PROBLEM
ON
STEAM TURBINE
COGENERATION
04
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
PROBLEM 04:
The steam generator provides 250 kg/s of steam at 10 MPa, 500°C, of which 100kg/s
is extracted between the first and second stages at 2.5Mpa and diverted to a process
heating load. Condensate returns from the process heating load at 2 MPa, 120°C and is
mixed with the liquid existing the lower pressure pump at 2Mpa. The entire flow then
pumped to the steam generator pressure. Saturated liquid at 10 KPa leaves the
condenser. The turbine stages and pumps operate with isentropic efficiencies of 95%
and 85%, respectively. determine the
a) Net heat transfer rate to the working fluid passing through the steam generator in
KJ/h
b) Net power developed in KW and
c)Heating load in KJ/h.
𝑘𝑔
Given Data: 𝑚ሶ s = 250 𝒎ሶ 𝒔
𝑠 𝟏
Boiler Turbine
𝑝1 = 𝑝𝑏 = 10Mpa = 100 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑇1 = 500°𝐶
𝑘𝑔 𝟐′ 𝒎ሶ 𝟏
𝑚ሶ 1 = 100 𝟑 𝒎ሶ 𝟐
𝑠 𝟐
𝒎ሶ 𝒔 𝟖 𝟑′
𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑅 = 𝑝7 = 2.5Mpa = 25 𝑏𝑎𝑟 Process
𝟖′ Heater Condenser
𝑝6 = 2Mpa = 20 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑇6 = 120°𝐶
𝒎ሶ 𝟏 𝟔
𝑝3 = 𝑝4 = 𝑝𝑐 = 0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝟒 𝒎ሶ 𝟐
𝒎ሶ 𝒔 𝟓
Mixing
𝜂 𝑇 = 95 % 𝜂𝑃 = 85 % Chamber
𝟕 𝒎ሶ 𝟐 𝟓′
To find: Pump 2 Pump 1
Net heat transfer rate to the working fluid passing through the steam generator in KJ/h Q S =?
Net power developed in KW Wnet =?
Heating load in KJ/h Q p =?
Formula
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 ) = 𝑊𝑇 − 𝑊𝑝
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 (𝑊𝑇 ) = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ1 − ℎ2′ + 𝑚ሶ 2 (ℎ2′ − ℎ3′ )
ℎ1 − ℎ2′
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜂 𝑇 =
ℎ1 − ℎ2
ℎ1 − ℎ3′
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜂 𝑇 =
ℎ1 − ℎ3
Formula
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 (𝑊𝑝 ) = 𝑊𝑝1 + 𝑊𝑝2
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 1(𝑤𝑝1 ) = 𝑚ሶ 2 × (ℎ5′ − ℎ4 )
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 2 (𝑊𝑝2 ) = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 × ℎ8′ − ℎ7
ℎ5 − ℎ4
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 1 𝜂𝑝 = ′
ℎ5 − ℎ4
ℎ8 − ℎ7
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 2 𝜂𝑝 = ′
ℎ8 − ℎ7
Formula
𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 1(𝑤𝑝1 ) = 𝑚ሶ 2 × (ℎ5 − ℎ4 ) = 𝑚ሶ 2 × 𝑣𝑓𝑐 𝑝𝑅 − 𝑝𝑐
𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 2 (𝑊𝑝2 ) = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 × ℎ8 − ℎ7 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 × 𝑣𝑓𝑅 𝑝𝑏 − 𝑝𝑅
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑥𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ7 = 𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ6 + 𝑚ሶ 2 ℎ5′
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 (𝑄𝑝 ) = 𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ2′ − ℎ6
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 (𝑄𝑠 ) = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ1 − ℎ8′
