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HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL

VOLUME 1 : CONCEPTS

!TR~I TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD

OF THE NA TlONAL ACADEMIES

WASHINGTON, DC I WWW.TRB.ORG
 TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD
2010 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE*

Chair: Michael R. Morris, Director of Transportation, Rebecca M. Brewster, President an d COO, Am erican

North Central Texas Council of Governments, Transportation Research Institute, Smyrna, Georgia

Arlington (ex officio)

Vice Chair: Neil J. Pedersen, Administrator, Maryland George Bugliarello, President Emeritus and University
State Highway Administration, Baltimore Professo r, Polytechnic Institute of New York
Executive Director: Robert E. Skinner, Jr., Tri1[1sportation University, Brooklyn; Foreign Secretary, N ation a l
Research BOard AC<ldemy of Engineering, Washington, D.C. (ex offi cio)
Anne S . Ferro, Administrator, Federal Motm Carrier Safety
Administrill.ion, u.s. Department l,r Tmnsportation
J. Barry Barker, Executive Director, Tr<lnsit Authority of {ex (,(fi cio)
River City, LOLlisv il lc. Kentucky LeRoy Gishi, Chief, Division of 1rilnsp0rtaliCll1, fhll'r<:lu of
Allen D. Biehler, SE.'CrdJry, Pe"nsyl vania Department of In di,lI1 f\f fairs, u.s . Department of the Inkrill!',
Transportation, H,lrrisburg \'V,I,h ington, D.C. (ex officio )
Larry L. Brown, Sr., Exec-utive Director, Mississippi Edward R. Hamberger, Pres idcnt and CEO, :\ssociation of
Depilrtment of Tr<lnsportalion, Jackson Americ<ln Railroads, Washington, D.C. (ex officio)
Deborah H. Butler, Executivt' Vice President, Planning, and John C. Horsley, Executive Director, AmcriGl11 Association
C10, Norfolk Southern Corporation, Norfolk, Virginia of State Highway and Transportation Olfilials,
William A. V. Clark, Professor, Depilrtment of Geogmphy, VVashington, D.C. (ex officio)
University of California, Los Angeles David T. Matsuda, Deputy Administrator, Maritime

Eugene A. Conti, Jr., Secretary of Transportation, North AdministLltion, U.s. Department of Transportation

Carolina Department of Transportation, Raleigh (ex officio)

Nicholas J. Garber, H enry L. Kinnier Professor,

Victor JVf. Mendez, Administrator, Federal Highway

Department of Civil Engineering, and Director,

Administration, U.s. Department of Tri1llsf.Jllrtatl()n

Center for Transportation Studies, University of

(ex officio)

Virginia, Charlottesville
William W. Millar, President, American Public

Jeffrey W. Hamiel, Execut ive Director, Metropolit,l]l Transpo rtation A~sociatiop, Washing ton, D.C.

Airports Commission, Minneapolis, Minnesota (ex offi cio) (Pa"t Chair, 1992)

Paula]. Hammond, Secretary, Washington State Tara O 'Toole, Under Spcretary for Science and Technology,
Departlllent of Transportation, Olympi<l U.s. Departme nt of Homeland Security (ex officio)

Edward A. (Ned) Helme, President, Center for Clean Air Robert J. Papp (Adm., U.s. Coast Guard), Commandant,

Policy, Washington, D.C. u.s. Coast G uard, U.s. Department of Il omel nnd
Adib K. Kanafani, Cahill Professor of Civil Engineering, Securit" (ex officio)
Univcrsity of California, Berkeley (Past Chair, 2(09) Cynthia L. Quartennan, Administrator. Pipelin e and

Susan Martinovich, Director, Nevada Department of Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, U.s.

Transportation, C<lr~on City Department of Transportation (ex officio)

Debra L. Miller, Secretary, Kansas Department of Peter M. Rogoff. Administrator, Federal Tr(1nsit

Transportation, To peb (Past Ch<lir, 2008) Administration, U.s. Department of Tr<lnsportation

Sandra Rosenbloom, Profesf'oor of Plunning, Unive rsit y of (ex officio)

Ari zona, Tu cson David L. Strickland, Admini,;trator, Nation<li H ighw ay

Tracy L. Rosser, Vice Presiden t, Regionul General ~1'a nager, Traific Safcty Administration, U.s. Department of

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., Mand e ville, Louisiana Transportation (ex officio)

