A MATLAB
Programs for Data Analysis

In this appendix, we present some basic programs written for the MAT-
LAB
environment for the analysis of the data. These programs can be
easily customized by the expert user, but they nevertheless constitute useful
data analysis tools also in the present form.
The first two programs deal with the computation of K-K relations. The
third program can be used to obtain self-consistent (in terms of K-K relations)
estimates of the real and the imaginary parts of susceptibility when first-
guess estimates are used as input. It is particularly suitable when the first-
guess estimates of the real and imaginary parts of susceptibility have been
independently obtained, e.g. by direct measurements. The fourth and the
fifth program deal with the computation of SSKK relations.
In order to take advantage of this set of programs, and considering that
the first two programs are called by the last three programs, it is strongly
advised to save them in the same directory with the following names:
– Program 1: kkimbook.m;
– Program 2: kkrebook.m;
– Program 3: selfconsbook.m;
– Program 4: sskkimbook.m;
– Program 5: sskkrebook.m.
These programs require that the spectral data given as input have con-
stant frequency spacing. Simple interpolation schemes can in most cases ef-
ficiently rearrange diversely spaced data to this form. These programs have
been tested on the MATLAB
versions 6.x both for Linux/Unix
and Mi-
crosoft Windows
environments.

A.1 Program 1: Estimation of the Imaginary Part

via Kramers-Kronig Relations

function imchi=kkimbook(omega,rechi,alpha)
%The program inputs are 1) omega, vector of the frequency
%(or energy) components, 2) rechi, vector of the real part
%of the susceptibility under examination, 3) alpha, value
138 A MATLAB
Programs for Data Analysis

%of the moment considered. The two vectors 1) and 2)

%must have the same length. The output is the estimate
%of the imaginary part as obtained with K-K relations.
%In order to use this program, save the whole text contained
%in this section in a file and name it kkimbook.m

if size(omega,1)>size(omega,2);
omega=omega’;
end; if size(rechi,1)>size(rechi,2);
rechi=rechi’;
end;
%Here the program rearranges the two vectors so that,
%whichever their initial shape, they become row vectors.

g=size(omega,2);
%Size of the vectors.%

imchi=zeros(size(rechi));
%The output is initialized.

a=zeros(size(rechi));
b=zeros(size(rechi));
%Two vectors for intermediate calculations are initialized

deltaomega=omega(2)-omega(1);
%Here we compute the frequency (or energy) interval

j=1;
beta1=0;
for k=2:g;
b(1)=beta1+rechi(k)*omega(k)ˆ(2*alpha)/(omega(k)ˆ2-omega(1)ˆ2);
beta1=b(1);
end;
imchi(1)=-2/pi*deltaomega*b(1)*omega(1)ˆ(1-2*alpha);
%First element of the output: the principal part integration
%is computed by excluding the first element of the input

j=g;
alpha1=0;
for k=1:g-1;
a(g)=alpha1+rechi(k)*omega(k)ˆ(2*alpha)/(omega(k)ˆ2-omega(g)ˆ2);
alpha1=a(g);
end;
imchi(g)=-2/pi*deltaomega*a(g)*omega(g)ˆ(1-2*alpha);
%Last element of the output: the principal part integration
%is computed by excluding the last element of the input.

for j=2:g-1; ;
 A.2 Program 2: Estimation of the Real via Kramers-Kronig Relations 139

%Loop on the inner components of the output vector.

alpha1=0;
beta1=0;
for k=1:j-1;
a(j)=alpha1+rechi(k)*omega(k)ˆ(2*alpha)/...
(omega(k)ˆ2-omega(j)ˆ2);
alpha1=a(j);
end;
for k=j+1:g;
b(j)=beta1+rechi(k)*omega(k)ˆ(2*alpha)/...
(omega(k)ˆ2-omega(j)ˆ2);
beta1=b(j);
end;
imchi(j)=-2/pi*deltaomega*(a(j)+b(j))*omega(j)ˆ(1-2*alpha);
end;
%Last element of the output: the principal part integration
%is computed by excluding the last element of the input

A.2 Program 2: Estimation of the Real

via Kramers-Kronig Relations
function rechi=kkrebook(omega,imchi,alpha)
%The program inputs are 1) omega, vector of the frequency
%(or energy) components, 2) imchi, vector of the imaginary
%part of the susceptibility under examination, and 3) alpha,
%the value of the moment considered. The two vectors
%1) and 2) must have the same length.
%The output is the estimate of the real part as obtained
%with K-K relations.
%In order to use this program, save the whole text contained
%in this section in a file and name it kkrebook.m

if size(omega,1)>size(omega,2);
omega=omega’;
end; if size(imchi,1)>size(imchi,2);
imchi=imchi’;
end;
%Here the program rearranges the two vectors so that,
%whichever their initial shape, they become row vectors.

g=size(omega,2);
%Size of the vectors.%

rechi=zeros(size(imchi));
%The output is initialized.

a=zeros(size(imchi));
140 A MATLAB
Programs for Data Analysis

b=zeros(size(imchi));
%Two vectors for intermediate calculations are initialized

deltaomega=omega(2)-omega(1);
%Here we compute the frequency (or energy) interval

j=1;
beta1=0;
for k=2:g;
b(1)=beta1+imchi(k)*omega(k)ˆ(2*alpha+1)/...
(omega(k)ˆ2-omega(1)ˆ2);
beta1=b(1);
end;
rechi(1)=2/pi*deltaomega*b(1)*omega(1)ˆ(-2*alpha);
%First element of the output: the principal part integration
%is computed by excluding the first element of the input

j=g;
alpha1=0;
for k=1:g-1;
a(g)=alpha1+imchi(k)*omega(k)ˆ(2*alpha+1)/...
(omega(k)ˆ2-omega(g)ˆ2);
alpha1=a(g);
end;
rechi(g)=2/pi*deltaomega*a(g)*omega(g)ˆ(-2*alpha);
%Last element of the output: the principal part integration
%is computed by excluding the last element of the input

for j=2:g-1; ;
%Loop on the inner components of the output vector.
alpha1=0;
beta1=0;
for k=1:j-1;
a(j)=alpha1+imchi(k)*omega(k)ˆ(2*alpha+1)/...
(omega(k)ˆ2-omega(j)ˆ2);
alpha1=a(j);
end;
for k=j+1:g;
b(j)=beta1+imchi(k)*omega(k)ˆ(2*alpha+1)/...
(omega(k)ˆ2-omega(j)ˆ2);
beta1=b(j);
end;
rechi(j)=2/pi*deltaomega*(a(j)+b(j))*omega(j)ˆ(-2*alpha);
end;
%Last element of the output: the principal part integration
%is computed by excluding the last element of the input
A.3 Program 3: Self-Consistent Estimate of the Real and Imaginary Parts 141

A.3 Program 3: Self-Consistent Estimate of the Real

and Imaginary Parts of Susceptibility

function [refin,imfin]=selfconsbook(omega,rechi,imchi,N,mu)
%The program inputs are 1) omega, vector of the frequency (or
%energy) vector, 2) rechi, vector of the first-guess real part
%of the susceptibility under examination 3) imchi, vector of
%the first-guess imaginary part of the susceptibility under
%examination, 4) N, number of iterations, and 5) mu, weight factor,
%which must be between 0 and 1 (0.5 is usually a good choice).
%mu determines the weight we want to give to the first-guess
%estimates in the self-consistent procedure. The three vectors
%1), 2) and 3) must have the same length.
%The output consists of the self-consistent estimates of
%the real and of the imaginary part as obtained by
%combining recursively first-guess estimates and outputs
%of K-K relations.
%In order to use this program, save the whole text contained
%in this section in a file and name it selfconsbook.m

if size(omega,1)>size(omega,2);
omega=omega’;
end;
if size(rechi,1)>size(rechi,2);
rechi=rechi’;
end;
if size(imchi,1)>size(imchi,2);
imchi=imchi’;
end;
%Here the program rearranges the three vectors so that,
%whichever their initial shape, they become row vectors.

comodo1=rechi;
comodo2=imchi;
%Here the program defines two intermediate variables.

for j=1:N;
comodo1=kkrebook(omega,comodo2,0);
comodo1=(mu*rechi+(1-mu)*comodo1);
comodo2=kkimbook(omega,comodo1,0);
comodo2=(mu*imchi+(1-mu)*comodo2);
end;
%At each step the program computes the best estimate
%of the real and imaginary part by combining application
%of K-K relations with actual measurements.
refin=comodo1;
imfin=comodo2;
142 A MATLAB
Programs for Data Analysis