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 (𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ) = 𝑚ሶ 1 + 𝑚ሶ 2
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ 𝑠 = 250
𝑠
𝑘𝑔
250 = 100 + 𝑚ሶ 2 𝑚ሶ 1 = 100
𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ 2 = 150
𝑠
ℎ1 = 3370 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔 1
@ state 1; 𝐏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫
𝑻𝟏 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎°𝐂
𝑺𝒖𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅
ℎ2 = 2960 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔 @ state 2; 𝐏𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫
2
@ state 3; 𝐏𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟏 𝐛𝐚𝐫
ℎ1 = 3370 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
ℎ2 = 2960 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
ℎ3 = 2080 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
ℎ3 = 2080 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
3
ℎ1 − ℎ2′
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜂 𝑇 =
ℎ1 − ℎ2
𝜂 𝑇 = 95 %
3370 − ℎ2′
0.95 = ℎ1 = 3370 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
3370 − 2960
ℎ2 = 2960 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
𝒉′𝟐 = 𝟐𝟗𝟖𝟎. 𝟓 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
ℎ1 − ℎ3′
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜂 𝑇 =
ℎ1 − ℎ3
ℎ3 = 2080 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
3370 − ℎ3′
0.95 =
3370 − 2080
𝒉′𝟑 = 𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟒. 𝟓 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
@ State 4; 𝐏𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟏 𝐛𝐚𝐫
Source : Steam Tables with Mollier Diagram by R.S.Khurmi
𝑘𝐽
ℎ4 = ℎ𝑓4 = 191.8
𝑘𝑔
𝐏𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟏 𝐛𝐚𝐫
Source : Steam Tables with Mollier Diagram by R.S.Khurmi
𝑣𝑓𝑐 = 0.00101 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 1
𝑘𝐽
ℎ5 = ℎ𝑓5 = 191.8
𝑘𝑔
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 1(𝑤𝑝1 ) = 𝑚ሶ 2 × (ℎ5 −ℎ4 ) = 𝑚ሶ 2 × 𝑣𝑓𝑐 𝑝𝑅 − 𝑝𝑐
𝑣𝑓𝑐 = 0.00101 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔
ℎ5 − ℎ4 = 𝑣𝑓𝑐 𝑝𝑅 − 𝑝𝑐 𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑅 = 𝑝7 = 2.5MPa = 25 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 2500 kPa
𝑝3 = 𝑝4 = 𝑝𝑐 = 0.1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 10 kPa
ℎ5 − 191.8 = 0.00101 2500 − 10
ℎ5 = 194.31 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
ℎ5 − ℎ4
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 1 𝜂𝑝 = ′
ℎ5 − ℎ4 𝜂𝑃 = 85 %
ℎ5 = 194.31 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
194.31 − 191.8
0.85 =
ℎ5′ − 191.8 𝑘𝐽
ℎ4 = ℎ𝑓4 = 191.8
𝑘𝑔
𝒉′𝟓 = 𝟏𝟗𝟒. 𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
@ 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝟔: 𝐓𝟔 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎°𝐂; 𝐩𝟔 = 𝟐𝐌𝐩𝐚 = 𝟐𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫
Source : Steam Tables with Mollier Diagram by R.S.Khurmi
𝑝sat = 1.9854 𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑝6 > 𝑝sat
