The document describes an experiment to measure heat transfer through a thick cylinder by radial conduction. Thermocouples are used to measure the temperature at different points along the radius of a heated brass cylinder cooled by flowing water. The goals are to determine the temperature distribution, verify Fourier's Law, and calculate the cylinder's thermal conductivity at different points to analyze its characteristics.
The document describes an experiment to measure heat transfer through a thick cylinder by radial conduction. Thermocouples are used to measure the temperature at different points along the radius of a heated brass cylinder cooled by flowing water. The goals are to determine the temperature distribution, verify Fourier's Law, and calculate the cylinder's thermal conductivity at different points to analyze its characteristics.
The document describes an experiment to measure heat transfer through a thick cylinder by radial conduction. Thermocouples are used to measure the temperature at different points along the radius of a heated brass cylinder cooled by flowing water. The goals are to determine the temperature distribution, verify Fourier's Law, and calculate the cylinder's thermal conductivity at different points to analyze its characteristics.
The document describes an experiment to measure heat transfer through a thick cylinder by radial conduction. Thermocouples are used to measure the temperature at different points along the radius of a heated brass cylinder cooled by flowing water. The goals are to determine the temperature distribution, verify Fourier's Law, and calculate the cylinder's thermal conductivity at different points to analyze its characteristics.
Duhok Technical Institute Petrochemical Department
Heat Transfer Lab. 2nd Year Majeed.Abdulrazaq@uoz.edu.krd
Experiment No.3 Radial Conduction 1- Objectives: A- To measure the temperature distribution for steady state conduction of heat energy through thick cylinder (Radial energy flow). B- To understand the use of the Fourier Rate Equation in determining rate of heat flow through thick cylinder (Radial energy flow). C- To determine the thermal conductivity k of a thick cylinder for Radial energy flow.
2- Introduction:
Thermal Conduction is defined as the transfer of energy (heat)
from more energetic particles (high temperature) to adjacent less energetic particles (low temperature) as a result of interactions between the particles. In solids, conduction is the combined result of molecular vibrations and free electron mobility. Metals typically have high free electron mobility, which explains why they are good heat conductors.
Consider steady heat conduction through a hot-water pipe. Heat is
continuously lost to the outdoors through the wall of the pipe, and we intuitively feel that heat transfer through the pipe is in the normal direction to the pipe surface and no significant heat transfer takes place in the pipe in other directions. The wall of the pipe, whose thickness is rather small, separates two fluids at different temperatures, and thus the temperature gradient in the radial direction is relatively large. The temperature of the pipe in this case depends on one direction only (the radial r-direction) and can be expressed as T = T(r).
3- The apparatus :
consist from following parts:
(1) Duhok Technical Institute Petrochemical Department Heat Transfer Lab. 2nd Year Majeed.Abdulrazaq@uoz.edu.krd
Figure(1): Thermal Conductivity Apparatus
(2) Duhok Technical Institute Petrochemical Department Heat Transfer Lab. 2nd Year Majeed.Abdulrazaq@uoz.edu.krd
Technical Data: Linear heat conduction : Heated Section: insulated. Material: Brass, 25mm diameter, 3Thermocouples T1, T2, T3 at 10mm spacing , Thermal Conductivity@ 20 °C: 113 W/m K. , heater power 140 W
Material: Brass, 25mm diameter, 3Thermocouples T7, T8, T9 at 10mm spacing Thermal Conductivity: Approximately@ 20 °C 113W/m K
Radial conduction: Brass disc Outside diameter: 110mm, thickness :4mm, heater in center of the disk on the underside and has a diameter : 12mm , cooling coil at outer diameter of disc. Thermal conductivity of brass disc @ 20 °C 113 W/m.k, Radial space between thermocouples 10 mm, heater power 125 W .
4- Theory: When the inner and outer surfaces of a thick walled cylinder has different temperature, heat flows radially through the cylinder wall. Due to symmetry, any cylindrical surface concentric with the central axis of the tube has a constant temperature (is isothermal) and the direction of heat flow is normal (at right angles) to the surface.
From continuity considerations the radial heat flow through
successive layers in the wall must be constant if the flow is steady but since the area of successive layers increases with radius, the temperature gradient must decrease with radius.
The amount of heat (Q), which is conducted across the cylinder
wall per unit time, is:
(3) Duhok Technical Institute Petrochemical Department Heat Transfer Lab. 2nd Year Majeed.Abdulrazaq@uoz.edu.krd
where : ,
Q = heat flow rate, [W] X = thickness of the cylinder, [m ] ]
Ti = inner section temperature, [C ] To = outer section temperature, [C]
] ]
Ri = inner radius, [m] Ro = outer radius, [m]
k = thermal conductivity of the cylinder [w/m. C] ,
Figure(2) Temperature distribution through a thick cylinder
5- Procedure: 1- For radial heat flow, connect one of the water tubes to the water supply and the other to drain , then Turn on the water supply and ensure that water is flowing from the free end of the water pipe to drain. 2- Connect data and power supply cable for radial heat conduction module from experimental unit to display & control unit. 3- Set operating mode switch at manual mode. 4- Switch on the power supply and heater switch from display and control unit. 5- Turn the heater power control knob to 90 Watts and allow sufficient time for a steady state condition to be achieved before recording the temperature at all six sensor points and the input power reading on the wattmeter (Q).
(4) Duhok Technical Institute Petrochemical Department Heat Transfer Lab. 2nd Year Majeed.Abdulrazaq@uoz.edu.krd
Table (1) Radial temperature distribution through a thick cylinder
Distance from Temperature ∆T Q K Measuring Center (mm) (°C) (°C) (watts) (w/m.°C) point
1 ---- ---- ---- -----
2 10 Not possible to calculate
3 20 4 30 5 40 6 50
6- Discussion: 1- Plot the temperature profile along radial distance of cylinder 2- Calculate heat flow Q at multi points of cylinder , and Is Fourier’s Law satisfied or not ?. 3- Calculate the thermal conductivity K of the cylinder at multi points, and Plot the thermal conductivity (K) versus temperature . 4- Discuss the characteristics of your plots and compare them to what you would expect based on the theory.
