aneizezt (Cyprus - Wikipedia ‘WierreprA Cyprus cyprus! (/ supe st) ficial cle Uae Republi of Cyprus an sland mation ip the eastern Metiterranenh Sex isthe hid largest ahd third most popuots and jn the Mediterranea gn Toeated south ofTuey wort of Si northwest of Laban, ireland the Gara Srp north of yt and Sotheast of rec: Mons the coun capa an large “Thecariest known human aetvity onthe island dates to around the soth millenium BC. Archaologieal remains {fon ti prod cue te weleprseved Neu vilge of Kika, and prs fe bome to some cf the ‘oldest water wells in the world. 4 Cypros was sctled by Mycenaean Grecks in two waves inthe 2nd millenium 2G. Asa strategic location in the Eastern Mediterranean, i wae subsequently occupied by several major powers, including the empires ofthe Assysans, Fyypians and Perslans, fom whom the laland was seized In 3 BC by Alexander the Great, Subsequent rule by Pllemaic Egypt, the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire, Arab ‘Rips or asbort ped, ne rene Lasignan dart the Venetian ws flawed by ovr hex cetce ‘of Ottoman rule betweea 1571 and 1878 (de ure unt 934) annexed by the UKia 934 ‘a sreement between the two prominent ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots, who made up 77% of the population in 1960, and Turkish Cypriots, who ‘made up 18% of the population. From the 19th eentary onwards, the Gres Cypriot population pursbed enass, ‘union With Greece, whieh became a Greck national policy in the 1950s"107 The Turkish Cypriot population Ina advocated the continuation ofthe Betsh rule then demanded the annexation ofthe lan to Turkey, and in the 1950s, together with Turkey, established a poliey of taksim, the partition of Cyprus and the creation of a “Turkish polity inthe north! Following nationalist violence in the 1950s, Cyprus was granted independence it 1960.12! The vss of 1969-6 brought farther intercommunal violence between the two communities, displaced more than 5,000 Turkish Cypriots into enclavesO1S™-10T and brought the end of Turkish Cypriot "representation in the republic. On 15 July 1974, a coup d'état was staged by Greek Cypriot nationalss°2220 and ements of the Greek military junta in an attempt at ensis. This action precipitated the Turkish invasion of {jpras on 20 Jap Wich Ted to the eapure of te preseat-day terry of Nonhen: Cypis td te Aisplacement of over 150,000 Greek Cypriots #222 and go,000 Turkish Cypriots! A separate Turkish Cypriot Sntein tc sock was eablied by neal dedarton fn 989 he move was width condensed by te {ntermational community, wih Turkey alone recognising the new state. These events and the resulting political ‘Siuaion are matters of eootinulng dapat “The Republi of Cyprus has de ure sovereignty over the entire island, including its territorial waters and exe ‘econome zoe, with the exception ofthe Soveelgn Base Areas of A UKs contro according to the London and Zaich is. However, the Republi of Cyprus is de facto ‘uttomed iyo mein pes te area under te eectve canoe the Republi lated inthe out ad west And comprising about 59% of the island's area, and the north="! administered by the sefdecared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, covering about 96% ofthe island's ares. Another neatly 4% of the island’ area is covered by the UN buffer zone. Th international community considers the northern part ofthe island to be terstory of the Republic of Cyprus oocupied by Turkish forces!" The occupation ie viewed at ilegal under international law and amounting to egal oceupation of EU tertory slace Cypeus became a member ofthe ‘European Union [8) ‘ypms is major tourist destination nthe Mediterranean 610138 wth an advaneed.0 high-income ‘conomy anda very high Human Development Index|“ the Republic of Cyprus bas been a member ofthe omonveath wine 1961 an was a founding member ofthe Non-Aligned’ Movement wat fied he uropean Union on 1 May'200q 44 On 1 January 2008, the Republic of Cyprs joined the eurozanel Contents Pretistric and Ancient Cyons Midale Age (Cyprus under e Ottoman Emre (Cyprus under he Britsh Empire Independence and intr-sommunal violence 1974 coup, Turkish invasio, and dvsion Postion Geography. ‘Climate Water suooty ties “Adminsratve divisions Communications Demographics unconal uban ar hntipsifen mikipedia.orgwikiCyprus Republic of Cyprus Kumpiaxf Anyoxparia: (Greek) Kibris Cummuryet (Turkish) - W&@ songs Ropbte of Gyan nee tean Sips nbramar ron the fea a Enropean Unig sown ted grow ‘capt largest ly Ot tanguages Gre ui Minor eon Tanauages yprat Aric Voraculars —_cyprat Grose Cypriot Tanieh mle groups Gee cyprate Tien Cypete ‘amaran Cyorots Marte Cynits Region (2020; 72.9% Cnibanty fcuong Heron Zeon