At 120oC, the saturation pressure of water is 1.9854 bar, and since 𝒑𝟔 > 𝒑𝐬𝐚𝐭 , the water
exists as a compressed liquid at the specified state
@ 𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝟔: 𝐓𝟔 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎°𝐂; 𝐩𝟔 = 𝟐𝐌𝐩𝐚 = 𝟐𝟎 𝐛𝐚𝐫 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐏𝐚 Compressed liquid
Source : Steam Tables with Mollier Diagram by R.S.Khurmi
ℎ𝑝,𝑇 = ℎ𝑓@T + 𝑣𝑓@𝑇 (𝑝 − 𝑝𝑠𝑎𝑡 )
𝑚3 ℎ𝑓 = 503.7 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑣𝑓 = 0.001061
𝑝sat = 1.9854 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 198.54 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑘𝑔
ℎ6 = ℎ20 𝑏𝑎𝑟,120°𝐶 = ℎ𝑓120°C + 𝑣𝑓120°𝐶 (𝑝 − 𝑝𝑠𝑎𝑡 )
h6 = 503.7 + 0.001061 × (2000 − 198.54) 𝐡𝟔 = 𝟓𝟎𝟓. 𝟔𝟏 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
𝑘𝑔
𝒎ሶ 𝟏 𝑚ሶ s = 250
𝟔 𝑠
𝒎ሶ 𝒔 𝟓′ 𝑘𝑔
Mixing 𝑚ሶ 1 = 100
Chamber 𝑠
𝟕 𝒎ሶ 𝟐
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ 2 = 150
𝑠
𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ7 = 𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ6 + 𝑚ሶ 2 ℎ5′ ℎ5′ = 194.75 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
h6 = 505.61 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
250 × ℎ7 = 100 × 505.61 + 150 × 194.75
𝒌𝑱
𝒉𝟕 = 𝟑𝟏𝟗. 𝟎𝟗
𝒌𝒈
𝐏𝑹 = 𝟐𝟓 𝐛𝐚𝐫
Source : Steam Tables with Mollier Diagram by R.S.Khurmi
𝑣𝑓𝑅 = 0.001197 m3 /kg
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 2
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 2 (𝑊𝑝2 ) = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 × ℎ8 − ℎ7 = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 × 𝑣𝑓𝑅 𝑝𝑏 − 𝑝𝑅 𝑣𝑓𝑅 = 0.001197 m3 /kg
𝑝1 = 𝑝𝑏 = 10MPa = 100 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 10000 kPa
ℎ8 − ℎ7 = 𝑣𝑓𝑅 𝑝𝑏 − 𝑝𝑅
𝑝2 = 𝑝𝑅 = 𝑝7 = 2.5Mpa = 25 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 2500 kPa
𝑘𝐽
ℎ8 − 319.09 = 0.001197 10000 − 2500 ℎ7 = 319.09
𝑘𝑔
𝒌𝑱
𝒉𝟖 = 𝟑𝟐𝟖. 𝟎𝟔
𝒌𝒈
ℎ8 − ℎ7 𝜂𝑃 = 85 %
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 2 𝜂𝑝 = ′
ℎ8 − ℎ7 𝑘𝐽
ℎ7 = 319.09
𝑘𝑔
328.06 − 319.09 𝑘𝐽
0.85 = ℎ8 = 328.06
ℎ8′ − 319.09 𝑘𝑔
𝒉′𝟖 = 𝟑𝟐𝟗. 𝟔𝟒 𝒌𝑱/𝒌𝒈
𝑘𝑔
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 1(𝑤𝑝1 ) = 𝑚ሶ 2 × (ℎ5′ − ℎ4 ) 𝑚ሶ 2 = 150
𝑠
𝑘𝐽
ℎ4 = ℎ𝑓4 = 191.8
𝑘𝑔
𝑊𝑝1 = 150 × (194.75 − 191.8൯
ℎ5′ = 194.75 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑾𝒑𝟏 = 𝟒𝟒𝟐. 𝟓 𝒌𝑾
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ s = 250
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 2 (𝑊𝑝2 ) = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 × ℎ8′ − ℎ7 𝑠
𝑘𝐽
ℎ7 = 319.09
𝑘𝑔
𝑊𝑝2 = 250 × 329.64 − 319.09
ℎ8′ = 329.64 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑾𝒑𝟐 = 𝟐𝟔𝟑𝟕. 𝟓 𝒌𝑾
𝑊𝑝1 = 442.5 𝑘𝑊
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 (𝑊𝑝 ) = 𝑊𝑝1 + 𝑊𝑝2
𝑊𝑝2 = 2637.5 𝑘𝑊
𝑊𝑃 = 442.5 + 2637.5
𝑾𝒑 = 𝟑𝟎𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑾
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ s = 250
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 (𝑊𝑇 ) = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ1 − ℎ2′ + 𝑚ሶ 2 (ℎ2′ − ℎ3′ ) 𝑠