Steven T. Scalzo, Chief Operating Officer, Marine Joseph c. Szabo, Administrator, Federal Railroad
Resourccs Group, Seattle, Washington Administration, U.s. Department of Transportation
Henry G. (Gerry) Schwartz, Jr., Chairman (retired), Jacobs/ (ex officio)
Sverdrup Civil, Inc., St. Louis, Missouri Polly Trottenberg, Assistant Secretary for Transportation
Beverly A. Scott, Ge nera !1 Manager and Chief Executive Policy, U.s. Department of TransportJtion (ex officio)
Officer, Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, Robert L. Van Antwerp (Lt. General, U.s. Army), Chief of
Atlant<l, Georgia Engineers and Commanding Ge neral, U.s. Army
David Seltzer, Principal, Mercator Advisors LLC, Corp~ of Engineer~. Washington, D.C. (ex officio)
Philadelphia, Pennsyrvania
Daniel Sperling, Professor of Civil Engineering and
Environmental Scienc.e and Policv; Director, Institute Tran sportation Research Board publications ilre nvailable
of Tra nsportation Studies; and In't erim Direc tor, by orde ring ind ividua l publications directly from the
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Engineering, University of Texas, A usti n (Past Chai.r, e-mail TRBsales@'nas.edu).
1991)
Cop yright 2010 by the National Academy of Sciences.
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J. Randolph Babbitt, Administrator, Federal Aviation ISBN 978-0-309-16077-3 [Slipcased set of three volumes)
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ISBN 978-0-309-16080-3 [Volume 3J
• Membersh ip as of December 2010.
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished
scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and
technology and to their use for the general welfarE'. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the
Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it Lo advise the federal government on
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Academy of Sciences, as Cl parallel organization of Ollt~tailding enginC'C'rs. It is autonomous in its
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 Highway Capacity Manual 20 10

