly reboot, o reset something duetothecode’s = instabilities, can become inefficient and Just pain annoying The virtual machine environment can beviewedasa sandbox, where youre able to test Unstable code without it causing harm, or doing damage, to your main, working computer. Viruses and malware canbe isolated within the VM without infecting the main computer, you're able to set up anonymity Internet use within the VM and you're able to install third party software without it slowing down your main computer Coding in Python on the Raspberry Pi Desktop OSinside a VM on Windows 10! GOING VIRTUAL While you're atthe early stages of coding, using a vitual machine ‘may seema ite excessive. However, it's worth looking into because coding in Liu can often be easier than coding in Windows, as some versions of Linux have IDEs pre-installed. ither way, virtualisation of an operating system is how many of the professional and successful ‘coders and developers work, so geting used toi eary on in your skill set is edvantageous, To start look atinstaling VirtualBox. Then consider taking a look at our Linux titles, https//odmpublications.com/?s-linuxBpost_ typesproduct, to learn how to install Linuxin a virtual environment and how best toutlise the operating system, wrebdrbaerscon@) Print ("The World of Code”) ) Equipment You Will Need aoe TRA AR ROM ESL Cold dor't need an incredibly powerful computer and any software that's required is freely available. WHAT WE'RE USING Thankfully, Python is a multi-platform programming language available for Windows, macOS, Linux, Raspberry Pi and more. IF you have one of those systems, then you can easily start using Python, [| COMPUTER Obviously you're going to need a computer inorderto lean howto program in Python and to test your code. You can use Windows rom XP onward) on ether a 32, or 6#-bit processor an Apple Mac or Linuxinstalled PC. [] AN IDE 'An IDE (Integrated Developer Environment is usedto enter and execute Python code. Itenables you to inspect your program code and the values within the code, as well 5 offering advanced Features. There are many different IDEs available, so fing the one that works For you and gives the best results PYTHON SOFTWARE ‘macOS and Linuxalready come with Python preinstalled as pat of the operating ‘system as does the Raspberry Pl However, you need to ensure that youre running the latest version of Python. Windows users need te download and install Python, which well cover shorty |_| TEXT EDITOR ‘Whista tex editors anideal envrorment to enter code int, it's nt an absolute necessity, Youcan enter and execute cade directly From the IDLE but a text editor, such as Sublime Text or Notepad, offers more advanced features and colour coding when entering code, [_] INTERNET ACCESS Pythonisan ever evolving environment and as such new versions often introduce new concepts or change existing commands and code structure to make ita more efficient language. Having access to the ncernet will keep you up-to-date, help you jot when you get stuck and give access to Python's immense numberof modules, |_| TIME AND PATIENCE Despite what other books may ead youto bebeve. you writ become a programmer in24hours Learning to code in Python takes time, and patience. You may become stuck atimes and other timesthe code wl flow lie water Understand youre leaning ‘something entirely new, and you wil get there. vmbignnscon( Equipment You Will Need G4 THE RASPBERRY PI \Why use a Raspberry P? The Raspberry Pisa tiny computer that's very cheap to purchase, but offers the usera fantastic learning platform. Its main operating system, Raspbian, comes preinstalled with the latest Python along with many modules and extras RASPBERRY PI ‘The Raspberry 4 Model Bs the latest version, incorporating 2 more powrerful CPU, achoice of 168, 2.68 oF 4GB memory versions and WiFi and Bluetooth support You can pick up a Pifrom around £33, increasing up to £54 for the aGB memory version, or as apart oF kt for €50+, depending on the kt you're interested in, = FUZE PROJECT The FUZE isa learning environment builton the atest model ofthe Raspbery Pi, You can purchase the workstations that comewith an eletroniskt and even arobot arm For you tell and program. You can Find more information onthe FUZE at wwnFuze.co.uk, BOOKS ‘Wwe have several great Raspberry P titles avallable via www, ‘bdmpublications.com, Our Pi books cover how to buy your RASPBIAN ‘The Raspbery Ps main operating systems a Debian based Linux cstrioution that comes with everthing you need in ‘simple