ANSWERS

CHAPTER 1 Microorganisms Experiment 1.2 (pgs. 20 – 27)

Brain Teaser (pg. 6) A. Questions (pg. 22)
Mucor on bread can be seen with the 1. The larger the number of bacterial
naked eye as it is made up of a colony colonies, the higher the rate of growth
of mucor. of bacteria.
2. The nutrient agar is the source of
food for bacteria.
Brain Teaser (pg. 9)
The bottom of the ocean is a dark place. B. Question (pg. 23)
Due to the absence of light, algae cannot To avoid killing the Bacillus sp. with heat
live at the bottom of the ocean as they are from the hot nutrient agar
unable to make their own food through C. Question (pg. 24)
photosynthesis. Heat from sunlight will kill Bacillus sp.
and affect the result of the experiment.
Brain Teaser (pg. 12) D. Question (pg. 25)
Spherical To show that high temperature is not
suitable for the growth of bacteria
Brain Teaser (pg. 16) E. Question (pg. 27)
Water is boiled to ensure all microorganisms Use of toothpaste to brush teeth.
including Vibrio cholerae which causes Toothpaste has a high pH value.
cholera are killed. The high pH value retards or kills
various types of microorganisms
Experiment 1.1 (pgs. 17 – 18) including bacteria.
Questions (pg. 18)
1. To kill the bacteria in the nutrient agar
Formative Practice 1.1 (pg. 27)
and Petri dishes.
1 Microorganisms are minute organisms
2. (a) To prevent other microorganisms
which cannot be seen with the
from entering.
naked eye.
(b) To prevent condensed water from
2. (a) Fungi, algae, protozoa, bacteria,
dripping onto the surface of the
viruses
nutrient agar which will affect the
(b) Size, shape, method of reproduction,
growth of bacteria on the surface of
nutrition, habitat
the agar.
3. Fungi, bacteria
(c) To keep out light especially sunlight
4. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)/ribonucleic
which retards the growth of bacteria.
acid (RNA) and protein layer (capsid)
3. (a) Petri dish A. Unwashed fingers have
5. Nutrition, humidity, light, temperature,
the highest number of bacteria.
pH value
(b) Petri dish C. Fingers which have
6. (a) Protozoa
been washed with soap and water
(b) (i) Pseudopodium
have the lowest number of bacteria.
(ii) To move and engulf food
4. Functions as a control to compare results
of the experiment.
5. No, because the nutrient agar has been Formative Practice 1.2 (pg. 32)
sterilised and sealed to prevent other 1. (a) Recombinant DNA of E. coli,
microorganisms from entering. Penicillium chrysogenum
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 (b) Bifidobacteria sp., Nitrosomonas sp., longer be killed or are resistant to existing
Nitrobacter sp. antibiotics. Superbugs may be prevented by
(c) Yeast, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, using new and more effective antibiotics.
Bifidobacteria sp.
2. Example of Microorganism Brain Teaser (pg. 41)
food used A vaccine contains antigens obtained from
a part or the whole structure of a weakened
Bread Yeast or dead virus that are incapable of causing
Yoghurt Lactobacillus infections. Theses antigens stimulate the
bulgaricus human body’s immune system by developing
immunity against certain infections caused
3. (a) Eco enzyme is a natural product from by the virus. This in turn prevents infections
agricultural waste such as fruit or caused by the virus.
vegetable waste processed through An antiviral is a type of medicine that does
fermentation. not kill or destroy a specific type of virus but
(b) • Treats wastewater and sewage prevents the development or reproduction of
• Minimises agricultural waste such that specific type of virus.
as fruit and vegetable waste
• As a cleaning solution Formative Practice 1.3 (pg. 41)
(any two) 1. • Sterilisation
4. (a) Lactobacillus sp. • Boiling
(b) • Eliminates foul odour • Using antiseptic
• Facilitates animal digestion • Disinfecting
• Produces enzyme • Radiation
• Treats sewage 2. The aseptic technique is applied to
• Makes compost protect a person from infections by
• Advances the fishing industry eliminating existing or nearby pathogens
(any three) before the person contracts any diseases
caused by the pathogens.
Experiment 1.3 (pgs. 37 – 39) 3. (a) Sterilisation is the process of killing
Questions (pg. 39) or eliminating microorganisms from
1. As a control an object or a particular surrounding.
2. The clear region on the surface of (b) Sterilisation is carried out using heat,
the nutrient agar is the region without chemical substances, radiation, high
bacteria or where bacterial growth is pressure and filtration.
inhibited. Therefore, the clear region (c) The temperature in the autoclave
formed around the disc containing (121°C – 132°C) can kill
penicillin shows the action of penicillin microorganisms and their spores.
which inhibits the growth of bacteria or Water boiled at 100°C can only kill
kills bacteria. microorganisms but not their spores.
3. The clear region around the filter paper This is because their spores can
disc containing more concentrated withstand a temperature of 100°C.
penicillin is larger or wider than the 4. Similarity: Both antiseptics and
clear regions around the other filter disinfectants can be used to
paper discs containing less concentrated kill pathogens.
penicillin. This shows that the higher the Difference: Antiseptics can be applied
concentration of penicillin, the lower the on the skin of humans but
growth of bacteria. disinfectants are not suitable
to be applied on the human
Brain Teaser (pg. 41) skin.
Superbugs are bacteria which can no 5. Ultraviolet ray, X-ray, gamma ray
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 6. (a) Athlete’s foot: antifungal Apparatus set-up Y
(b) Pneumonia: antibiotic Method 2: Observe and compare the
(c) Shingles: antiviral thickness of the layer of
carbon dioxide foam, X, on the
Summative Practice 1 (pgs. 43 – 45) surface of the mixture of yeast
1. (a) The higher the concentration of the and sugar solution.
antibiotic, the larger the area of the
clear region.
(b) (i) Type of bacteria, surrounding
temperature
(ii) Concentration of antibiotic X
(c) Antibiotics can kill bacteria.
2. (a)
Have cell Have no cell
wall and cell wall and cell
membrane membrane
P, Q, R, T S