.~ FOREWORD
\
. I

This fifth edition of the Highway Capacity Manual breaks a great deal of new
ground .
• It is the first Highway Capacity Ma17ual to provide an integrated
multimodal approach to the analysis and eva)uation of urhan streets from
the points of view of automobile drivers, transit pa ssengers, bicyclists,
and ped estrians. This is the firs t lllanual to take into aCC(lllllt th e effects of
cars on bicycl ists and pedestrians.
• It [s the first to address th e proper application of microsimulation
analysis and the evaiuahon of those results.
• It [S the first to disc1lsS active traffic management in relation to both
demand and capacity.
• It is the first to include example applications of Us procedures
implemented in software code and executables to assist LI~;ers and
software develop(:'rs in 1I11lierstanding the subtleties of the methodologies.
• It [s also the firs t tll provide tools, generalized service volume tables, to
assist planners in quickly sizing future facilities.
While this edition of the High ' Pay Capacity Malllla/ has many firsts, it also
builds on more than 60 years of work by many dedicated experts in the field.!
The flrst High/my Capacity Manual was published in 1950 as a joint venture
~~~~j between the Highway Research Board's Committee on Highway Capacity and
~.
the Bureau of Public Roads. That effort was led by O. K. Normann, committee
chair, and William Walker, committee secretary. The manual was the first
international document on the broad subject of capacity and provided definitions
of key terms, a compilation of maximum observed flows, and the initial
fundamentals of capacity.
The second edition was published in 1965 by the Highway Research Board
and authored by the Committee on Highway Capacity. O . K. Normann led much
of this effort until his untimely death in 1964. Carl C. Saal continued the work as
the new committee chair with Arthur A. Carter, Jr., as secretary. The Bureau of
Public Roads was again a significant contributor to the project. 111e 1965 manual
was a significant extension of the 1950 edition and introduced the concept of
level of service.
The third edition of the manual was published in 1985 by the Transportation
Research Board ORB) and authored by the Committee on Highway Capacity and
Quality of Service, dlaired by Carlton C. Robinson, with Charles W. Dale as
secretary. Credit is also due to Robert C. Blumenthal and James H. Kell, who
served as committee chairs between the publication of the 1965 and 1985
editions. The 1985 edition extended capacity analysis to additional facility types,

1 Thanks are extended to Adolf D. May for this short history of the Hishway Capacity Mal1ual, w hich

was first provided in his Foreword to the 1994 edition.

Volume l/Concepts Page Vl-i Foreword

December 2010
Highway Capacity Manual 2010

incorporated driver perceptions into level of service, and was the first to have the
analysis procedures implemented in computer software.
An update to the third edition of the manual was published in 1994 with
Adolf D. Mayas chair of the committee and Wayne K. Kittelson as secretary. The
1994 edition of the manual is noted for new procedures for the analysis of
freeway ramp junctions, all-way and two-way 5TOT'-controlled intersections, and
two-lane rural highways.
The (ourth l'dition of the manllal wa s published ill 2000 with Juhn D. Zegeer
as chair of the committee and l~ichard G. Dllwling a:; Sl'crctary. Th,lt manual was
the firs t to go to a multivolume format (with one volume dedica ted to concepts
for policy make rs) and was the first to tes t novel l'icctronic formats for the
manual using hyperlinked text and narrated self-guided tutorial s for some of the
example proble ms.
The H(cc,hway Capacity Manual has grown OWl' the decades, and it has long
since ceased to be the prod uct of a few highly competent experts or even that of a
single committee. This edition of the Highway Capacity Manual nds benefited from
the most extensive involvement of the professional commuruty-far surpassing
that of all tJw previous editions. More than 300 professionals, many of them
entirely new to TRB, the Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality o(
Service, and the manual development Frocess itself, contributed in the year-long
chapter re vievv process, which has culminated in the publication of this fifth
edition.
This edition is the first to involve other TRB committees in its development.
111e follmving committees from the Opera lions Section (AHBOO) of the Technical
Activities Coullcil of TRB prov ided reviewers or comments directly on the drafts
of the mLlnuLll:
• AHG20, Freeway Operations;
• AHB25, Traffic Signal Systems;
