aysmufqkH;aeaom

E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

ysLvlrsK;d rsm; jyefawGUNyD
ysLq&m&Sed ;f a*&Sed ;f - rif;wyf

1
 aysmufqkH;aeaom ysLvlrsKd;rsm; jyefawGUNyD

ysLq&m&Sdef;a*&Sdef; - rif;wyf

-ysL,Ofaus;rI
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

&ifat;zkYd jyefawGUNy/D
-arT;aeonf av,larT;rSm
arT;EkdifvSonf/
-ysLa&S;acwf*kPf&nf
wlnDwJhorkdif;/ /
-ysL&kd;&m,cktvS
cif;jyvkYdEIdif;/

þuAsmudk vGecf ahJ om 2007-ckEpS u f &efuek Nf rKd U trsK;d om;jywku

d af &S;a[mif;ysL
,Ofaus;rIjycef;? rSeb f &D x
dk w
J iG f rif;wyfNrKd Uu tzGm;a':xef;wD;\a&S;a[mif;ysLvnfqJG
ykw;D ESit
hf a&miftaoG; tvk;H Bu;D i,fwn l vD aS om a&S;acwfu ysLykw;D udk awGUjrifpOfu
yif pdwx f aJ &&Gwzf UJG qkad om uAsmjzpfygonf/

2
 e,fcsUJ NAwd o d Qt*Fvyd t f pk;d &onf uReaf wmfw\ Ydk a&S;a[mif;ysLNrKd Uawmfrsm;udk yxr
OD;qk;H okawoejyKvyk w f ;l azmfavhvmrSww f rf;wifMuonf/ a&S;u ajratmufysL,Ofaus;
rIvufusefypönf;rsm;udkom avhvmNyD; ajray:ysLvlrsKd;rsm;\orkdif;ajc&mvufusef t
axmuftxm;,Ofaus;rIypön;f rsm;udk vku d vf &H mS azGrw S w
f rf;jyKpjk cif; r&Scd MhJ uyg/ ysLvlrsK;d
aysmufq;Hk onf[o k m a&;om;jyKpMk uonf/ ajray:ysLorkid ;f ajc&m ,Ofaus;rIvufusef
rsm;udk pl;prf;avhvmjcif;rjyKMubJ rodusK;d uRejf yKMuonf/ a&S;ysLNrKd Ua[mif;rsm;wl;azmf
avhvm&mwGif rsm;jym;aom ajratmufysL,Ofaus;rIypön;f vufuserf sm;udk awGU&SMd uaomf
vnf; xkdxufydkrdkrsm;jym;aom ajray:,Ofaus;rIvufusefrsm;udk wdusrSefuefatmif

E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

avhvmaz:xkwjf cif; rjyKMuyg/ {&m0wDjrpftaemufbuf awmifwef;a'oodYk ajymif;a&TU
aexkid Mf uaom rif;wyfc&kid w f idk ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;onf ysLvlrsK;d rS qif;oufvmonf[k
ckid rf mpGm ,lq&aomtcsut f vuftaxmuftxm;rsm; ,aeYtxd rsm;jym;pGmjrifawGU
ae&ygonf/ ysLbmompum;vk;H wlrsm;udv k nf; tckid rf mqk;H pum;vk;H rsm;udk awGU&d&S yg
onf/
yxrqkH; jrefrmjynfa&S;a[mif;okawoewm0efcH a'gufwmwmtDzkd;csm;rm;u
1880-jynfEh pS w f iG f oa&acwå&mNrKd Ua[mif;udk wl;azmfavhvmNy;D 'kw, d tBurd f 1907-
ckEpS w f iG f e,fcsUJ NAw d od Qtpd;k &wyfwiG f wm0efxrf;aqmifaom jyifopfppfAv dk cf sKyf vD,eG f
'DAv J aD ,;ESirhf pöwm awmfped cf ?dk a'gufwmpDtb dk vuf'ef? a'gufwmvl;pfwu Ydk a&S;a[mif;
NrKd Uawmfoa&acwå&mNrKd Ua[mif;udk wl;azmfavhvmMuonf/ awGU&Sad omysLpmrsm;udv k nf;
bmomjyefMuonf/ odaYk omf a&S;a[mif;ysLvlrsK;d rsm;\ajray:orkid ;f ysLajc&mvufusef
ysLvlrsK;d ESiw hf nl rD rI sm;udk qufvuf&mS azGavhvmrSww f rf;wifjcif; r&Scd yhJ g/

