SMALL ARMS TRAINING

THEORY OF RIFLE FIRE.

(Unless otherwise stated the information given is

for a long rifle cartridge and a 022 B.S.A. Rifle).
The cartridge used in .22 rifles has a case mad_e of
brass. This Case has a rim at the base by which the
cartridge is positioned in the chamber and extracted by
the extractor. The p.ropellant charge consists of smoke­
less powder. The charge is ignited by a non-corrosive
non-mercuric primer which is forced into the recess of
the rim of the case and ignited when the firing pin strikes
the cartridge case and crushes the primer. vVhen the
charge is ignited, its expal13ion causes the walb of the
case to expand, thus sealing the chamber.
The bullet is pointed, made of lead, and weighs 40
grains. The advantage of the elongated bullet is that it
has greater weight in proportion to the surface directly
opposed to the air and is, therefore, better able to over­
come the resistance of the air. Retardation of its
velocity is lessened, and greater range
and striking power are obtained.
The barrel of the rifle is rified,­
spiral grooves (Fig. 1) cut down the
bore.
When a rifle is fired, certain factors
at once begin to act on the bullet:
Fig. 1. Before the bullet leaves the rifle.
(a) Force of the e:cplosion. When a cartridge is til'ed,
the gasses formed by the burning of the charge push the
3;~~
 34 SMALL ARMS TRAINING 35
DEFENCE TRAINING

bullet forward through the bore to the muzzle and out termined by the height of the table, the velocity of the
into the air, with a muzzle velocity of 1,100 feet per bullet and the area of that part of the bull ~.Lopposed to
second . the air. The time of flight would be determined by the
height of the table.
(b) R i fl ing. The grooves along the barrel produce a After 25 yards a bullet will have dropped approxim­
spinning motion in the bullet. This tends to keep the ately .475 inches; 50 yards-2.70 in.; 100 yards-13.25
nose foremost and to ensure steadiness in flight. It in.; 200 yards-66.37 inches .
enables an elongated bullet to be used and r esults in
(c) Wind. A head wind retards the bullet and more
greater accuracy and velocity.
elevation is required. A tail wind produces the opposite
(c) 111. O1Jem ent due to r ecoil. The force of the explosion effect. A side wind may, at 50 yards, blow a bullet up to
and the bullet forcing its way through the barrel set up a 3 inches sideways, at 100 yards up to 8 inches, at 200
vibratory motion . If a rifle barrel is rested or supported yards up to 36 inches.
other than by using the hand guard, the vibration may be 1. The axis of the
changed . If so, the rifle "vill not shoot the same for suc­ barrel (AB) is an
cessive shots.
~ A . ~- ~\ sH ing the centre of the
imaginary line follow­
NOTE: . Erratic shooting may be caused by an oily
barrel or cartridge. Fig. 2.
bore from breech to
muzzle.
After the bullet leaves the barrel. 2. The line of departure (BE) is the direction which
(a) R esistance of the air. This causes the velocity of the bullet takes immediately on leaving the muzzle. It is
the bullet to decrease rapidly. a continuation of the axis of the barrel.
(b) Gmvity. This acts on the bullet immediately it 3. The line of fire (BS) (not drawn) is; the direction of
leaves the muzzle, drawing it downward with increasin 2" the target from the muzzle.
speed.
4. The line of sight (LOS) is a straight line from the
These two factors cause the bullet to travel in a curved firer' s eye, through the sights to the point aimed at.
path, the fall of the bullet becoming steeper as the range . 5. The trajectory (BPH) is the curved path taken by a
increases. If a piece of ground were perfectly level and bullet in its flight.
horizontal and a bullet from a rifle were fired parallel and
even with a table and a bal! rolled off the edge of the 6. The culminating point (P) is the greatest height
table at the same time, both would reach the ground above the line of sight to which the bullet rises in its
at the same time, the ball by the table and the bullet a flight. This occurs a little beyond half the distance which
considerable distance from it. The distance would be de­ the bullet travels.
 36 DEFENCE TRAINING SMALL ARMS TRAINING 37

7. Ricochets are bullets 'which rebound and continue forefinger must not touch the trigger until the firer is in
their flight after striking the ground or any other object. the aiming position and ready to fire. The main parts of
8. E'lwvation. In order to allow for the fall of the the rifle are shown in the diagram above. .
bullet, it is necessary to direct the line of departure as
much above the object to be hit as the bullet will fall
during the time it takes it to reach the target. This is
called giving elevation. Sights are provided so the firer
may give the necessary elevation. (See Aiming In­
structions. )

® Fig. 4.