A.4 Program 4: Estimation of the Imaginary Part

via Singly Subtractive Kramers-Kronig Relations

function imchi=sskkimbook(omega,rechi,omega1,imchi1,alpha)
%The program inputs are 1) omega, vector of the frequency
%(or energy) components, 2) rechi, vector of the real
%part of the susceptibility under examination, 3) omega1,
%anchor point, 4) imchi1, value of the imaginary part at
%the anchor point, 5) alpha, value of the moment considered.
%The two vectors 1) and 2) must have the same length.
%The output is the estimate of the
%imaginary part as obtained by using SSKK relations.
%In order to use this program, save the whole text contained
%in this section in a file and name it sskkimbook.m

if size(omega,1)>size(omega,2);
omega=omega’;
end; if size(rechi,1)>size(rechi,2);
rechi=rechi’;
end;
%Here the program rearranges the two vectors so that,
%whichever their initial shape, they become row vectors.

g=size(omega,2);
%Size of the vectors.%

k=0;
for j=1:g;
if omega(j)==omega1;
k=j;
end;
end;
%Determination of the anchor point.

imchi=kkimbook(omega,rechi,alpha);
%Application of K-K relations

imchi=imchi+omega1ˆ(2*alpha-1)*omega.ˆ(1-2*alpha)*(imchi1-imchi(k));
%The subtracted relation upgrades the estimate obtained
%with K-K relations.
 A.5 Program 5: Estimation of the Real Part 143

A.5 Program 5: Estimation of the Real Part

via Singly Subtractive Kramers-Kronig Relations

function rechi=sskkrebook(omega,imchi,omega1,rechi1,alpha)
%The program inputs are 1) omega, vector of the
% frequency (or energy) components, 2) imchi, vector of
%the imaginary part of the susceptibility
%under examination, 3) omega1, anchor point, 4) rechi1,
%value of the real part at the anchor point, 5) alpha,
%value of the moment considered.
%The two vectors 1) and 2) must have the same length.
%The output is the estimate of the
%real part as obtained by using SSKK relations.
%In order to use this program, save the whole text contained
%in this section in a file and name it sskkrebook.m

if size(omega,1)>size(omega,2);
omega=omega’;
end; if size(imchi,1)>size(imchi,2);
rechi=rechi’;
end;
%Here the program rearranges the two vectors so that,
%whichever their initial shape, they become row vectors.

g=size(omega,2);
%Size of the vectors.%

k=0; for j=1:g;

if omega(j)==omega1;
k=j;
end;
end;
%Determination of the anchor point.

rechi=kkrebook(omega,imchi,alpha);
%Application of K-K relations

rechi=rechi+omega1ˆ(2*alpha)*omega.ˆ(-2*alpha)*(rechi1-rechi(k));
%The subtracted relation upgrades the estimate obtained
%with K-K relations.
References

1. J. S. Toll, “Causality and the dispersion relation: Logical foundations,” Phys.

Rev. 104, 1760–1770 (1956).
2. H. M. Nussenzveig, Causality and Dispersion Relations (Academic, New York,
1972).
3. P. W. Milonni, “Controlling the speed of light pulses,” J. Phys. B: At. Mol.
Opt. Phys. 35, R31–R56 (2002).
4. H. A. Kramers, “La diffusion de la lumiére par les atomes,” in Atti del Con-
gresso Internazionale dei Fisici, Vol. 2 (Zanichelli, Bologna, 1927), pp. 545–
557.
5. R. de L. Kronig, “On the theory of dispersion of x-rays,” J. Opt. Soc. Am.
12, 547–557 (1926).
6. W. Thomas, “Über die zahl der dispersionselektronen, die einem stationären
zustande zugeordnet sind,” Naturwiss. 28, 627 (1925).
7. F. Reiche and W. Thomas, “Über die zahl der dispersionselektronen, die
einem stationären zustand zugeordnet sind,” Z. Phys. 34, 510–525 (1925).
8. W. Kühn, “Über die gesamtstärke der von einem zustande ausgehenden ab-
sorptionslinien,” Z. Phys. 33, 408–412 (1925).
9. M. Altarelli, D. L. Dexter, H. M. Nussenzveig, and D. Y. Smith, “Supercon-
vergence and sum rules for the optical constants,” Phys. Rev. B 6, 4502–4509
(1972).
10. D. L. Greenaway and G. Harbeke, Optical Properties and Band Structure of
Semiconductors (Pergamon, Oxford, 1968).
11. L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Statistical Physics: Part I (Mir Editions,
Moscow, 1972).
12. F. Bassani and M. Altarelli, “Interaction of radiation with condensed mat-
ter,” in Handbook on Synchrotron Radiation, E. E. Koch, ed. (North Holland,
Amsterdam, 1983), pp. 465–597.
13. D. E. Aspnes, “The accurate determination of optical properties by ellipsom-
etry,” in Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, E. D. Palik, ed. (Academic,
New York, 1985), pp. 89–112.
14. M. Cardona and P. Y. Yu, Fundamentals of Semiconductors (Springer, Berlin,
1996).
15. K.-E. Peiponen, E. M. Vartiainen, and T. Asakura, Dispersion, Complex
Analysis and Optical Spectroscopy (Springer, Heidelberg, 1999).
16. R. P. Feynman, “Space-time approach to quantum electrodynamics,” Phys.
Rev. 76, 769–789 (1949).
17. N. Bloembergen, Nonlinear Optics (Benjamin, New York, 1965).
18. P. N. Butcher and D. Cotter, Elements of Nonlinear Optics (Cambridge Uni-
versity Press, Cambridge, 1990).
146 References

19. R. W. Boyd, Nonlinear Optics (Academic Press, New York, 1992).

20. K.-E. Peiponen, “Sum rules for the nonlinear susceptibilities in the case of
sum frequency generation,” Phys. Rev. B 35, 4116–4117 (1987).
21. K.-E. Peiponen, “On the derivation of sum rules for physical quantities and
their applications for linear and non-linear optical constants,” J. Phys. C.:
Solid State Phys. 20, 2785–2788 (1987).
22. K.-E. Peiponen, “Nonlinear susceptibilities as a function of several complex
angular-frequency variables,” Phys. Rev. B 37, 6463–6467 (1988).
23. F. Bassani and S. Scandolo, “Dispersion relations and sum rules in nonlinear
optics,” Phys. Rev. B 44, 8446–8453 (1991).
24. F. Bassani and S. Scandolo, “Sum rules for nonlinear optical susceptibilities,”
Phys. Stat. Sol. (b) 173, 263–270 (1992).
25. S. Scandolo and F. Bassani, “Nonlinear sum rules: The three level and the
anharmonic-oscillator models,” Phys. Rev. B 45, 13257–13261 (1992).
26. D. C. Hutchings, M. Sheik-Bahae, D. J. Hagan, and E. W. van Stryland,
“Kramers-Krönig relations in nonlinear optics,” Optical and Quantum Elec-
tronics 24, 1–30 (1992).
27. Y. H. Lee, A. Chavez-Pirson, S. W. Koch, H. M. Gibbs, S. H. Park,
J. Morhange, A. Jeffrey, N. Peyghambarian, L. B. A. C. Gossard, and
W. Wiegmann, “Room-temperature optical nonlinearities in GaAs,” Phys.
Rev. Lett. 57, 2446–2449 (1986).
28. D. Guo, S. Mazumdar, G. I. Stegeman, M. Cha, D. Neher, S. Aramaki, W. Tor-
ruellas, and R. Zanoni, “Nonlinear optics of linear conjugated polymers,”
Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 247, 151–162 (1992).
29. H. Kishida, T. Hasegawa, Y. Iwasa, T. Koda, and Y. Tokura, “Dispersion
relation in the third-order electric susceptibility for polysilane film,” Phys.
Rev. Lett. 70, 3724–3727 (1993).
30. F. S. Cataliotti, C. Fort, T. W. Hänsch, M. Inguscio, and M. Prevedelli, “Elec-
tromagnetically induced transparency in cold free atoms: Test of a sum rule
for nonlinear optics,” Phys. Rev. A 56, 2221–2224 (1997).
31. V. Lucarini, J. J. Saarinen, and K.-E. Peiponen, “Multiply subtractive
Kramers–Kronig relations for arbitrary-order harmonic generation suscepti-
bilities,” Opt. Commun. 218, 409–414 (2003).
32. V. Lucarini and K.-E. Peiponen, “Verification of generalized Kramers-Kronig
relations and sum rules on experimental data of third harmonic generation
susceptibility on polymer,” J. Phys. Chem. 119, 620–627 (2003).
33. V. Lucarini, J. J. Saarinen, and K.-E. Peiponen, “Multiply subtractive gen-
eralized Kramers–Kronig relations: Application on third-harmonic generation
susceptibility on polysilane,” J. Chem. Phys. 119, 11095–11098 (2003).
34. V. Lucarini, F. Bassani, K.-E. Peiponen, and J. J. Saarinen, “Dispersion
relations in linear and nonlinear optics,” Riv. Nuovo Cim. 26, 1–120 (2003).
35. J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 3rd ed. (Wiley, New York, 1998).
36. B. I. Bleaney and B. Bleaney, Electricity and Magnetism, 3rd ed. (Oxford
University Press, London, 1976).
37. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, 7th ed. (Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, 1999).
38. L. D. Landau, E. M. Lifshitz, and L. P. Pitaevskii, Electrodynamics of Con-
tinuous Media, 2nd ed. (Pergamon, Oxford, 1984).
39. G. B. Arfken and H. J. Weber, Mathematical Methods for Physicists, 4th ed.
(Academic Press, San Diego, 1995).
 References 147