• AHB35, Committee on High-Occupancy Vehicle, High-Occupancy Toll,
and Managed Lanes; and
• AHB45, Traffic Flow Theory and Characteristics.
The members of the Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service
thank these committees for their assistance and thank the chairs of the
Operations Section, Daniel S, Turner and then Peter M. BrigJia, Jr., for their
support and encouragement of the multicommittee involvement in the
development of the HigiHuay Capacity Mallual.
We are also grateful for the support we have received from the members and
staff of the Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE). Our joint summer
meetings with local ITE sections throughout the manual development process
were particularly informative and productive.
Throughout this effort, the advice and support of Richard Cunard, Engineer
of Traffic and Operations of TRB, was extremely valuable in helping the
committee anticipate, address, and overcome the obstacles that arise every time a
major new document is published.

Foreword Page Vl-ii Volume l/Concepts

December 2010
 Highway Capacity Manual 20 10

,":_.:) The Highway Capacity Manual 2010 would never have become a reality
without the hard work of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program
(NCHRP) 3-92 panel, chaired by Barbara Ostrom, with Ray Derr as Senior
Program Officer for the project. 111e committee thanks the NCHRP 3-92 panel, its
staff, and its contractor, Kittelson & Associates, Inc. for delivering a high-guality
manual that will greatly improve transportation engineering and planning
practice in the years to come.
The committee invites those interes ted in improving the profession's
understanding of capacity and quality of service analysis to contact us at
www.AHB40.org and hecome involved.
For the Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service (AHB40),

Richard G. Dowling Liiy EJefteriadou

Committee Chair Commi ttee Secretary
October 1, 2010

Volume i/Concepts Page Vi-iii Foreword

December 2010
Highway Capacity Manua! 2010

CONTRIBUTORS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The Highwl7lj Cl7pacity Ma1lllal2010 is the result of the coordinated efforts of

many inuividuDls, groups, research organizations, and government agencies. Th e
TRB Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service is responsible for
the content of the Highway Capacity Manual; preparation of tht' manllill was
accomplished through the efforts of the following groups and individuals:

TRB COMMITTEE ON HIGHWAY CAPACITY AND QUALITY OF SERVICE

(Members (If, of /ml1tanl 31, 2010)

RichJrd Dowling, Omuli118 Associntcs, l11C. -Clzairll1nll

Lily Elcfteriadou, UJliversity of Florida-Secretory

Loren Bloomberg, CH2A1 Hill

Robert Bryson, City of Milwt1i1kee

F. Thomas CreJScy, £NTRAN

Janice Daniel, Nczp/cro;cy IIl~titllte of Teclmology

Michael Dixon, L!lIi(J('r~ity of Idnho

Aimee fla nnery, C('(Ir:~e "'vInsoll Ulliv£'rf,ity

Robert Foyle, ITRE nt North Cnralilla St.7te Univcrf,ity

Dirk Gross, Ol;io Depnrtment of Tral15Portntion

Martin Guttenplan, Willnl1' Smitiz Associates

Mohammed Hadi, Florida International Ul1iversity

John Halkias, Ferlcml f-ligllZpay Admi1listrntiol1

Abdul-Rahman Hamad, Traf!iCol1slIlt Ud.

Kevin Hanley, Cnl ifomin Departll7l!llt of Trnnsportatioll

Michael Hunter, Georgin I1lstitute of Tec/lI1ology

Tapio Lutl inen, An/to Lil1iz'('rsity

Joel Marcusun, /n(Qb~ El1gilleerinil, Graup, I1I c.

Hideki Nabmura, Nngoyn Unlz J('I"sity

Elena PrLlSSJS, Polytechnic In~titlltl! of New York University

Bruce Robinson, Robinson Tra1lsportation COl1sulting

Lee Rodegcrdts, Kittelsoll & Associates, Illc.

Manuel Romana, Univ('rsidad PolitL;cnica d(' Madrid

William Sampson, Ul1iversity of Florida

Bastian Schroeder, ITRE at North Carolina State Ul1iversity

Dennis Strong, Stro11g COl1cepts

Zong Ti an, U17iucrsity of Nevada, Rel10

Scott Washbu rn, University of Florida

F. Andrew Wolfe, State University of New York, Uticn

Grant Zammit, Federal Highway Administrntion

Richard Cunard, Tral1sportntion R('search Board staff representatiue

(Emeritus Mel11/1ers)
Adolf May, UJ1iv('rsity of Cali/omia, Berkeley (retired)
William R. Reilly, Kittelson & A"sociates, I1lc. (deceased)
Carlton Robinson, Consultal1t (retired)
Roger Roess, Polytechnic In stitu te of New York UJ1iversity

Contributors and Acknowledgments Page Vl-iv Volume l/Concepts

December 2010
 High way Capacity Man ual 20 I 0

(Members 2003-2006)
Ray Benekohal, University of IlIillois
Werner Brilon, Ruhr-Universitiit Bochuln
John Leonard, Georgia Institute of Technology
George List, North Carolina Slate University
Thomas Parlante, Arizona DepartmeJ1t of Transportation