arn {A high-income economy is defined by the Word Bank ase nation with a sg1ose national income per eapta of {US$12,696 oF more in 2020, calelated using the Alas method. While the term “high-income” is often used Sterehangeably wit, "Fst Wo” 2 Tra (9251 am 572 sam) (sn) winters) 8 Population 2018 xtra 1,180.26651 156) ‘2ortceneus —a6sa7i oenety 22? (Sr0.5g mp (2 ‘GOP(PeP) «Dest $35,970 sei 128 Peseta Set 57291) ‘v0anazezt (Cyprus - Wikipedia opens) sve | a Scone ay Poin tense Seine) a wove) aes SoM sou [ewrney vou) |rperom ureszeen Smeemosn Es EEsD Benge 9 of Etymology ‘The eatist atested reference to Cyprus is the 1th century BC Mycenaean Greek CIOOD, ka-pir.jo(4] meaning “Cypriot” (Greek: Kinpiog, writen in Linear B syllabi script.) The classical Grek form of the name s Kips (pros). ‘The etymology of the name unknown, Suggestion include: 1 the Grook word fr the Mediterranean cypress tee (Cupressus somporirons), kumapricos (hyparisss) + the Greok name of the hanna bee (Lawsonia alba), Kips (Kp) + an Eteo2ypriot word fr copper. thas boen suggested, for example, thatit has rots inthe Sumerian word for copper (eubar ot for bronze (huda7, om te large deposits of capper ore found on the isla #8 ry, ype we mer “Through overseas trad, the island has given ts name tothe Classical Latin word fr copper through the phrase aes Cyprium, “metal of Cyprus, ner shortened fo Cuprum “l2) “The standard demonyan eating to Cyprs ofits people or eultute is Cypriot. The tems Cyprioteand Cyprian (ater a personal name) are als used, though less frequent ‘The stats offical name in Grock iterallytransltesto "Cypriot Republic” ia English, but this translation isnot used afi; "Republic of Cypeus™ is used instead History Prehistoric and Ancient Cyprus ‘The ealiest confirmed site of human activity on Cyprus is Aetokremnos, situated on the south coast, indicating that hunter- satherers were active on the island from around :0,000 BC! with sete village communities dating from 200 BC. The {rv ofthe irs humans correlates with the extinction ofthe dwar hippos and war elephants/48) Water wells discovered _ by archaeologists in western Cyprus are believed tobe among th oles inthe world dated at 9,000 010,500 years ol) ‘ Remains of an -month-old cat were discovered buried with a human body a a separate Nealihi site in Cyprus 61 The rave is estimated to be 0,500 years old (7500 BC), predating ancient Egyptian ciistion and pushing back the earliest Artenope ste oxen wih known felineshuman association sgieanily. The remarkably well-preserved Nealithie village of Khakis fs 8 UNESCO Seiya una hatin ‘World Heritage Ste dating to approximately 6800 BC.) a tere Nec pees During the late Bronze Age the sland experienced two waves of Grek settlement. The frst wave consisted of Mycenaean Greek traders who starced visting Cyprus around 1400 BC LISSI581 ‘major wave of Greek settlement is believed to have taken place following the Bronze Age collapse of Mycenaean Greoee from 1100 to 1050 BC, withthe islands predominantly Greck character dating fom this period, 58251 The fist recorded name of a Cyprote king is "Kushmeshusha" as appears on letters sent to Ugart in the 1h e BCE) Cyprus occupies an Irsportant role in Greek mythology being the bitiplace of Aphrodite and Adonis, and home to King Cinyas, Teucer and Pygmalion.) Literary evidence suggest an eatly Phoenician presence at Kiton which was under Tyran rule at the begining of the oth century ACI! Some Phoenician merchants who were Belts cn om Teele the ares adem the poli infu of ion Aer: 0 BC the snarl th Rain tel were read ‘reused by the Phoenicians” ‘Cyprus is at a strategic location inthe Middle Kast UG2K6% ews ruled by Assyria fora century starting in 708 BC, before a brief spel under Fayptian rule and eventually Persian rule in 545 BC5*l The Cyprois, led by Onesies, King of Salamis, joined their {ellow Grecks in the Ionian cities during the unsuccessful fonian Revol in 499 BC agus! the Achaemenid Empire. The revolt was suppressed, but Cyprus managed to maintain high degree of autonomy and remained inclined towards the Greek world) “Thoisland was conquered by Alexander the Great in 3 BC. Following his death and the subsequent division of his empire and wars among his successors, Cyprus became part of the Hellenistic empire of Pelemaie Egypt. was during tis period tha he island was ihipdlensad 58 C prs was acquedoy the ones Repbe = Middle Ages ‘When the Roman Empire was divided into Haste and Western parts in 395, Cyprus became part ofthe Hast Roman, or Byzantine Empire, and would remain so unl the Crusades some Soo years later. Under Bjyantne rule, the Creck orientation that Rad boon Prominent since antiquity develope the strong Hellenistie-Chrstian character that continues to bea hallmark of the Greek Cypriot community. Beginning in 649, Cyprus endured several attacks lnunched by raiders from the Levant, which continued for the next 00 yeas. ‘Many were quick praia! raids, but others were large-scale atacks in which many Cypzots wore slaughtered and great wealth ‘atried of or destroyed) Zaakran 049 hntipsifen wikipedia orgwikiCyprus 2120aneizezt (Cyprus - Wikipedia ‘Thore are no Byzantine churches which survive from tis period; thousands of people were killed, and many cities ~ such as Salamis ~ were destroyed and never rebuilt! 