(b) Virus Thickness of foam layer (mm)

(c) (i) Yeast 12
(ii) Microorganism P is a useful 10
microorganism because it is
8
used to make food such as
bread. Microorganism P is not 6
a pathogen because it does not 4
cause disease. 2
3. (a) Cloudy 0
20 30 40 50
(b) The optimum temperature for growth Temperature (ºC)
of bacteria is 37°C.
(c) (i) Temperature
(ii) Condition of nutrient broth after Method 3: Observe and count the
3 days number of gas bubbles
(d) The nutrient broth is cloudy at released in the test tube
37°C because 37°C is the optimum per minute.
temperature for bacterial growth. Method 4: Observe and measure the
4. Apparatus set-up X time taken for the limewater
Method 1: O  bserve and compare the to turn cloudy.
volume of carbon dioxide
collected in the balloon. Apparatus set-up Z
Method 5: Measure the volume of carbon
dioxide in the syringe after
an hour.

Volume of carbon dioxide

20°C 30°C 40°C 50°C
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 2. (a) The calorific value (or energy value)
Volume of carbon dioxide collected
after 1 hour (cm3)
of a food is the amount of energy
released from the complete oxidation
80
or burning of 1 g of the food.
(b) Bomb calorimeter
60 (c) Calorific value of food sample
4.2 J g–1 °C–1 × Mass of water (g)
40 × Change in temperature
of water (°C)
=
20 Mass of food sample (g) × 1 000
3. (a) Reduction in body weight
(b) Excessive body weight or obesity
0
20 30 40 50 4. (a) Inappropriate mealtimes
Temperature (ºC) (b) Food servings that do not follow
balanced nutrition and calorific
requirements.
CHAPTER 2 Nutrition and Food
Technology Experiment 2.2 (pgs. 60 – 61)
Experiment 2.1 (pgs. 51 – 53) Questions (pg. 61)
Questions (pg. 53) 1. To block light from entering the culture
1. (a) Smaller solution in the boiling tubes. Culture
(b) The difference in the calorific value solution exposed to light encourages
is due to a portion of the energy lost growth of algae. Algae will absorb
to the surroundings as heat energy. nutrients from the culture solution and
2. (a) Rice affect the results of the experiment.
(b) Palm oil 2. Aerating the culture solutions supplies
(c) Egg white oxygen for the respiration of
3. Water. This is because water cannot be the roots.
completely oxidised or burnt. 3. To replace the macronutrients which have
been absorbed by the seedlings.
Brain Teaser (pg. 55) 4. Surrounding temperature, humidity of air,
Restaurants that operate 24 hours a day light intensity (any one)
encourage late-night eating. Eating unhealthy
food that exceeds body requirements, Formative Practice 2.2 (pg. 61)
especially late at night will cause weight gain, 1. (a) • Macronutrient is an element
risk of obesity and disruption of sleep. (or mineral) needed by plants in
large quantities.
Formative Practice 2.1 (pg. 56) • Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
1. (a) The concept of Pinggan Sihat nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium,
Malaysia means a quarter of the calcium, magnesium and sulphur
plate is filled with carbohydrate (any five)
sources, another quarter of the plate (b) • Micronutrient is an element
is filled with protein sources and (or mineral) needed by plants
half the plate is filled with fruits and in small quantities.
vegetables. • Boron, molybdenum, zinc,
(b) The concept of Pinggan Sihat manganese, copper and iron
Malaysia helps in the consumption of (any five)
balanced nutrition to prevent obesity 2. Plants need macronutrients and
which can cause various non- micronutrients for healthy growth,
infectious diseases such as diabetes. development and reproduction.
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 3. (a) Stunted growth of roots • tastes better
(b) Brown spots on edges of leaves • more nutritious
(c) Small leaves which fall easily • more attractive
(any four)
3. Cooking, fermentation, dehydration/
Formative Practice 2.3 (pg. 65) drying, pasteurisation, canning, freezing,
1. Nitrogen cycle is a natural cycle that irradiation, vacuum packaging
recycles nitrogen between plants and (any four)
animals, and the atmosphere, soil and 4. (a) Colouring
