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MATRIX OPERATIONS

1 PRESENTED
BY
MRS DJANKOU PRISCILLE
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Overview
 Importance
 Learning outcomes

 Assessment criteria

 Introduction

 Examples

 Exercise

 Summary

 References

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 Importance

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Matrix are essential in solving problems in the engineering field. For
example, it is a tool used in connection with linear transformation,
linear equation, system of differential equations and so on. It is
equally vital in calculating forces, vectors, masses, tension and other
factors that must be accounted for to ensure safe and resource
efficient structure.

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 Learning Outcomes

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By the end of this session, you should be able to understand the
following:
 Definition of a matrix

 Addition and multiplication of matrix.

 Transpose of a matrix

 Matrix inversion

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 Introduction

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Consider the following simultaneous equation:
𝑥+𝑦 =2
4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5
In matrix notation this equation can be written as
1 1
4 2
Note:
i. The numbers within a matrix are called an array.
ii. The coefficient forming the array are called the elements of the
matrix.
iii. The number of rows in a matrix is often specified by m
iv. The number of columns in a matrix is often specified by n. 5
 Note: A given matrix is referred as an ′𝑚 𝑏𝑦 𝑛′ matrix.

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2 −3 4
 The above matrix is a 2 by 2 matrix while is 2 by 3 matrix.
1 5 7
Addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrices
2 −3 7 −2
 Example: Add the matrices and
1 6 4 0
 Adding corresponding elements gives
2 −3 7 −2 2 + 7 −3 − 2 9 −5
+ = =
1 6 4 0 1+4 6+0 5 6
2 −3 4 4 −1 2
 Example: Subtract from
1 5 7 −6 8 3
4 −1 2 2 −3 4 4 − 2 −1 − −3 2 − 4 2 2 −2
 − = =
−6 8 3 1 5 7 −6 − 1 8−5 3−7 −7 3 −4
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−3 0 2 −1
 Exercise: Subtract from
7 −4 −7 6
Multiplication of matrices
2 −1
Example: Evaluate 3A whereby A=
−7 6
3(2) 3(−1) 6 −3
Solution: 3A= =
3(−7) 3(6) −21 18
2 −3 7 −2
Exercise: Evaluate 2A-3B whereby A = and B=
1 6 4 0
Note: Multiplication of two matrices is obtained by multiplying
corresponding rows with corresponding columns
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 2 −3 7 −2
Example: Determine 𝐴 × 𝐵, whereby A = and B=

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1 6 4 0
𝐶11 𝐶12 2 7 + −3 4 2 −2 + −3 0
Solution: 𝐴 × 𝐵 = =
𝐶21 𝐶22 1 7 + 6(4) 1 −2 + 6(0)
2 −4
=
31 −2
Example:

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Exercise:

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Transpose of a matrix
The transpose of a matrix is obtained by writing the rows as
columns:
2 5 −7
Example: Find the transpose of the matrix 𝐴 = 3 −2 4
8 1 9
2 3 8
Solution: 𝐴𝑇 = 5 −2 1
−7 4 9 9
 Matrix inversion

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 Note: Unit matrix is the one whereby all elements in the leading
diagonal are equals to 1 and the rest of elements are zero.
1 0
 For a 2 by 2 matrix, we have 𝐼 =
0 1
𝑎 𝑏
 Note: The determinant of a 2 by 2 matrix is given by
𝑐 𝑑
𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐.
1 −3
Example: Determine the value of
5 4
Solution: 1(4)−5 −3 = 12.
Note: The inverse of a matrix 𝐴 of a matrix denoted 𝐴−1 is a matrix
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such that 𝐴 × 𝐴−1 = 𝐼
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 Summary

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We have studied the following:
 Definition of a matrix

 Addition and multiplication of matrix.

 Transpose of a matrix

 Matrix inversion

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References
 Bird, OJ. 2010. Higher Engineering Mathematics. 7th ed.

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