SWINBURNE’s test on DC Shunt Motor

SWINBURNE’S TEST ON D.C SHUNT MOTOR

AIM: To conduct Swinburne’s test on DC machine to pre-determine efficiency

when the machine is working as a generator and a motor without actually loading
the machine and to draw its performance curves.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fuse Rating;

125% of rated current=

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name Type Range Qty

1 Ammeter MC (0-5)A 1
2 Ammeter MC (0-2)A 1
3 Voltmeter MC (0-300)V 1
4 Rheostat WW 250Ω/1.6A 1
5 Fuse wire TCC 1
6 Tachometer Digital 1

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 SWINBURNE’s test on DC Shunt Motor

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC MOTOR Rating STARTER Rating

KW Serial No
Armature voltage HP
Field Voltage Volts
Max Speed Amperes
Type of duty
Armature Current
Field Current
Serial Number
Insulation class

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Keeping motor field rheostat in minimum position supply is taken.
3. Close the SPST switch.
4. Move the starter handle from it’s OFF position to ON position.
5. The motor picks up speed and runs.
6. Adjust the field rheostat such that the machine attains rated speed.
7. Open the SPST switch to note down the readings of line current, field
current and voltage.

OBSERVATIONS:

Field No-load
Voltage,
S.No. Current, current,
V (Volts)
If (Amps) Io (Amps)

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AS A GENERATOR

Load Armature Constant Total Input Output

%Efficiency
S.No Current Current Loss, Loss =Output = V x IL
IL(Amps) Ia(Amps) W0(Watts) Ia2 Ra +losses (Watts)

AS A MOTOR:

Load Armature Constant Total Output Input

Sl %Efficiency
Current Current Loss Loss =Input = V x Il
No.
Il(Amps) Ia(Amps) W0(Watts) Ia2 Ra -losses (Watts)

FORMULAE USED:

Assume: IL0=Il0 and IL=Il

As A Generator:
IL0= No-Load current
Ia0= Armature current at No-load.
IL= Full load current/ Rated load current.
Ia= Full load armature current.
Ia0 = IL0 + If
2
Constant Loss W0 = V*IL0 - Ia0 Ra
2
Armature Copper loss, Wc = Ia Ra
Ia = IL + If
Total Losses = Wc + W0
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Generator output = V*IL

% Efficiency  = [Output / (Output + Losses)]*100
As A Motor:

Il0= Line current at No-load.

Ia0= Armature current at No-load.
Il= Line current at Full load/ Rated load current.
Ia= Armature current at Full load.

Ia0 = Il0 - If
2
Constant Loss W0 = VIl0 - Ia0 Ra
Ia = Il - If
2
Armature Copper loss Wc = Ia Ra
Total Losses = Wc + W0
Motor Input = V*Il
Efficiency  = [(Input – Losses) / Input] x 100

Note: Use these formulae and calculate efficiency separately for all the tabulated
values.

MODEL GRAPH:
A graph is drawn with efficiency on the Y-axis and output power on X-
axis for motor as well as the generator.

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PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections must be tight.
2. SPST Switch should be opened before noting down meter readings.
3. Experiment must be conducted the rated speed.
4. All meter readings are to be noted without parallax error.

RESULT: Swinburne’s test on DC machine was conducted and the efficiency of

DC machine when working as generator and motor was found and its performance
curves were plotted.

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 SWINBURNE’s test on DC Shunt Motor

SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM: To control the speed of the dc shunt motor using
1. Armature resistance control
2. Field current control

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
S1

APPARATUS:

S.No Name Type Range Qty

1 Ammeter MC (0-2)A 1
2 Voltmeter MC (0-300)V 1
250Ω/1.6A 1
3 Rheostat WW
18Ω/5A 1
4 Fuse wire TCC 2
5 Tachometer Digital 1

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NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC MOTOR Rating STARTER Rating

KW Serial No
Armature voltage HP
Field Voltage Volts
Max Speed Amperes
Type of duty
Armature Current
Field Current
Serial Number
Insulation class

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Initially armature rheostat is kept in maximum resistance position and field
rheostat in minimum position.

Armature resistance control:

1. Field current is set to a fixed value using field rheostat.
2. By varying the resistance from maximum position in the armature circuit,
note down the voltage across the armature and corresponding speed.
3. Repeat the same with another constant value of field current.