water. (b) Stabiliser
2. (a) Lightning or volcanic eruptions, (c) Bleach
nitrogen fixation, nitrification 5. To bleach the original colour of palm oil.
(b) Absorption of nitrate ions from 6. (a) Vacuum packaging
the soil, denitrification, nitrate (b) Salted fish, shrimp paste (belacan)
leaching (c) To prevent the strong smell of the
3. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the nodules food from being released into the air
of legume plants use nitrogen from the
air to form nitrate ions through nitrogen
fixation. Therefore, the fertility of the Brain Teaser (pg. 83)
soil is increased through the addition of • Iron
nitrate ions to the soil. • Iron is an important component of
4. During rainy season, the content of haemoglobin in red blood cells.
nitrate ions in the soil usually decreases.
Nitrate ions in the soil dissolve in
rainwater and flow out from the soil into Brain Teaser (pg. 85)
rivers, underground water or the sea. New processing technologies and chemical
substances always produce new types of
food.
Formative Practice 2.4 (pg. 75)
1. Rapid growth and maturing, resistance
to disease, pest and extreme weather, Formative Practice 2.6 (pg. 86)
easier and less cost to care for, and high 1. Health food is natural food in a normal
yields of higher quality diet which maintains health and does
2. Cloning, cross-breeding, genetic not contain chemical substances usually
engineering, genetic mutation technology used in food processing .
3. FAMA Example: orange, tomato, ginger
4. Crop rotation, mixed planting and terrace 2. Health supplement is nutrient taken
farming in the form of capsule, pill, liquid
5. Biological control is a method which and powder in specific dosages.
applies interaction between organisms Example: vitamin C, protein powder
such as prey-predator and parasitism to 3. Ministry of Health Malaysia
control crop pests in a habitat. 4. Food Act 1983

Formative Practice 2.5 (pg. 82) Summative Practice 2 (pgs. 88 – 89)

1. Food processing is a way of changing 1. (a) Consumption of whale meat can
raw food substances in the natural form warm the body compared to other
to food substances in another form. food.
2. Purposes of processing food are (b) (i) Aim of experiment
as follows: To measure and compare
• so that it is edible the calorific values of fat,
• lasts longer carbohydrate and protein

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 (ii) Identification of variables Tabulation of data
(v)
• Manipulated variable: Type of
food sample Type of food Temperature
• Responding variable: Rise in sample change (°C)
temperature
• Constant variable: Mass of
water in calorimeter
List of materials and apparatus
(iii)
• Materials: Fat, carbohydrate 2. (a)
and protein samples weighing
1 g each, distilled water and Average daily energy requirement (kJ)
cotton wool
15 000
• Apparatus: Retort stand, x
boiling tube, thermometer, x
shield, plasticine and needle x x
10 000 x x
(iv) Procedure or method
x
1. Prepare the apparatus set-up
shown in the figure below. 5 000
x

Thermometer

0 10 20 30 40
Age (year)
Cotton wool
(b) 8 500 kJ
(c) Average daily energy requirement
Boiling tube decreases with age
Distilled 3. (a) (i) Put several pieces of cempedak
water Retort in a plastic bag.
stand (ii) Connect a bicycle pump to the
Food sample Needle opening of the plastic bag. Use
Plasticine the bicycle pump as a vacuum
pump to remove air from the
2. Record in a table the type plastic bag.
of food sample and its (iii) Seal the opening of the plastic
mass, mass of water in bag by using a sealing machine.
the calorimeter, and initial (b) When the piston of the bicycle
temperature, T1 on the pump is pulled, air is sucked into
thermometer. the bicycle pump. The bicycle pump
3. Use a lighter to light up the functions as a vacuum pump.
food sample. (c) The effectiveness of the vacuum
4. Observe and record the final packaging is evaluated based on the
temperature, T2, after the following characteristics:
food sample has completely • no smell of the cempedak is
burned. detected
• no air is trapped in the plastic bag
containing the cempedak

