ie - ie . x an) a ma i faChapter 1. Chapter 2. Chapter 3. Chapter 4. Chapter 5. Chapter 6. Chapter 7. Chapter 8. Chapter 9. Chapter 10. Chapter 11. Chapter 12. Chapter 13. Chapter 14, Chapter 15, Basic Marine Engineering Contents Engineering Units, Common Terms Power Measurement Steam Turbines Marine Boilers Distillation & Production of Water Pump & Pumping System Refrigeration, Air Conditioning & Ventilation Propeller & Propeller Shafting Steering Gears Pollution Prevention - Monitoring Oily-water Separator - Sewage Treatment Engine Room Watchkeeping & Equipment Operation Hydraulic System Deck Machinery Diesel Engines Electrical Equipment & Control Systems Page 1 to 16 17 to 62 63 to 74 75 to 93 94 to 106 107 to 134 135 to 146 147 to 158 159 to 187 188 to 199 200 to 204 205 to 220 221 to 239 240 to 262 263 to 278Engineering Units & Common Terms CHAPTER - 1 Engineering Units & Common Terms Contents 1. SI Units 1.1. Units and Symbols 1.2. Units and Prefix 1.3. Most Common Units 2. Engineering Terms 2.1. Mass, Force, Force of Gravity, Work, Power and Energy 2:2. Pressure, Pressure Gauge, Gauge Pressure and Absolute Pressure 2.3. Volume, Specific Volume, Temperature, Absolute Temperature, Heat, Specific Heat and Latent Heat. 2.4, Stress and Strain. 3. Properties of Gases 3.1. Boyle’s Law 3.2. Charle’s Law 3.3. Combination of Boyle’s Law & Charle’s Laws 3.4. Compression of a gas in closed system —_——_y—__—_Engineering Units & Common Terms Engineering Units & Common 1. SI UNITS 1.1 Units and Symbols: SI is the abbreviation for systems Intemational d’ unites, The system is built upon the six basic units: Unit Quantity Symbol Metre (length) {im Kilogram (mass) tke) Second (time) {s} Kelvin (temperature) {K] Ampere (Electrical Current) [A] Candela (Luminous Intensity) [cd] All other units are derived from these basic six units. E.g. unit for area will be, unit length (one metre) multiplied by unit length (one metre) i.e, one square metre Area = Length x Breadth = Lm x Bim = LxB m?] Square metre [m2] is the unit of area 1.2 Units and Prefix: To avoid using large figures repeatedly in the calculations, a prefix before the unit is used. Example a prefix of ‘k’ before meter [m] will be representing kilometre, Thus instead of writing 1000 [m], we will write 1 [km] 1.3 Most Common Units: Similarly other prefix symbols are shown below. —_—aSaaay ygEngineering Units & Common Terms Prefix [Represented by [Prefix indicates a multification] _ Some example factor of Tera T 10" — Giga Gi 10° (GN)= Giga Newton = 10° [N] Mega M 10° _ Kilo k 10° Hecto h 10° = Deca da 10! _ Deci d 10" — Centi c 107 Milli m 10% _ Micro. m 10% (mf) = micro farad = 10° [farad] Nano n 10” = Pico b lo? = A selected list of the most common units is given below Quantity Basic Unit or Derived Symbol Abbreviation Unit used Length Metre {m] ‘Area Square metre [m'] Volume Cubic meire im] Time Seconds [s] Linear Velocit Metre per second im/s] Angular Velocity | Radians per second | [rad/s] Linear Acceleration | Metre per second? [m/s] Angular Acceleration] Radians per second? (rad/s?) Mass Kilogram tkg] Force Newton IN] Moment of force | Newton meter [Nm] Work, Energy Toule (1& is equal to [Nm] Power Watt [W=I/s = Nis] Pressure Newion per metre? | [N/m’] also called Pascal [Pa] Stress Newton per metre” iNim] Mass flow Kilogram per second _ |[kg/s] Volume flow Cubic metre per second| {m/s} Density Kilogram per metre’ _|[kg/m'] ‘Temperature Degree Kelvin IK] rs )Engineering Units & Common Terms 2. ENGINEERING TERM 2.1 Mass, Force, Force of Gravity, Work, Power & Energy: MASS Mass is quantity of matter possessed by a body. It is a constant quantity, that is, the mass of a body can only be changed by adding more matter to it or taking matter away from it The abbreviation for mass is “m’ and the unit is kilogram and symbol used is [kg]. Large quantities are often expressed in tonnes {t] where | Tonne = 10° [kg] FORCE A force is required to accelerate or retard a mass. When unit mass is given unit acceleration then a unit of force has been applied. The unit of force is the newton [NI Force = mass = x_—_ acceleration 1 IN] 1 kg] x 1 [mvs*] Hence. one newton of force acting on one kilogram of mass will give it an acceleration of one metre per second per second. FORCE OF GRAVITY Masses are attracted to the earth by a gravitational force which is the product of their mas$ and acceleration due to gravity °g’. The value of ‘g’ is 9.81 [m/s2]. The product of mass & *g’ is known as the weight of a body and for a body, Weight == = mass x acceleration due to gravity Weight [(N] = mass {kg} x 9.81 [m/s?