Field Current Control

1. Adjust the voltage across the armature to a particular value using the
armature rheostat.
2. Vary the field current, note down the field current and the
corresponding speed.
3. Repeat the above procedure for another value of armature
voltage.

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OBSERVATIONS:

(i) Armature Voltage Control:

If1 = If2 = If3 =

Armature Speed Armature Speed Armature Speed
S.No.
Voltage N (rpm) Voltage N (rpm) Voltage N (rpm)
Va ( Volts) Va ( Volts) Va ( Volts)

(ii) Field Control method:

Va1 = Va2 = Va3 =

Field Speed Field Current Speed Field Speed
S.No.
Current N (rpm) If (A) N (rpm) Current N (rpm)
If (A) If (A)

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MODEL GRAPHS:

1) A graph is drawn between field current and speed.

2) A graph is drawn between the armature voltage and speed.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections must be tight.
2. Readings are to be noted without parallax.
3. Before making or breaking connections, supply must be switched off.

RESULT: The speed of the dc shunt motor was controlled by using,

1. Armature resistance control and
2. Field current control methods.

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 SWINBURNE’s test on DC Shunt Motor

Open Circuit Characteristics and Load Characteristics of

Separately Excited Dc Generator

AIM: To obtain Open circuit and load characteristics on a DC separately excited

generator.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

APPARATUS:

S.No Name Type Range Oty

1 Ammeter MC (0-1)A 1
2 Voltmeter MC (0-300)V 1
210Ω/1.8A 1
3 Rheostats WW
250Ω/1.6A 2
3 Fuse wire TCC
4 Switch SPST
5. Tachometer Digital

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NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC GENERATOR Rating DC MOTOR Rating STARTER Rating

KW KW S.No
Armature voltage Armature voltage HP
Field Voltage Field Voltage Volts
Max Speed Max Speed Amperes
Type of duty Type of duty
Armature Current Armature Current
Field Current Field Current
Serial Number Serial Number
Insulation class Insulation class

PROCEDURE:

Open Circuit Characteristics:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. After checking minimum position of motor field rheostat, maximum
position of generator field rheostat, DPST switch is closed and starting
resistance is gradually removed.
3. By adjusting the field rheostat, the motor is brought to rated speed.
4. By varying the generator field rheostat, voltmeter and ammeter readings are
taken.
5. After bringing the generator rheostat to maximum position, field rheostat of
motor to minimum position, DPST switch is opened.

Load Characteristics:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. The terminal voltage of the genetor is adjusted to the rated voltage by
adjusting generator field rheostat.

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3. Load is turned on. Readings of load current and terminal voltage are noted
by varying the load in steps and maintaining a constant speed.
4. Armature resistance is measured.

OBSERVATIONS:

Open Circuit Characteristics:

Generated Voltage
S No Field current (AMPS)
(VOLTS)

Load Characteristics:

Terminal Voltage
S No Load current (AMPS)
(VOLTS)

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GRAPH
Graph is drawn between field current and generated emf at rated speed
gives the open circuit characteristics (OCC).

Graph is drawn between load current and voltage gives the external
characteristics

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PRECAUTIONS:
1. Initially, the starter is at its off position when the supply is taken
2. Connections must be tight
3. Readings are to be taken without parallax error.

RESULT: Open circuit and load characteristics of a DC separately excited

generator was plotted.

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OC AND SC TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM: To predetermine the efficiency and regulation of a transformer by
conducting open circuit test and short circuit test and to draw equivalent circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Qty

(0-2)A MI 1
1 Ammeters
(0-20) A MI 1
(0-150)V 1
2 Voltmeters MI
(0-75)V 1
(75/150V, 2.5/5A) LPF 1
3 Wattmeter
(150/300V, 10/20A) UPF 1
4 Connecting Wires 2.5sq.mm Copper Few

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

Transformer
Rating
Specification
KVA
Primary voltage
Secondary Voltage
Serial Number

Primary Current, I1= (KVA/Primary Voltage) =

Secondary current, I2= (KVA/Secondary Voltage) =

PROCEDURE:

Open Circuit Test:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Open high voltage side of transformer and connect all devices on low
voltage side.