8yzantine rule was restored in 965, when Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas scored devise vietorie on land and sea.) Jn 191, during the Third Crusade, Richard 1 of Ragland captured the island fom Isaac Komaenos of Cyprus(] He used it ‘naj supply bate that was relatively safe fom the Saracen. A year ater Richard sold the island to the Knights Templar, ‘sho, lowing body revolt, nr ol it 9 Guy of asian hs brother eid scene Aimery was recoil as King of Cyprus by Henry Vi. Holy Roman pero) The Wale wees wor a lowing the death in 1479 of James I the lst Lusignan king, the Republic of Venice assumed eontol ofthe island, while the Tate king's Venetian widow, reigned as figurehead. Venice formally annexed the Kingdom of pe 1 owing he io of Cte 28 The enn ed Ny ulin he Wale of Nin Twat rin ingot commer Throughout Ventana the Ota Ele quel ded G Taal 1539 the Ottomans destroyed Limassol and so fearing the worst, the Venetians also fortified Famagusta and Kyrenia ‘Although the Lusignan French aristocracy remained the dominant cial class in Cyprus throughout the medieval period, the former assumption that Greeks were tected only ae serfeon the island) is no longer considered by academics to be accurate. Its now accepted that the medieval period saw increasing aumbers of Greck Cypriots elevated to the upper classes, 4 growing Greck middle ranks *) and the Lasignan royal household even marrying Greeks. This included King Job I of (Cyprus who married Helena Palsilogina/"21 Cyprus under the Ottoman Empire te vets " 13570, afill-scale Ottoman assault with 60,000 troops brought the island under Ottoman contol despite sti resistance by the inhabitants of Nicosia and Famagusta. Ottoman forces capturing Cyprus massacred many Greck and Armenian Christian inhabitants) The previous Latin lite wee deste an th ft sient derapie hanesne agit to lc with he formation of a Maly commun Sade who uh in the conquest settled on the island and Turkish peasants and eratsmen were brought tothe island from Anatolia This ew community aso inladed Danished Anatolian tribes, “undesirable” persons and members of various "roublesome” Muslim secs, s well asa number of new converts on the land 21 ‘The Ottomans abolished the fudal system previously in place and appli the millet system to Cyprus, under which nox Muslim peoples were governed by thelr ova teligious authorities, In a reversal from the days of Latin rule, the head ofthe Thurch of Cyprus was invested leader ofthe Greek Cypriot population and acted as mediator between Chestian Greek Grou and he lum ounce Ta stats ensured tht the Church of Cp wasn poston to end the constant encroachments of the Roman Catholic Choreh.2*l Ottoman rue of Cyprus was at times indifferent, at times oppressive, pening onthe texperamenis of the sums and loa fia, ad the ind began over a5 years of economic Secline Actuated throughout the period of Ottoman domination, In 1777-78, 47,000 Muslims Nees ran expo land's 37,000 Christians By 1872, the population ofthe island had risen to 144,000, suns msm arena n “The rato of Muslims to Christi constituted a majority over the ‘comprising 44,000 Muslins and 100,000 Christians U3! The Muslim population included numerous erypo-Chrisians,79) yon including the Lincbambal,« erypto-Catholie community’ that arose due to religious perseeution of the Cathoie commits by the Ortomaa authorities I this community would assimilate into the Turkish Cypriot community during Br ute) ‘Assoom asthe Greck War of Independence broke tn, several Gresk Cypriot let fo reset in the Greck ores, In respon the Oxaman governor of ‘Cyprus arrested and executed 486 prominent Greek Cypriots, including the Archbishop of Cyprus, Kyprianos, and four other bishops 91 In 1828, modern Gre’ president fons Kapdisiia calle fo union of Cyprus wth Gree, ad numerous minor uprising tok lace Reaetn to Otoman mise led to uprisings by both Grek an ‘Cypriots although none were succesfl_ ter eonturee of neler by the Ottoman Empire, the poverty of mest ofthe tromle and he everqesnt to