40. L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Mechanics (Pergamon, Oxford, 1976).

41. M. Goppert-Mayer, “Über elementarakte mit zwei quantens prungen,” Ann.
Phys. 40, 273–295 (1931).
42. F. Bassani, J. J. Forney, and A. Quattropani, “Choice of gauge in two-photon
transitions: 1s-2s transition in atomic hydrogen,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 39, 1070–
1073 (1977).
43. A. Quattropani, F. Bassani, and S. Carillo, “Two photon transition to excited
states in atomic hydrogen,” Phys. Rev. A 25, 3079–3089 (1982).
44. J. van Kranendonk and J. E. Sipe, “Foundations of the macroscopic electro-
magnetic theory of dielectric media,” in Progress in Optics, Vol. XV, E. Wolf,
ed. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1977).
45. J. J. Maki, M. S. Malcuit, J. E. Sipe, and R. W. Boyd, “Linear and nonlinear
optical measurements of the Lorentz local field,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 972–975
(1991).
46. D. E. Aspnes, “Local-field effects and effective-medium theory: A microscopic
perspective,” Am. J. Phys. 50, 704–709 (1982).
47. X. C. Zeng, D. J. Bergman, P. M. Hui, and D. Stroud, “Effective-medium the-
ory for weakly nonlinear composites,” Phys. Rev. B 38, 10970–10973 (1988).
48. R. W. Boyd and J. E. Sipe, “Nonlinear optical susceptibilities of layered
composite materials,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 11, 297–303 (1994).
49. B. N. A. Lagendijk, B. A. van Tiggelen, and P. de Vries, “Microscopic approach
to the Lorentz cavity in dielectrics,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 657–660 (1997).
50. G. Grosso and G. P. Parravicini, Solid State Physics (Academic Press, San
Diego, 2000).
51. R. L. Sutherland, Handbook of Nonlinear Optics (Marcel Dekker, New York,
1996).
52. J. C. Maxwell Garnett, “Colours in metal glasses and in metallic films,”
Philos. Trans. R. Soc. 203, 385–420 (1904).
53. J. C. Maxwell Garnett, “Colours in metallic glasses, in metallic films, and in
metallic solution,” Philos. Trans. R. Soc. 205, 237–288 (1906).
54. J. I. Gittleman and B. Abeles, “Comparison of the effective medium and the
Maxwell-Garnett predictions for the dielectric constants of granular metals,”
Phys. Rev. B 15, 3273–3275 (1977).
55. D. A. G. Bruggeman, “Berechnung verschiedener physikalischer konstanten
von heterogenen substanzen. I. Dielektizitätskonstanten und leitfähigkeiten
der mischkörper aus isotropen substanzen,” Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 24, 636–679
(1935).
56. R. Landauer, “The electrical resistance of binary metallic mixtures,” J. Appl.
Phys. 23, 779–784 (1952).
57. P. Chýlek and G. Videen, “Scattering by a composite sphere and effective
medium approximations,” Opt. Commun. 146, 15–20 (1998).
58. R. Ruppin, “Evaluation of extented Maxwell-Garnett theories,” Opt. Com-
mun. 182, 273–279 (2000).
59. R. W. Boyd, R. J. Gehr, G. L. Fischer, and J. E. Sipe, “Nonlinear optical
properties of nanocomposite materials,” Pure Appl. Opt. 5, 505–512 (1996).
60. D. Prot, D. B. Stroud, J. Lafait, N. Pinçon, B. Palpant, and S. Debrus, “Lo-
cal electric field enhancements and large third-order optical nonlinearity in
nanocomposite materials,” Pure Appl. Opt. 4, S99–S102 (2002).
61. D. Dalacu and L. Martinu, “Spectroellipsometric characterization of plasma-
deposited Au/SiO2 nanocomposite films,” J. Appl. Phys. 87, 228–235 (2000).
148 References

62. K.-E. Peiponen, M. O. A. Mäkinen, J. J. Saarinen, and T. Asakura, “Dis-

persion theory of liquids containing optically linear and nonlinear Maxwell
Garnett nanoparticles,” Opt. Rev. 8, 9–17 (2001).
63. N. J. Harrick, Internal Reflection Spectroscopy (Harrick Scientific Corporation,
New York, 1979).
64. R. J. Gehr, G. L. Fischer, and R. W. Boyd, “Nonlinear-optical response of
porous-glass-based composite materials,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 2310–2314
(1997).
65. W. Schützer and J. Tiomno, “On the connection of the scattering and deriva-
tive matrices with causality,” Phys. Rev. 83, 249–251 (1951).
66. N. G. van Kampen, “S-matrix and causality condition. I. Maxwell field,” Phys.
Rev. 89, 1072–1079 (1953).
67. N. G. van Kampen, “S-matrix and causality condition. II. Nonrelativistic
particles,” Phys. Rev. 91, 1267–1276 (1953).
68. E. Shiles, T. Sasaki, M. Inokuti, and D. Y. Smith, “Self-consistency and
sum-rule tests in the Kramers-Kronig analysis of optical data: Applications to
aluminum,” Phys. Rev. B 22, 1612–1628 (1980).
69. B. J. Kowalski, A. Sarem, and B. A. Orowski, “Optical parameters of
Cd1−x Fex Se and Cd1−x Fex Te by means of Kramers-Kronig analysis of re-
flectivity data,” Phys. Rev. B 42, 5159–5165 (1990).
70. D. Miller and P. L. Richards, “Use of Kramers-Kronig relations to extract
the conductivity of high-Tc superconductors from optical data,” Phys. Rev.
B 47, 12308–12311 (1993).
71. K.-E. Peiponen, E. M. Vartiainen, J. J. Saarinen, and M. O. A. Mäkinen,
“The dispersion theory of optically linear and nonlinear Bruggeman liquids,”
Opt. Commun. 205, 17–24 (2002).
72. K.-E. Peiponen and T. Asakura, “Dispersion theory for two-phase layered-
geometry nanocomposites,” Opt. Rev. 6, 410–414 (1999).
73. D. Stroud, “Percolation effects and sum rules in the optical properties of
composites,” Phys. Rev. B 19, 1783–1791 (1979).
74. G. Frye and R. L. Warnock, “Analysis of partial-wave dispersion relations,”
Phys. Rev. 130, 478–494 (1963).
75. U. Fano and J. W. Cooper, “Spectral distribution of atomic oscillator
strengths,” Rev. Mod. Phys. 40, 441–507 (1968).
76. P. Alippi, P. La Rocca, and G. B. Bachelet, “Alkali-metal plasmons, pseu-
dopotentials, and optical sum rules,” Phys. Rev. B 55, 13835–13841 (1997).
77. F. Bassani and V. Lucarini, “General properties of optical harmonic genera-
tion from a simple oscillator model,” Nuovo Cimento 20, 1117–1125 (1998).
78. M. Altarelli and D. Y. Smith, “Superconvergence and sum rules for the op-
tical constants: Physical meaning, comparison with experiment, and general-
ization,” Phys. Rev. B 9, 1290–1298 (1974).
79. J. T. Birmingham, S. M. Grannan, P. L. Richards, J. Kircher, M. Cardona,
and A. Wittlin, “Optical absorptivity of La1.87 Sr0.13 CuO4 below the super-
conducting plasma edge,” Phys. Rev. B 59, 647–653 (1999).
80. K.-E. Peiponen, P. Ketolainen, A. Vaittinen, and J. Riissanen, “Refractive
index changes due to F→M conversion in KBr single crystals and their appli-
cations in holography,” Opt. Laser Technol. 16, 203–205 (1984).
81. B. W. Veal and A. P. Paulikas, “Optical properties of molybdenum. I. Exper-
iment and Kramers-Kronig analysis,” Phys. Rev. B 10, 1280–1289 (1974).
 References 149