} eHEngineering Units & Common Terms WORK When a force applied to a body causes it to move, then work has been done. When point of application of unit force is moved unit distance in the direction of application, then a unit of work has been done. The unit of work is the Joule [J]. Work = force x distance = mass x acceleration x — distance 10] T(N] x 1 [m] Joule is small unit, Larger quantities of work are expressed as Kilojoules [kJ] or megajoules [MJ] POWER This is the quantity of work done in a given time or the rate of doing work. When unit work is done in unit time then a unit of power has been used. The unit of power is the watt [W] Work done Power = Oo Time LW] 1) - 1 [Nm] 1 [s} 1 [s) The watt is a small unit. Larger quantity of power are expressed as kilowatt [kW] or megawatt (MW] ENERGY This is the stored ability to do work and is measured in units of work done. i.e. Joules U1 yyEngineering Units & Common Terms 2.2 Pressure, Pressure Gauge, Gauge Pressure & Absolute Pressure : PRESSURE The intensity of force or force per unit area is known as pressure. A unit of pressure exists where unit force acts on unit area. The unit of pressure is the newton per square meter and has the special name Pascal [Pa] Force Pressure: — Area LIN) 1 [Pa > ral 1m") Another term often used by engineers is bar, 1 [bar] = 10° [Pa] = 10° [N/m?] The complete absence of pressure is a vacuum and this is therefore the absolute zero of pressure measurement. However, acting upon the earth’s surface at all times is what is known as atmospheric pressure. The pressure gauge, which is the usual means of pressure measurement, also accepts this atmospheric pressure and considers it the zero of pressure measurement. Thus absolute pressure = gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure Readings of pressure are considered to be absolute unless followed by the word ‘gauge* indicating a pressure gauge value. The actual value of atmospheric pressure is usually read from a barometer in millimetre of mercury. we know, Pressure = rgh Where x = density of liquid (kg/m'] g = 9.81 [m/s], h = height of column of liquid.{m} One Atmospheric Pressure = 760 mm of Hg OR One Atmospheric Pressure = 760 mm of mercury x 13.6 x 9.81 [Pa] | [atmosphere] = 101300 [Pa] OR = 1.013 [bar] | [atmosphere] = 760 mm Hg = 101300 (Pa) = 1.013 [bar] _ YTEngineering Units & Common Terms PRESSURE GAUGE ‘The most common instrument used for measuring high static pressure is the bourden type of pressure gauge. ‘The tube has elliptical section which tends to become circular on application of pressure. With the effect the tube tends to straighten on application of pressure. Pirvon Porter. ‘Scale Quadrant unk Sealed ena of the tube Section at AA S&S Curved stee! tube has elliptical section. This elliptical section tends to become circular on application of pressure, resulting in tendency of the tube to straighten Source of pressure Figure 1.1 - Bourden Pressure gauge. Working The effect of the fluid pressure inside the tube is to tend to straighten it. The higher the pressure the greater the straightening effect. The small movement of the sealed end of the tube is magnified by linking it to a quadrant meshing with a pinion which carries a pointer on its shaft, The pointer moves, over a circular scale on the dial of the gauge which is graduated in bars or other suitable units xEngineering Units & Common Terms GAUGE PRESSURE AND ABSOLUTE PRESSURE \ posate pressure Gouge pressure Figure 1.2 - Gauge & Absolute pressure ‘When the bourdens pressure gauge is left open in a room, its pointer will record a pressure of ‘0 bar’ on the dial. If the air present in the room is now evacuated, there will be no pressure left in the room. The pointer of the pressure gauge will take a position below the “zero” on the dial This point on the dial is the indicator of absolute zero (see figure 1.2.) The complete absence of pressure is called vacuum. The