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3. Supply is taken by closing the DPST switch and with variac in minimum
output position.
4. By varying auto transformer the rated voltage is applied on the Low voltage
side of the transformer.
5. When rated voltage is adjusted, on no load, the reading of ammeter,
voltmeter, and wattmeter are noted and tabulated.
6. Switch off the supply by bringing the variac to its minimum position.

Short circuit test:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

2. Short the low voltage side of transformer and connect all devices on the HV
side of transformer.
3. Supply is taken by closing the DPST switch and with variac in minimum
output position.
4. With the help of a variac, rated current (or 10% of rated voltage) is applied
on the high voltage side of the transformer.
5. The reading of ammeter, voltmeter, and wattmeter are noted and tabulated.
6. Switch off the supply by bringing the variac to its minimum position.

OBSERVATIONS:

Open Circuit Test:

Ammeter
S.No Voltmeter (volts) Wattmeter (watts)
(amps)

Short circuit test:

Ammeter
S.No Voltmeter (volts) Wattmeter (watts)
(amps)

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FORMULAE USED:

From OC Test Data:

Core loss: Wo = Vo * Io * Cos Ф0

Iw = Io cos Фo (Amps) Im = Io sin Фo (Amps)

V0
X0 = ------- W
Im

V0
Ro = ------- W
Iw

From SC Test Data:

X02
Xo1 = ------- W
K2

R02
Ro1 = ------- W
K2

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Vsc
Zo2 = ------- W
Isc

Wsc
Ro2 = ------- W
Isc2

V2
K= ------- =
V1

Percentage Efficiency: for all loads and p.f.

Output Power (x) * KVA rating * 1000 * Cos Ф

Efficiency η % = -------------------- = ------------------------------------------------
Input Power Output power + losses

(x) * KVA rating * 1000 * Cos Ф

= -------------------------------------------------------------
(x) * KVA rating *1000 * Cos Ф + Wo + x2 * Wsc

Percentage Regulation:

+ = lagging
- = leading

x * I02 (R02* Cos Ф2 ± X02 *Sin Ф2)

R% = ------------------------------------------ * 100
V2

Where X is the load and it is 1 for full load, ½ for half load, ¾ load, ¼ load
etc. The power factor is, upf, 0.8 p.f lag and 0.8 p.f lead.

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Calculation tables:

Output Power
S.No % load (x %) Efficiency (%)
(watts)
1 No-Load
2 10%
3 20%
4 30%
5 40%
6 50%
7 60%
8 70%
9 80%
10 90%
11 100%

Regulation calculations:

S.No Power Factor % Regulation

1 UPF
2 0.8 Lagging
3 0.8 Leading

GRAPH:

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 SWINBURNE’s test on DC Shunt Motor

1. Graph is drawn between power factor vs Regulation.

2. Graph is drawn between Output vs efficiency.

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Auto Transformer should be in minimum voltage position at the time of

closing & opening DPST Switch.
2. Connections must be tight.
3. All meter readings are to be noted without parallax error.

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RESULT: The efficiency and regulation of a transformer was calculated by

conducting open circuit test and short circuit test.

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 SWINBURNE’s test on DC Shunt Motor

LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES

GENERATOR

AIM: To conduct load test on a DC series generator and Draw the Internal and

external characteristics.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fuse

Fuse Rating:

125% of the rated current=

APPARATUS:

S NO Apparatus TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 Voltmeter MC (0-300)V 1
2 Ammeter MC (0-10)A 1
3 Rheostat WW 250Ω/1.6A 1
4 Tachometer Digital 1
5 SPST Switch knife 1
6 Fuse Wire TCC

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 SWINBURNE’s test on DC Shunt Motor

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC GENERATOR Rating DC MOTOR Rating STARTER Rating

KW KW S.No
Armature voltage Armature voltage HP
Field Voltage Field Voltage Volts
Max Speed Max Speed Amperes
Type of duty Type of duty
Armature Current Armature Current
Field Current Field Current
Serial Number Serial Number
Insulation class Insulation class

PROCEDURE:

1. Before starting the experiment measure the resistance of the armature

series field of both motor and generator.
2. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
3. After checking minimum position of DC shunt motor field rheostat and do
not connect any load on the generator.
4. Now switch on the supply and start the motor with the help of starter
5. Adjust the speed at rated value by varying motor field rheostat.
6. Now close the SPST switch, for different values of load, note ammeter and
voltmeter readings.
7. After loading the generator up to the rated value gradually reduce the load
in steps and switch off the supply.