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ 2 = 150
𝑠
𝑊𝑇 = 250 × 3370 − 2980.5 + 150 × (2980.5 − 2144.5) ℎ1 = 3370 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
ℎ2′ = 2980.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑾𝑻 = 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟕𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑾 ℎ3′ = 2144.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 ) = 𝑊𝑇 − 𝑊𝑝
𝑊𝑇 = 222775 𝑘𝑊
𝑊𝑝 = 3080 𝑘𝑊
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 222775 − 3080
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 219695 𝑘𝑊
Answer
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 219695 𝑘𝑊
𝑘𝑔
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑄𝑝 ) = 𝑚ሶ 1 ℎ2′ − ℎ6 𝑚ሶ 1 = 100
𝑠
ℎ2′ = 2980.5 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑄𝑝 = 100 × (2980.5 − 505.61)
h6 = 505.61 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑄𝑝 = 247489 𝑘𝑊
𝑄𝑝 = 890960400 𝑘𝐽/ℎ
Answer
Heating load Q p = 𝟖𝟗𝟎𝟗𝟔𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑱/𝒉
𝑘𝑔
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 (𝑄𝑠 ) = 𝑚ሶ 𝑠 ℎ1 − ℎ8′ 𝑚ሶ s = 250
𝑠
𝑄𝑠 = 250 × (3370 − 329.64) ℎ1 = 3370 𝑘 𝐽Τ𝑘 𝑔
𝑄𝑠 = 760090 𝑘𝑊 ℎ8′ = 329.64 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑸𝒔 = 𝟐𝟕𝟑𝟔𝟑𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑱/𝒉
Answer
Net heat transfer rate to the working fluid passing through the steam generator
Q S = 2736324000 kJ/h
PROBLEM
ON
GAS TURBINE
COGENERATION
05
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
PROBLEM 05:
Electricity and process heat requirements of a manufacturing facility are to be met by a
cogeneration plant consisting of a gas turbine and a heat exchanger for steam production.
The plant operates a simple Brayton cycle between pressure limits of 150kPa and
1250kPa with air as the working fluid. Air enters the compressor at 28°C, combustion
gases leave the turbine and enter the heat exchanger at 550°C, and leave the heat
exchanger of 325°C while the liquid water enters the heat exchanger at 25°C and leaves at
175°C as a saturated vapour. The net power produced by the gas-turbine cycle is 925 kW.
Assuming a compressor isentropic efficiency of 85% and a turbine isentropic efficiency of
90%, determine the
(a) the mass flow rate of air,
(b) back work ratio and thermal efficiency, and
(c) the rate at which steam is produced in the heat exchanger, also determine the
(d) Utilization efficiency of the cogeneration plant, defined as the ratio of the total energy
supplied to the plant.
Given Data: Combustion
𝟐 Chamber 𝟑
𝑝1 = 𝑝4 = 150 kPa 𝑝2 = 𝑝3 = 1250 kPa 𝟐′
Compressor Turbine
𝑇1 = 28°𝐶 = 301 𝐾 𝑇4′ = 550°𝐶 = 823 𝐾
𝑇5 = 325°𝐶 = 598 𝐾 𝑇w1 = 25°𝐶 = 298 𝐾 𝟒’ 𝟒
𝟏
Heat Exchanger
𝑇w2 = 175°𝐶 = 448 𝐾 (saturated vapour) 𝟓
𝑃 = 925 𝑘𝑊 𝜂𝑐 = 85 % 𝜂 𝑇 = 90 % Process heater
To find:
Mass flow rate of air mሶ a =? Thermal efficiency ηth =?
Back work ratio =? Rate of steam is produced in the heat exchanger mሶ w =?
Utilization efficiency of the cogeneration plant ϵcogen =?