room therefore is under vacuum and the pressure in the room is said to be absolute zero. Thus Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure + Atmospheric pressure 2.3. Volume, Specific Volume, Temperature, Absolute Temperature, Heat, Specific Heat and Latent Heat: VOLUME ‘The amount of physical space occupied by a body is called volume. The unit of volume is the cubic metre [m*‘]. Other units, such as litre {[L] and cubic centimeter [em*] are also in use. 1[m'} = 1000[L] = 1000000 {cm'] = 10° [em'] ToEngineering Units & Common Terms Specific Volume Specific Volume is the volume occupied by unit mass, the symbol is v and the basic unit is cubic metre per kilogram [mVkg] TEMPERATURE Temperature is an indication of hotness or coldness and therefore is a measure of the intensity of heat. The most common measuring instrument is the mercurial thermometer. This consists of a glass tube of very fine bore with a bulb at its lower end, the bulb and tube are exhausted of air, partially filled with mercury and hermetically sealed at the top end. The mercury of the bulb expands (if heated) or contracts (if cooled) and the level, which rises or falls in consequence indicates, on the thermometer scale, the degree of heat intensity. On the ‘Celsius scale thermometer’ the temperature at which pure water freezes into ice is marked zero and the point at which pure water boils into steam at atmospheric pressure is assigned the number 100. In between distance is divided into 100 equal parts, each part indicating one degree Celsius. ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE — Temperature] | 273 jo 100" | 200" Celsius scale ('e) 0 273 33 473 Kelvin scale or K k k K ‘absolute scole (K) Figure 1.3 - Absolute Temperature rrEngineering Units & Common Terms Ifa gas is cooled at constant pressure until its temperature is 273 degrée below 0°C, the volume of gas would contract until there is nothing left, as is shown in figure 1.3, and therefore no further reduction of temperature would be possible. The gas is said to have reached its ‘absolute zero of temperature’. \ Absolute temperature = temperature is degree celsius + 273 (K] = °c] + 273 HEAT Heat is energy in motion between a system and its surroundings, as a consequence the unit, as with other form of energy, is the joule [J] The specific heat of a substance is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of the substance by one degree. Hence total quantity of heat energy transferred to a substance to raise its temperature is the product of the mass of the substances, its specific hea , and its rise in temperature. Heat required to raise temperature = mass of body x special heat x (Ti - T2) of a body from Ti" to T2? 5 {kg] x J x {Kk} K x kg = w) Latent heat is the heat which supplies the energy necessary to overcome the binding forces of attraction between molecules of a substance and is responsible for it changing its Physical state, from a solid into liquid or from a liquid into vapour, the change taking place without any change of temperature. —_— aaEngineering Units & Common Terms ES 2.4 Stress and Strain: STRESS When a component or structure is subjected to a force, it is said to be in a state of stress. When the applied force tends to shorten the material or crush it, the material is said to be in compression. and the stress is referred to as a compressive stress (example the chocks placed under a diesel engine experience the weight of engine which cause the chocks to be under compressive stress). When the force tends to lengthen the material or tear it apart the material is said to be in tension and the stress is referred to as a tensile stress (example is lifting of cargo load by a hook. The hook and wire is under tension or under tensile stress), When the force tends to cause the particles of the material to slide over each other the material is said to be in shear and the stress is referred to as a shear stress, Stress is always expressed as force per unit area of the material, Total force Stress = Area STRAIN Strain is the change of shape that takes place in a material due to it being stressed. Change in length Linear strain = Original length Change in length and original length are in the same units, therefore in dividing one by other