1) The document provides calculations to determine the steel temperature of an unprotected and protected beam exposed to ISO fire over time.
2) For the unprotected beam, the steel reaches a maximum temperature of over 800°C at 30 minutes of ISO fire exposure.
3) For the beam protected with 50mm of insulating material, the maximum steel temperature is reduced to slightly under 600°C at 60 minutes of ISO fire exposure.
1) The document provides calculations to determine the steel temperature of an unprotected and protected beam exposed to ISO fire over time.
2) For the unprotected beam, the steel reaches a maximum temperature of over 800°C at 30 minutes of ISO fire exposure.
3) For the beam protected with 50mm of insulating material, the maximum steel temperature is reduced to slightly under 600°C at 60 minutes of ISO fire exposure.
1) The document provides calculations to determine the steel temperature of an unprotected and protected beam exposed to ISO fire over time.
2) For the unprotected beam, the steel reaches a maximum temperature of over 800°C at 30 minutes of ISO fire exposure.
3) For the beam protected with 50mm of insulating material, the maximum steel temperature is reduced to slightly under 600°C at 60 minutes of ISO fire exposure.
1) The document provides calculations to determine the steel temperature of an unprotected and protected beam exposed to ISO fire over time.
2) For the unprotected beam, the steel reaches a maximum temperature of over 800°C at 30 minutes of ISO fire exposure.
3) For the beam protected with 50mm of insulating material, the maximum steel temperature is reduced to slightly under 600°C at 60 minutes of ISO fire exposure.
Homework 2 Q1 Calculate the section factor of a steel H-section column of dimension 300 x 300mm. The column is exposed to fire on all four sides. Make calculations for a) box type protection b) spray-on protection.
Answer: Geometry of the H-section: Height: h=300mm Width: b=300mm Thickness of flange: T=20mm Thickness of web: t=8mm
(a) Box-type Protection
Area of the cross-section: A = 2b × T + ( h − 2T ) × t = 0.01408m 2 Perimeter of the section: H p = 2(b + h ) = 1.2m Section factor: H p A = 1.2 0.01408 = 85.2m −1
(b) Spray-on Protection
Perimeter of the section: H p = 2(b + h + (b − t )) = 1.78m Section factor: H p A = 1.78 0.01408 = 126m −1 2
Q2 Use the step-by-step procedure to calculate the steel temperature of an unprotected
beam exposed to ISO fire. The beam section factor is 200 m-1. Use a conservative heat transfer coefficient hc = 25 W/m2K and emissivity 0.6. The density of steel is 7850 kg/m3 and the specific heat is 600 J/kgK. Use a time step of 0.5 minutes. Plot the temperature-time curve of ISO fire and steel temperature.
Answer: Part of the result is listed below. The whole spreadsheet in .xls format is attached.
Step by step method to solve the steel member temperature
The time-temperature curves of ISO fire and the steel member for the first 30 minutes are plotted below.
At 30 minutes fire, maximum temperature in steel is almost equal to that of fire and exceeding 800 oC 3
900.00 800.00 700.00
Temperature (oC) 600.00 500.00 400.00 300.00 200.00 ISO fire Steel temperature 100.00 0.00 e
.5
.5
.5
.5 12
17
22
27 2
7 5
5 m
4.
9.
14
19
24
29 Ti
Time (min) Fig. 1 Time-Temperature curve of ISO fire and steel member
Q3 Use the step-by-step procedure to calculate the steel temperature of a protected beam exposed to ISO fire. The beam is same as Q 2. The beam is protected with 50mm lightweight insulating material which has thermal conductivity of 0.2 W/mK, and specific heat 1100 J/kgK and density 300 kg/m3. Plot the temperature-time curve of ISO fire and steel temperature.
Answer: The time-temperature curve is shown below. The detailed calculation procedure is attached in Microsoft Excel Worksheet. The maximum temperature in the protected steel reduces to slightly less than 600oC at 60 minutes ISO fire. 1000.00
900.00
800.00
700.00 Temperature
600.00
500.00
400.00
300.00 ISO fire
200.00
100.00 Steel temperature 0.00 0.25
4.75
9.25
13.8
18.3 22.8 27.3
31.8
36.3
40.8
45.3 49.8
54.3
58.8
Time(min)
Fig. 2 Fig. 1 Time-Temperature curve of ISO fire and protected steel member 4
Q4 Use the step-by-step procedure to calculate the steel temperature of an unprotected
beam exposed to a parametric fire. The beam section factor is 200 m-1. The fire compartment is made from lightweight concrete with density 2000 kg/m3, thermal conductivity of 0.8 W/mK, and specific heat 840 J/kgK . The room is 5 m square and 3 m high with one window 2.4m wide and 1.5m high. The fuel load is 900MJ/m2 floor area. Plot the temperature-time curve of the design fire and steel temperature.