Formula
𝑃 + 𝑄𝑝
𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝜖𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 ) =
𝑄𝑠
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑄𝑝 ) = 𝑚ሶ w ℎ𝑤2 − ℎ𝑤1
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝑄𝑠 ) = 𝑚ሶ𝑎 × 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2′ )
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 P
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜂𝑡ℎ = =
𝑄𝑠 Qs
𝑊𝑐
𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑊𝑇
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 (𝑃) = 𝑚ሶ𝑎 × 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
Formula
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟
𝑚ሶ 𝑎 × 𝐶𝑝𝑎 × 𝑇4′ − 𝑇5 = 𝑚ሶ w × 𝐶𝑝𝑤 × (𝑇𝑤2 − 𝑇𝑤1 )
𝑚ሶ 𝑎 × 𝐶𝑝𝑎 × 𝑇4′ − 𝑇5 = 𝑚ሶ w × (ℎ𝑤2 − ℎ𝑤1 )
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 ) = 𝑊𝑇 − 𝑊𝑐
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 (𝑊𝑐 ) = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇2′ − 𝑇1 )
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 (𝑊𝑇 ) = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇3 − 𝑇4′ )
Formula
𝑊𝑇′ 𝑇3 − 𝑇4′
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜂 𝑇 = =
𝑊𝑇 𝑇3 − 𝑇4
𝑊𝑐 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝜂𝑐 = ′= ′
𝑊𝑐 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
γ−1
𝑇4 p4 γ
=
𝑇3 p3
γ−1
𝑇2 p2 γ
=
𝑇1 p1
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 1 − 2 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟, 𝛾 = 1.4
γ−1 𝑝1 = 𝑝4 = 150 kPa
𝑇2 p2 γ
=
𝑇1 p1
𝑝2 = 𝑝3 = 1250 kPa
𝑇1 = 28°𝐶 = 301 𝐾
1.4−1
𝑇2 1250 1.4
=
301 150
𝑇2 = 551.64 𝐾
𝑊𝑐 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝜂𝑐 = ′= ′
𝑊𝑐 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝜂𝑐 = 85 %
𝑇1 = 28°𝐶 = 301 𝐾
551.64 − 301 𝑇2 = 551.64 𝐾
0.85 =
𝑇2′ − 301
𝑇2′ = 595.87 𝐾
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 3 − 4
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟, 𝛾 = 1.4
γ−1
𝑇4 p4 γ
𝑝1 = 𝑝4 = 150 kPa
=
𝑇3 p3
𝑝2 = 𝑝3 = 1250 kPa
1.4−1
𝑇4 150 1.4
=
𝑇3 1250
𝑇4 = 0.5456 𝑇3
𝑇3 = 1.833 𝑇4
𝑊𝑇′ 𝑇3 − 𝑇4′
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜂 𝑇 = = 𝜂 𝑇 = 90 %
𝑊𝑇 𝑇3 − 𝑇4
𝑇4′ = 550°𝐶 = 823 𝐾
1.833 𝑇4 − 823
0.9 =
1.833 𝑇4 − 𝑇4 𝑇3 = 1.833 𝑇4
𝑇4 = 756.22 𝐾
𝑇3 = 1.833 𝑇4
𝑇3 = 1.833 × 756.22
𝑇3 = 1386.16 𝐾
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 (𝑊𝑇 ) = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇3 − 𝑇4′ )
𝑇3 = 1386.16 𝐾
𝑇4′ = 550°𝐶 = 823 𝐾
𝑊𝑇 = 1.005 × (1386.16 − 823)
𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑝 = 1.005
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑊𝑇 = 565.97 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 (𝑊𝑐 ) = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇2′ − 𝑇1 )
𝑇1 = 28°𝐶 = 301 𝐾
𝑊𝑐 = 1.005 × (595.87 − 301) 𝑇2′ = 595.87 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑝 = 1.005
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑐 = 296.34
𝑘𝑔
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 ) = 𝑊𝑇 − 𝑊𝑐
𝑊𝑇 = 565.97 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 565.97 − 296.34
𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑐 = 296.34
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 269.63
𝑘𝑔
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 (𝑃) = 𝑚ሶ𝑎 × 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 269.63
𝑘𝑔
925 = 𝑚ሶ𝑎 × 269.63 𝑃 = 925 𝑘𝑊
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ𝑎 = 3.43
𝑠
Answer
𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 = 3.43
𝑠
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝑄𝑠 ) = 𝑚ሶ𝑎 × 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2′ )
𝑇3 = 1386.16 𝐾
𝑄𝑠 = 3.43 × 1.005 × (1386.16 − 595.87)
𝑇2′ = 595.87 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑠 = 2724.67 𝑘𝑊 𝐶𝑝 = 1.005
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ𝑎 = 3.43