the units cancel. Hence strain is a pure number.Engineering Units & Common Terms 3. PROPERTIES OF GASES A substance can exist as a solid, liquid or gas. Taking example of H,O, it can exist as ice, water or steam (also refer to section 3 of chapter 4). However in gaseous state, the steam could be wet (i.e. steam contains water droplets), dry (contains no water droplets) or superheated (i.e. steam is heated beyond saturated temperature) steam. Behaviour of any other substance will be similar. Unlike liquid, the gases can be compressed into smaller volumes and expanded to larger Volumes. While compressing or expanding, the gas which is considered ideal gas (perfect gas), will strictly follow the Boyle’s & Charle’s law of gases. 3.1 Boyle’s Law: States that the absolute pressure of a fixed mass of a perfect gas varies inversely as its volume if the temperature remains unchanged. 1 at constant temperature v \ pV = constant or PY, = PY, = PY, To illustrate this, consider 3m‘ of a pefect (ideal) gas at a pressure of 2 bar, contained in a cylinder with a gas tight movable piston as shown in figure 1.4 © © L---7---4 potato Figure 1.4 - Boyle's Law oOoEngineering Units & Common Terms When piston is at position - 1, Pp, = 2 bar Vv, = 3m When piston is at position - 2, 2x3 = pxl.s PV, 6 1S = 4 [bar] Thus variation of pressure with change in volume can be shown by the graph as: Pressure The graph works out to be a hyperbola. Since process is at constant temperature, this process is also termed as ‘isothermal’ proc: s. Example: 4.5m! of air at a pressure of 1.5 bar gauge is compressed isothermally to a pressure of 600 kN/m? gauge. Taking atmospheric pressure as | bar, calculate the final volume of the air. Consider air to be a perfect gas Initial absolute pressure = 1.5 + 1.0 = 2.5 [bar] Final absolute pressure = 600 [| + 1.0 [bar] m ayEngineering Units & Common Terms EE = 6.0 [bar] + 1.0 [bar] *- 100 KN = 1 bar 7 = 7.0 [bar] BY = pV, 25x35 = T0xV, 2.5x3.5__ 7.0 1.25 [m'] Ans 3.2. Charles’ Law: Charles’ law states that the volume of a fixed mass of a perfect gas varies directly as its absolute temperature if the pressure remains unchanged, also, the absolute pressure varies directly as the absolute temperature if the volume remains unchanged. Vul constant constant Pa. T - OT, Or —p, T, PT, Example: A pressure vessel contains air at 20 bar gauge and 30°C. If the pressure vessel is heated Up to 70°C. what would be the pressure of the air in the vessel. ‘There is no increase in the volume of the vessel. Consider air to be a perfect gas Initial absolute temperature = 30 +273 = 303 [K] Initial absolute pressure 20 + 1.013 = 21.013 [bar] Final absolute temperature = 70 + 273 TFTEngineering Units & Common Terms 343 [K] Bo. T, T, P, pT, T, 21.013 x 343 303 = 23.8 [bar] Ans 3.3. Combination of Boyle’s and Charles’ laws: The combined law of Boyles’ & Charles’ is: PY, _PY. T, T, And is true for a given mass of any perfect gas subjected to any form of compression or expansion, Example: |.Sm' of a perfect gas at a pressure of 1.25 bar gauge pressure and temperature of 27°C are compressed to a volume of 0.5m’ and the final pressure is 6.5 bar gauge pressure. Calculate the final temperature, Initial absolute temperature = 27 +273 = 300 (K] Initial absolute pressure = 125+ 1013 = 2.263 [bar] Final absolute pressure = 65+ 1.013 = 7.513 [bar] pV, T 2 PT, pV, , = _7513 x05 x 300 2.263 x 1.5 = 332 (K] = 59 [°C] Ans 3.4 Compression of a Gas in closed system: Gas can be compressed from volume V, to volume yp in three different ways.Engineering Units & Common Terms Isothermal compression: Here while compressing gas no heat is allowed to get into gas to avoid any rise in temperature. Hence gas is compressed at constant temperature & the process is called isothermal compression. Using Boyles’ law: pV =constant or —p,V, = p,V. Adiabatic compressio Here while compressing gas, gas heats up and is not allowed to give away any heat energy to surroundings. This is called Adiabatic Compression. The relationship between pressure and volume for adiabatic compression is pV! = constant or py, Where ; (gamma) is the ratio of the specific heat of gas at constant pressure to the specific heat at constant volume, thus = Specific heat at constant pressure