Fig. 0. Mechanism.
Parts of the rifle. Consider that the rifle has been loaded and fired. When
the lever is pulled down the upper"arm of the lever moves
1. Muzzle 10. Trigger guard to the rear in line with a slot in the breech block. This
2. Front sight 11. Real' sight movement of the lever forces the upper arm of the
3. Fore ~ight lever 12. Lever tumbler to the rear, and this arm in a slot in the firing
4. Barrel 13. Small of butt pin forces it to the rear, compresses still further the main
5. Front sling swivel 14. Butt spring and because of its leverage action transmitted to
6. Sling 15. Butt plate the breech block cause the front end of the breech block
7. Hand guard 16. Heel of butt to be lowered. At this stage the upper arm of the lever
8. Rear sling swi vel 17. Toe of butt is in the slot in the breech block. The front end of the
9. Trigger breech block strikes the lower arm of the extractor and
Descri pt ion. forcing it downward causes the upper arm to move to the
rear extracting and ejecting the cartridge case. At this
The rifle issued to Cadets for shooting is the B.S.A.. point the bent on the tumbler has become engaged with
No.8. It is a single shot rifle (no magazine) and weighs the seal' of the trigger. By this engagement the tumbler
8 lbs. There is no safety catch and once the rifle is is held with its upper arm to the rear. This in turn holds
loaded it must be kept pointed towards the butts. The the firing pin to the rear. The indicator which is attached
38 DEFENCE TRAINING SMALL ARMS TRAINING 39

to the forward end of the tumbler is held in the upper from the muzzle with the breech closed. If not, the jag
position and so projects above the breech block when it or brush may be pushed up the groove on the top of the
is closed. breech block and bent or broken.
When the lever is closed, the upper arm moves forward Saftipaste may be used instead of oil when cleaning
and forces the breech block upward. When the lever is and oiling the bore. Occasionally it may be necessary to
fully closed the upper arm locks the breech block from use a bristle brush to remove lead. When so used the
opening. brush should be oiled.
When the trigger is pressed, the bent is released from If the ammunition used is not as described above the
the sear. The tumbler is allowed to rotate downward following procedure should be followed immediately
and forward. This ailows the main spring to drive the firing has been completed.
firing pin forward . The firing pin strikes the rim of the 1. Clean with patches until the last comes out clean.
cartridge, causing the ignition of the charge. At the
same time the indicator is lowered showing the rifle is 2. Oil as above or use saftipaste.
NOTES: 1. Make sure that the rod, jag, brush, etc.,
not cocked.
are free from grit and dust and not bent.
Cleaning. 2. If a rifle has been oiled or softipaste used, dry the
The ammunition supplied by the Department of barrel before firing it.
National Defence for .22 rifles leaves a deposit in the Loading and unloading. , )
bore which protects it and prevents rust. This deposit 1. Loading. Hold the rifle with the left hand by the
should not be removed by cleaning or oiling the bore hand guard. With the right hand pull down the lever
except for inspection or storage. After such an inspec­ which is on the under side of the rifle to the rear of the
tion, the bore should be oiled until the rifle is again re­ trigger guard. Pick up a cartridge with the right hand,
quired for shooting, when it should be dried. If it should slide it down the cartridge groove on the top of the breech
become necessary to clean the bore, proceed as follows: block and with the thumb push it fully forward into the
(1) Clean with dry flannelette-114" x 2". chamber. Pull up the lever and make sure it is fully