electors aod Check mona, and by tow auth eau the ie ens or uson ith nowy independent Gece as firmly rooted among Greek Cypriots!) Under Ottoman rule, numeracy, schol enrolment and iteracy rates wer al low. They persisted sometime after Ottoman rule ended, and then increased rapidly uring the twentieth century 22 Cyprus under the British Empire Inthe aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878) and the Congtes of Berlin, Cyprus was leased to the British Bmpite whieh de acto ook overs adminsiation in 878 ough in tems of sneregty, Qos remained ade are Ottoman ory vl Novenbee 1914, tonether with Egypt and Sudan)? in exchange for guarantees that Bitain woud ase he sand as base to protec ‘the Ottoman Empire agains possible Rusian aggression 8) “The island would serve Britain esa key military base for its colonial rostes, By 1906, when the Famagusta harbour was completed, {Cyprus was a stategle naval outpost overlooking the Suez Canal, the crucial main route to Tadia which was then Britain's most important overseas poscession. Following the outbreak of dhe rst Workd War and the decision ofthe Ottoman Empire to join the ‘war on the side ofthe Central Powers, on § Novernber 1914 th British Fmpire formally annexed Cyprus and declared the Ortoman -Khodivateof Egypt and Sudaa a Sultanate and Bish protestorate 130) Jn 1915, Bian offered Cyprus to Greer, ued by King, Constantine [of Greve, on eondton that Gree join the war onthe side of the British, The offer was declined. In 1923, under the Treaty of Lausanne, the naseent Turkish republic relinquished any aim to {yprusltel and in 925 t was Godard «Brsh crown colony 1 During the Srond World War, any Greek and Turkish Cypts enlisted inthe Cyprs Regiment, ‘he Greek Cypriot population, meanwhile, had become hopefl that the British administration would Tea to enoss. The ew ‘of enosis was historically part ofthe Megali dea, a greater politcal ambition of a Greek state encompassing the territories ‘with Greek inhabitants in the former Oftomian Empire, including Cyprus and Asia Minor with «capital in Constantinople, fnd was aetvely pursued by the Cypriot Orthodox Chureh, which had ils members edueated in. Greece, These religous ‘il together with Greek etary offers and profesional, some of whom sil pursued the Mepal idea, wold iter found the cra cremation Et Orgnasis Kypron Agoniston or National Oration of GyptetMehee OKA) Al The Greek Cypriots viewed the island as historically Greek and believed that union with Greece was anataral right 21 n the 19505, the puss of ensis beeamea pac ofthe Greek national pole. 8) ‘ink pte somone fo “italy, the Turkish Cypriots favoured the continuation ofthe British rue] However, they were alarmed by the Greck (Cypriot calls or enoss ae they saw the union of Crete with Grsce, which ld tothe exodus of Cretan Tk, as «precedent to beavoided 1! and chey took a pro-partition stance in responce tothe militant sctvityof BOKA,°"| The Turkish Cypriots alo viewed themselves asa distinct cethnie group ofthe island and believed in their having a seperate right to selF-determinaion from Greck Cypriots!" Meanwhile, in the 19508, Turkish leader Menderes considered Cyprus an extension of Anatolia, rected the partition of Cyprus along echale lies and favoured the anntxaton ofthe whole island to ‘Turkey. Nationalist slogans centred on the ide that "Cyprus is Turkish” and the uling party declared Cyprus tobe a part ofthe Turkish homeland tha was vill hntipsifen wikipedia orgwikiCyprus 3120aneizezt (Cyprus - Wikipedia to its sccurty. Upon realising thatthe fact that the Turkish Cypriot population was only 20% of the islanders made Annexation unfeasible, the national poley was changed to favour partition. The slogan “Parition ot Death” was fequent om tse in Turkish Cypriot and Turkish protest starting in the late 1960s and continuing throughout the 1960s. Although ater the Ziich and London conferences Turkey seemed to accept the existence ofthe Cypriot state and to distance itself fom its policy of favouring the patton ofthe island, the goal ofthe Turkish and Turkish Cypriot leaders remained that ofeeatng lan independent Tuskch tte in the northern part ofthe sland") tn January 1960, the Church of Cyprus organised a referendum under the supervision of lerics and with no Turkish Cypriot participation £91 where 965 ofthe participating Greek Cypriots vled in favour of enois 21209 The Grecks were 80.2% ‘of the total islands population et the time (census 1940). Restricted autonomy under a constitution was proposed by he British administration but eventually rejected. In 1955 the EOKA organisetion was founded, seeking union with Greoce ‘through armed struggle. At