C, = Specific heat at constant volume Polytropic compression: In practice, neither isothermal nor adiabatic process can be achieved perfectly. This in between Compression is called polytropic compression when there will be a partial amount of heat energy exchange. The relationship between pressure and volume is n pV = constant or — p,V, Example: 0.025 m‘ of gas at 30 bar absolute is expanded in a closed system to a volume of 0.15m* and the final pressure is 1.5 bar absolute. Ifthe expansion takes place according to the law pV'"= constant, find the value of n. noon BY, =P,V, 30x 0.025" = 15 x 0.15" 30. [ois]" LS n 0.025 20 = (6) n= 1.1675 (Ans) ———wwoPower Measurement SS CHAPTER - 2 Power Measurement Contents 1. Diesel Engine Power measurement; General 1.1. The Engine Indicator 1.2, Indicated Power 1.3, Mechanical efficiency Brake Power and Shaft Power 1.4. Power utilisation, Transmission efficiency, Propeller efficiency & Hull efficiency 1.5. Examples 2. Propellers 1. Pitch, Propeller Slip, Apparent Slip and Real or True Slip 2 Examples 3. Power Estimation and Fuel Estimation 3.1. Power Estimation 3.2. Fuel Estimation 3.3. Examples —_____y—___—Power Measurement Power Measurement 1. DIESEL ENGINE POWER MEASUREMENT; GENERAL The burning of fuel in an engine cylinder (2 stroke or 4 strokes diesel engine) will result in the production of power at the output shaft, some of the power produced in the cylinder will be used to drive the rotating masses of the engine. ‘The power produced in the cylinder can be measured by an engine ‘indicator mechanism’ as described below. This power is often referred to as ‘indicated power’. The power out-put of the engine at the shaft is known as ‘shaft’ or ‘Brake power’. On smaller engines it could be measured by applying a type of brake to the shaft, hence the name. 1.1 The Engine Indicator: Stylus Colbrated spring rum Indicator piston Paper Indicator cock Indicator cord onder Combustion gos a (Piston under power stroke) Figure 2.1 - Engine Indicator wyPower Measurement ‘An engine indicator is shown in figure 2.1. It is made up of a small piston of known size, which operates in a cylinder agains specially calibrated spring. Stylus through magnifying linkage (not shown in sketch) transfers the up and down piston movements to a drum on which is mounted a piece of paper or card. The drum oscillates (along its polar axis) under thé pull ofthe cord. The cord is moved by a reciprocating (up and down) mechanism, & these movements are proportional and synchronous with the engine piston movement in the cylinder. The stylus thus draws out an indicator diagram which represents the gas pressure on the engine piston at different points of the stroke, and the area of the indicator diagram produced fepresents the power developed in the particular cylinder. 1.2 Indicated Power: INDICATED POWER Typical indicator diagram for a two stroke engine is shown in figure 2.2. The area within the diagram represents the work done within the cylinder in one cycle Hite = of) Peak pressure Weroge or Irean pressure [Pr] | [mm] Figure 2.2 - Indicator diagram The area can be measured by an instrument known as “Planimeter’ or by the use of the mid-ordinates rule. [On modern engine this diagram can be continuously taken by employing two transducet one pressure transducer on the combustion space and other transducer on the shaft. Through the computer we can thus get on line indicated diagram & power of all cylinders.] The area is then divided by the length of the diagram in order to obtain mean height, (see figure 2.3). This mean height, when multiplied by the spring scale of the indicator mechanism, gives the indicated mean effective pressure for the cylinder, The ‘mean effective’ or ‘average’ pressure [pm] can now be used to determine the work done in the cylinder ygPower Measurement WORKING |. Area of the indicator diagram = a [mm] 2. Average height of the diagram = 2 lnm!) T [mm] i |_—— Atmosphere tne stoke Figure 2.3 - Indicated Power 3. Average or mean indicator pressure = o (=| mm [Pm] = ak [bar] I Where k is ‘spring scale’ in bar per mm 4. Work done in one cycle = Mean indicator pressure x Area of Piston x Length of stroke {Pm} x [A] x {L} 5. To obtain the power of this unit, it is necessary to determine the