-
(2) Pour four pints of clean boiling water through the
bore from breech to muzzle. Use a special funnel
to keep the mechanism dry.
closed. If it is not, a misfire may occur.
2. Unloading. When the lever is pulled down the for­
ward end or the breech block is lowered. Just before its
(3) Dry the bore immediately with flannelette until motion is completed it strikes the lower arm of the ex­
the patches come out clean. tractor. This causes the upper arm to extract the cart­
ridge and eject it. Unless the lever is vigorously lowered
(4) Oil the bore with a flanelette patch Va" x 2".
to its full extent, extraction and ejection will not take
If a cleaning rod is used with a jag or a brush, clean place.
 41
40 DEFENCE TRAINING SMALL ARMS TRAINING

3. Care. (a) Opening and closing the lever and then one-half minute and a change of one minute (2 clicks)
pressing the trigger of an unloaded rim fire rifle should makes a change of 1 inch on a target at 100 yards. Thus
never be permitted. Such practice will result in the one click at 25 yards makes a change of 1/s of an inch on
firing pin damaging the chamber mouth and so de­ the target.
stroying the rim support that is so necessary in a rimfire The sights on the rifles issued are 28 inches apa'rt.
rifle, if the primer is to be properly crushed when the Because of this 2 clicks on either scale do not make a
rifle is fired. change of exactly 1 minute.
At 20 yards, 1 click makes a change of approximately
,(b) When it is necessary to close the breech block at
the conclusion of firing, the lever should be held down, ~-inch on the target; 25 yards, n-inch; 50 yards, l-inch;
the trigger pressed and held. while the lever is then care­ 100 yards, n-inch; 200 yards, H --inch.
The approximate number of clicks required in chang­
fully closed. The trigger should not be released until the
ing from 25 yards to 50 yards is 5; from 50 yards to 100
lever is fully closed.
yards, 15; from 100 yards to 200 yards, 35.
Sight setting. The graduations on the elevating slide (5 minutes
each) used with the graduation on the pillar make a
Rifles are equipped with adjustable sights, so accurate
Vernier scale, and provide for single minutes and half-
shooting may take place at various ranges and under
different conditions of wind, light, etc. minutes of elevations.

Elevation. Reading the elevation scale.

The elevating screw imparts a Large cardboard models should be used at first.

vertical movement to the elevat­ Locate the "0" on the elevat­

10 10
ing slide which carries with it the ing slide with reference to the
10

eye piece. Before moving the scale on the pillar. If, as in

60 60

elevating screw it is necessary to Fig. 1, it is exactly opposite .. .. ..

loosen the eye piece and to tighten 10, the elevation is 10 min­ 10 10
20
it after an adjustment has been utes. If, as in Fig. 2, the
0:
made. Be careful not to move "0" on the elevating slide is I1\Mln
IO/4ln13"""
no 3
the revolving disc. Turning the above 10, but below 15 the rle I 2. riO

elevating screw to the right or elevation is somewhere be- Fig. 6

Fig. 5. tween 10 and 15 minutes. In
clockwise raises the sight and
causes the shot to strike higher; to the left, lowers the such case, count up the number of divisions on the elevat­
sight. When the elevating screw is turned, clicks can be ing slide calling the one above "0" 11, the next 12, etc.,
felt. With sights which are 36 inches apart, one click is until you reach a place where one of the lines on the
 42 DEFENCE TRAINING SM.ALL ARMS TRAINING 43
elevating slide coincides with one on the pillar. In fig. 2, has been moved to the right and the reading is 21;2
this is 13 and the elevation is 13 minutes. If the "0" minutes right. Read from right to left.
came between 15 and 20 the line above the "0" would be
calIed 16, etc. THE RULES OF AIMING.
Sometimes lines do not coincide as in Fig. 3. If so, two 1. Keep the backsight upright.
of the lines on the elevating slide will come between two 2. Close the left eye.
of the lines on the pillar. If the elevating slide were 3. Look at the target. Focus on it.
moved 1 click down (left) the lines would coincide at 17 4. Centre the foresight in the aperture.
on the elevating slide. Since the original adjustment was 5. Direct the sights at the bottom centre of the hemis­
one click (one-half minute) higher, the elevation was phere aiming mark or centre the aiming mark in the
17% minutes. aperture foresight, if a round aiming mark is used. In
both cases the rifle is aimed at the centre of the target.
Deflection or windage.
The sight is moved sideways by the windgauge screw. Aiming. '1