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 CHAPTER 3 Sustainability of 2. The shorter the time taken for the
the Environment methylene blue solution to decolourise
in the water sample, the lesser the
Formative Practice 3.1 (pg. 99) dissolved oxygen in the water sample.
1. Carbon footprint usually refers to 3. Pond (or river) water sample because
the total carbon dioxide released to the time taken for the methylene blue
the atmosphere as a result of activities solution to decolourise is the shortest.
of individuals, events, organisations,
communities or products used in daily life. Formative Practice 3.2 (pg. 105)
2. Use of electrical energy, water, transport, 1. Land pollution, water pollution, air
food, waste, release of greenhouse gases pollution, thermal pollution
and frequency of use of the product (any three)
3. • Carbon footprint of a product refers 2. (a) Eutrophication is the response of
to the negative impacts to the the ecosystem towards the addition
sustainability of the environment of phosphate and nitrate ions (from
caused by the product throughout its detergents, fertilisers and rubbish)
life cycle. into an aquatic ecosystem.
• Carbon handprint of a product (b) Water pollution
refers to the positive impacts to the 3. (a) Air pollution
sustainability of the environment (b) Air pollution, thermal pollution
caused by the product throughout its 4. (a) Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
life cycle. is the amount of dissolved oxygen
4. • Life cycle of a product which starts needed by microorganisms such
from source to disposal stage and as bacteria to decompose organic
then recycled (cradle-to-cradle life substances.
cycle of a product). (b) The higher the BOD of a water
• Life cycle of a product which starts sample, the higher the level of
from source to disposal stage and pollution of the water sample.
then allowed to rot (cradle-to-grave life 5. The time taken for methylene blue
cycle of a product). solution to decolourise in a water
5. Upcycle is a recycling process to produce sample determines the level of pollution
new products of higher value than the in the sample. The shorter the time
original product. taken for the methylene blue solution to
6. Microplastic is a plastic piece measuring decolourise, the higher the level of water
less than 5 mm in length. It is hazardous pollution of the sample.
if found in the body of aquatic organisms 6. (a) Effective microorganisms comprise
and can be transferred through various three types of microorganisms
types of organisms until it ends up in namely:
humans through the food web. This • Lactic acid bacteria such as
transfer of microplastics in the food Lactobacillus casei
web becomes an issue which threatens • Photosynthetic bacteria such as
human health. Rhodopseudomonas palustris
• Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Activity 3.5 (pgs. 102 – 103) (b) Effective microorganisms treat
Questions (pg. 103) polluted water as follows:
1. Used as an indicator for the presence • treat sewage
of dissolved oxygen in the water sample. • eliminate foul odour in water
The methylene blue solution stays blue in • stunt growth of dangerous
a water sample rich in dissolved oxygen microorganisms
but will decolourise in a water sample • increase dissolved oxygen
which has less or no dissolved oxygen. • reduce BOD
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 • facilitate the decay of organic 3. (a) Transport, use of fuel, personal
substances to produce substances activity, release of greenhouse gases,
needed for the growth of green recycling, use of electrical energy,
plants water, gas, waste, carbon balance
(any four)
(b) (i) Thermal pollution
Formative Practice 3.3 (pg. 108) (ii) Water pollution
1. Negative Emission Technologies are (iii) Acid rain, global warming, climate
technologies that remove the content of change (any one)
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. (iv) Physical, chemical or biological
2. Microalgae changes which jeopardize the
3. Solar technology is one example environment
of zero carbon emission because no 4. (a) Thermal pollution
carbon or carbon compounds are (b) • Air conditioners should be turned
released by use of solar technology. on at temperatures of
4. Environmental issues at the global level 22°C – 25°C.
can only be successfully handled through • The inside and outside of air
actions coordinated by the United Nations conditioners must be kept clean to
(UN) involving members of various increase energy efficiency.
countries. (or any other suitable answer)
(c) • To dry wet clothes
Summative Practice 3 (pgs. 110 – 112) • To process food through drying
1. (a) River water is the most polluted or dehydrating such as dried
water sample compared to shrimp
tap water, distilled water • To defrost frozen food or drinks
and pond water. (any one)
(b) (i) Volume of water
(ii) Type of water sample
(c) River water CHAPTER 4 Rate of Reaction
(d) The higher the level of water Formative Practice 4.1 (pg. 124)
pollution, the shorter the time taken 1. Example of a fast reaction:
for the methylene blue solution to Burning of candle
decolourise. Example of a slow reaction:
2. (a) Paper bag Photosynthesis
(b) Paper takes a much shorter time to (any other suitable answer is accepted)
disintegrate. 2. Rate of reaction is the change in the
(c) Microplastic is a plastic piece quantity of reactants or products of a
measuring less than 5 mm in length. reaction per unit time.
(d) Plastic bottle, plastic bag, plastic
3. (a) Average rate of reaction for the first
container, man-made textile, paint
2 minutes
(any two)
(e) • Carbon footprint of a product (60 – 0) cm3
=
refers to the negative impacts 120 s
to the sustainability of the 60 cm3
environment caused by the =
120 s
product during its life cycle. = 0.50 cm3 s–1
• Carbon handprint of a product
refers to the positive impacts (b) Average rate of reaction in the
to the sustainability of the second minute
environment caused by the (60 – 40) cm3
product during its life cycle. =
(120 – 60) s
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 20 cm3 Formative Practice 4.3 (pg. 136)
=
60 s 1. (a) Digestion of food
= 0.33 cm s 3 –1 (b) Rate of reaction in the digestion of
food is increased with the presence
(c) Average rate of reaction for the of enzyme as a catalyst.
whole reaction 2. (a) Haber Process
65 cm3 Temperature : 450°C – 550°C
=
150 s Pressure : 200 atm
= 0.43 cm3 s–1 Catalyst : Iron filings
(b) Contact Process
Temperature : 450°C
Experiment 4.1 (pgs. 125 – 127) Pressure : 1 atm
Questions (pg. 127) Catalyst : Vanadium(V) oxide
1. Temperature of sodium thiosulphate
solution (or temperature of reactant) Summative Practice 4 (pgs. 138 – 139)
2. The higher the temperature of the 1. (a) Process where one or more reactants
reactant, the higher the rate of reaction. are converted into one or more
3. Rate of reaction is shown by the reaction products.
time taken for the ‘X’ on the piece of (b) Yes.
white paper to become no longer visible. Pressure affects the reaction for
reactants in the gaseous state.
Experiment 4.2 (pgs. 128 – 129) 2. (a) (i) Size of marble chips/calcium
Questions (pg. 129) carbonate
1. Concentration of sodium thiosulphate (ii) Volume of gas collected
solution (or concentration of reactant) (iii) Concentration of hydrochloric
2. The higher the concentration of reactant, acid, volume of hydrochloric acid
the higher the rate of reaction. and mass of marble chips
(b) The smaller the size of marble chips/
Experiment 4.3 (pgs. 129 – 131) calcium carbonate, the higher the
Questions (pg. 131) rate of reaction.
When the size of marble chips decreases, (c)
the rate of reaction increases. Volume of gas collected (cm3)