rate of doing work i.e. multiply work by number of power strokes in one second. Indicated Power of Unit [ip] = Mean indicator pressure x Area of Piston x length of stroke x No. of power strokes per second [Pm] x [A] x {L] x [IN] = Pm LAN yyPower Measurement Ina four-stroke cycle engine every alternate stroke is a power stroke and in two-stroke cycle engine every stroke is a power stroke. "N= Engine revs per second (for 2-stroke engine) N = Engine revs per second = 2 (for 4-stroke engine) UNITS ip = PmLAN = k [bar] x L[m) x A [m] x N [I/s} a T [bar] x [m} x [m’] x [Is] [105 Nim? x m x mx Is] " 0 [ 10°Nms ] = 10 [10° Ws] = 10? [ 10° Watt) = 10?_kW. a KLAN x 10°(kW] T where a = Area of indicata diagram, in [mm’] = Length of indicata diagram, in [mm] = Spring scale, in (bar/mm} = Stroke of engine, in (m] poe = Area of cylinder, in {m’] N = Power stroke per second, in [1/s] Total indicated power of a multi-cylinder engine would be addition of indicated power of each cylinder Ip [of the Engine} = Ip of unit No. 1 + Ip of unit No.2 + Ip of unit No.3 + OO. VTPower Measurement Example: The area of an indicator diagram taken of one cylinder of a four cylinder, four stroke, internal combustion engine is 384 mm:, the length is 72 mm, and the indicator spring scale is | mm = 2.0 bar. The diameter of the cylinders is 260 mm, stroke 310 mm, and rotational speed 300 rev/min. Calculate the indicated power of the engine assuming all cylinders develop equal power. Solution : We know Indicated Power [ip] in a cylinder = PmLAN 384 | mm? ; f ee Mean height of diagram 72 [= | = 5.333. [mm] b Mean Indicated Pressure [Pm] = 5.333 [mm] x 2 [=] m = 10.666 [bar] Number of Power strokes per second [N] = 200 x + (| 60 3 Indicated Power = Pm LAN = 10.666 [bar] x 0.310 [m] x px [m7] x25 [l/s] = 0.439 [ bar x mx m Is] = 0.439 x 10° [" “] = 43.9 kW. Total Indicated Power for four cylinders, = 4 x 43.9 assuming all cylinders are developing same power = 175.61_kW. Ans GSPower Measurement 1.3. Mechanical efficiency, Brake power and Shaft power: Power is absorbed in overcoming frictional resistances at the various rubbing surfaces of the engine, such as at the piston rings, cross head, top end bearings, shaft bearings etc. Hence only part of indicated power (ip) developed in the cylinders is transmitted as useful power at the engine shaft. The power absorbed in overcoming friction is termed friction power (fp). The power available at the shaft is termed shaft power (sp), or as this is measured by means of a brake it is also called brake power (bp). ip - bp = Friction losses Power , Mechanical Efficiency = Brake Power or Shaft Power Indicated Power It is common practice to state the efficiency as a percentage by multiplying the fraction by 100. A torsionmeter is usually used to measure the torque on the engine shaft. This torque, together with the rotational speed, will give the shaft power of the engine. Brake power is measured by applying a resisting torque as a brake on the shaft, the heat generated by the friction being transferred to, and carried away by circulating water. Let FIN] = resisting force of brake Rim] — = is radius at which the force is applied Nfrev/s]__ = revolution per second of the engine Brake Power = 2 — NT = 2mNx FR (because Torque T = FR) 2m NFR [Nm] = 2 w NER [Watt] Example: The torque on an engine shafi is found to be 320 kNm when it is rotating at 110 rev/min. Determine the shaft power of the engine Shaft Power = 2 aNT = 2mrevisec x torque = an xl. 320 [is x kNm] 60 3687.6 [kW] Ans ToPower Measurement 1.4 Power Utilisation, Transmission Efficiency, Propeller Efficiency & Hull Efficiency: POWER UTILISATION The engine shaft power is transmitted to the propeller with only minor transmission losses. The power delivered to propeller is called delivered power (dp). The transmission efficiency is a measure of effectiveness of transmitting shaft power to propeller. The operation of the propeller results in a forward thrust on the thrust block and the Propulsion of the ship at some particular speed. The propeller efficiency is a measure of effectiveness of the power conversion by the propeller. The hull efficiency is a measure of effectiveness of the power conversion by the hull from thrust power to effective power, see