William Prosser, Federal Highway AdT71illistmtion
Erik Ruehr, VRPA Tecilllulogies, 11Ic.
James Schoen, Kittelsoll [.,. As. ociatl':=:', 11Ic.
Kevin St. Jacques, 'vVillmr S1ililll Ass(lciafl's
Andrzcj Tarko, Purdue Ullitlcrsity
Rod Troutbeck, Quee1lsla17d Ulliclcrsit.ll afTechllology
Mark Vandehey, Kittclsoll & Assoc/ates, 111c.

(Members as of Aligust 1, 2010)

Lily Elefteriadou, University of Floriria-Chair
F. Thomas Creasey, ENTRA IV - Sccretanl
Loren Bloomberg, CH2M Hill
Robert Bryson, City of Milw(lIlkec
Janice Daniel, New Jersey Illstitute of Tccl1ll0logy
Michael Dixon, University of Idaho
Richard Dowling, Dowli1lg Associates, 111c.
Aimee Flannery, George Mason Un/cicrsily
" ,.~ Dirk Gross, Ohio Dl?partmellt of TrmlsportatiOIl
"-'-::jj Martin Guttenplan, WilulJr Smith Associates
Mohammed Hadi, Floriria III tenwI'iollal University
Kevin Hanley, Cali/omia DI?part1l7cnt of Transportation
Michael Hunter, CeO/'gia Institute of Teclmology
Xiaoling "Ling" Li, Virgii1ia Depart1l1C11t of Transportation
Tapio Luttinen, Aalto Ul1iuersity
Joel Marcuson, Jacous Engineering Group, Inc.
Peyton McLeod, Sprinkle COllsulting, Inc.
Elena Prassas, Polytechnic Institute of New York University
Bruce Robinson, Robinson Transportation Consulting
Lee Rodegerdts, Kittelson & Associates, Inc.
Manuel Romana, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid
William Sampson, University of Florida
Bastian Schroeder, ITRE at North Carolina State Univcrsity
Robert Sheehan, Federal Highway Administration
Alexander Skabardonis, Ulliversity of California, Berkeley
Dennis Strong, Strong Concepts
Zong Tian, University of Nevada, Rello
Scott Washburn, University of Florida
F. Andrew Wolfe, State University of New York, Utica
Grant Zammit, Federal Highway Administration
Richard Cunard, Transportation Research Board staff representative

Volume l/Concepts Page Vl-v Contributors and Acknowledgments

December 2010
Highway Capacity Manual2010

Subcommittee on Active Traffic Management "'- ',

-I
Kevin Hanley, California Department of Tral1sportatiol1- Chair
Loren Bloomberg, CH2M Hill
Robert Bryson, City of Milwaukee
Noel Casil, URS Corporation
Janice Daniel, Neu' /crsry hl~titute of Technology
B. Ray Derr, TrnnsJ1(lrtatio71 Re~el11'ch Board
Michael Di xon, UII/"CI;;ity of Idalw
Richard Dowling, DO(I'IIII[; A c:sociotcs, 711C.
Robert Foyle, ITRJ: al North Calolina State UlI/ uel'sity
Mohammed Hadi, Florida Internatiollal Ullivcrsity
Abdul-Rahman H amad, TmJ~ICo/1Slilt Ltd.
Michael Hunter, GCOIsia hlSt-itll te of Technolosy
Joel Marcuson, /aco/J~ Ellgineering Group, Illc.
James McCarthy, Fedeml Highway Administmtion
Brandon Nevers, Kittelso/J & Associate.c, 111C.
Rodney Oto, Cal i(o r1l7 a Dcpartmcnt of TmJl~portatiml
Mark Plass, f/(lrida Dc!,al'tllle1l t of Trlllispurtation
Nagui Rouphclil, ITRE at North Carolina State U1livC1'sity
Eric Ruehr, VRPA Tec/llI07ogies, Illc.
Gary Rylander, Rylander Consulting, LLC
Chalap Sadam, Albert Grover and Associates, [I1C.
Bastian Schroeder, ITRE at North Carolina State Uiliversity
Yinhai Wang, University of Washingtoll
F. Andrew Wolfe, State Ulli'l1ersity of New York, Utica

Grant Zammit, Federal Highway Admillistrntinl1

Subcommittee on Bicycles and Pedestrians

Martin Gu ttenplan, Wilbll r Smith Associates - Chair
Charles Alexander, Fein & Peers Transportat iOIl Consultants
Robert Bryson, City of Milwaukee
Anthony Butzek, Metro, Portland
F. Thomas Creasey, ENTRAN

William J. Davis, The Citadel

B. Ray Derr, Trml sportation Research Board

Michael Dixon, University of Idaho
Jim ErcoJano, New York State Department of TrmlsportatiOIl
Joseph Fazio, Sou tlz Dakota School of Mines and Techno/ngy
Aimee Fl annery, George Mason UnivC7'sity
Frank Fonseca, Traffic Operatiolls Support Group, LLC
David Gibson, Federal Highway Administratioll
Mohammed Hadi, Florida Internatiollal University
Fred Hall, University of Calgary
Catherine Hollow, City of Tempe, Arizona
John Karachepone, Jacobs Engineering Group, 111c.
Bruce Landis, Sprinkle Consulting, Inc.
John LaPlante, T. Y. Lin International

Contributors and Acknowledgments Page VI-vi Volume I/Concepts

December 2010
 Highway Capacity Manual 2010

.. 1 Douglas McLeod, Florida Department of Transportation

.. :.1
Peyton McLeod, Sprinkle COIzsulting, Inc.

Barbara Ostrom, MACTEC Engineerillg and COl/sulting, In c.

Jamie Parks, Kittelson & Associate5, Inc.

Theo Petritsch, Sprinkle Consulting, Inc.

Manuel Romana, Univasidad Politecnica de Madrid

Nagui Rouphail, [IRE at North Carolina State Ulliversity

Paul Ryus, Kittelson & Associates, Inc.

Bastian SchroC:'der, ITRE at North Camlil1a State Ul1iversity

Bhuvallesh Singh, GllI1da CorporalicJ/l