a&S;a[mif;ysL,Ofaus;rI xk;H pH"avhrsm;usio hf ;Hk ydik q

f idk Nf y;D tajccHysL*Pef;rsm;? ysL
bmompum;wlnaD Mumif; jynfwiG ;f jynfy ysLorkid ;f rSww f rf;rsm;wGif taxmuftxm;
ckdifrmpGm&Sdaom a&S;a[mif;ysLvlrsKd;rsm;onf rif;wyfNrdKUe,fESifhuefyufvufNrdKUe,fwGif
csK;d vlrsK;d ? rwlyND rKd Ue,fwiG f rwlvrl sK;d ? yvuf0NrKd Ue,fwiG f crDvrl sK;d ? a,me,f*efaY *gc&kid f
wGif awmifom;vlrsK;d [lí a'otpGjJ yKemrnfrsm;jzifh uk, d pf o D ;D oefpY rD n
S ahf c:aexkid Mf u
ygonf/ ¤if;vlrsK;d rsm;tm;vk;H udk odr;f usK;H í csi;f vlrsK;d pm&if;wGif xnho f iG ;f xm;cJMh uonf/

e,fcsJUNAdwdoQt*Fvdyftpdk;&onf a&ajrtpGJjyKuGJjym;jcm;em;aom oD;jcm;emrnf

jzifh ac:a0:aexdik o f rl sm;tm;vk;H udk csi;f vlrsK;d [kac:a0:orkwjf cif;onf vk;H 0rSm;,Gi;f
aompum;jzpfygonf/ Ekid if jH cm;om;wk\ Yd ysLwkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm; uG,af ysmufatmif em
rnfysuaf tmif vkyaf qmifaom vky&f yfZmwfvrf;onf ,aeYxd pdwrf csr;f ajrzh , G &f mawGU
&S&d ygonf/ tu,fíom e,fcsUJ t*Fvyd t f pk;d &onf apwem? arwåmxm;Ny;D wkid ;f &if;
om;orkid ;f udk avhvmjyKpo k nfqv dk Qif xkt d csed t f cguyif rsK;d &k;d ADZ"mwfcpJG rf;oyftajz

3
 xkwfí ,Ofaus;rIypönf;xkH;pH"avhrsm;ESifh udkufnDrSefuefatmif avhvmaz:xkwfjyKpk
ay;oifhonf/ ysLvlrsKd;rsm;\,Ofaus;rIESifhwlnDaomwkdif;&if;om;rsm;udk tjcm;trnf
rsm;jzifh ac:a0:aponfrmS ysLvlrsK;d aysmufu,
G &f jcif;\taMumif;&if;wpf&yf jzpfayonf/

jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmf at;csrf;om,ma&;ESifhzGHUNzdK;a&;aumifpDwyfrawmf
tpkd;&\vlrIa&;OD;wnfcsufav;&yfudk wpfzufwpfvrf;u yg0iftaumiftxnfaz:
aomtaejzifh wdrjf rK§ yaf ysmufu, G Nf y;D aom ysLvlrsK;d tppftrSerf sm; csi;f jynfe,frif;wyf
c&kid Ef iS ahf ,me,f*efaY *gc&kid t f wGi;f aexkid af om wkid ;f &if;om;rsm;onf ysLvlrsK;d tppft
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

rSefjzpfaMumif; ajymqkdaombmompum; wlnDrI okH;pGJaomxkH;pH"avh,Ofaus;rIypönf;

wlnDaomtaxmuftxm;rsm;ESifhvGefcJhaom 2008-ckESpf azaz:0g&Dvu rif;wyfNrdKU
e,f atmufcsKid t hf vua&T&wkr*¾Zif; pmrsuEf mS (35)wGif twdtvif;a&;om;xkwaf 0
cJo
h nfrmS ESpEf pS &f v dS mNyjD zpfygonf/ ,ckrl ysLa&S;a[mif;orkid ;f okawoD pmay0goem&Sif
rsm;\tMujH yKcsut f & 2009-ckEpS f ESpu f ek x
f d rif;wyfNrKd Ue,fwiG af wGU&Sad om a&S;a[mif;
ysL,Ofaus;rIypön;f rsm;? ysLbmompum;vk;H wlnrD rI sm;? ysLa&Tem;yufrsm;? ysLa&S;a[mif;
ykw;D rsK;d pkrH sm;? ysLvufaumufrsm;? ysLjcLvk;H rsm;? ysLvSrH sm;? ysL'*Fg;[kxif&aom tayguf
ygaMu;'*Fg;rsm;? ysLaq;wHaq;tk;d rsm;? ysLajrem;awmif;rsm;? azmif;<u&pfygaom ysLt&k;d
tk;d jcrf;uGrJ sm;? ysLem;aygufus,x f m;ykrH sm;? ysLyg;rJx;dk ykpH rH sm;? ysLem;aygufus,af tmifxm;
xm;&SdykHtaxmuftxm;rsm;ESifhom"ujy a&;om;xyfrHaz:jyvkdufygonf/