the same tine the Turkish Resistance Organisation (TMT), calling for Taksim, or partition, was ‘stblished by the Turkish Cypriots as a counterweight GY British officals also tolerated the creation of the Turkish Underground organisation TMT. The Secretary of Sate forthe Colonies in eter dated 15 July 1058 had advised the (Governor of Cyprus nat to set against TMT despite ts legalsetions so as aot to haze Betis relations wit the Turkish government 2) Independence and inter-communal violence (00 16 August 1960, Cyprus attained independence after the Zitich and London Agreement between the Unite Kingdom, Greece and $urkg pr id tl population of 37,566 of whom sa2a38 (77390) were Greeks, 104,320 (18.2%) Turks, and 27308 (4.70) ‘others.2) The UK retained the two Sovereign Base Areas of Akroit ‘and Dhoklia, while government posts and public offices were rated by ethnie quotas, giving the minority Turkish Cypriots 4 Permanent” velo, 20% in pachament and. administration, and granting the three mothertates guarantor rights, However, the division of power as foresen by the constitution soon resalted in legal impasses and. discontent on both sides, and ‘ationlist miltants started training agai, withthe miltary support (of Greece and Turkey respectively. The Greek Cypriot leadership believed that the rights given to Turkish Cypriots under the 1960 constitution wore too extensive and designed the Ait plan, which ‘was aimed at reforming the constitution in favour of Greek Cypriots, strstr fps, Matava) ww ft ow paso of yp, Fark Kk persuading the international community about the eorretness of the ‘changes and violently subjoeting Turkish Cypriots ia a few tye ‘should they nt acept the pan.2H Tensions were heightened when Cypriot President Archbishop Mkarios If elled for ‘onattutional changes, which were rejected by Turkeyl20"-2° and opposed by Turkish Cypriots, Intercommunal violence erupted on 22 December 1963, when two Turkish Cypriots were killed at an incident involving the Greek Cypriot police. The violence resulted inte death of 364 Turkish and 74 Greek Cypriots) destruction of 109 Turkish {Cypriot oF mixed vilages and displacement of 5,000~20,000 Turkish Cypies. The criss resulted in the end of the Turkish ‘Cypriot involvement in the administration and their claiming that it had lost its legitimacy,/®°!5°-5° the nature of this event is sil controversial. In some areas, Greek Cypriots prevented Turkish Gyprcts fm travelling and entering government ‘bulings, wile some Turkish Cypriots wilingy withdrew dus tothe cls ofthe Turkish Cypriot administration 0! Turkish Pa 180 cere {Cyprots started living in enelave. The republic’ structure was changed, unilaterally, by Makarios, and Nicosia was divided ‘bythe Green Line withthe deployment of UNFICYP troops/20/3"-3 Jn 1964, Turkey threatened to invade Cyprus in response to the continuing Cypriot intereommunal violeee, bul this was stopped by a strongly worded telegram from the US President Lyndon B. Johnson on une, warning that the US would not sti "Turk incase of consequential Soviet invasion of Turk erty Mane by enon was Grech ply pd wuld not abandon: Makar ad th Grek pre intr Genin Ppa agreed that enoss shouldbe te timate ams and King Constantine wished Cyprus "a speedy union withthe mother country". Greece dispatched 10,000 oops to Cyprs to eountera possible Turkish invasion 29) 41974 coup, Turkish invasion, and division ‘on 45 July 1974, the Gres military junta under Dimitrios Toannides carried ott coup dat in Cyprs, to ute the island wth Greece IETS The coup ousted president Makarios It and replaced hit with pro~noss nationalist Nikos ‘Sampson 2 in esponse tothe couple days later, on 20 July 1974, the Turkish army invaded thenand, cing. aright intervene to restore the constitutional order from the 1960 Treaty of Guarantee. This jstifeation has been rejected by the —— United Nations and the international eommunity 28 ee ‘The Tui lr ores began bombing Greek poans in Cyprs, and hundreds of paratroopers were dropped in the aren faremute. won nad wn Detween Nicosia and Kyrenia, where wellarmied Turkish Cypriot enclaves had been long-established; while ofthe Kyrenia" rnus nan ‘coast, Turkish troop ship landed 6,000 men as wel a tanks trucks and armoured vehicles 4481 “Three days later, when a ceasefire had been agreed! Turkey had anded 30,000 troope on the jel and captured Kyrenia, the corridor linking Kyrenis to Nicosia, and the Turkish Cypriot quater of Nicosia itself! The junta in Athens, and then the Sampson regime ‘Cyprus el rom power. la Nicosia, lafkos Cesdes temporally assured the presidency Li But after the peace negotiations in Geneva, the Turkish goverment ‘elnforeed