Brian Smalkoski, Kimlelf-Hom alld As~ocial('~, I11C.

Mark Vandehey, Kittelson & Associates, Illc.

Mark Virkler, University of Missouri, Colu1I1bia

Heng Wei, University ofCillcimzati

Subcommittee on Freeways and Multilane Highways

Scott Washburn, University of Florida-Chair
Loren Bloomberg, CH2M Hill
Werner Brilon, Ruhr-UllizJersitiit Boclz1l1l1
B. Ray Derr, Trallsportatioll Research Board
Michael Dixon, University of Idaho
Richard Dowling, Dowling Associates, [nco
Brian Eads, Cra-niord, Murphy & Tilly, l1,c.
Lily Elefteriadou, University of Florida
Joseph Fazio, South Dakota School of Mines IIIld Technology
Robert Foyle, ITRE at North Carolina State Ulliversity
Dirk Gross, Ohio Department of Transportation
Mohammed Hadi, Florida Intenwtional Uni(Jcrsity
Fred Hall, University of Calgary
Abdul-Rahman Hamad, TraffiCollsult Ltd.
Kevin Hanley, California Department of Transportation
Alexandra Kondyli, ANKA Conslliting
Douglas McLeod, Florida Department of Transportation
Hideki Nakamura, Nagoya University
Barbara Ostrom, MACTEC Engineaing and Consulting, Inc.
William Prosser, Federal Highway Administration
Bruce Robinson, Robinson Transportation Consulting
Roger Roess, Polytechnic Institute of New York University
Manuel Romana, Universidad PoliteCllica de Madrid
Nagui Rouphail, ITRE at North Carolina State Ulziversity
Bastian Schroeder, ITRE at North Carolina State University
Zong Tian, University of Nevada, Rella

Volume ljConcepts Page Vl-vii Contributors and Acknowledgments

December 2010
Highway Capacity Manual 2010

Subcommittee on Interchange Ramp Terminals

Joel Marcuson, Jacobs Engi11eering Grollp, 111e. -Chair
Miranda Blogg, Kittelsol7 & Associates
James Bonneson, Texas Transportation Institl/tl'
Robert Bryson, City of Milwallkee
Noel Casil, URS Corporation
Mike' Christensen, Mi/111{!sola Departl11C/lt of Tmllsporfatioll (retired)
Kenneth Courage, Ulliue rsity of Florida
F. ThomJs Creasey, ENTRAN

Jan ice Danie I, New Jersey il1stitllte of Tecll1101or'i!..11

Lily Eleft('riildou, University of Florida

Clara Fang, University of Hartford

Robert Foyle, IT/\E at North Carolina Slate Ullit'lTsity

Dirk Gross, Ohio Departl11C11t of Trallsf'ortatiol1

John Halkias, Federal Highway Admillislrati(11I

Kevin Haniey, Califomia Department of Tra1Jsporlatio n

B. Kent Lall Portlalld State University

Thomas Par/ante, Arizol1a Departn'lCllt of Tm llsportl7tiol1

James Powell, Wilu1I1' 511lilh Associates

Elena PrJssas, Polyterlmic institute of New York Ul1iversity

William Prosser, Fl'deml Higl1iuny Adl1linistratioll

Lee Rodegerd ts, Kitle/soll &. Associates, Inc.

Roger Roess, Polytcrl1l1ic illsl dute of New ynrk UlliL'ersity

Bill Sampson, Uni7.'Crsit.'l l!f Florida

Dennis Strong, Strong Concellts

Peter Terry, Benchmark Cipil Engineering Services, 111(,.

Zong Tian, Ullil'cr~ity of NC'l'adn, RC110

Rod T routbeck, Troll tueck E...,. Associa tes

Mark Vandehey, Kittelsol1 E...,. Associates, lilc.

Grant Zammit, Federal Highway Administratioll

Subcommittee on Planning and ,preliminary Engineering

F. Andrew Wolfe, State University afNew York, Utica-Chair
Robert Bryson, City of Milwaukee
F. Thomas Creasey, ENTRAN

Sam Granato, Ol1io Depart171e11t of Transportation

Mollammed Hadi, Florida IntematiOl1al Unil 1ersily

Kevin Hanley, Ca/!fornia Department of Transportation

John Karachepone, Jacobs E11gilleering Group, Inc.

Wayne Kittelson, Kittelson & Associates, inc.

Tapio Luttinen, Aalto University

Douglas McLeod, Florida Depnrtment of Transportatioll

Barbara Ostrom, MACTEC Engineering and Consulting, Inc.

Erik Ruehr, VRPA Technologies, Inc.

Paul Ryus, Kittelson & Associates, Inc.

Scott Washburn, Uni versity of Florida

Grant Zammit, Federal Highway Administration

Contributors and Acknowledgments Page Vi -vi ii Volume ljConcepts

December 2010
 Highway Capacity Manual 2010

Subcommittee on Research
Robert Foyle, ITRE at North Cl7rolina State Ulliver~ity-Chair
Noel Casil, URS Corporation
B. Ray Derr, Transportatio/l Rt:search Board
Michael Dixon, University of Id17110
Peml Dorothy, Burgess & Niple, 111e.
Clara Fang, Ulliz)crsity of Harlford
Aimee FlaTUlery, GeorgI' Ma.c;nn UlIil>(Orsity
Di rk Gross, Ohio Depl7l'tlltr.'11 t of TI'I7!1~f1(lrtr7tiol1
Martin Guttenplan, \lVi/hl/l' SlIIith /ls~(Iciates
Mohammed Hadi, Fl(1rida 11lLel'lliltiollal University
John Halkias, Fedeml Highway Administration
Michael Hunter, Georgia Institlite of Tcc1l1lology
Brandon Nevers, Kittc/ ~ol1 Eo' A.;s(}cil7lcs, Inc.
Jamie Parks, Kittelson [." Associl7tc,,,;, lne.
Bastian Schroeder, ITRE at Nortll Cl7rtllina State Unil'ersity
Zong Tian, University of e,-,ado, nCII(l
Grant Zammit, Fedrrn / High'il'lly Alilllillist1'l7tion

Subcommittee on Signalized Intersections