82. C. W. Peterson and B. W. Knight, “Causality calculations in the time domain:

An efficient alternative to the Kramers-Kronig method,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 63,
1238–1242 (1973).
83. P. Lichvár, M. Liška, and D. Galusek, “What is true Kramers-Kronig trans-
form,” Ceramics-Silikáty 46, 25–27 (2002).
84. K.-E. Peiponen, V. Lucarini, E. M. Vartiainen, and J. J. Saarinen, “Kramers-
Kronig relations and sum rules of negative refractive index media,” Eur. Phys.
J. B 41, 61–65 (2004).
85. V. G. Veselago, “Electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative
electrical and magnetic susceptibilities,” Sov. Phys. Usp. 10, 509 (1968).
86. J. B. Pendry, “Negative refraction makes a perfect lens,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 85,
3966–3969 (2000).
87. Y. Zhang, B. Fluegel, and A. Mascarenhas, “Total negative refraction in real
crystals for ballistic electrons and light,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 157404 (2003).
88. B. Velicky, “Dispersion relation for complex reflectivity,” Chezh. J. Phys. B
11, 541–543 (1961).
89. H. Ehrenreich and H. R. Philipp, “Optical properties of Ag and Cu,” Phys.
Rev. 128, 1622–1629 (1962).
90. H. Ehrenreich, “Electromagnetic transport in solids: optical properties and
plasma effects,” in Proceedings of the International School of Physics Enrico
Fermi, J. Tauc, ed. (Academic Press, New York, 1966), pp. 106–154.
91. F. Wooten, Optical Properties of Solids (Academic Press, New York, 1972).
92. P. L. Nash, R. J. Bell, and R. Alexander, “On the Kramers-Kronig relation
for the phase spectrum,” J. Mod. Opt. 42, 1837–1842 (1995).
93. M. H. Lee and O. I. Sindoni, “Kramers-Kronig relations with logarithmic
kernel and application to the phase spectrum in the Drude model,” Phys.
Rev. E 56, 3891–3896 (1997).
94. D. Y. Smith, “Dispersion relations and sum rules for magnetoreflectivity,” J.
Opt. Soc. Am. 66, 547–554 (1976).
95. D. Y. Smith and C. A. Manogue, “Superconvergence relations and sum rules
for reflection spectroscopy,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. 71, 935–947 (1981).
96. F. W. King, “Dispersion relations and sum rules for the normal reflectance of
conductors and insulators,” J. Chem. Phys. 71, 4726–4733 (1979).
97. D. Y. Smith, “Dispersion relations for complex reflectivities,” J. Opt. Soc.
Am. 67, 570–571 (1977).
98. J. S. Plaskett and P. N. Schatz, “On Robinson and Price (Kramers-Kronig)
method of interpreting reflection data taken through a transparent window,”
J. Chem. Phys. 38, 612 (1963).
99. S.-Y. Lee, “Phase recovery of the Raman amplitude from the Raman excita-
tion profile,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 245, 620–628 (1995).
100. P. Grosse and V. Offermann, “Analysis of reflectance data using the Kramers-
Kronig relations,” Appl. Phys. A 52, 138–144 (1991).
101. K. Yamamoto and H. Ishida, “Kramers-Kronig analysis of infrared reflection
spectra with parallel polarization for isotropic materials,” Spectrochim. Acta
50A, 2079–2090 (1994).
102. K. Yamamoto and H. Ishida, “Complex refractive index determination for
uniaxial anisotropy with the use of Kramers-Kronig analysis,” Appl. Spectrosc.
51, 1287–1293 (1997).
103. K. A. Fuller, H. D. Downing, and M. R. Querry, “Infrared optical properties
of orthorhombic sulfur,” Appl. Opt. 30, 4081–4093 (1991).
150 References

104. F. A. Modine, R. W. Major, T. W. Haywood, G. R. Gruzalski, and D. Y.

Smith, “Optical properties of tantalum carbide from the infrared to the near
ultraviolet,” Phys. Rev. B 29, 836–841 (1984).
105. R. Hulthén, “Kramers-Kronig relations generalized - On dispersion-relations
for finite frequency intervals - A spectrum-restoring filter,” J. Opt. Soc. Am.
72, 794–803 (1982).
106. G. W. Milton, D. J. Eyre, and J. V. Mantese, “Finite frequency range
Kramers-Kronig relations: Bounds on the dispersion,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 79,
3062–3065 (1997).
107. K.-E. Peiponen and E. M. Vartiainen, “Kramers-Kronig relations in optical
data inversion,” Phys. Rev. B 44, 8301–8303 (1991).
108. R. Z. Bachrach and F. C. Brown, “Exciton-optical properties of TlBr and
TlCl,” Phys. Rev. B 1, 818–831 (1970).
109. R. K. Ahrenkiel, “Modified Kramers-Kronig analysis of optical spectra,” J.
Opt. Soc. Am. 61, 1651–1655 (1971).
110. K. F. Palmer, M. Z. Williams, and B. A. Budde, “Multiply subtractive
Kramers-Kronig analysis of optical data,” Appl. Opt. 37, 2660–2673 (1998).
111. V. Hughes and L. Grabner, “The radiofrequency spectrum of Rb85 F and
Rb87 F by the electric resonance method,” Phys. Rev. 79, 314–322 (1950).
112. A. Battaglia, A. Gozzini, and E. Polacco, “On some phenomena related to
the saturation of rotational resonances in the microwave spectrum of OCS,”
Nuovo Cimento 14, 1076–1081 (1959).
113. T. W. Kaiser and C. G. B. Garrett, “Two-photon excitation in CaF2 :Eu2+ ,”
Phys. Rev. Lett. 7, 229–231 (1961).
114. P. A. Franken, A. E. Hill, C. W. Peters, and G. Weinrich, “Generation of
optical harmonics,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 7, 118–119 (1961).
115. E. J. Woodbury and W. K. Ng, “Ruby laser operation in the near IR,” Proc.
IRE. 50, 2367 (1962).
116. N. Bloembergen, “The stimulated Raman effect,” Am. J. Phys. 35, 989–1023
(1967).
117. G. L. Eesley, Coherent Raman Spectroscopy (Pergamon, Oxford, 1981).
118. P. D. Marker, R. W. Terhune, and C. M. Savage, “Optical third harmonic
generation,” in Quantum Electronics, P. Grivet and N. Bloembergen, eds.
(Columbia University, New York, 1964).
119. S. Singh and L. Bradley, “Three-photon absorption in napthalene crystals by
laser excitation,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 12, 612–614 (1964).
120. J. H. Hunt (ed.), Selected Papers on Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy (SPIE
Press, Bellingham, 2000).
121. F. J. Duarte (ed.), Selected Papers on Dye Lasers (SPIE Press, Bellingham,
1992).
122. V. Ter-Mikirtych (ed.), Selected Papers on Tunable Solid-State Lasers (SPIE
Press, Bellingham, 2002).
123. A. L’Huillier, L. Lomprè, G. Mainfray, and C. Manus, “High order harmonic
generation in gases,” in Atoms in Intense Laser Fields, M. Gavrila, ed. (Aca-
demic, New York, 1991).
124. A. L’Huillier, M. Lewenstein, P. Saliéres, P. Balcou, M. Y. Ivanov, J. Larsson,
and C.-G. Wahlström, “High-order harmonic-generation cutoff,” Phys. Rev.
A 48, R3433–R3436 (1993).
125. C.-G. Wahlstrom, “High-order harmonic-generation using high-power lasers,”
Phys. Scripta 49, 201–208 (1994).
 References 151