There is nothing to loosen or tigbten when using it. The backsight on the rifle issued to Cadets for target
Turning the ~crew forward moves the sight to the right practice is of the aperture type. It has a movable disc
and results, when a proper aim is taken in the bullet which allows the use of 6 different sized apertures. A
striking to the right of the previous shot. Turning it to larger aperture is required on a dull day than on a bright
the rear moves it to the left and causeg the shot to go to day. The third, and fourth largest sizes are satisfactory
the left. This screw operates by clicks, each being one­ for most conditions. If in doubt regarding the size of
half minute. aperture to use, always choose the larger. Poor shooting
will result from too small an aperture-eye strain and
Reading the windgauge.
difficulty in defining the target. It should be realized
A Vernier scale is used in reading the windguage. It that these apertures do not line up exactly the same and
differs from the elevating that it is necessary to sight the rifle for each aperture

fY+b~*
gauge in that the smaller which is to be used.
divisions are on the bed. There are 2 foresights on this rifle-a blade which is
Zero Jilin un
Fie '-0 FIOl
n".,R1flll
F'lGJ Fig. 1 represents the wind­ used when the aiming mark is a semi-circle and a ring,
Fig. 7. gauge at O. In Fig. 2, the or aperture which is used with the fulI circle aiming
sight has been moved to the mark. A small lever on the right side changes them.
left and the windgauge reads 3 minutes left. In reading In aiming, close the left eye, keep the right eye about
for a left movement of the sight read from left to right 1% inches from tbe aperture and focus on the target. If
i.e., from the location of the left "0" toward the right yOU focus on the target and the front sight, as you should,
counting the lines on the bed scale. In Fig. 3 the sight the rear sight will blur. Centre in the blur. Soon, no
 44 SMALL ARMS TRAINING 45
DEFENCE TRAINING

effort will be required to properly locate the foresight in A hole about .lu" is punched exactly in the centre of a
the aperture. The cheek must rest on the butt of the rifle target. The instructor holds this to his eye with the
. to support the eye. target side towards the

~
;:;.
Move the rifle until the blade of the foresight is mid­ Cadet. Parts of the card
way in the aperture and exactly half way up in it. Move not required may be cut
the mu~zle of the rifle upward until the blade of the away. Have the target .' ,...:

foresight appears to just touch the bottom of the aiming about 2 feet from the
.
~
... ,,­
...
.~-:

mark, and is equally distant from each edge of it. With muzzle. Have the Cadet
a ring foresight, the ring is centred in the aperture of aim and state when he is
the backsight and the aiming mark centred in the "on". The breech shou~d
aperture of the foresight. be open during such Fig. 10.
The rifle must be kept vertical to ensure accurate practice.
shooting. Common faults in aiming and their effects.
Before a Cadet is permitted to fire a rifle he should 1. Inaccurate centring of foresight in aperture. If
prove that he is able to take a correct aim. There are
high in the aperture, the shot will be high. If to the left
two methods of
the shot will be to the left, etc.
doing this. The 2. Inaccurate centring of foresight with aiming mark.
rifle may be sup­
If the foresight is to the left of the centre, the shot will be

Q
ported on an aim­
left, etc.
ing rest, a target
put up and the
perlur·o
(l.~::
Aim/flg
Cadet required to
AIMINel I DIsc
aim the rifle. A (+In)
simple aiming rest
.
can be constructed Correct Aim fore$igtlt no! centred Foreslg", nol centred.
Fig. 8. in A.perture. SitiQWOYS on aiming marl< .
of three sticks and
Shot wlfl Oe low SlIor will Of (eft

OQ
a bag of sand as illustrated in Fig. 8.
Aimr.n9
Marl< i)

The instructor should first lay a cor­

rof/~.,
rect aim, and after the Cadet has ob­

served it, he should lay one.