Elena Prassas, Polytech 11 ic' l1, stitu/c of New York University-Chair
Rahmi Ak<;elik, Akcelik & Assucil7tes fJty Ltd
James Bonneson, Texas Tra71sportatimz1n stitllte
Robert Bryson, City of Milwaukee
KeTUleth Courage, Ulliversity of Florida
F. Thomas Creasey, ENTRAN

Michael Hunter, Georgia Institute of Tec11110 1ogy

Marcus Januario, Mmd [,. HI/nt, Illc.

Brandon Nevers, Kittelson & Associates, 171c.

Khang Nguyen, Kittelson & Associates, Inc.

Mohammad Qureshi, UnivCl'sity of Missouri, Rolla

Nagui Rouphail, lTRE at North Carolina State Uni'l)ersity

Gary Rylander, Rylander Consulting, Inc .

DeTUlis Strong, Strong Concepts

Subcommittee on Traffic Simulation Applications

Loren Bloomberg, CH2M Hill- Clznir

KeTUleth Courage, University of Florida

Michael Dixon, University of Idaho

Richard Dowling, Dow/ing Associates, hi e.

Clara Fang, Univers it1) of Hartford

Mohammed Hadi, Florida hltematiollal University

Michael Hunter, Georgia Institll te of Teclmology

Do Nam, T-C011 Cepts Corp .

Manuel Ramana, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid

Erik Ruehr, VRPA Tecimologics, Inc.

Bastian Schroeder, 1TRE at North Carolina State U11iversity

Volume l/Concepts Page Vl-Ix Contributors and Acknowledgments

December 2010
Highway Capacity Manual 2010

Bhuvanesh Singh, GllI1da Corporation

Alexander Skabardonis, Ul1ivC1'sity of California, Berkelcy
Scott Washburn, UlIivC1'sity of Florida
Grand Zammit, Federal Highway Administration

Subcommittee on Two-Lane Highways

Bruce Robinson, Robinson Transportatioll COl1sultil!g-Clwir
Werner Brilon, Ruhr-Ulli"l'7'sitiit OociJUI1I
Michael Dixon, Ulliz'crsity of idaho
Lily Elefteriadoll, lillipC/sity oj Florid(1
Dirk Gross, Ohio Depl1rfmcllt ~f Transportatiun
Fred Hall, Ul1i7!('rsity of Cal ·ary
Abdul-Rahman Hamad, TrafiiCol1f.ult Ltd.
Douglas Harwood, Mid,ul!st R<!sea rch 171slitutr
Chris Hoban, ll\1orld Bank
Manoj Jha, Morgan Sliite Ullivcrsihj
TJpio Luttinen, Aalto Ulli,'crsity
Douglas McLeod, Florida Depaltmcnt of Tral1sportation
Hideki NJkamura, lasoya University
Abishai Polus, TeciJl1ion-lsral!i Illstitlite of Tecimoiogy
William Prosser, Fl!dcral Highway AC:ministration
Roger Roess, P(Jlytccilllic In stitute of New York University
Manuel Romana, Ulliuersidad PoliteC11ica de Madrid
Christo van As, Ulliuersity of Pretoria -\,
Scott Washburn, Ulliversity of Florida

Subcommittee on Unsignalized Intersections

Lee Rodegerdts, l\iltl'ison & Associates, Inc. -Chair
Rahmi Ak<;:elik, Akcclik & Associates Pty Ltd
Miranda Blogg, Kittelsoll & Associates
Werner Brilon} Rui1r-Universitiit Boehum
Robert Foyle, ITRE at North Cnrolinl7 State University
Glenn Grigg, retired
Dirk Gross, Ohio Departmcnt of Transportatioll
Kevin Hanley, California Departmen t of Transporta tion
Dane Ismart, TIle LOllis Berger Group, fnc.
Tapio Luttinen, Aalfo U11iversity
Michael O'Rourke, Adler Consulting
Erik Ruehr, VRPA Technologies, Inc.
William Sampson, University of Florida
Bastian Schroeder, ITRE at North Carolina State UlIiversity
Peter Terry, Benchmark Civil Engineering Services, Inc.
Zong Tian, Uniuersity of Nevada, Reno
F. Andrew Wolfe, State University of New York, Utica

Contributors and Acknowledgments Page Vl-x Volume l/Concepts

December 2010
 Highway Capacity Manual2010

,. , Subcommittee on Urban Streets

Janice Daniel, New Jersey !Ilstitute of Tecimology-Chair
James Bonneson, Texas Transportatiall Institute
Robert Bryson, City of Milwaukee
F. Thomas Creasey, ENTRAN
Richard Dowling, Dowling Associates, !lIe.
Joseph Fazio, South Dakota School of Mines al/d Teci1l10logy
Robert Foyle, ITRE at Nortlz Carolilln Stntc UlliiHTSity
Steven Gault, Traffic Plnl1lling mill Des igll, I'IC
Martin Cuttenplan, Wilbur slIlith Ass Idales
Marcus J<lnuario, Mead [i HI/lit, Inc.
Christoff Krogscheepers, ITS EllgilleelS (PTYJ Ltd.
Bruce Landis, Sprinkle Consulti11g, Illc
Joel MarcLlson, Jncol7s Engilll'ering GroIlP, i17C.
Douglas McLeod, Florida Depnrt1l1c11t [1 Tnmsportatiol1
Peyton McLeod, Sprinkle Con~ultillg, l11c
Elena Prassas, P(llytcc/111ic institute of N(,;l ' York Univcrsity
Dennis Strong, Strong COllcepts
Mark Vandehey, Kittelson [." Associates, Inc

Subcommittee on User Liaison

William Sampson, University ofFlorida - Chnir
Noel Casil, URs Corporation
Robert Foyle, iTRE at North Caralinn Stnte University
Dirk Gross, Ohio Department of TransJ7ortati011
Kevin Hanley, California Departme11t of Transportation
Michael Hunter, Georgia institute of Technology
Wayne Kittelson, Kittelson & Associateo, fill'.
Michael O'Rourke, Adler Consllitillg
Barbara Ostrom, MACTEC Engineerillg allif COllsul/i11g, Ine.
William Prosser, Fedeml Highway Administration
Manuel Romana, Un ivcrsidad Politecllica de Madrid