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OBSERVATIONS:

Load current= Field

current =Armature
Terminal Generated
Speed
S No current Voltage, Vt Voltage,
(RPM)
Ia=If=IL (AMPS) (Volts) Eg (Volts)

Formula used:
To calculate generated voltage, Eg=Vt + Ia*Ra
Note: Use these formulae and calculate efficiency separately for all the tabulated
values.

GRAPH:
Graph is drawn between armature current and generated EMF at rated
speed gives the internal characteristics.
Graph is drawn between load current and terminal voltage gives the
external characteristics.

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PRECAUTIONS:

4. Initially, the starter is at its off position when the supply is taken
5. Connections must be tight
6. Readings are to be taken without parallax error.

RESULT: load test on a DC series generator was conducted and the internal and
external characteristics were drawn.

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 SWINBURNE’s test on DC Shunt Motor

LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DC COMPOUND GENERATOR

AIM: To obtain the load characteristics of DC Compound generator under

cumulative and differential mode condition.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FUSE RATING:

125% of the rated current=

APPARATUS:

S NO Apparatus TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 Voltmeter MC (0-300)V 1
2 Ammeter MC (0-10)A 1
3 Ammeter MC (0-2)A 1
4 Rheostat WW 210Ω/1.8A 1
5 Rheostat WW 250Ω/1.6A 1
6 Tachometer Digital 1
7 SPST Switch knife 1
8 Fuse Wire TCC

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NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC GENERATOR Rating DC MOTOR Rating STARTER Rating

KW KW S.No
Armature voltage Armature voltage HP
Field Voltage Field Voltage Volts
Max Speed Max Speed Amperes
Type of duty Type of duty
Armature Current Armature Current
Field Current Field Current
Serial Number Serial Number
Insulation class Insulation class

PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking minimum position of DC shunt motor field rheostat and
maximum position of DC shunt generator field rheostat, DPST switch is
closed and starting resistance is gradually removed.
3. Under no load condition, Ammeter and Voltmeter readings are noted, after
bringing the voltage to rated voltage by adjusting the field rheostat of
generator.
4. Load is varied gradually and for each load, voltmeter and ammeter readings
are noted.
5. Then the generator is unloaded and the field rheostat of DC shunt generator
is brought to maximum position and the field rheostat of DC shunt motor to
minimum position, DPST switch is opened.
6. The connections of series field windings are reversed the above steps are
repeated.

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7. The values of voltage for the particular currents are compared and then the
differential and cumulative compounded DC generator is concluded
accordingly.

OBSERVATIONS:

Cumulatively Compounded Differentially Compounded

S.No.
V (Volts) IL (Amps) V (Volts) IL (Amps)

MODEL GRAPH:

External Characteristics V vs. IL drawn for

i) Cumulative compound
ii) Differential compound

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PRECAUTIONS:

1. Connections must be tight.

2. Before making or breaking the connections the supply must be switched
off.
3. The load and supply must be switched off before starting the experiment
from one compounding to another compounding.

RESULT: Thus load characteristics of DC compound generator under cumulative

and differential mode condition are obtained.

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 SWINBURNE’s test on DC Shunt Motor

HOPKINSON’S TEST
AIM: To perform HOPKINSON’s test on a DC machines and to determine the
efficiency by Regenerative test.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fuse Rating;

125% of rated current=

APPARATUS:

S.No Name Type Range Qty

1 Ammeters MC (0-10)A 3
2 Ammeters MC (0-5)A 2
3 Voltmeters MC (0-300)V 2
4 Rheostat WW 250Ω/1.6A 1
5 Rheostat WW 210/1.8A 1
6 Fuse wire TCC 1
7 Switch SPST 1
8 Tachometer Digital 1

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NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC GENERATOR Rating DC MOTOR Rating STARTER Rating

KW KW S.No
Armature
Armature voltage HP
voltage
Field Voltage Field Voltage Volts
Max Speed Max Speed Amperes
Type of duty Type of duty
Armature
Armature Current
Current
Field Current Field Current
Serial Number Serial Number
Insulation class Insulation class