-
An aiming disc may also be used. fort$ /gflf rtOf fOUCflln9
aiming mar/{
Rlne canted fa Ie".
SfIOrwlll 0.10" I.ft
Correcr Aim

If one is not available the substitute Fig. 11.

below may be made. Fig. 9. CORRECT AND INCORRECT AIMS

46 DEFENCE TRAINING SMALL ARMS TRAINING 47

3. Having the foresight in the aiming mark; the shot rifle at the small of the butt. The first finger is
will be high. NOT on the trigger but along the outside of the trigger
4. Leaving a space between the foresight and the aim­
ing mark; the shot will be low.
5. Inclining the rifle. If the backsight is inclined to
the left, the shot will be low left, etc.
6. Looking at the sight rather than the aiming mark;
The aiming mark will be blurred and the shots will not
be in the same spot.

Fig. 13.

guard. The rifle is pointing in the direction of the target

ready to be brought to the shoulder. If a sling is
used, it will be around the left arm. If the sling is to be
used the rifle is held by the right hand with the sling
hanging down from the rifle. The left hand and arm are
put through the space between the rifle and the sling
until the sling is above the elbcw. Then the left
hand is brought back and to the left and over the sling.
The rifle is then grasped by the left hand at the point of
Fig. 12.
balance. When ready
LYING POSITION
to fire the rifle is
brought to the right
Firing instructions.
shoulder with the
The lying position is the one generally used. The body butt held tightly
is oblique to the line of fire (about 30°). The legs are against the muscle
apart and the heels down. (Fig. 12). Both elbows are at the junction of the
on the ground. The left arm is extended and holds the shoulder and arm.
rifle at the point of balance. The right hand grasps the Both elbows are kept Fig. 14.
48 DEFENCE TRAINING SMALL ARMS TRAINING 49

on the ground. The rifle is held firmly with both hands put the first joint of the forefinger on the trigger.
and tightly to the shoulder. The cheek is rested on the Squeeze the small of the butt with the whole hand. With­
butt with the right eye out relaxing the grip, restrain the breathing, and com­
about 11;2 inches from plete the pressure on the trigger.
the sight.
Snapshooting.
Firing.
Close the left eye, To hit an enemy appearing suddenly for a few seconds,
and place the first finger it is necessary to fire one or two shots q.uickly. Speed in
on the trigger. Take firing and reloading may enable a second shot to be fired
a big breath, let most before the enemy disappears. This is termed "snap­
of the air out of your · shooting". For practice, use aiming discs giving the
order "Fire".
lungs, hold your breath,
aim and press (do not Rapid fire.
jerk) the trigger. Fol- Fig. 15.
low through with yourjjjj KNEELING POSIT:ON
Rapid fire is the maximum effort of the rifleman, and
aim. That is, continue to look at the t.arget for one or two is only required for short but critical periods. For this
seconds after you have shot. In returning to the loading reason it is necessary to practice until a high standard
position, and during loading the left elbow should not is reached. For practice, use aiming discs. Rifles should
not be on aim and the commands "Fire" and "Stop" used.
be moved.
Trigger pressing.
Unless the trigger is STANDING ORDERS AND RANGE DISCIPLINE.
pressed correctly, bad
shooting will result. Standing orders-outqoor.
Physical fitness with de­ A red flag should be hoisted on the pole on the stolJ
termination and good butt when firing is taking place or about to take place.
n e r v e - con t r 0 I, are If necessary, look-out men will be placed.
essential. Only one pres­
sure is required to fire Standing orders-indoor and outdoor.
the rifle. After the rifle 1. A red flag will be hoisted at the firing point when
has been loaded, raise anyone is in advance of or going to advance in front of
the butt into the should­ the firing point. During this time, rifles with breeches
Fig. 16. er. With the rifle now open, must be laid on the mound and everyone must
SITTING POSITION
in the aiming position, stand clear of the firing mound.
50 DEFENCE TRAINING RANGE PRACTICES AND COMPETITIONS 51

2. Weapons must never be pointed in any direction RANGE PRACTICES AND COMPETITIONS.
except towards the butts. Targets.
3. No one except the firers, the instructors and the

@)~
officers on duty will be allowed on the firing point.
4. All rifles must be inspected before they are removed /-, ~,.
from the firing point.
5. No rifle shall be loaded without orders from the
superintending officer, and only on the firing mound and
when the firer is ready to aim.
6. No range shall be used unless there is a responsible
Dimensions, Scoring, etc.
~ \~~

Fig. 17.