to use package Its streamlined for the Piandis an ideal platform for haroware and software projects, Python programming and even asa desktop computer. Fist Raspberry, setit up and use itthere are some great step bystep project examples and guides to get the most from the Raspberry Pitoo, wrebdrbeersconWelcome to Python aWelcome to Python Python isa Fantastic programming language. with it, you can create everything from a simple program to backup the pictures on your computer, through to analysing petabytes of data. Not only is Python the programming language of choice for some of the biggest companiesin the world, it’s also one of the easiest to learn. This chapter will help you get Python set up on your computer, and introduce you to this remarkable and powerful language. y Python? What can You D Python in Numbers How to Set Up Python in V How to Set Up Python in Linux Python on the Pi jetting wm bampublcatenscomWhy Python? PCr isc ieee ents ie em rane EI Ronee eon uck secu tcteio eS iutaa ted etl are designed For scientific work, others For mobile platforms and such. So why choose Prarattee ttn PYTHON POWER Ever since the earliest home computers were available, enthusiasts, users and professionals have tolled away untilthe wee hours, slaving over an overheating heap of circuitry to create something akin to magic. “These plonee's of programming carved thelr way into anew Regardless of whether you use an Android device, iOS device, PC, Fron forging smal routines that enabled theletter'® toscroll Mac, Linux, Smart TV, games console, MP3 player, GS device builtin across the screen. It may not sound teribly exciting toa generation to aca, set-top box orathousand other connected and smart’ that’s used to ultrahigh definition graphics and open world, mult appliances, behind them alls programming player online gaming, Homevey,Fortysomething years ago twas binginglybeitant. ‘Allthose aforementioned digtal devices needinstrucionsto tell them what to do, and allow them tobe interacted with. These "Naturally these bedroom caders helped form the Foundations For instructions Form the pragramnming core of the device and that core every piece of cial technology we use today. Some went onto canbe built using a variety of programming languages. bbecome chief developers for top software companies, whereas others pushed the avalabe hardware tos limits and founded the The languagesin use today differ depending onthe situation, the billion pound gaming empire that continually amazes us. platform, the device's use and how the device willinteract with its rid seraycertsschiLaLestFocual) i ittcurgor >= 0) Relrtehgor(cursor}: certTrchitaostrocest: vid srrayeerL:cpaint(Ora w) ( ‘tbanePaine™ ‘ge see = esize(0; fel ieee eectentoeere i rested ast er ae a, TPCT seta attend flo colm.cntonnt() - 11) = 0) iy STEEL cxtcaunt(d) ( TjecenteseyGl «by SilrPeop S stze sy) beaks fibotton = F'top t cetanscyta): ortint 32 jas < cola cetcoupe(): 364) ¢ {at Rasher Saevabangeh = header 7ab(j)-cattarsin(): Attar signed) Treenvironment or users. Operating systems, such as Windows, macOS and such are usually combination of C++, Ci, assembly and some Form oF vsual-based language. Games generally use C++ whilst web pages can use a plethora of avaliable languages suchas HTML, Java, Python and 0 on More generat purpose programming is used to create programs, apps, software or whatever else you want to cal them. They're widely used across all hardware platforms and suit vitually every conceivable application. Some operate Faster than others and some areeasierto lear and use than others. Python sane such general purpose language. Python s what's known asa High-Level Language in that talks tothe hardware and operating system using variety of arays, variables, objects, arithmetic subroutines, loops and countless ‘mare inceractons. Whilst’ nots streamlined as a Low-Level Language which can deal directly with memory addresses, call, stacks and registers, tsbenefits that’s universally accessible and easytoleam, Tee ava fava pore java langereflect.