their Kyrenia bridgehead and started a second invasion on 1g August 71 The invasion resulted in Morphov, Karpas, Famagusta and the Messoria, ‘coming under Turkish contro ‘International pressure ed to a ceasefire, and by then 36% ofthe island had been taken over bythe Turk and 380,000 Greek Cypriots had been evicted from their ‘homes in the north 8 Ar the same time, aound 50,000 Turkish Cypriots were displaced tothe north end settled inthe properties of the displaced Greek Cypriots. Among a variety of sanctions against Turkey, in mid-97s the US Congress imposed an arms embargo on Turkey for using US-supplied equipment daring the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974081 There wee 1536 Greek Cypriotsll and go Turkish Cyprotl™! missing as «result of the fighting fom, 1963 01974. Post-division Ate the restoration of constitutional order and the return of Archbishop Makatios TI to Cyprus in December 1974, Turkish troops remained, occupying the northeaste portion of the island. I 1983, the Turkish Cypriot paviament, led by the Turkish Cypriot leader Rauf Denktay, procaimed the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNO), whichis recognised only by Turk. hntipsifen wikipedia orgwikiCyprus 4120aneizezt (Cyprus - Wikipedia ‘The events ofthe summer of 1974 dominate the poison the island, as well as Greco-Turkish relations ‘Turkish settlers have been setled in the north with the encouragement ofthe Turks and Turkish Cypriot States. The Republic of Cyprus considers their presence a violation of the Geneva Convention, 2919-9 ‘whilst many Turkish seters have since severed thei esto Turkey and thee second generation considers (Cyprus tobe their homeland 228) “The Turkish invasion, the ensuing occupation and the declaration of independence hy the TRNC have been condemaed by United Nation resolutions, whieh are reaffirmed bythe Security Counc every your 5) “tempts to resolve the Cyprus depute have continued, In 2004, the Annan Plan, drafted by the UN ‘Seeretry General Kofi Annan, was pt toa eferendum in both Noreen Cyprus and the Cypriot Repsble ‘65% of Turkish Cypriots voted in support of the plan and 74% Greek Cyprits voted against te pl lining hat disproportionate vou the Trish sellin ta ba the oes sted ‘sana Plan (001 May 2004 Cyprus joined the European Union, together with nine other counris 25] Cyprus was accepted into the EU azavwhol, although the EU legislation fs suspended in Northera Cyprus until anal settlement ofthe Cypeus problem, Efforts have been made to enhance feedom of movement between the two sides. In April 200g, Nosthera Cyprus unilaterally ‘ased border restrictions, permitting Cypriots to cross between the wo sides forthe fst time in go years! In March 12008, 4 wall thet had stood for decades atthe boundary between the Republic of Cyprus and the UN buffer zane was ‘demolished 27) "The wall had cut across Ladra Stes in the heart of Nicosia and was sen asa strong symbol ofthe island's ‘32-year division. On 3 April 2008, Ledra Street was reopened in the presence of Greek and Turkish Cypriot officials =") [Nozth and South relaunched unification talks in 2035," but these collapsed in 2017 94) "The European Union issued a warning in February 2019 that Cyprus, an EU member, was selling BU passports to Russian olgarlis, saying it would allow organise exime syndicates to afitrate the EU. Ip 2020 leaked documents revealed ‘wider range of former and current officials from Afghanistan, China, Dubs, Lebanon, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, keane and Vietnam who bought a Cypriot eitzenship prior to change ofthe law in July 20791021020 Cyprus and Turkey have been engaged in disput over theextent oftheir exclusive economic zones, ostensibly sparked by oll and gas exploration in the area 54) Geography ‘cyprus the third largest island inthe Mediterranean Se, after the Italian islands of Sly and Sardinia] (bth in terms of farea and population) tis also the wor’s Soth lagest by area and worle's sist largest by population. It measures 240 ‘Elometres (149 mi) long from end to end and 100 Klomeres (62 mi) wide at its widest post, with Turkey 75 lometes {47 mi) tothe north, Iles between latites 34 ad 36° N, and longitudes 32° and 35° ‘Other neighbouring terstoris include Syria and Labanon to the east (105 and 108 kilometres (65 and 67 mi, espectively), Israel 200 kilometres (124 mi) tothe southeast, Egypt g8o hlometres (246 ri) to the south and Greece to the northwest 280 kilometres (174 mi) to the small Dodecanesian island of Kastllorizo (Mepis), 400 kilometres (249 mi to Rhodes and ‘800 kilometres (497 mi tothe Greek mainland, Soures alternatively place Cyprin