126. R. Kubo, “Statistical-mechanical theory of irreversible processes. I. General

theory and simple applications to magnetic and conduction problems,” J.
Phys. Soc. Jpn. 12, 570–586 (1957).
127. F. Remacle and R. D. Levine, “Time domain information from resonant
Raman excitation profiles: A direct inversion by maximum entropy,” J. Chem.
Phys. 99, 4908–4925 (1993).
128. P. P. Kircheva and G. B. Hadjichristov, “Kramers-Kronig relations in FWM
spectroscopy,” J. Phys. B 27, 3781–3793 (1994).
129. F. Bassani and V. Lucarini, “Pump and probe nonlinear processes: new mod-
ified sum rules from a simple oscillator model,” Eur. Phys. J. B. 12, 323–330
(1999).
130. D. A. Kleinman, “Laser and two-photon processes,” Phys. Rev. 125, 8788–
8789 (1962).
131. C. J. Foot, B. Couillard, R. G. Beausoleil, and T. W. Hänsch, “On the electro-
dynamics of weakly nonlinear media,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 1913–1916 (1985).
132. D. Fröhlich, “2-photon and 3-photon spectroscopy in solids,” Phys. Scripta
T35, 125–128 (1991).
133. A. J. Shields, M. Cardona, and K. Eberl, “Resonant Raman line shape of
optic phonons in GaAs/AlAs multiple quantum wells,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 72,
412–415 (1994).
134. R. Wegerer, C. Thomsen, M. Cardona, H. J. Bornemann, and D. E. Morris,
“Raman investigation of YBa2−x Lax Cu3 O7 ceramics,” Phys. Rev. B 53, 3561–
3565 (1996).
135. S. Jandl, T. Strach, T. Ruf, M. Cardona, V. Nevasil, M. Iliev, D. I. Zhigunov,
S. N. Banio, and S. V. Shiryaev, “Raman study of crystal-field excitations in
Pr2 CuO4 ,” Phys. Rev. B 56, 5049–5052 (1997).
136. A. A. Sirenko, M. K. Zundekl, T. Ruf, K. Eberl, and M. Cardona, “Resonant
Raman scattering in InP/In0.48 Ga0.52 P quantum dot structures embedded in
a waveguide,” Phys. Rev. B 58, 12633–12636 (1998).
137. D. Fröhlich, A. Nöthe, and K. Reimann, “Observation of the resonant optical
Stark effect in a semiconductor,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 1335–1337 (1985).
138. D. Fröhlich, R. Wille, W. Schlapp, and G. Weimann, “Optical quantum-
confined Stark effect in GaAs quantum wells,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1748–1751
(1987).
139. W. H. Knox, D. S. C. D. A. B. Miller, and S. Schmitt-Rink, “Femtosecond
AC Stark-effect in semiconductor quantum wells - extreme low-intensity and
high-intensity limits,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1189–1192 (1989).
140. D. Fröhlich, C. Neumann, B. Uebbing, and R. Wille, “Experimental investi-
gation of 3-level optical Stark-effect in semiconductors,” Phys. Stat. Sol. (b)
159, 297–307 (1990).
141. D. Fröhlich, S. Spitzer, B. Uebbing, and R. Zimmermann, “Polarization de-
pendence in the intraband optical Stark-effect of quantum-wells,” Phys. Stat.
Sol. (b) 173, 83–89 (1992).
142. H. Kishida, H. Matsuzaki, H. Okamoto, T. Manabe, M. Yamashita,
Y. Taguchi, and Y. Tokura, “Gigantic optical nonlinearity in one-dimensional
Mott-Hubbard insulators,” Nature 405, 929–932 (2000).
152 References

143. H. Kishida, M. Ono, K. Miura, H. Okamoto, M. Izumi, T. Manako,

M. Kawasaki, Y. Taguchi, Y. Tokura, T. Tohyama, K. Tsutsui, and
S. Maekawa, “Large third-order optical nonlinearity of Cu-O chains investi-
gated by third harmonic generation spectroscopy,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 177401
(2001).
144. J. E. Sipe and R. W. Boyd, “Nonlinear susceptibility of composite optical
materials in the Maxwell Garnett model,” Phys. Rev. A 46, 1614–1629 (1992).
145. J. W. Haus, H. S. Zhou, S. Takami, M. Hirasawa, I. Honma, and H. Komiyama,
“Enhanced optical properties of metal-coated nanoparticles,” J. Appl. Phys.
73, 1043–1048 (1993).
146. G. L. Fischer, R. W. Boyd, R. J. Gehr, S. A. Jenekhe, J. A. Osaheni, J. E. Sipe,
and L. A. Weller-Brophy, “Enhanced nonlinear optical response of composite
materials,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 74, 1871–1874 (1995).
147. D. Faccio, P. Di Trapani, E. Borsella, F. Gonella, P. Mazzoldi, and A. M.
Malvezzi, “Measurement of the third-order nonlinear susceptibility of Ag
nanoparticles in glass in a wide spectral range,” Europhys. Lett. 43, 213–218
(1998).
148. V. M. Shalaev, E. Y. Poliakov, and V. A. Markel, “Small-particle composites.
II. Nonlinear optical properties,” Phys. Rev. B 53, 2437–2449 (1996).
149. D. J. Bergman, O. Levy, and D. Stroud, “Theory of optical bistability in a
weakly nonlinear composite medium,” Phys. Rev. B 49, 129–134 (1994).
150. Y.-K. Yoon, R. S. Bennink, R. W. Boyd, and J. E. Sipe, “Intrinsic optical
bistability in a thin layer of nonlinear optical material by means of local field
effects,” Opt. Commun. 179, 577–580 (2000).
151. J. W. Haus, R. Inguva, and C. M. Bowden, “Effective-medium theory of
nonlinear ellipsoidal composites,” Phys. Rev. A 40, 5729–5734 (1989).
152. J. W. Haus, N. Kalyaniwalla, R. Inguva, M. Bloemer, and C. M. Bowden,
“Nonlinear-optical properties of conductive spheroidal particle composites,”
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6, 797–807 (1989).
153. D. D. Smith, G. Fischer, R. W. Boyd, and D. A. Gregory, “Cancellation of
photoinduced absorption in metal nanoparticle composites through a counter-
intuitive consequence of local field effects,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 1625–1631
(1997).
154. A. E. Neeves and M. H. Birnboim, “Composite structures for the enhancement
of nonlinear-optical susceptibility,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6, 787–796 (1989).
155. P. Hänninen, A. Soini, N. Meltola, J. Soini, J. Soukka, and E. Soini, “A new
microvolume technique for bioaffinity assays using two-photon excitation,”
Nat. Biotechnology 18, 548–550 (2000).
156. A. Lakhtakia, “Application of strong permittivity fluctuation theory for
isotropic, cubically nonlinear, composite mediums,” Opt. Commun. 192, 145–
151 (2001).
157. B. Yang, C. Zhang, Q. Wang, Z. Zhang, and D. Tian, “Enhancement of
optical nonlinearity for periodic anisotropic composites,” Opt. Commun. 183,
307–315 (2000).
158. L. Gao, K. W. Yu, Z. Y. Li, and B. Hu, “Effective nonlinear optical properties
of metal-dielectric composite media with shape distribution,” Phys. Rev. E 64,
036615 (2001).
159. R. J. Gehr, G. L. Fischer, R. W. Boyd, and J. E. Sipe, “Nonlinear optical
response of layered composite materials,” Phys. Rev. A 53, 2792–2798 (1996).
 References 153