figure 2.4 Engine Room ip = Indicated power ‘©) sp = Shaft(Broke) power dp = Delivered power tp = Thrust power ep = Effective power Figure 2.4 - Power Utilisation Transmission Efficiency _ Delivered power (dp) Shaft power (sp) sp - dp = Transmission losses Propeller Efficiency = Thrust power (tp) Delivered power (dp) dp - tp = Propeller losses Hull Efficiency _ Etfective power (ep) Thrust power (tp) p= ep = hull losses SLPower Measurement 1.5 Examples: |. A single cylinder two stroke Marine Diesel Engine has a cylinder diameter of 200 mm and a stroke length of 270 mm. If the Mean effective pressure [P ,,.,]is 5 bar, when running at 360 p.m, calculate the indicated power developed. (Note: 1 bar = 10$ N/m?) Solution: We know Indicated Power [ip] in a cylinder = PmLAN Mean Indicated Pressure [Pm] = 5 [bar] Stroke length [L] = 270 [mm] = 0.270 [m] md? 4 Area of piston [A] = 0 e s gz a Number of Power Strokes [N] _ 360 [Rev per second 60 = 5.x 0.270 x 0.031428 x 6 [bar x mx m? x I/s] = 0.25456 [10° x Nim? x mx m? x Is] = 0.25456 x 10° [10° x Nnvs] = 25.456 [kW] Ans. ——_—__y—____Power Measurement 2. The area of an indicator diagram taken of one cylinder of a six cylinder, two-stroke large diesel engine is 450mm, the length is 72 mm and the indicator spring scale is | mm = 1.5 bar. The diameter of the cylinders is 900 mm, stroke 1800 mm and rotational speed is 105 p.m, Calculate (i) the indicated power of the engine assuming all cylinders develop equal power. If the mechanical efficiency of the engine is 97%, the transmission losses 3% and the propeller efficiency is 95%, determine (ii) the thrust power. Solution: We know Indicated Power [ip] in a cylinder. = PmLAN Mean height of diagram 450. [=| . 72 Lmm = 625 [mm] Mean Indicated Pressure [Pm] = 6.25 [mm] x 15/ bu] mm = 9.375 [bar] Stoke length (L] = 1800 (mm] = 18 [m] Area of piston [A] = nd? 4 = ax 200)" EI (m’} 1000. 4 = 0.6364 (m’] Number of Power Strokes per second [N] = 10s, [Re 60 3 = 175 [ze] me Indicated Power [ip] per cylinder = PmLAN = 9375 x 18x 0.6364 x 1.75 [bar x mx m?x I/s] = 18.7944 [10° x N/m? x m x m? x l/s] = 1879.44 [kW] Total Indicated Power of the engine, assuming all cylinders develop similar Indicator diagrams & hence same power, = 1879.44 x 6 = 11276.64 [kW] Ans (i) yy ___Power Measurement SS lip) == Mechanical Efficiency Transmission losses Propeller efficiency Mechanical Efficiency aul 100 " sp Transmission Efficiency 97 100 ~ . dp a Propeller Efficiency Thrust Power [tp] 11276.64 [kW] 97% 3% 95% sp ip sp 11276.64 10938.34 [kW] dp SP dp 10938.34 (» Transmission losses are 3%) 10610.19 [kW] 'p dp 'p 10610.19 10079.68 10079.68_ [kW] Ans (ii)Power Measurement 3. The area of an indicator diagram taken of one cylinder of a four cylinder, four-stroke internal combustion engine is 378 sq. mm, the length is 70 mm, and the indicator spring scale is | mm = 1 bar. The diameter of the cylinders is 250 mm, stroke 300 mm, and rotational speed 5 revolutions per second. Calculate the i) indicated power of the engine. State any assumptions taken in your calculations. IF frictional loss in the engine is 1.5 KW and transmission efficiency is 95%, find the ii) delivered power Solution: We know Indicated Power [ip] in a cylinder: PmLAN Mean height of diagram = pa mm? 70 [mm = 54 [mm] Mean Indicated Pressure [Pm] = 5.4 [mm] x 1.0 [4 mm, 54 [bar] Stroke length (L] 300 [mm] = 0.300 [m] Area of piston [A] = md? 4 = mn xf250]? , 1 [mr] 1000 4 0.04910 {m’] No. of Power Strokes per second [N] = 5x4 [e=] 2 5 = 25 [Rey] s Indicated Power [ip] per cylinder Pm LAN = 54 x 0,300 x 0.04910 x 2.5 [bar x mx m’ x Is] = 0.19888 [10° x Nim? x mx mx Ts] = 0.19888 x 10° [10x N/m? x mx mx I/s} 19.888 [kW] _ TTPower Measurement Total Indicated Power of the engine assuming all cylinders develop similar Indicator diagram & hence same power = 4 x 19.888 = 79.553 [kW] Ans (i) ip = 79.553 [kW] sp = ip - frictional losses = 79.553 - 15 [kW] = 78.05 [kW] ‘Transmission Efficiency dp SP 95 dp 100 ~ 78.05 dp = 74.15 Delivered Power [dp] = 7415 [kW] Ans. (ii) 4. Explain fully the meaning of the terms “Indicated Power” and “Brake Power". State the relation between them 5. Related to LC. Engines define the following terms:- (i) Specific fuel consumption (ii) Maximum continuous rating (iii) Propulsion efficiency (iv) Thrust (v) Power weight ratio 6. Explain indicated power, shaft power, thrust power, delivered power and hull efficiency. TYPower Measurement 7. The area of an indicator diagram taken of one cylinder of a four cylinder, four-stroke internal combustion engine is 378 sq. mm., the length is 70 mm, and the indicator spring scale is | mm = 100KN/sq. m. The diameter of the cylinders is 250 mm, stroke of the cylinder is 310 mm, and rotational speed 6 revolutions per second. Calculate the indicated power of the engine. State any assumptions taken in your conclusions. Solution: We know Indicated Power [ip] in a cylinder = PmLAN Mean height of diagram = = 378 ‘fmm? 70 mm = 54 [mm] Mean Indicated Pressure [Pm] = 5.4 x 100 [mmx KN x1 m mm. = 54 x 100 : KN. | m Stroke length [L] = 310 {mm} = 0.310 [m} Area of piston [A] = ad? 4 =n *[28]" x [my 1000. 4 = 0,04910 [m'] Number of Power Strokes per secorid [N]}_ = 6 x1 fee] 21s OB $ Indicated Power ip] per cylinder = Pm LAN = 54 x 100x 0.310 x 0.04910 x 3 [kN/m? x mx m?x Is] = 24.658 [kW] Total Indicated Power of the engine assuming all cylinders develop similar Indicator diagrams & hence same power = 4 x 24.658 = 98.632 [kW] Ans —____——Nan— eeePower Measurement —- SS 8. A six cylinder two stroke diesel engine: has a cylinder diameter of 690mm and a stroke of 1060mm, Calculate the total indicated power of the engine when the mean effective pressure in each cylinder is 5.3 bar and the speed is 112 rev/min. Solution: We know Indicated Power [ip] in a cylinder = PmLAN Mean Indicated Pressure [Pm] =5.3 [bar] Stroke length (L] =1060 [mm] = 1,060 [m] Area of piston {A] = nd 4 = mx [690]? tm 1 4 = 037407 [m’ Number of Power Strokes per second [N] = 112 [ee] 6 [s = 1.8666 [f=] $ Indicated Power [ip] per cylinder. = Pm LAN = 5.3 x 1.060 x 0.37407 x 1.8666 [bar x m x m? x 1/s] = 3.9228 [105 x Nim? x mx m? x Is] = 392.28 [10' Nmis] = 392.28 [kW] Total Indicated Power of the engine _assuming all cylinders develop similar Indicator diagrams & hence same power = 6 x 392.28 = 2353.70 [kW] Ans. TTPower Measurement POWER UTILISATION AT PROPELLER FOR ' PROPULSION. The power conversion achieved by the propeller is a result of its rotating action and the geometry of the blades. The principal geometrical . feature is the pitch. 2.1 Pitch, Propeller Slip, Apparent Slip and Real. or True Slip: PITCH This is the distance that a blade would move forward or backward in one revolution if it did not slip with respect to the water. Circumferance 2 TR Figure 2.5 - Propeller Pitch Referring to figure 2.5, consider a section of a blade. The angle at which it lies to the plane of rotation is termed the pitch angle and it can be seen from’ the development that If R= radius from centre of shaft to section 8 = __ pitch angle then 2nR = circumference Tne = Pitch IRR Pitch = — 2nR tan @ —_;r- =Power Measurement Further constant pitch propellers are those where every part of the blade has the same pitch & thus, tends to move the same axial distance for one revolution of the propeller. The pitch angle of the blade therefore varies from root to tip such that R tan @ is constant, hence the greater the radius of the section from the centre of the shaft, the smaller the angle at that part and the blades have a twisted appearance whei viewed from tip to centre. Most propellers have, however: a variation of pitch throughout the length of the blade, very carefully designed to take many factors into consideration and resulting in an increased efficiency, the pitch atthe root usually being less than the pitch near the tip. The pitch of the propeller is then taken as the average value over the blade length. Example: The pitch angles of a propeller blade measured at radii of 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 metres are respectively 42, 31. 25, 22.5 and 19 degrees. Calculate the pitch of the propeller: Solution : Pitch = — 2nR tan @ At I metre radius, Pitch = 2m x I x tan42 = 5.6596 At LS metre radius, Pitch = nx 15 xtan31 = 5.6600 At 2 metre radius. Pitch = 2m x 2 x tan25 = 5.8568 At 2.5 metre radius, Pitch = 2n x 2.5 x tan22.5 = 6.5031 At 3 metre radius, Pitch = 2m x 3.x tanl9 = 6.4871 Propeller pitch mean value 16 + 5.6600 + 5.8568 + 6. 5 = 6.0333 metres Ans. 1+ 6.4871 Hl