Europe, HSISE00] or Wastern Asia and the Middle East 889) “The physical reli ofthe island is dominated by two mountain ranges, the Troodos Mountsins and the smaller Kyrenia Range, nd the central plain they ‘encompass, the Mesaria, The Mesaoria plain is drained bythe Pedieos River, the longest on the island. The Troodos Mountains eover most of the southern and ‘western portions of the sland and account for roughly bal ts area, The highest point on Cyprs is Mount Olympus a 3,952 m (6,404 1, ose inthe centre of {he Twoodon range. The narrow Kyrenia Rang, extending slong the norser cosine, oteopessubeeantly les area and sevatons are lower, reaching & ‘masismum of 1,024 m (9,960). The island lies within the Anatolian Plate ‘Cyprus contains the Cyprus Mediterranean forests ecoregion lt had «2038 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 7.06/10, ranking it 59th eobally Ses Medieranenn res ‘ou of 272 counts, ically, the island is subdivided into four main segments. The Republi of Cyprs occupies the southern two-thids of tie and (3.74), The Toih Republic of Northern Cyprus escapes te nore thie (485%) andthe Unite Nations ‘controlled Green Line provides buffer zone that separates the two and covers 2.67% of the island. Las, two bases under Bets sovereignty ae located on the island: Akrotiel and Dhekelia, covering the remaining 2.74% Climate ‘Cyprus has a subtropical dimate ~ Mediterranean and semi-arid type (in the north-eastern part of the sland) ~ Kippen ‘late cassfeations Cea and BSH G14 with very mild winters (on the coast) and warm to hot summers. Snow is possible only in the Troodos Mouniain in the central part of island. Rain occurs mainly in wines, with summer being seneraly dy. ‘cyprus has one ofthe warmest climates in the Mediterranean pat ofthe European Union, The average annual temperature fon the coast is around 24 °C (75 "F) during the day and 1g °C (57 °F) at night. Generally, summers lst about eight months, ‘beginning in Apr with average temperatures of 21-23 °C (70~73 °F) during the day and 11~19 °C (52-59 "F) at ight, and ending in November with average temperstares of 22429 °C (92479 “F) duving the day and 12-14 °C (34-57 °F) a night, although inthe remaining four months temperatres sometimes exceed 20°C (68 °F) ‘Among al tes inthe Mediterranean part of the European Union, Limassol has one ofthe warmest winters, in the period “January ~ February average temperature i 17—18 °C (6~64 "F) during the day and 7-8 °C (45-46 °F) at night, in other ‘nasal loeatans in Cypeus is generally 16-17 °C (61-63 =) during the day and 6-8 °C (43-48 °F) at night. During March, imanol has average temperatures of 19-20 °C (6-68 °F) during the day and 9-11 °C (8-32 °F) at nigh in ober coastal locations in Cyprus is generally 17-19 °C (63-65 °F) during the dy and 8-10 °C (46-508) a night 4S) ‘Tho middle of summer is hot ~ in July and August on the coast the average temperature is usually around 33 °C (91 °F) ring the day and sround 22 °C (72 °F) at night Galand, inthe highlands average temperature exceeds 95°C (95 °)) while in the June and September on the ‘coast the average temperature is usally around 30 °C (86°) daring the day and around 20 °C (68 °F) at night in Limassol, while is usualy around 28 °C (82°F) Ahving the day and around 28°C (6 "a niga o Paphoe Large tations in temperate re rae nln temperatures ae more exteme, wth colder ‘winters and hotter summers compared with the cast of the island 8) ‘Average annual temperature of ea 21-29 °C (70~72 from 17°C (63°F) in February to 27~28 °C (88a °F) in August (ependng on the location). Es tot “7months~ from May to November ~ the average sea temperature exceeds 20°C (68 #9, 481 ‘Sunshine hon onthe coast are around 3,200 pe year, fom an average of 6 hours of sunshine per day in December to an average of 12—19 hours in July 1 ‘Ths about double that of ites the northern half of Europe; for comparison, London reeves abou 540 per year 42 In December, London receive about ‘50 hours of suashinl2 wile coastal locations in Cyprus about 180 hour almost as much asin May ia London) hntipsifen wikipedia orgwikiCyprus 520aneizezt (Cyprus - Wikipedia Water supply ‘Cyprus suifers from a chronic shortage of water. The coustry relies heavy on rain to provide household water, but inthe past ‘30 years average yeary precipitation has decreased. Between 2007 and 2004, exceptionally heavy annual rinfall pushed ‘water reserves up, with supply exceeding demand, allowing total storage inthe island's reservoirs to rise to an all-time high by the start of 2605. However, since then demand has increased annually ~ a result of lea! population growth, foreigners ‘moving vo Cyprus and the number of visting tourists ~ while supply has falen asa result of mote frequent doughs. 