50.0
Experiment 4.4 (pgs. 131 – 133)
Questions (pg. 133) • • •
Set II
1. Presence of catalyst • •
2. Presence of catalyst increases the rate of 40.0
• •
reaction Set I

Brain Teaser (pg. 134) 30.0

• •
This is because solids cannot be compressed
and it is difficult to compress liquids.
•
Formative Practice 4.2 (pg. 134)
20.0 •
1. Temperature of reactant, concentration
of reactant, size of reactant, catalyst and •
pressure 10.0
2. (a) higher
(b) higher
(c) smaller
3. Pressure 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 Time (s)
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 (d) (i) Average rate of reaction in the (e) Average rate of reaction for the
first minute whole reaction
Total volume of carbon dioxide Total volume of carbon
gas collected in the first dioxide gas collected
60 seconds =
Reaction time
=
Reaction time in the first 45.00 cm3
minute =
180 s
3
32.00 cm = 0.25 cm3 s–1
=
60 s 3. (a) Protease, lipase
= 0.53 cm3 s–1 (b) Protease increases the rate of
decomposition of protein molecules to
(ii) Average rate of reaction in the amino acid. Lipase increases the rate
first two minutes of decomposition of fat molecules to
Total volume of carbon fatty acid and glycerol.
dioxide gas collected in the (c) Temperature
first 120 seconds (d) Biological catalyst functions best at a
=
Reaction time in the first temperature of 40°C.
two minutes
43.00 cm3
= CHAPTER 5 Carbon Compounds
120 s
= 0.36 cm3 s–1 Brain Teaser (pg. 142)
Can be either an organic carbon compound
(iii) Average rate of reaction in the or an inorganic carbon compound depending
second minute on the source of the compound.
Total volume of carbon
dioxide gas collected from Formative Practice 5.1 (pg. 144)
60 s to 120 s 1. Organic carbon compound is a carbon
=
Reaction time in the second compound that originates from
minute living things.
(43.00 – 32.00) cm3 2. Inorganic carbon compound is a
=
(120 – 60) s carbon compound that originates from
= 0.18 cm3 s–1 non-living things.
3. Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,
(iv) Rate of reaction at the 60th
calcium carbonate, sodium hydrogen
second
carbonate, aluminium carbide, potassium
(50.00 – 12.50) cm3 cyanide and carbon disulphide
=
(120 – 0) s (any two)
37.50 cm3 4. Carbon cycle shows how carbon
=
120 s elements are recycled through the
= 0.31 cm3 s–1 formation or decomposition of carbon
(v) Average rate of reaction for the compounds in life and organic
whole reaction substances in the environment through
Total volume of carbon processes like respiration, burning,
dioxide gas collected decomposition and photosynthesis.
= 5. Importance of carbon cycle:
Reaction time
• maintains the natural balance of
45.00 cm3 carbon
=
150 s • maintains the composition of carbon
= 0.30 cm3 s–1 dioxide in the atmosphere