𝑠
𝑊𝑐
𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑊𝑇
𝑊𝑇 = 565.97 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
296.34
𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
565.97 𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑐 = 296.34
𝑘𝑔
𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 0.523
Answer
𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 0.523
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 P
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜂𝑡ℎ = =
𝑄𝑠 Qs
𝑄𝑠 = 2724.67 𝑘𝑊
𝑃 = 925 𝑘𝑊
925
𝜂𝑡ℎ =
2724.67
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 33.95 %
Answer
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜂𝑡ℎ = 33.95 %
𝑇w1 = 25°𝐶 = 298 𝐾
Source : Steam Tables with Mollier Diagram by R.S.Khurmi
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑤1 = ℎ𝑓1 = 104.8
𝑘𝑔
𝑇w2 = 175°𝐶 = 448 𝐾; 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟
Source : Steam Tables with Mollier Diagram by R.S.Khurmi
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑤2 = ℎ𝑔2 = 2771.8
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑚ሶ𝑎 = 3.43
𝑠
𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑝𝑎 = 1.005
𝑚ሶ 𝑎 × 𝐶𝑝𝑎 × 𝑇4′ − 𝑇5 = 𝑚ሶ w × 𝐶𝑝𝑤 × (𝑇𝑤2 − 𝑇𝑤1 ) 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑇4′ = 550°𝐶 = 823 𝐾
𝑚ሶ 𝑎 × 𝐶𝑝𝑎 × 𝑇4′ − 𝑇5 = 𝑚ሶ w × (ℎ𝑤2 − ℎ𝑤1 )
𝑇5 = 325°𝐶 = 598 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
3.43 × 1.005 × 823 − 598 = 𝑚ሶ w × (2771.8 − 104.8) ℎ𝑤1 = ℎ𝑓1 = 104.8
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 ℎ𝑤2 = ℎ𝑔2 = 2771.8
𝑚ሶ w = 0.29 𝑘𝑔
Answer 𝑠
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 0.29 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑄𝑝 ) = 𝑚ሶ w ℎ𝑤2 − ℎ𝑤1
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ w = 0.308
𝑠
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑝 = 0.29 × 2771.8 − 104.8 ℎ𝑤1 = ℎ𝑓1 = 104.8
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑤2 = ℎ𝑔2 = 2771.8
𝑘𝑔
𝑄𝑝 = 775.6 𝑘𝑊
𝑃 + 𝑄𝑝 𝑄𝑝 = 775.6 𝑘𝑊
𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝜖𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 ) =
𝑄𝑠
𝑃 = 925 𝑘𝑊
925 + 775.6
𝜖𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 =
2724.67
𝑄𝑠 = 2724.67 𝑘𝑊
𝜖𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 0.624
Answer
𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝜖𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 0.624
PROBLEM
ON
GAS TURBINE
COGENERATION
05
BIBIN CHIDAMBARANATHAN
PROBLEM 05:
Electricity and process heat requirements of a manufacturing facility are to be met by a
cogeneration plant consisting of a gas turbine and a heat exchanger for steam production.
The plant operates a simple Brayton cycle between pressure limits of 150kPa and
1250kPa with air as the working fluid. Air enters the compressor at 28°C, combustion
gases leave the turbine and enter the heat exchanger at 550°C, and leave the heat
exchanger of 325°C while the liquid water enters the heat exchanger at 25°C and leaves at
175°C as a saturated vapour. The net power produced by the gas-turbine cycle is 925 kW.
Assuming a compressor isentropic efficiency of 85% and a turbine isentropic efficiency of
90%, determine the
(a) the mass flow rate of air,
(b) back work ratio and thermal efficiency, and
(c) the rate at which steam is produced in the heat exchanger, also determine the
(d) Utilization efficiency of the cogeneration plant, defined as the ratio of the total energy
supplied to the plant.
Given Data: Combustion
𝟐 Chamber 𝟑
𝑝1 = 𝑝4 = 150 kPa 𝑝2 = 𝑝3 = 1250 kPa 𝟐′
Compressor Turbine
𝑇1 = 28°𝐶 = 301 𝐾 𝑇4′ = 550°𝐶 = 823 𝐾
𝑇5 = 325°𝐶 = 598 𝐾 𝑇w1 = 25°𝐶 = 298 𝐾 𝟒’ 𝟒
𝟏
Heat Exchanger
𝑇w2 = 175°𝐶 = 448 𝐾 (saturated vapour) 𝟓
𝑃 = 925 𝑘𝑊 𝜂𝑐 = 85 % 𝜂 𝑇 = 90 % Process heater
To find:
Mass flow rate of air mሶ a =? Thermal efficiency ηth =?