8) Dams remain the principal source of water both for domestic and agricultural use; Cyprus has «total of 107 dams (pls one ceurrently under construction) and reservoirs, with a total water storage capacity of about 390,000,000 m= {4.2 10° cu f0.491 Water desalination plants are gradvally being constructed to deal with reeent years of prolonged ‘rough. The Government has invested heavily inthe ereation of water derlintion plants which have supplied almost 50 pet ‘cent of domestic water since 2001. Efforts have aso been made to raise pubic awarenes of the situation and to encourage ‘domestic water users to ake more responsibilty fr the conservation ofthis increasingly sear commodity. “Turkey as built a water pipeline under the Mediterranean Sea from Anamur on its southern coast tothe northern cost of Cyprus, to supply Northera Cyprus ‘with potable and irgation water Gee Northern Cyprus Water Supply Projet. Politics ‘Cyprus isa presidential republic. The head of state and ofthe government i elected by a process of universal sufage for a fiveyear ter, Executive power i exercoed by the government with legislative power vestd in the Hause of Representatives ‘whit the Judiciary i independent of bots the executive and the legislature. ‘The 1960 Constitution provided for @ presidential ystem of government with independent executive lesative and judicial branches as well as. complex system of checks and balances inching a weighted power-sharing ratio designed to protect the interest ofthe Turkish Cypriots. The executive was led bya Greek Cypri resident anda Turkish Cypriot vice-president Presdertl Pees, Nes ‘lected by thelr respective communities fr five-year terms and each possessing aight of veto over certain types of legislation land executive deesion. Legislative power resied on the House of Representatives who were also elected on the basis of eparate voters rls Since 1965, following dashes between the two communities, the Turkish Cypriot seat inthe House remain vacant In 1974 Cypras was divided de facto when the “Turkish army occupied the northern third ofthe island. The Turkish Cypriots subsequently declared independence in 98 asthe Turkish Republi of Norther ‘Cyprus bat were recognised only by Turkey. In 1985 the TRNC adopted a constitution and held its first elections. The United Nations recognises the sovereignty ‘ofthe Republic of Cyprs over he entre island of Cyprus. “The House of Representatives curently has 59 members elected fora five-year tem, 56 members by proporional representation and 3 observer members representing the Armenian, Lain and Maronite minorities. 24 seats ate allocated to the Turkish ‘community but remain vacant sinee 1964. The politial environment is dominated bythe communist AKEL, the Iiberal conservative Democratic Rally, the centrist 1 Demoratie Party, the social-democratic EDEK and the centrist EURO KO. In 2008, Dimitris {Christofias beeame the ountr’s frst Communist head of state. Due to hs involvement in the 2013-¥g Cypriot financial ers, ‘Christofias didnot min for receeon i 2035, Tho Presidential election in 20 rented im Democratic Rally andte Niot ‘Anastasiades winning 57489 ofthe vote A a result, Anastasiades was swora in on and hes been president since 38 February 2013, ‘Anastsiades was re-lected with 36% of the vot inthe 2018 presidental election 102) Administrative divisions Limassol and Paphos 58) Exclaves and enclaves ‘Cyprus has four exclaves, alli trttory that belongs tothe British Sovereign Base Area of Dheklla. The frst two are the villages of Ormidhia and Xylotymwou. The thed the Dhekelia Power Stalin, whichis divided by a Hellsh road ito two parts The northern par isthe EAC refogee settlement. The southern part, even though located hy thee, i alo an exclave mn Iheeause it has n territorial waters of sown, those being UK waters 8) “The UN buffer zone runs up aginst Dhektia and picks up agin from its eastside off Ayios Nikolaos and i connected to the rest of Delis by a thin and oredor. In that sense the butler zone turns the Paralinn area onthe southeast corner of the {sland into ade facto, though nt de ure, exclave, Foreign relations “The Republi of Cyprus is a member ofthe following international groups: Australia Group, CN, CE, CFSP, EBRD, EIB, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, 1C, {TUC, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Iaterpal, JOC, 10M, IPU, ITU, IGA, NAM, NSC, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNECR, UNIDO, [UPU, WCL, WOO, WETU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTOJ=IEST hntipsifen wikipedia orgwikiCyprus 620