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 Activity 5.2 (pgs. 146 – 147) 2. Alcohol can be prepared through the
Questions (pg. 147) process of fermentation using the action
1. Fractional distillation of yeast on food containing glucose or
2. Petroleum is a mixture. starch such as sugar, grapes, apples,
Petroleum can be separated into sugarcane, rice, flour, potato and barley.
petroleum fractions through a separation 3. To separate ethanol from the mixture of
of mixture method, that is, fractional glucose fermentation products
distillation. 4. Solvent for organic substances, antiseptic
3. (a) Petrol 5. • Causes road accidents
(b) Naphtha • Causes death
(c) Kerosene • Endangers other road users
(d) Diesel
4. Different boiling points of petroleum Formative Practice 5.4 (pg. 160)
fractions 1. Fats are a type of organic carbon
compounds containing the elements
Formative Practice 5.2 (pg. 150) carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
1. Hydrocarbon is an organic carbon 2. Butter from cow’s milk
compound made up of only carbon and 3. Similarity: Organic compounds containing
hydrogen elements. the elements carbon, hydrogen
2. Similarity: Saturated and unsaturated and oxygen.
hydrocarbons are made up Difference: Sources of saturated fats
of only carbon and hydrogen are animals while sources of
elements. unsaturated fats are plants.
Difference: Saturated hydrocarbons have 4. Jaundice, hypertension or high blood
single covalent bond between pressure, thrombosis, stroke, heart attack
carbon atoms but unsaturated (any three)
hydrocarbons have at least
Activity 5.9 (pgs. 160 – 161)
one double covalent bond or
Questions (pg. 161)
triple covalent bond between
1. To soften the pulp of the oil palm fruit
carbon atoms.
2. The quantity of oil extracted from the
3. Methane gas
pulp is more than the quantity of oil
extracted from the kernel.
Activity 5.5 (pgs. 151 – 152) 3. Oil extracted from the pulp is red while
Questions (pg. 152) oil extracted from the kernel is white or
1. Carbon dioxide yellow.
2. To produce pure ethanol
3. Ethanol has a lower boiling point than Formative Practice 5.5 (pg. 171)
water. 1. (a) Pulp : Palm oil
(b) Kernel : Palm kernel oil
Activity 5.6 (pgs. 153 – 154) 2. To kill microorganisms which can spoil
Questions (pg. 154) the palm oil fruits
1. Carbon dioxide and water 3. (a) Water
2. (a) Ester (b) Alcohol
(b) • Fragrant smell 4. Carotene, vitamin E
• Insoluble in water
3. As a catalyst Summative Practice 5 (pgs. 174 – 175)
1. (a) Fermentation
Formative Practice 5.3 (pg. 157) (b) Organic carbon compound
1. Alcohol is an organic carbon compound (c) Limewater turns cloudy
which contains the elements carbon, (d) Carbon dioxide is released in the
hydrogen and oxygen. reaction between sugar and yeast.
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 2. (a) Atherosclerosis Z: Shell
(b) Cholesterol (b) X: Palm oil
(c) Saturated fats Y: Palm kernel oil
(d) 1. Reduce the intake of fatty food (c) (i) Sterilisation
2. Eat unsaturated fats which can (ii) Digestion
reduce the level of cholesterol in (iii) Filtration
blood (d) 1. Does not contain cholesterol
(any suitable answer) 2. Contains vitamin E
3. (a) X: Pulp Y: Kernel 3. Contains carotene
4.

Oil palm tree

Fronds
Tree trunk

Compost Wood Compost

Fruit bunch

Fruit Empty bunch

Roots
Pulp fibre Shell Compost

Compost

CHAPTER 6 Electrochemistry 2. Product formed at

Experiment 6.1 (pgs. 180 – 182) Electrolyte
anode cathode
Questions (pg. 182)
1. Because bromine gas which is poisonous Magnesium Oxygen Hydrogen
is released nitrate solution,
2. To show the flow of electric current Mg(NO3)2
during electrolysis Sodium sulphate Oxygen Hydrogen
3. In the solid state, ions in ionic solution, Na2SO4
compounds cannot move freely.
3. Ion selected to be
Experiment 6.2 (pgs. 184 – 186) Electrolyte discharged at
Questions (pg. 186) anode cathode
1. (a) Magnesium ion, nitrate ion,
Magnesium Hydroxide Hydrogen
hydrogen ion, hydroxide ion
nitrate solution, ion ion
(b) Sodium ion, sulphate ion,
Mg(NO3)2
hydrogen ion, hydroxide ion
Sodium sulphate Hydroxide Hydrogen
solution, Na2SO4 ion ion