Back work ratio =? Rate of steam is produced in the heat exchanger mሶ w =?
Utilization efficiency of the cogeneration plant ϵcogen =?
Formula
𝑃 + 𝑄𝑝
𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝜖𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 ) =
𝑄𝑠
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑄𝑝 ) = 𝑚ሶ w ℎ𝑤2 − ℎ𝑤1
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝑄𝑠 ) = 𝑚ሶ𝑎 × 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2′ )
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 P
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜂𝑡ℎ = =
𝑄𝑠 Qs
𝑊𝑐
𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑊𝑇
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 (𝑃) = 𝑚ሶ𝑎 × 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡
Formula
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟
𝑚ሶ 𝑎 × 𝐶𝑝𝑎 × 𝑇4′ − 𝑇5 = 𝑚ሶ w × 𝐶𝑝𝑤 × (𝑇𝑤2 − 𝑇𝑤1 )
𝑚ሶ 𝑎 × 𝐶𝑝𝑎 × 𝑇4′ − 𝑇5 = 𝑚ሶ w × (ℎ𝑤2 − ℎ𝑤1 )
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 ) = 𝑊𝑇 − 𝑊𝑐
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 (𝑊𝑐 ) = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇2′ − 𝑇1 )
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 (𝑊𝑇 ) = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇3 − 𝑇4′ )
Formula
𝑊𝑇′ 𝑇3 − 𝑇4′
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜂 𝑇 = =
𝑊𝑇 𝑇3 − 𝑇4
𝑊𝑐 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝜂𝑐 = ′= ′
𝑊𝑐 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
γ−1
𝑇4 p4 γ
=
𝑇3 p3
γ−1
𝑇2 p2 γ
=
𝑇1 p1
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 1 − 2 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟, 𝛾 = 1.4
γ−1 𝑝1 = 𝑝4 = 150 kPa
𝑇2 p2 γ
=
𝑇1 p1
𝑝2 = 𝑝3 = 1250 kPa
𝑇1 = 28°𝐶 = 301 𝐾
1.4−1
𝑇2 1250 1.4
=
301 150
𝑇2 = 551.64 𝐾
𝑊𝑐 𝑇2 − 𝑇1
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝜂𝑐 = ′= ′
𝑊𝑐 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 𝜂𝑐 = 85 %
𝑇1 = 28°𝐶 = 301 𝐾
551.64 − 301 𝑇2 = 551.64 𝐾
0.85 =
𝑇2′ − 301
𝑇2′ = 595.87 𝐾
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 3 − 4
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑖𝑟, 𝛾 = 1.4
γ−1
𝑇4 p4 γ
𝑝1 = 𝑝4 = 150 kPa
=
𝑇3 p3
𝑝2 = 𝑝3 = 1250 kPa
1.4−1
𝑇4 150 1.4
=
𝑇3 1250
𝑇4 = 0.5456 𝑇3
𝑇3 = 1.833 𝑇4
𝑊𝑇′ 𝑇3 − 𝑇4′
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜂 𝑇 = = 𝜂 𝑇 = 90 %
𝑊𝑇 𝑇3 − 𝑇4
𝑇4′ = 550°𝐶 = 823 𝐾
1.833 𝑇4 − 823
0.9 =
1.833 𝑇4 − 𝑇4 𝑇3 = 1.833 𝑇4
𝑇4 = 756.22 𝐾
𝑇3 = 1.833 𝑇4
𝑇3 = 1.833 × 756.22
𝑇3 = 1386.16 𝐾
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 (𝑊𝑇 ) = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇3 − 𝑇4′ )
𝑇3 = 1386.16 𝐾
𝑇4′ = 550°𝐶 = 823 𝐾
𝑊𝑇 = 1.005 × (1386.16 − 823)
𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑝 = 1.005
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑊𝑇 = 565.97 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 (𝑊𝑐 ) = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇2′ − 𝑇1 )
𝑇1 = 28°𝐶 = 301 𝐾
𝑊𝑐 = 1.005 × (595.87 − 301) 𝑇2′ = 595.87 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑝 = 1.005
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑐 = 296.34
𝑘𝑔
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 ) = 𝑊𝑇 − 𝑊𝑐