160. R. L. Nelson and R. W. Boyd, “Enhanced electro-optic response of layered

composite materials,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 74, 2417–2419 (1999).
161. S. Abe, M. Schneider, and W.-P. Su, “Nonlinear optical susceptibilities of
polysilanes: exciton effect,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 192, 425–429 (1992).
162. S. Abe, M. Schreiber, W. P. Su, and J. Yu, “Excitons and nonlinear optical
spectra in conjugated polymers,” Phys. Rev. B 45, 9432–9435 (1992).
163. J. J. Saarinen, E. M. Vartiainen, and K.-E. Peiponen, “On tailoring of nonlin-
ear spectral properties of nanocomposites having Maxwell Garnett or Brugge-
man structure,” Opt. Rev. 10, 111–115 (2003).
164. J. Joseph and A. Gagnaire, “Ellipsometric study of anodic oxide growth:
Application to the titanium oxide systems,” Thin Solid Films 103, 257–265
(1983).
165. T. Hasegawa, Y. Iwasa, T. Koda, H. Kishida, Y. Tokura, S. Wada, H. Tashiro,
H. Tachibana, and M. Matsumoto, “Nature of one-dimensional excitons in
polysilanes,” Phys. Rev. B 54, 11365–11374 (1996).
166. W. E. Torruellas, D. Neher, R. Zanoni, G. I. Stegeman, F. Kajzar, and
M. Leclerc, “Dispersion measurements of the third-order nonlinear suscep-
tibility of polythiophene thin films,” Chem. Phys. Lett. 175, 11–16 (1990).
167. S. Mittler-Neher, “Linear optical characterization of nonlinear optical poly-
mers for integrated optics,” Macromol. Chem. Phys. 199, 513–523 (1998).
168. W. Loong and H. Pan, “A direct approach to the modeling of polydihexylsi-
lane as a contrast enhancement material,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 8, 1731–1734
(1990).
169. B. J. Orr and J. F. Ward, “Perturbation theory of the non-linear optical
polarization of an isolated system,” Mol. Phys. 20, 513–526 (1971).
170. P. J. Price, “Theory of quadratic response functions,” Phys. Rev. 130, 1792–
1797 (1963).
171. M. Kogan, “On the electrodynamics of weakly nonlinear media,” Sov. Phys.
JETP 16, 217–219 (1963).
172. W. J. Caspers, “Dispersion relations for nonlinear response,” Phys. Rev. 133,
1249–1251 (1964).
173. F. L. Ridener and R. H. Good, Jr., “Dispersion relations for third-degree
nonlinear systems,” Phys. Rev. B 10, 4980–4987 (1974).
174. F. L. Ridener and R. H. Good, Jr., “Dispersion relations for nonlinear systems
of arbitrary degree,” Phys. Rev. B 11, 2768–2770 (1975).
175. E. Ghahramani, D. Moss, and J. E. Sipe, “Full-band-structure calculation of
first-, second-, and third-harmonic optical response coefficients of ZnSe, ZnTe,
and CdTe,” Phys. Rev. B 43, 9700–9710 (1991).
176. L. Kador, “Kramers-Kronig relations in nonlinear optics,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
66, 2938–2939 (1995).
177. J. L. P. Hughes, Y. Wang, and J. E. Sipe, “Calculation of linear and second-
order optical response in wurtzite GaN and AlN,” Phys. Rev. B 55, 13630–
13640 (1997).
178. J. E. Sipe and E. Ghahramani, “Nonlinear optical response of semiconductors
in the independent-particle approximation,” Phys. Rev. B 48, 11705–11722
(1993).
179. M. Sheik-Bahae, “Nonlinear optics of bound electrons in solids,” in Nonlinear
Optical Materials, J. V. Moloney, ed. (Springer, New York, 1998).
180. S. Scandolo and F. Bassani, “Kramers-Kronig relations and sum rules for the
second-harmonic susceptibility,” Phys. Rev. B 51, 6925–6927 (1995).
154 References

181. V. Chernyak and S. Mukamel, “Generalized sum rules for optical nonlinearities
of many electron system,” J. Chem. Phys. 103, 7640–7644 (1995).
182. J. P. Burg, Maximum Entropy Spectral Analysis, Ph.D. thesis (Stanford
University, Department of Geophysics, 1975).
183. E. M. Vartiainen, T. Asakura, and K.-E. Peiponen, “Generalized nonitera-
tive maximum entropy procedure for phase retrieval problems in optical spec-
troscopy,” Opt. Commun. 104, 149–156 (1993).
184. E. M. Vartiainen, K.-E. Peiponen, and T. Asakura, “Sum rules in testing non-
linear susceptibility obtained using the maximum entropy model,” J. Phys.:
Condens. Matter 5, L113–L116 (1993).
185. E. M. Vartiainen and K.-E. Peiponen, “Meromorphic degenerate nonlinear
susceptibility: Phase retrieval from the amplitude spectrum,” Phys. Rev. B
50, 1941–1944 (1994).
186. E. M. Vartiainen, K.-E. Peiponen, and T. Asakura, “Dispersion theory and
phase retrieval of meromorphic total susceptibility,” J. Phys.: Condens. Mat.
9, 8937–8943 (1997).
187. S. E. Harris, “Electromagnetically induced transparency,” Phys. Today 50,
36–42 (1997).
188. J. J. Saarinen, “Sum rules for arbitrary-order harmonic generation suscepti-
bilities,” Eur. Phys. J. B 30, 551–557 (2002).
189. F. Bassani and V. Lucarini, “Asymptotic behaviour and general properties of
harmonic generation susceptibilities,” Eur. Phys. J. B 17, 567–573 (2000).
190. N. P. Rapapa and S. Scandolo, “Universal constraints for the third-harmonic
generation susceptibility,” J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 8, 6997–7004 (1996).
191. F. W. King, “Efficient numerical approach to the evaluation of Kramers-
Kronig transforms,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 19, 2427–2436 (2002).
192. C. Y. Fong and Y. R. Shen, “Theoretical studies on the dispersion of the
nonlinear optical susceptibilities in GaAs, InAs, and InSb,” Phys. Rev. B 12,
2325–2328 (1975).
193. D. J. Moss, J. E. Sipe, and H. M. Van Driel, “Empirical tight-binding calcula-
tion of dispersion in the second-order nonlinear optical constant for zinc-blende
crystals,” Phys. Rev. B 36, 9708–9721 (1987).
194. C. G. B. Garrett and F. N. G. Robinson, “Miller’s phenomenological rule for
computing nonlinear susceptibilities,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 2, 328–329
(1966).
195. E. Tokunaga, A. Terasaki, and T. Kobayashi, “Femtosecond time-resolved
dispersion relations studied with a frequency-domain interferometer,” Phys.
Rev. A 47, 4581–4584 (1993).
196. K.-E. Peiponen, J. J. Saarinen, and Y. Svirko, “Derivation of general disper-
sion relations and sum rules for meromorphic nonlinear optical spectroscopy,”
Phys. Rev. A 69, 043818 (2004).
197. R. Nevanlinna and V. Paatero, Introduction to Complex Analysis (Chelsea,
New York, 1964).
198. F. W. King, “Sum rules for the optical constants,” J. Math. Phys. 17, 1509–
1514 (1976).
199. E. M. Vartiainen, K.-E. Peiponen, and T. Asakura, “Maximum entropy model
in reflection spectra analysis,” Opt. Commun. 89, 37–40 (1992).
200. J. K. Kauppinen, D. J. Moffatt, M. R. Hollberg, and H. H. Mantsch, “A
new line-narrowing procedure based on Fourier self-deconvolution, maximum
entropy, and linear prediction,,” Appl. Spectrosc. 45, 411 (1991).
 References 155

201. J. K. Kauppinen, D. J. Moffatt, M. R. Hollberg, and H. H. Mantsch, “Char-

acteristics of the LOMEP line-narrowing method,” Appl. Spectrosc. 45, 1516
(1991).
202. E. M. Vartiainen, K.-E. Peiponen, and T. Asakura, “Comparison between the
optical constants obtained by the Kramers-Kronig analysis and the maximum
entropy method: infrared optical properties of orthorhompic sulfur,” Appl.
Opt. 32, 1126–1129 (1993).
203. E. M. Vartiainen, K.-E. Peiponen, and T. Asakura, “Phase retrieval in op-
tical spectroscopy: Resolving optical constants from power spectra,” Appl.
Spectrosc. 50, 1283–1289 (1996).
204. J. A. Räty, E. M. Vartiainen, and K.-E. Peiponen, “Resolving optical constants
from reflectance of liquids in the UV-visible range,” Appl. Spectrosc. 53, 92–96
(1999).
205. E. M. Vartiainen, “Phase retrieval approach for coherent anti-Stokes Raman
scattering spectrum analysis,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 9, 1209–1214 (1992).
206. E. M. Vartiainen, K.-E. Peiponen, H. Kishida, and T. Koda, “Phase retrieval
in nonlinear optical spectroscopy by the maximum-entropy method: an appli-
cation to the |χ(3) | spectra of polysilane,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 13, 2106–2114
(1996).
207. P.-K. Yang and J. Y. Huang, “Phase-retrieval problems in infrared-visible
sum-frequency generation spectroscopy by the maximum-entropy model,” J.
Opt. Soc. Am. B 14, 2443–2448 (1997).
208. P.-K. Yang and J. Y. Huang, “Model-independent maximum-entropy method
for the analysis of sum-frequency vibrational spectroscopy,” J. Opt. Soc. Am
B 17, 1216–1222 (2000).
209. K.-E. Peiponen, E. M. Vartiainen, and T. Asakura, “Dispersion theory and
phase retrieval of meromorphic total susceptibility,” J. Phys. C.: Condens.
Matter 9, 8937–8943 (1997).
210. K.-E. Peiponen, E. M. Vartiainen, and T. Asakura, “Dispersion theory of
effective meromorphic nonlinear susceptibilities of nanocomposites,” J. Phys.:
Condens. Matter 10, 2483–2488 (1998).
211. S. Haykin and S. Kesler, “Prediction-error filtering and maximum entropy
spectral estimation,” in Nonlinear Methods of Spectral Analysis, 2nd ed.,
S. Haykin, ed. (Springer, Berlin, 1983), pp. 9–72.
212. J.-F. Brun, D. D. S. Meneses, B. Rousseau, and P. Echegut, “Dispersion
relations and phase retrieval in infrared reflection spectra analysis,” Appl.
Spectrosc. 55, 774–780 (2001).
213. J. Räty and K.-E. Peiponen, “Measurement of refractive index of liquids using
s- and p-polarized light,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 11, 74–76 (2000).
214. J. Räty, K.-E. Peiponen, and E. Keränen, “The complex refractive index
measurement of liquids by a novel reflectometer apparatus for the UV–visible
spectral range,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 9, 95–99 (1998).
215. K.-E. Peiponen, A. J. Jääskeläinen, E. M. Vartiainen, J. Räty, U. Tapper,
O. Richard, E. I. Kauppinen, and K. Lumme, “Estimation of wavelength-
dependent effective refractive index of spherical plastic pigments in a liquid
matrix,” Appl. Opt. 40, 5482–5486 (2001).
216. E. M. Vartiainen, K.-E. Peiponen, and T. Asakura, “Retrieval of optical
constants from magnetoreflectance by maximum entropy model,” Opt. Rev.
5, 271–274 (1998).
156 References