*; ase anole aie teretSefe vod matnc string (2 args 9 { "hikes c = class. fornane( arge(0) ); tethod's = cagetnethout angel}, mw class Ge) 3s Syect tee nefnyoke( nul, tT 93 tees ees sey LTE mcd eek ERED 5 TT Glass torkanel 5 cane Hid the class » lee forimet 3, i da incase 1 Leak et titan 2 Heer ee es Saad ena oe : exception of ) { HE amoqattomargetecpcion ch zona omarion tt La. CE d + args{i sree): S)sten.oue.princIn¢ wetshetnode threw an: “+ 04 getvargetexception( *) } z Javaisa powerful language that's used web pages, set-top boxes, ‘TWeand even cars Why Pythor C4 Python was created over twenty sixyears ago and has evolved to ‘become an ideal beginners language for learning how to program 3 computer. I's perfect forthe hobbyist, enthusiast, student, teacher and those who simply need to create ther own unique interaction betwen either themselves or apiece of external hardware andthe computer itself Pythons Free to download, install and use and is avalable or Linux, Windows, macOS, MS-D05, 05/2, 20S, IBM series machines, and even RISC, thas been voted one ofthe top Five programming languages in the world and i continually evolving ahead of the hardware and internet development curve. So to answerthe question: why Python? simply put, t's Free, e25/to learn, exceptionally powerful universally accepted, effective and a superb learning and educational tool. BASIC was once the starter language that early ‘Sit home computer users learned. Python sa more modem take on BASIC, t's easy to learn ‘and makes or an deal beginner's programming language. ————ry What can You Do with Python? Python is an open-source, object-oriented programming language that’s simple to intel Tele Tue ae ale AWM ced el it ene sk uu Cle Cd eT feeder ago Met sekeclalel Cle] Tel Nod ie eee Ce ene ret Cee era ee ny eee ees mr rare se reer recente ee ae eis Pe ere ea erent ‘coding word, that require more efficient code, stil use Python. ee ee ed and 952 bridge between other programming languages. This way, De eee ee steerer ety CC ert neon Ce erase Oe Mn as a eee eal ree © ES Tey Big data isa buzzword youre Ukely to have comeacrossin the last couple of years Basically, it means extremely large deta sets that are avaliable for analysisto reveal patterns, trends and interactions between humans, society and technology. OF course, eerie Cte ons one eee eee eee epee eens error! eee eee eae ea eee teers ent ee eee ese acute) ‘on whatthe user/company requires fom the wealth of numbers present. 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Frameworks and web management services available now ‘means that building a page has become increasingly complex. are Python compatible and you wl uld any mad for games such as The Sms nine, MMORPGs (Massively Mtiolayer Olin ne] avaiable tise Python as.a companion Irguage he servers elem cheating oa cnatchmaking an matches the ser ‘with Python, the web developer has the ably to create _dynamicand highly secure web apps, enabling interaction with ‘other web services and apps such as Instagram and Pnterest. 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(Python in Numbers 4 PYTHON SKILL-BASED POSITIONS ARE THE 6th: MOST SOUGHT-AFTER JOBS IN THE UK. real ¢ & — Data Science, Blockchain New Yorkand san ‘and Machine Learning Francisco are the top are the Fastest growing Python developer cities Python coding skills inthe world Python developers enjoy an average salary of = £60,000 SeO@ 9596 OF ALL BEGINNER, 175% OF ALL PYTHON, 79% OF ALL 149% OF WINDOWS. ‘CODERS START WITH DEVELOPERS USE PROGRAMMERS 10 DEVELOPERS. ‘AND STILLUSE, PYTHON 3, WHEREAS USE PYTHON USE PYTHON 3 PYTHON AS THEIR 25% STILL USE THE REGULARLY, 21% USE AS THEIR MAIN >RIMARY OR ‘OUTDATED PYTHON 2 ITASA SECONDARY PROGRAMMING SECONDARY LANGUAGE. VERSION, LANGUAGE. LANGUAGE, a@) Welcome to Python) How to Set Up Python in Windows Windows users can easily install the latest version of Python via the main Python Dee yee aed entteee it eee eM eee ar platform of choice for building their code, it’s still an ideal starting point for beginners. INSTALLING PYTHON 3.X Microsoft Windows doesn't come with Python preinstalled as standard, so you're going to have to install it yourself manually Thankfully, it's an easy process to Follow. Startby opening your web browser tow pthon ue org/downloads/. Look for the button detailing the unload ink or thon 3 Pythons regularly updited, changing telat tor eachbugfixand update. Therefore, don"twory youseePythan’.73, more aslongasivsPython 3 the codeln ths book wl work ne FETESED Choosing the customise option allows youto speaiy certain parameters, and whist you may stay with the defaults, tsa good habit to adopt as sometimes (not vith 2ython, thankfully installers can include unwanted adcitional Features. On the frst screen avalable, ensure al boxes are ticked and clickthe Next button, ‘Optional Features Clete downoad button for veson 3 and STER2) ‘save the file to your Downloads Folder. 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