𝑊𝑇 = 565.97 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 565.97 − 296.34
𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑐 = 296.34
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 269.63
𝑘𝑔
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 (𝑃) = 𝑚ሶ𝑎 × 𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 269.63
𝑘𝑔
925 = 𝑚ሶ𝑎 × 269.63 𝑃 = 925 𝑘𝑊
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ𝑎 = 3.43
𝑠
Answer
𝑘𝑔
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑚ሶ 𝑎 = 3.43
𝑠
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 (𝑄𝑠 ) = 𝑚ሶ𝑎 × 𝐶𝑝 (𝑇3 − 𝑇2′ )
𝑇3 = 1386.16 𝐾
𝑄𝑠 = 3.43 × 1.005 × (1386.16 − 595.87)
𝑇2′ = 595.87 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑠 = 2724.67 𝑘𝑊 𝐶𝑝 = 1.005
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ𝑎 = 3.43
𝑠
𝑊𝑐
𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑊𝑇
𝑊𝑇 = 565.97 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
296.34
𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
565.97 𝑘𝐽
𝑊𝑐 = 296.34
𝑘𝑔
𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 0.523
Answer
𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 0.523
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 P
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜂𝑡ℎ = =
𝑄𝑠 Qs
𝑄𝑠 = 2724.67 𝑘𝑊
𝑃 = 925 𝑘𝑊
925
𝜂𝑡ℎ =
2724.67
𝜂𝑡ℎ = 33.95 %
Answer
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝜂𝑡ℎ = 33.95 %
𝑇w1 = 25°𝐶 = 298 𝐾
Source : Steam Tables with Mollier Diagram by R.S.Khurmi
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑤1 = ℎ𝑓1 = 104.8
𝑘𝑔
𝑇w2 = 175°𝐶 = 448 𝐾; 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟
Source : Steam Tables with Mollier Diagram by R.S.Khurmi
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑤2 = ℎ𝑔2 = 2771.8
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑚ሶ𝑎 = 3.43
𝑠
𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝑝𝑎 = 1.005
𝑚ሶ 𝑎 × 𝐶𝑝𝑎 × 𝑇4′ − 𝑇5 = 𝑚ሶ w × 𝐶𝑝𝑤 × (𝑇𝑤2 − 𝑇𝑤1 ) 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝑇4′ = 550°𝐶 = 823 𝐾
𝑚ሶ 𝑎 × 𝐶𝑝𝑎 × 𝑇4′ − 𝑇5 = 𝑚ሶ w × (ℎ𝑤2 − ℎ𝑤1 )
𝑇5 = 325°𝐶 = 598 𝐾
𝑘𝐽
3.43 × 1.005 × 823 − 598 = 𝑚ሶ w × (2771.8 − 104.8) ℎ𝑤1 = ℎ𝑓1 = 104.8
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
𝑘𝑔 ℎ𝑤2 = ℎ𝑔2 = 2771.8
𝑚ሶ w = 0.29 𝑘𝑔
Answer 𝑠
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑖𝑠 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑚ሶ 𝑤 = 0.29 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝑄𝑝 ) = 𝑚ሶ w ℎ𝑤2 − ℎ𝑤1
𝑘𝑔
𝑚ሶ w = 0.308
𝑠
𝑘𝐽
𝑄𝑝 = 0.29 × 2771.8 − 104.8 ℎ𝑤1 = ℎ𝑓1 = 104.8
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑤2 = ℎ𝑔2 = 2771.8
𝑘𝑔
𝑄𝑝 = 775.6 𝑘𝑊
𝑃 + 𝑄𝑝 𝑄𝑝 = 775.6 𝑘𝑊
𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝜖𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 ) =
𝑄𝑠
𝑃 = 925 𝑘𝑊
925 + 775.6
𝜖𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 =
2724.67
𝑄𝑠 = 2724.67 𝑘𝑊
𝜖𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 0.624
Answer
𝑈𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝜖𝑐𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 0.624
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