DIAMETER OF RING
•
officer in charge.
Value 100 yarc!s 50 yards 20-25 yards Army targets
10 ' 2 in . .89 in. .335 in. 4-.625 in.
Range discipline. 9 4 in. 1.89 in . .835 in. 3-1.25 in.
8 .................. 6 in. 2.89 in.
1.335 in. 2-2.5 in.
1. The officer in charge should explain the practice. 7 .................. 8 i 'l.
0.89 in . 1,835 in. 1-4. in .
6 .................. 10 in. 4.89 in. 2.335 in.

2. Details should be formed up immediately behind the 5 .................. 12 in. 5.89 in.
2.835 in.
firing point.
A card is the entire sheet of paper or cardboard at
3. When ready an order, such as, "Assume the lying' which the shots are fired.
position and aim" should be given. A target is an aiming mark and the scoring rings.
4. When all are ready give any necessary instructions There may be one or more targets on a card. The value
and "load" or "load and fire when ready". of a shot is decided by the location of the edge of the
shot hole nearest to the centre. If it cuts a line the
5. When the practice has been completed, rifles should higher value is given. If there is any doubt, a plug gauge
be on the mound with breeches open and the command, is used and if the flange of the gauge touches the line the
"Stand Clear" given. higher value is given. A magnifying glass is sometimes
6. Give the following orders as required: necessary in determining the value of a shot and whether
two or more shots have apparently gone through the same
(a) "Red Flag Up". hole. When 5 targets are on one card, 2 shots are fired
(b) "Change Targets". at each; 2 on one card, 5 at each; and 1 on a card, 10 are
(c) "Red Flag Down". fired at it. Two types of aiming marks are used, semi­
(d) "Next detail, to the firing point, quick march" . circle and full circle. The semi-circle is used at 20 yards
 DEFENCE TRAINING flANGE PRACTICES AND COMPETITIONS 53
52

and 25 yards and the full circle at 50 yards and longer !'TOTES For practices 1-6 inclusive while time is not a
ranges. factor, Cadets should be trained to fire each shot in not
It is advisable to have beginners shoot at a range of more than 30 seconds.
10 yards and to gradually move back to 20 yards, etc., as In rapid fire the 10 rounds are to be fired in 90 seconds.
their success warrants. A sand bag or a bag filled with One round may be loaded but the rifle may not be on aim
paper should be used as a rest for beginners. The fore· until the order to fire is given.
arm and back of the left hand only should rest on the In snapshooting 4 seconds is allowed for each shot. The
bag. (See lying position). Both elbows remain on the rifle may be loaded but not on aim.
ground. The short range and the use of the bag result in
Cadets should not be permitted to fire Practice No.2,
accu~'ate shootirig which in turn produces confidence, so
etc., until the minimum score for No.1 has been obtainea.
necessary in shooting.
In application practices, the object of the firer is to hit
the centre of the target by altering his sights, not his
Range practices and coaching. point of aim. A change of sights should not be made for
Definite range practices to be fired annually by Cadets o~e shot unless the firer's past grouping results indicate
are not at present laid down by the Department of Na­ that such a shot would be outside his probable group. If
tional Defence. The following course is suggested. two or three shots are off but in the same vicinity the
Practice and grouping. M.P.I. (mean point of impact) should be the point used in
No. Practice Target Range Rounds Detail Minimum Score adjusting sights. After the grouping stages have been
1 Grouping ~ Army 10 5 Lying (rest) all on target passed, spotting with a telescope or field glasses should
4 in 1" circle)
be done first by the Instructor and later by the Cadet. He
2 " .
1
" 10 5 Lymg all on target
(4 in 1" circle) should, from that stage onward keep a shot by shot
"
Army 15 10 " (4 in 1" circle) record of each shot fired. This includes marking and
3 " ";c on each target
(4 in 1" circle) numbering the location of each shot, and keeping a
4 " " 20 10
" on each target record of the elevation and windage and any changes in
5 Application " 20 10" 30 them. Targets should be
6 " Ii bulls 20 10" 80 examined and discussed
7 Rapid Army 20 10" 30
8 Snap Shooting" 20 10" 30 after each detail has fired.
In grouping, the object of the firer is to hold and aim Ammunition blocks as il­
the rifle and to press the trigger without varying lustrated (Fig. 18) should
the point of aim, so the shots form a small com­ be provided. When there
pact pattern. In the early stages the firer should be is more than one target
trained to declare his point of aim, if he is of the opinion on a card it is advisable Fig. 18.