217. J. Räty, K.-E. Peiponen, and T. Asakura, UV-Visible Reflection Spectroscopy

of Liquids (Springer, Heidelberg, 2004).
218. H. Räther, Surface Plasmons on Smooth and Rough Surfaces and on Gratings
(Springer, Berlin, 1988).
219. J. Homola, S. S. Yee, and G. Gauglitz, “Surface plasmon resonance sensors:
review,” Sensor Actuat. B 54, 3–15 (1999).
220. G. J. Sprokel and J. D. Swalen, “Attenuated total reflection method,” in
Handbook of Optical Constants of Solids, E. D. Palik, ed. (Academic Press,
New York, 1998).
221. R. M. A. Azzam and N. M. Bashara, Ellipsometry and Polarized Light (North-
Holland, Amsterdam, 1977).
222. W. P. Chen and J. M. Chen, “Surface plasma wave study of submonolayer
Cs and CsO covered Ag surfaces,” Surf. Sci. 91, 601 (1980).
223. W. P. Chen and J. M. Chen, “Use of surface plasma waves for determination
of the thickness and optical constants of thin metallic films,” J. Opt. Soc. Am.
71, 189–191 (1981).
224. B. G. Tilkens, Y. F. Lion, and Y. L. Renotte, “Uncertainties in the values
obtained by surface plasmon resonance,” Opt. Eng. 39, 363 (2000).
225. C. Nylander, B. Liendberg, and T. Lind, “Gas detection by means of surface
plasmon resonance,” Sensor Actuat. 3, 79–88 (1982/83).
226. L. A. Vanderberg, “Detection of biological agents: Looking for bugs in all the
wrong places,” Appl. Spectrosc. 54, 376A–385A (2000).
227. R. J. Green, R. A. Frazier, K. M. Skakesheff, M. C. Davies, C. J. Roberts, and
S. J. B. Tendler, “Surface plasmon resonance analysis of dynamic biological
interactions with biomaterials,” Biomaterials 21, 1823–1835 (2000).
228. S. Löfås, M. Malmqvist, I. Rönnberg, E. Stenberg, B. Liedberg, and I. Lund-
ström, “Bioanalysis with surface plasmon resonance,” Sensor Actuat. B 5,
79–84 (1991).
229. K. Matsubara, S. Kawata, and S. Minami, “Optical chemical sensor based on
surface plasmon measurement,” Appl. Opt. 27, 1160–1163 (1988).
230. L.-M. Zhang and D. Uttamchandani, “Optical chemical sensing employing
surface plasmon resonance,” Electron. Lett. 24, 1469–1470 (1988).
231. J. J. Saarinen, K.-E. Peiponen, and E. M. Vartiainen, “Simulation on
wavelength-dependent complex refractive index of liquids obtained by phase
retrieval from reflectance dip due to surface plasmon resonance,” Appl. Spec-
trosc. 57, 288–292 (2003).
232. J. J. Saarinen, E. M. Vartiainen, and K.-E. Peiponen, “Retrieval of the com-
plex permittivity of spherical nanoparticles in a liquid host material from a
spectral surface plasmon resonance measurement,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 893–
895 (2003).
233. M. C. Nuss and J. Orenstein, “Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy,” in Mil-
limeter and Submillimeter Wave Spectroscopy of Solids, G. Grüner, K. Dahl,
and C. Dahl, eds. (Springer, Berlin, 1998), pp. 7–50.
234. S. C. Howells and L. A. Schlie, “Transient terahertz reflection spectroscopy
of undoped InSb from 0.1 to 1.1 THz,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 69, 550–552 (1996).
235. T.-I. Jeon and D. Grischkowsky, “Characterization of optically dense, doped
semiconductors by reflection THz time domain spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys.
Lett. 72, 3032–3034 (1998).
 References 157

236. R. Shimano, Y. Ino, Y. P. Svirko, and M. Kuwata-Gonokami, “Terahertz

frequency Hall measurement by magneto-optical Kerr spectroscopy in InAs,”
Appl. Phys. Lett. 81, 199–201 (2002).
237. S. Nashima, O. Morikawa, K. Takata, and M. Hangyo, “Measurement of
optical properties of highly doped silicon by terahertz time domain reflection
spectroscopy,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 3923–3925 (2001).
238. M. Kazan, R. Meissner, and I. Wilke, “Convertible transmission-reflection
time-domain terahertz spectrometer,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72, 3427–3430
(2001).
239. E. M. Vartiainen, Y. Ino, R. Shimano, M. Kuwata-Gonokami, Y. P. Svirko,
and K.-E. Peiponen, “Numerical phase correction method for terahertz time-
domain reflection spectroscopy,” J. Appl. Phys. 96, 4171–4175 (2004).
Index

absorption 2, 14, 17, 21, 27–29, 32, 35, experimental 96

47, 76, 79, 124 phase 126–128
anchor point 44, 47, 90, 92, 93, 95, truncation 104, 106
102–104, 115–117, 119, 120, 124, extinction coefficient 35, 43, 44, 117,
128, 129, 131 118, 120, 121
angle of incidence 14, 117, 119, extrapolation 44, 93
123–125
ATR 121, 122 field
Attenuated Total Reflection see ATR electromagnetic 5–7, 10, 19
local 11, 19, 20, 30, 31, 133
Beer-Lambert law 1, 27 Fresnel’s equations 15, 39, 117
birefringence 25
Blaschke product 41 Green function 11, 16–18, 29, 30, 72,
Brewster angle 41 74, 85
Bruggeman 21–24, 30, 115, 129 linear 11, 16, 17, 29
effective medium 23, 24 nonlinear 72, 74, 85
liquid 115, 129
Hamiltonian 6–9, 16, 17, 30, 85, 87
Cauchy 76
harmonic-generation 2, 79, 83–90,
causality 1, 27, 28, 33, 72, 74, 75, 89,
93–98, 101, 102, 106, 133, 134
109, 133
processes 83, 84, 90, 133
Clausius-Mossotti equation 20, 21
susceptibility 79, 83–90, 93–98, 101,
conductors 29, 30, 33, 35, 38, 39, 89,
102, 106
90, 133
holomorphic function 109
convergence 8, 45, 47, 48, 81, 95–100,
103
K-K relation 2
density matrix 9, 18, 79, 87 K-K relations 2, 3, 27, 29–31, 33–36,
dielectric function 2, 12, 16, 22, 23, 39, 42, 44–48, 71–73, 75–80, 83, 84,
26, 32, 33, 36, 37, 41, 120, 122–124, 87–90, 92–98, 101–104, 109, 111,
127, 128, 131 128, 129, 134, 137
effective 21, 23–25, 30, 125, 126 Kramers-Kronig Relations see K-K
dispersion relations 3, 27–30, 35, 39, relations
40, 71, 73, 75, 77, 78, 87, 88, 96, 97, Kramers-Kronig relations
109, 110, 112, 133, 134 Multiply Subtractive see MSKK
Singly Subtractive see SSKK
ellipsometry 42, 44, 117
error 44, 47, 48, 90, 92, 95, 96, 102, 104, Lagrangian 6, 7
106, 116, 117, 119, 126–128 laser 2, 3, 73, 76–79, 126, 129
160 Index