þaz:xkwfa&;om;rIrsm;onf ysLorkdif;okawoea'gufwmoef;xGef;\ysLawG
b,faysmufoGm;ovJpmtkyf pmrsufESm(196)(197)wGif ysLvlrsKd;rsm;onf xD;vif;ac:
a,me,ftaemufbufwGif tm;vkH;jyefYusJpGm aexkdifaMumif;? wtHhwMoawGU&Sdonfqkd
aom tqko d nf vk;H 0udu k n
f aD eygonf/ ysLrde;f rrsm; yg;&Jx;dk onfqadk om rif;wyfNrKd Ue,f
ajra'ocH ysLrde;f rrsm; ,aeYxd yg;&Jx;dk aexkid Mf uonf/

4
 a&S;ysL*Pef;rsm;
ysL A.D 1 &mpkrS A.D 21 &mpkjrefrmbmom
1/ AwG=D TAMATwGrD wf=wpf
2/ HNIed=HNIed=ESpf
3/ HAU;HO[kr=f HAU;HOxkrf;=okH; OD;omjrwf\
4/ PLAzD=PLAzD=av; ysLzwfpm-26
5/ NAÄrTm;=NAÄrm;=ig; rif;wyfa'obmom
6/ TRUc&kw=f TRUc&kw=f ajcmuf pum;ESifhtm;vkH;

E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

7/ Knic&d=Knic&d=ckepf wlonf-
8/ HRA&Spd =f HRA&Spd =f &Spf
9/ TKOud;k =TKOud;k =ud;k
10/ SAU-SU&Tm;=SAu-Su&Sm;=wpfq,f

ES p f a ygif ; 2100-ausmf t xd wl n D a omrif ; wyf c &k d i f csif ; pum; csif ; *Pef ; aumuf E k w f c suf r sm;

csi;f jynfe,fawmifyikd ;f rif;wyfc&dik w

f iG f a&S;a[mif;tbd;k tbGm;rsm; aoqk;H onf
txd jrefrmjynfoYkd oGm;a&mufjcif;r&S?d jrefrmvlrsK;d udk wpfoufv;Hk rjrifz;l bJ jrefrmpum;
udk wpfoufv;Hk rajymzl;Muaomfvnf; jrefrmpum;vk;H ESiw hf nl aD omysLpum;ukd om;ajr;
rsm;tm; oifMum;ay;xm;cJMh uojzifh atmufygtwkid ;f ysLa&S;acwfysLpum;ESijhf refrmpum;
wlnDaMumif; oufaoom"u &Sdvmygonf/ Äponfrsm;jzpfygonf/ þodkYwlnDaom
ysLESijhf refrmpum;vk;H rsm;onf ysLppfvQif jrefrmjzpfonf[q k adk om pum;udk wpfpw
d w
f pf
ydik ;f taejzifh axmufcaH eayonf/

5
 odjYk zpfí rif;wyfc&kid t f wGi;f aexkid af omwkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d rsm;onf csi;f vlrsK;d r
[kwaf Mumif;ESiyhf sLvlrsK;d rS qif;oufvmolrsm; jzpfEikd af Mumif; DNA enf;ynmESiyhf if prf;
oyfavhvmEdkifaMumif; ,ck'kwd,tBudrf 21-&mpkysLorkdif;opfudk az:xkwfa&;om;yg
onf/ e,fcsUJ t*Fvyd t f pk;d &\csi;f vlrsK;d [k rSwwf rf;wifaom rif;wyfc&kid w f iG f aexkid f
onfyh sLvlrsK;d tppftrSejf zpfaMumif; 0efcaH &;om;wifjyjcif;jzifh aysmufq;Hk aom ysLvlrsK;d
rsm;jyefvnfawGU&Sad Mumif; 'kw, d tBurd f ysLorkid ;f opfukd xyfraH z:xkwaf &;om;jyygonf/
taxmuftxm;"mwfyrHk sm;ESit hf wl az:jyxm;ygonf/
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

ud k ; um;
1/ a&S;a[mif;jrefrmNrdKUawmfrsm;pmtkyfpm 21 rS 167
2/ a'gufwmoef;xGe;f \ysLawG b,faysmufomG ;ovJ pm 196 rS 197
3/ rif;wyfNrdKU? atmufcsKdifh tvu aiG&wkr*¾Zif; pm-35

rSwfcsuf/ /Weekly Eleven *sme,f(16-6-2010aeYxw k )f pmrsuEf mS -22üvm&Sad omaqmif;yg;udk jyefvnf

jyifqifjcif;r&SdbJ (10-9-2010aeYwGif) &kdufESdyfNyD;ygonf/