Erik Ruehr, VRPA Technologies, II1C.
Paul Ryus, Kittelson & Associates, Inc
Peter Terry, Benchmark Civil Engineering Services, file.
F, Andrew Wolfe, State University of New York, Utica
Grant Zammit, Federal Highway Administration
John Zegeer, Kittelson & Associates, Ine.

Task Force on Quality of Service

Aimee Flannery, George Mason Uniuersify-Chair
Martin Guttenplan, Wilbur Smith Associates
Fred Hall, University of Calgary
Bruce Landis, Sprinkle Consulting, hie.
Douglas McLeod, Florida Department of Transportation
Barbara Ostrom, MACTEC Engineering and Conslilting, Inc.
Nagui Rouphail, ITRE at North Carolilla State University

Volume ijConcepts Page Vi-xi Contributors and Acknowledgments

December 2010
Highway Capacity Manua/2010

Paul Ryus, Kittelson & Associates, Inc.

Mshadoni Smith, Georgia Institute of Tech 11 0 10glJ
Peter Terry, Bellcitl7lark Civil Engineering Services, Inc.
Scott Washburn, Ulliversity ofFlorida
Grant Zammit, Federal Highway Administratioll

NCHRP PROJECT 3-92 PANEL

Barbara Ostrom. MACTEC Ellgineering and CullSllltil1g, 111(, - Chair
Robert Bry..oJl , City of Milwaulw'
Richard Duwling, Dowlil1:'; Associates, 111e.
Dilvid Gib:-:on, Federal Hi:,;hway Adlllilli::;tmtio/i
Kevin Hil II Icy, California Departme1lt of Transportation
Bruce Landis, Sprinkle Consulting, Ille.
John Leonard, GeOl'gia Institute of Techlllliogi/
Douglas rvfcLeod, Florida Department of Trall"'J'uril7tion
F. Andrew Wolfe, Slate University ofl''':'e7(l York, Utica

Richard Cunilrd, Transportation Researc/z R'oI'd lillisoll represel1tative

B. Ray Den, Trallsportation Research Board staff representative

NCHRP PROJECT 3-92 RESEARCH TEAM

Mark Vandehey, Kittelson & Associates, Ine. - Principal !7westigator
Wayne Kittelson, Kittelsoll [7' Associates, Il1c.
Kyle Meyer, Kittelson & Associates, Inc.
Jamie Parks, Kittelson & Associates, Illc.
Rohit Rai, Kittelson & Ass(lciatcs, IIIC.
WiUiam R. Reilly, Kittelson & Associates, illc. (deceased)
Lee Rodcgerdts, Kittc/soll [7' As~ociatcs, Inc.
Paul RYllS, KittelF071 & Associates, Inc.
Jon Sommerville, Kitlelson & Associates, Inc.
John Zegeer, Kittelson & Associates, 111c.
Nagui ROllphail, ITRE I7t Nurth Caroli11a Statl' University
Bastian Schroeder, ITRE Ilt North Carolilla Stille University
Brian Eads, Crmoford, Mlirphy L"- Tilly, 111c.
Roger Roess, Polytecimic Institute (:f .Vetl' Ynrk Ulljz'ersity
Jose Ulerio, Polytechnic Institu te of New York U71iversiflJ
Jim Bonneson, Texas Transportation Il7stitute
Ken Courage, UnivC7'sity of Florida

ADDITIONAL CHAPTER DEVELOPMENT

The projects listed below developed Highway Capacity M177111al chapters
outside the main NCHRP 3-92 production project. ChiJpter 1, HCM User's Guide,
lists other NCHRP and Federal Highway Administration projects that also
contributed significantly to this edition.

Contributors and Acknowledgments Page Vl-xii Volume l/Concepts

December 2010
 Highway Capacity Manual 20 10

NCHRP Projects 3-60 and 3-60A

Lily Elefteriadou, Ul1iversity of Florida - Principal Investigator
Xiao Cui, Ul1iversity of Florida
Aaron Elias, Ul1iver;;ity of Florida
Alexandra Kondyli, University of Florida
Cuie Lu, University of Florida
Dimitra MichaJaka, University of Florida
Jiyoun Yeon, U11i"e'rsity of Florida
Clara Fang; U11 iL1('}"S itlj of Hartford
Elena Prassas, Polytcchllic Ul1 ii'crsity

Roger Roess, Polytechnic Ullii.HTSity

Haiyuan Wang, Comel! Unii.'ersitlj

John Mason, Pe11nsylvallia State UIlll 1ersity

NCHRP Project 3-85

Ken Courage, Ulliversity (~fn(lrid(l -Principal Investigator
Lily Elefteriadou, U17i l'l'rsity of Fioridn
Scott Washburn, UilipL'rsitV of Flurida
Do Nam, T-Concepts Corp.

Federal Highway Administration Project DTFH61-06-D-00004

Richard Dowling, DOIUlillg Associate's, Inc. - Principal Investigator

PHOTO CREDITS
Peyton McLeod: Exhibit 3-17a
Minnesota Department of Transportation: Exhibit 35-2
Jamie Parks: Exhibit 3-14abcdf
PB Farradyne: Exhibit 35-1
Theo Petritsch: Exhibit 3-17d
Lee Rodegerdts: Exhibits 3-14egi, 3-17b, 15-1abc(1)
Paul Ryus: Exhibits 3-14h, 3-17cef, 3-20, 4-19, 15-1c(2), 23-18
Hermanus Steyn: Exhibit 14-1d
Yolanda Takesian: Exhibit 14-1abc
Texas Transportation Institute: Exhibit 35-4
Sco tt Washburn: Exhibit 11-4
Jessie Yung: Exhibit 35-5

TRB PRODUCTION STAFF

Norman Solomon, Senior Editor (retired) edited HCM 2010 with the
assistance of Cay Butler, Elaine Eldridge, Naomi C. Kassabian, and Luanne
Crayton; Mary McLaughlin proofread the volumes; Juanita L. Green managed
the production; and Melanie Wilkins designed the cover, under the supervision
of Javy Awan, Director of Publications .

Volume l / Concepts Page Vi-xiii Contributors and Acknowledgments

December 2010