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 Voltmeter
Experiment 6.3 (pgs. 187 – 188) 2.
V
Questions (pg. 188)
1. The concentration of chloride ions, Cl– in
1.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, HCl, is
higher than the concentration of chloride
ions, Cl– in 0.0001 mol dm–3 hydrochloric
acid, HCl. Two different
2. (a) Chlorine gas metals
(b) Oxygen gas
3. (a) Chloride ion Electrolyte
(b) Hydroxide ion
Simple chemical cell
Experiment 6.4 (pgs. 190 – 191)
3. In a simple chemical cell, a metal
Questions (pg. 191)
which is positioned higher in the
1. Copper(II) ion, hydrogen ion, sulphate
electrochemical series will act as the
ion, hydroxide ion
negative terminal while a metal which
2. (a) Hydroxide ion
is positioned lower in the electrochemical
(b) Copper(II) ion
series will act as the positive
terminal.
Formative Practice 6.1 (pg. 192)
1.
Battery Summative Practice 6 (pgs. 197 – 198)
+ – 1. (a) Electrolysis is the process of
Rheostat A decomposition of a compound in
the molten or aqueous state into its
Anode (+) Cathode (–)
constituent elements when electric
current flows through it.
(b) Copper(II) ion, Cu2+, hydrogen ion, H+,
sulphate ion, SO42–, hydroxide ion, OH–
(c) (i) At anode: Hydroxide ion
Electrolyte At cathode: Copper(II) ion
(ii) At anode: No ion is discharged
At cathode: Copper(II) ion
2. During electrolysis, positive ions (d) Purification of metal
(cations) move to the cathode 2. (a) (i) Sodium ion, Na+,
(negative electrode) and negative hydrogen ion, H+
ions (anions) move to the anode (ii) Nitrate ion, NO3–,
(positive electrode). hydroxide ion, OH–
3. Extraction of metal, purification (b) Electrode P
of metal, electroplating of metal and (c) (i) Hydroxide ion
wastewater treatment using (ii) Hydrogen ion
electrocoagulation (d) Sodium ions and hydrogen ions
move to the cathode. The hydrogen
ion is selected to be discharged
Formative Practice 6.2 (pg. 195) because it is less electropositive
1. A simple chemical cell is a device that compared to the sodium ion.
can convert chemical energy into
electrical energy.

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 3. The rusting of the iron nail can be 2. Real, inverted and diminished
avoided by electroplating the iron nail 3. No because the image produced
with copper through electrolysis under is virtual and will not be formed on
the following conditions: the screen.
• iron nail is made the cathode
• pure copper is made the anode
• copper(II) sulphate solution is used
Brain Teaser (pg. 209)
Refer to Tables 7.3 and 7.4
as the electrolyte
• electric current is supplied by an
electrical source to carry out the Formative Practice 7.1 (pg. 209)
electrolysis 1. Convex lens
4. (a) Three simple chemical cells, each 2. (a) (i) Lens X: Concave lens/
made up of a potato with an iron Diverging lens
nail and a copper rod poked into the (ii) Lens Y: Convex lens/
potato and connected in series as in Converging lens
the figure below. (b) (i) Lens X
(ii) Lens Y
(c)

Focal point, F

(b) Three simple chemical cells,
each made up of a potato with an
iron nail and a copper rod poked into
the potato and connected in parallel.

Focal
CHAPTER 7 Light and Optics point,
F
Activity 7.1 (pgs. 203 - 204)
Questions (pg. 204)
1. So that the path of light rays before and
after passing through the lens can be
seen more clearly.
2. (a) The light rays converge 3. Object is placed between focal point, F,
(b) The light rays diverge and optical centre.
3. (a) Three parallel light rays which pass
through the convex lens will converge
at focal point, F.
Activity 7.3 (pg. 213)
Questions (pg. 213)
(b) Three parallel light rays which pass
1. So that the image formed is clearer.
through the concave lens will diverge
2. Distance between objective lens and
and appear as if from the focal
eyepiece = total focal length of objective
point, F.
lens and eyepiece
3. Normal adjustment
Activity 7.2 (pg. 206)
Questions (pg. 206)
1. Because objects in the laboratory Formative Practice 7.2 (pg. 215)
are too close and light rays from them 1. Image is virtual, upright and magnified
will not be parallel 2. 30 + 5 = 35 cm
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 Summative Practice 7 (pgs. 217 – 219) (iv) Upright, magnified
1. (a) 4. Student’s answer
Convex
lens Focal
point,
F CHAPTER 8 Force and Pressure
Activity 8.1 (pgs. 222 – 223)
Questions (pg. 223)
1. Water shoots out uniformly because
Focal length, f equal pressure is exerted on the
water.
(b) Concave lens 2.
Direction of push
for piston
Focal point, F Water