that his aim was not correct when he fired. to train Cadets to fire in a definite order. With a 2-target

54 DEFENCE TRAINING RANGE PRACTICES AND COMPETITIONS 55

card 5 shots should be fired on the left target and then Problems
five on the right. With a 5-target card, two shots are 1 . State the uses of the rim of th e cartridge.
fired on each-upper left, lower left, centre, upper right, 2. What are the advantages of an elongated bullet?
lower right. 3. \Vhat factors act on a bullet?
Before the practices are commenced it is essential that (a) before it leaves the barrel.
the sighting of weapons should be checked for direction (b) after it leaves the barrel.

Explain each of the above.

and elevation. This is termed zeroing.

4. Define: (a) axis of the barrel.
Good coaching at the firing point is necessary in order
(b) line of departure.
to train the Cadet to become an efficient shot. The fol­ (c) line of sight.
lowing points should be watched constantly, position, (d) trajectory.
holding, trigger pressing, breathing, following through, (e) culminating point.
unloading and loading. 5. Define elevation.
When coaching or spotting, the 6. How do you know when a .22 B. S . A. is cocked?
12 most satisfactory procedure is to 7. Describe the cleaning of a rifle after firing ammunition
which is not known to be non- corrosive.
describe the location of a shot as if
IQ 8. What forbidden action is liable to damage a rim fire rifle?
the target were a clock with 12 9. How do you close the breach so the rifle will not be cocked?
o'clock at the top of the target. In 10. Which way do you turn the elevating screw to ('a use the shot
the drawing, shot No 1 is a five at to strike higher on the target?
5 o'clock; No 2 a seven cutting the U. Which way do you turn th e windgauge screw to caURe the
shot to go to the right?
line at half-past three; No 3 a ten 12. If a rifle has a sight base of 36" and the sight is moved 1
Fig. 19. at 6 o'clock. minute what will be the change on the target at 100 yards?
Since rifles differ in feel, trigger pressure, etc., it is 1:3. \Vhat is the lengt!1 of the sight base of a .22 B.S.A. rifle?
advisable to have a Cadet always use the same rifle. 14. A cadet is shooting at 20 yards. The instructor who is
When outdoor firing takes place, the direction and spotting, advises him that his shot is a 6 at half past four.
\\That change or changes should be made in his sights?
strength of the wind must be considered. 15. What are the rules of aiming?
In cases of inaccurate shooting watch for the causes, ] 6. What effect does canting a rifle to the left have on the
some of which are: shot?
(a) Incorrect holding, aiming or trigger pressing. 17. If an approximate aim has teen taken desc ribe the sequence
(b) Lack of control and determination. which follow·s.
(c) Failure to restrain breathing. J8. (a) What is rapid fir e?
(b) When is snap shooting used '?
(d) Gun-shyness-flinching.
] 9. Define: (a) grouping.
(e) Difficult weather conditions.
(b) application.
(f) Fault in the rifle-loose sight, loose screws, etc. I'" 20. Name the causes of inaccurate shooting.
(g) Foresight not vertical.
'I