linear susceptibility 12, 16–18, 20, 25, polythiophene 93, 95–98, 100, 101
29–35, 46, 48, 78, 86, 106, 107 prism 24, 117, 119, 122–124
effective 25 pump-and-probe 72–77, 79–81, 89,
104, 109, 133
MATLAB 3, 137 susceptibility 72, 74–77, 79, 80
Maximum Entropy Method see MEM
Maxwell Garnett system see MG reflectance 2, 15, 23, 39–44, 47, 48,
MEM 115–117, 119–121, 124–126, 115–119, 121–124, 127–129, 131,
128–131, 134 133, 134
MG 21–26, 30, 34, 124, 125, 128 reflectivity 2, 24, 34, 35, 39–42, 46, 48,
MSKK 47, 48, 72, 83, 90, 91, 104 109, 115–117, 128, 131
refractive index 1, 25, 28, 35, 36, 39,
nanocomposite 23, 128
41–44, 47, 48, 117–121, 123–126
nanostructure 3, 21–27, 30, 31, 33, 46,
negative 39
135
residue 110–114
layered 22, 24–26, 30, 46
resonance 23, 79, 92, 103, 106, 111,
nonlinear susceptibility 71–75, 77–79,
120, 122–124, 128
92, 96, 101, 102, 104, 106, 109, 110,
115, 117, 128–130, 133, 134
spectroscopy
degenerate 115, 129
reflectance 39
effective 129, 130
reflection 2, 42, 47, 115, 117
holomorphic 109, 128
terahertz 3, 126
meromorphic 109, 134
transmission 1, 2
optics 2, 19, 23, 27, 33, 71–73, 79, 83, SPR 122–125
89, 90, 92, 109, 110, 112, 114, 133, squeezing procedure 120
134 SSKK 47, 90, 92, 101–104, 137
linear 2, 19, 23, 27, 33, 79, 89, 90, sum rule 101
109, 114, 133 sum rules 1–3, 27, 31, 33–35, 39, 45,
nonlinear 71–73, 83, 90, 92, 109, 46, 71, 72, 78–80, 83, 84, 87–90, 93,
110, 112, 134 98–101, 106, 109, 110, 112–114,
oscillator 117, 133, 134
anharmonic 87, 105, 107 surface plasmon resonance see SPR
Drude-Lorentz 33, 120
TE-polarized light 14, 24, 25, 41, 119
paper 119, 120 tensor 11, 12, 18, 30, 74, 77, 83, 89
phase retrieval 2, 3, 39–42, 47, theorem
115–117, 124, 128, 134, 135 Scandolo 73–76, 83, 84, 110, 133
polarization 5, 6, 9–13, 16, 19, 20, 29, superconvergence 31–34, 36, 45, 78,
30, 41, 77, 84, 85, 117, 122 80, 88, 90, 133, 134
linear 11, 12, 16 Titchmarsch 28, 29, 72, 74, 133
macroscopic 19, 20 TM-polarized light 14, 15, 25, 26, 41,
microscopic 19 42, 117, 122
nonlinear 77, 84, 85, 117 Toeplitz system 116
pole 28–30, 76, 77, 89, 90, 109–111, transform
114, 134 Fourier 5, 11, 12, 16–18, 28, 39, 85,
polysilane 94, 96, 97, 99, 101, 102, 115, 116, 126
128 Hilbert 2, 28–30, 74, 110, 111
 Springer Series in
optical sciences
Volume 1
1 Solid-State Laser Engineering
By W. Koechner, 5th revised and updated ed. 1999, 472 figs., 55 tabs., XII, 746 pages

Published titles since volume 80

80 Optical Properties of Photonic Crystals
By K. Sakoda, 2nd ed., 2004, 107 figs., 29 tabs., XIV, 255 pages
81 Photonic Analog-to-Digital Conversion
By B.L. Shoop, 2001, 259 figs., 11 tabs., XIV, 330 pages
82 Spatial Solitons
By S. Trillo, W.E. Torruellas (Eds), 2001, 194 figs., 7 tabs., XX, 454 pages
83 Nonimaging Fresnel Lenses
Design and Performance of Solar Concentrators
By R. Leutz, A. Suzuki, 2001, 139 figs., 44 tabs., XII, 272 pages
84 Nano-Optics
By S. Kawata, M. Ohtsu, M. Irie (Eds.), 2002, 258 figs., 2 tabs., XVI, 321 pages
85 Sensing with Terahertz Radiation
By D. Mittleman (Ed.), 2003, 207 figs., 14 tabs., XVI, 337 pages
86 Progress in Nano-Electro-Optics I
Basics and Theory of Near-Field Optics
By M. Ohtsu (Ed.), 2003, 118 figs., XIV, 161 pages
87 Optical Imaging and Microscopy
Techniques and Advanced Systems
By P. Török, F.-J. Kao (Eds.), 2003, 260 figs., XVII, 395 pages
88 Optical Interference Coatings
By N. Kaiser, H.K. Pulker (Eds.), 2003, 203 figs., 50 tabs., XVI, 504 pages
89 Progress in Nano-Electro-Optics II
Novel Devices and Atom Manipulation
By M. Ohtsu (Ed.), 2003, 115 figs., XIII, 188 pages
90/1 Raman Amplifiers for Telecommunications 1
Physical Principles
By M.N. Islam (Ed.), 2004, 488 figs., XXVIII, 328 pages
90/2 Raman Amplifiers for Telecommunications 2
Sub-Systems and Systems
By M.N. Islam (Ed.), 2004, 278 figs., XXVIII, 420 pages
91 Optical Super Resolution
By Z. Zalevsky, D. Mendlovic, 2004, 164 figs., XVIII, 232 pages
92 UV-Visible Reflection Spectroscopy of Liquids
By J.A. Räty, K.-E. Peiponen, T. Asakura, 2004, 131 figs., XII, 219 pages
93 Fundamentals of Semiconductor Lasers
By T. Numai, 2004, 166 figs., XII, 264 pages
94 Photonic Crystals
Physics, Fabrication and Applications
By K. Inoue, K. Ohtaka (Eds.), 2004, 209 figs., XV, 320 pages
95 Ultrafast Optics IV
Selected Contributions to the 4th International Conference
on Ultrafast Optics, Vienna, Austria
By F. Krausz, G. Korn, P. Corkum, I.A. Walmsley (Eds.), 2004, 281 figs., XIV, 506 pages
 Springer Series in
optical sciences
96 Progress in Nano-Electro Optics III
Industrial Applications and Dynamics of the Nano-Optical System
By M. Ohtsu (Ed.), 2004, 186 figs., 8 tabs., XIV, 224 pages
97 Microoptics
From Technology to Applications
By J. Jahns, K.-H. Brenner, 2004, 303 figs., XI, 335 pages
98 X-Ray Optics
High-Energy-Resolution Applications
By Y. Shvyd’ko, 2004, 181 figs., XIV, 404 pages
99 Mono-Cycle Photonics and Optical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Route to Femtosecond Ångstrom Technology
By M. Yamashita, H. Shigekawa, R. Morita (Eds.) 2005, 241 figs., XX, 393 pages
100 Quantum Interference and Coherence
Theory and Experiments
By Z. Ficek and S. Swain, 2005, 178 figs., approx. 432 pages
101 Polarization Optics in Telecommunications
By J. Damask, 2005, 110 figs., XVI, 528 pages
102 Lidar
Range-Resolved Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere
By C. Weitkamp (Ed.), 161 figs., approx. 416 pages
103 Optical Fiber Fusion Splicing
By A.D. Yablon, 2005, 100 figs., approx. IX, 310 pages
104 Optoelectronics of Molecules and Polymers
By A. Moliton, 2005, 200 figs., approx. 460 pages
105 Solid-State Random Lasers
By M. Noginov, 2005, 149 figs., approx. XII, 380 pages
106 Coherent Sources of XUV Radiation
Soft X-Ray Lasers and High-Order Harmonic Generation
By P. Jaeglé, 2005, 150 figs., approx. 264 pages
107 Optical Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) Interferometry
By J. Zheng, 2005, 137 figs., approx. 250 pages
108 Laser Resonators and Beam Propagation
Fundamentals, Advanced Concepts and Applications
By N. Hodgson and H. Weber, 2005, 497 figs., approx. 790 pages
109 Progress in Nano-Electro Optics IV
Characterization of Nano-Optical Materials and Optical Near-Field Interactions
By M. Ohtsu (Ed.), 2005, 123 figs., XIV, 206 pages
110 Kramers–Kronig Relations in Optical Materials Research
By V. Lucarini, J.J. Saarinen, K.-E. Peiponen, E.M. Vartiainen, 2005,
37 figs., approx. IX, 170 pages
111 Semiconductor Lasers
Stability, Instability and Chaos
By J. Ohtsubo, 2005, 169 figs., approx. XII, 438 pages
112 Photovoltaic Solar Energy Generation
By A. Goetzberger and V.U. Hoffmann, 2005, 138 figs., approx. IX, 245 pages
Printing: Mercedes-Druck, Berlin
Binding: Stein + Lehmann, Berlin