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Initially keeping motor field rheostat in minimum resistance position and
generator field rheostat in maximum position the SPST switch is in open
position supply is taken.
3. By gradually moving the starter handle from OFF to ON position, speed is
measured with the help of a tachometer.
4. Motor is run at its rated speed by adjustment the field rheostat.
5. With the help of field rheostat of the generator, the voltage across the SPST
switch is made zero.
6. At this instant, the switch is closed and the reading of all meters is noted.
7. By varying the field rheostat of the motor, armature current is varied, thus
varying the field current of the generator.
8. Each time, the readings of all meters are recorded in a tabular form.
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OBSERVATIONS:
As a Generator:

S.No I I1 IF1 I2 IF2 Stray Gen. Loss Gen. Gen.

(A) (A) (A) (A) (A) Losses Wm Output Efficiency
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Formulae used:

Stray Losses W0 = V*I-Ra*(I12+I22)-V*IF2

Stray Losses of each machine= W0/2
2
Gen Loss Wm = W0/2+V*IF2+I2 * Ra
Gen Output=V * I2
Gen Efficiency= (Output/ (Output + losses))*100

As a Motor:

S.No Motor Loss Motor Input Motor Output Motor Efficiency

Wm

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Formulae used:

Motor Loss Wm = (W0/2) +V*IF1 +I22 *Ra

Motor Input= V*(IF1+ IF2)

Motor Output= V*(IF1+ IF2) - Wm

Motor Efficiency= ((Input-Losses) / (Input))*100

Note: Use these formulae and calculate efficiency separately for all the tabulated values.

MODEL GRAPH:
Graph is drawn between efficiency on the Y-axis and the output power on the
X-axis.

PRECAUTIONS:
7. Initially, the starter is at its off position when the supply is taken.
8. Initially, motor field rheostat is in minimum resistance position and the
generator field rheostat in maximum resistance position.

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RESULT: HOPKINSON’S Test on a DC machines was performed and efficiency

was found for both motor and generator.

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BRAKE TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM: To conduct brake test on a given DC shunt motor and to plot various
characteristics
Curves.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No `Name Type Range Qty

1 Ammeter MC (0-20)A 1
2 Voltmeter MC (0-300)V 1
3 Rheostat WW 250Ω/1.6A 1
4 Fuse wire TCC 1
5. Tachometer Digital 1

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NAME PLATE DETAILS:

DC MOTOR Rating STARTER Rating

KW Serial No
Armature voltage HP
Field Voltage Volts
Max Speed Amperes
Type of duty
Armature Current
Field Current
Serial Number
Insulation class

PROCEDURE:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Keeping motor field rheostat in minimum position supply is taken.
3. Switch on the supply and run the motor by moving the three point starter is
from OFF position to ON position.
4. The speed of the motor is adjusted to rated speed at no load by varying the field
rheostat.
5. The load is gradually increased in steps the reading of speed (N), Voltmeter
(V), Current (I) and spring balances T1 and T2 are noted and tabulated.
6. The experimented is carried up to the rated current of the motor.
7. Plot the various performance characteristics on a graph sheet.

FORMULAE USED:

T= (T1-T2) * 9.81 * R= N-m

Input power, PIN = V * I1 = Watts
Output power POUT = (2ПNT)/60 = Watts
% Efficiency η = (POUT/PIN) * 100 =

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OBSERVATIONS:

T
S.No
V I1 T1 T2 N
(N-
Pout Pin η
(Volts) (Amps) (Kg) (Kg) (RPM) (%)
m) (W) (W)

Note: Use these formulae and calculate efficiency separately for all the tabulated
values.

GRAPH:

1. Graph is drawn between efficiency on the Y-axis and the Output power on
the X- axis.
2. Graph is drawn between speed on the Y-axis and the torque on the X- axis.
3. Graph is drawn between torque on the Y-axis and the current on the X-
axis.

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PRECAUTIONS

9. Ensure that the starter initially is at its off position when the supply is
taken.
10. Connections must be tight.
11. Readings are to be taken without parallax error.

RESULT: Brake test on a given DC shunt motor was performed and various
characteristics curves are plotted.

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41 Department. of EEE, GITAM University, HYD