Focal length, f
Activity 8.2 (pg. 228)
2. (a) Questions (pg. 228)
1. • In figure (a), fluid does not flow,
therefore, velocity is zero and has
the same pressure.
• In figure (b), when fluid passes
F
through the narrow region, velocity
of fluid increases and pressure in the
Virtual F Object
image region decreases.
2. The Venturi effect
3. Bernoulli’s principle
(b) Virtual, upright, magnified
Formative Practice 8.1 (pg. 230)
3. (a) To produce images of different sizes
1. Pascal’s principle states that the
using camera lenses of different focal
transmission of pressure exerted on a
lengths
fluid (liquid or gas) in an enclosed system
(b) (i) Where is the position of
is uniform throughout the fluid and in all
the object so that a virtual
directions.
image is formed?
2. The basic principle in a hydraulic system
(ii) R
is the transmission of pressure in all
(iii)
directions based on Pascal’s principle.
3. Hydraulic jack system, hydraulic brake
system, dental chair
Virtual image 4. Bernoulli’s principle states that a fluid
Object moving at a higher velocity produces a
lower pressure in that region.
P 2F Q F R F 2F
Summative Practice 8 (pg. 232)
1. (a) P1
(b) When air flows through the narrow
space between the two cars,

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 the velocity of air flow Activity 9.8 (pgs. 245 – 246)
increases and the pressure, P1 Questions (pg. 246)
in the narrow space reduces. 1. To facilitate the reception of information
According to Bernoulli’s principle, without being blocked by walls
when a fluid such as air passes or other parts of the building.
through a narrow space, the velocity 2. Navigational purposes
of the fluid flow increases and 3. Google Maps, Waze
pressure in the space decreases.
(c) Pressure P0 which is higher
compared to P1 will cause both Formative Practice 9.2 (pg. 247)
vehicles to be pushed towards each 1. Global Positioning System (GPS)
other until they collide. is a navigation system which
2. Student’s answer gives information on location and
time to its users in all weather
conditions.
2. In GPS,
CHAPTER 9 Space Technology • Control segment sends signals
Formative Practice 9.1 (pg. 243) using Earth’s antenna found in the
1. • Low Earth Orbit (LEO) control station to GPS satellites
• Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) in the space segment.
• High Earth Orbit (HEO) • Signals received by GPS satellites
• Geostationary Orbit (GEO) are then corrected so that the clock/
• Geosynchronous Orbit (GSO) time is accurate.
2. (a) • Corrected signals are then sent again
by GPS satellites to GPS users in the
Earth user segment.
3. Navigational purposes and setting global
clock or local standard time.
4. • Vehicles passing the affected road will
Perigee Apogee reduce their speed
• Informs users to be more careful about
the possible presence of obstacles or
(b) The apogee of a satellite in an objects on the road
elliptical orbit is the position of the • Other users can choose alternative
satellite which is furthest from the roads to avoid traffic jam
planets or stars encircled by the
satellite. The perigee of a satellite
in an elliptical orbit is the position Summative Practice 9 (pgs. 249 – 250)
of the satellite which is closest to 1. (a) GPS satellite
the planets or stars encircled by the (b) For navigational purposes
satellite. 2. (a) • GPS satellite is a communication
3. The higher the orbital height of a satellite, satellite
the lower the satellite velocity. • Orbital height for a GPS satellite is
4. Hohmann transfer orbit is an 20 000 km
elliptical-shaped orbit used to transfer • Orbital period for a GPS satellite is
launch vehicles between two orbits 12 hours
of different heights. (b) Smartphone
5. Due to zero-gravity condition at the ISS. (c) Navigational purposes
6. Increased risk of damage to satellites (any suitable answer)
as a result of collision with the space (d) Google Maps, Waze
junk.

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 3. (a) A: HEO • In the field of telecommunications
B: MEO Connections between handphones, live
C: LEO TV broadcasts and video conferences
D: GEO can be carried out continuously in
(b) MEO accurately synchronised time.
4. Accurate and synchronised time • In the field of science
information from the GPS satellite is Accurate time and location of natural
used in the following daily activities: phenomena such as volcano eruptions,
• In the field of transport earthquakes and tsunami can be
Safety of flights and landing of recorded.
aeroplanes as well as ship and train
routes depend on accurate and
synchronised time.

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