Answer: The parametric fire is defined as below: The temperature in the heating phase is given by ( Tg = 1325 1 − 0.324e −0.2 t − 0.204e −1.7 t − 0.427e −19 t + 20 * * * ) (v b) 2 where t * = t = 8.41 × 10 8 t (v b ) (for ventilation controlled fire) 2 2 (0.04 / 1160) t = time, in hours, b = ρc p k e
where ρ = density of boundary of enclosure, in kg/m3,
cp = specific heat of boundary of enclosure, in J/kgK, ke = thermal conductivity of boundary of enclosure, in W/mK. Or ( f b) 2 t* = t k = 8.41 × 10 8 t ( f b ) k (for fuel controlled fire) 2 2 (0.04 / 1160)
qt ,d f = 0.0001 × t lim
⎛ v − 0.04 ⎞⎛ q t ,d − 75 ⎞⎛ 1160 − b ⎞ k = 1+ ⎜ ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟⎜ ⎟ for v>0.04, qt,d<75, b<1160 ⎝ 0.04 ⎠⎝ 75 ⎠⎝ 1160 ⎠ k = 1, otherwise
A maximum temperature, Tg,max, is reached at tmax, in hours, where
Fuel controlled fire
⎛ qt ,d ⎞ t max = greater ⎜⎜ 0.0002 × ; t lim ⎟⎟ ⎝ v ⎠ and Ventilation controlled
qt,d =Fire Load per enclosure area, valid only if 50 ≤ qt ,d ≤ 1000 (MJ/m2) 5
Aw h v = opening factor, v = (in m0.5) At tlim = Table 1 below.
Table 1: Growth rate for buildings
Type of compartment Fire growth rate tlim (min.) Residential Medium 20 Offices Medium 20 Schools Medium 20 Hospitals Medium 20 Hotels Medium 20 Library Fast 15 Shopping centre Fast 15 Theatre (cinema) Fast 15 Transport (public space) Slow 25
The fire curve for the cooling phase is a linear one, given by ( Tg = Tg ,max − 625 t * − t max * )x for * t max ≤ 0.5
Tg = Tg ,max − 250(3 − t )(t − t
* max * * max x) for 0.5 < t max * <2
Tg = Tg ,max − 250(t − t x ) * * max for * t max ≥2
where ( v b) 2 = t max = 8.41 × 10 8 t max (v b ) * 2 t max 2 (16) (0.04 / 1160) qt ,d t max = 0.0002 × v x = 1.0 if tmax > tlim t lim 8.41 × 10 8 (v b ) 2 = * if tmax = tlim t max
Aw h v= = 0.04m 0.5 At Assume ventilation controlled combustion. t max = 1.023h =61.38min b = ρCk = 2000 × 0.8 × 840 = 1159.3
t* = t (v b)2 = 1.001t (0.04 1160)2 χ = 1.0 when t = t max , t * max = 1.001 × 1.023 = 1.024 Tg ,max = 1325 × (1 − 0.324e −0.2×1.024 − 0.204e −1.7×1.024 − 0.427e −19×1.024 ) + 20 = 947.8 The final expression for the Parametric Fire is
Tg = ⎨ ( ⎧1325 1 − 0.324e −0.2 t − 0.204e −1.7 t − 0.427e −19 t + 20 t * < 1.024 * * * ) ⎩ 947.8 − 250(3 − 1.024 )(t * − 1.024 ) t * ≥ 1.024
The Parametric fire curve and the corresponding steel member temperature is calculated in the attached Excel worksheet.
The time-temperature relationship for the Parametric Fire and the steel member is plotted below:
1000.00
900.00 Parametric fire 800.00 Steel temperature 700.00 Temperature
Time (min) Fig. 3 Time-temperature curves for the parametric fire and the steel member 7
Q5 Repeat Q4 with the beam protected with 25mm and 50mm lightweight insulating material which has thermal conductivity of 0.2 W/mK, and specific heat 1100 J/kgK and density 300 kg/m3. Plot the temperature-time curve of the design fire and steel temperature with different thickness of fire protection.
Answer: The parametric fire model is the same as Q.4. The only difference comes from the fire protection. The calculation procedure is in the attached Excel worksheet for 25mm protection and 50mm protection respectively.
The time-temperature curve for the fire model, the steel member with 25mm protection and the steel member with 50mm protection are shown below in Fig. 4.
